Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3300 53799 49809 2026-07-31T21:43:03Z MmaBaggio 11091 53799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi.jpg|thumb|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] '''Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi''' ke Motswana, mokwaladikgang gape le ke lepolotiki la pathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]]. O ne a tlhophiwa mo khuduthamageng ya sechaba ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999) e le mongwe wa leloko le le kgetlhegileng go tlhophiwa gape a tlhophiwa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20041108&i=Parley_elects_special_MPs | title = Parley elects special MPs | publisher = Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) | accessdate = 2007-12-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Venson-Moitoi e ne e le tona wa mebereko, dipagamo le ditlhaeletsanyo go tsweng ka ngwaga wa dkete ts pedi le bongwe (2001) go ya kwa go wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) gape le tona wa dipapadi, madirelo, diphologolo le bojanala go tsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi(2002) go ya kwa go dikete tse pedi le bone(2004).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20011109 | title = Venson is new minister of works | publisher = Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) | accessdate = 2007-12-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20020122 | title = Mogae reshuffles cabinet | publisher = Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) | accessdate = 2007-12-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> O ne a tlhomiwa go nna tona wa ditlhaeletsanyo le maranyane kwa khuduthamageng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone(2004).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20041110 | title = Mogae appoints cabinet -Ten new faces - Five women | publisher = Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) | accessdate = 2007-12-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>"Mogae appoints cabinet -Ten new faces - Five women". Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). Archived from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Mo khudutlhamageng ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Venson-Moitoi o ne a tlhomiwa go nna tona wa ditlhaeletsanyo,maranyane le kakanyo. O ne a tla ka metlhale ya go tlhabolola itsholelo ya lefatshe ka tiriso ya Maranyane a ICT. Ebile o ne a akaretsa tiriso ya maranyane mo dithung tsa baithuto,mo e le nngwe tsela ya go tlhabolola maduo a bone. Mme Venson o direla kwa lephateng la thuto e le tona wa lone.O ikemiseditse go thusa baithuti le barutabana ka tsotlhe dithuso tse ba ka di tlhokang. Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi o ne a tswa ka leano la go thusa baithuti ba dikolo tsa ithutelo tiro ka go ba duelela madi gore ba tsene dikolo kwa mafatsheng a sele, se e le tsele ya gore ba atswe maranyane le kitso tsa mafatshe a sele mme e re morago ba bowa ba kgone go tla go thusa lefatshe mo go tlhabologeng. ==Tshoboko== Venson o diretse lefatshe la Botswana ka lobaka le le leele. Ke ka moo a nang le tirisanyo mmogo le maloko a [[Palamente ya Botswana|palamente]].Bopelotele jwa gagwe mo tirong bo thusa lefatshe go tswelela le tlhabologa. Botswerere jwa gagwe bo ka nna jwa felela bo dirile gore a felele a tlhophilwe go nna mothusa tautona wa lefatshe la [[Botswana]]. ==Metswedi== {{reflist}} ==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== {{Commonscat|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi}} *[http://www.mcst.gov.bw/mcstcontent.php?mcst=aboutmcst&amp;catid=2 Profile on Ministry of Communications, Science, and Technology homepage] {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Venson-Moitoi, Pelonomi | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH = 1951-05-31 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Venson-Moitoi, Pelonomi}} [[Karolo:Ngwaga tsa batho ba ba timetseng (batho ba ba mo botshelong)]] [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Maloko a khuduthamaga ya palamente]] [[Karolo:Matona a puso ya Botswana]] 518jz2epa57uxae68vdvnje5dzporvy 0 4447 53790 53195 2026-07-31T21:21:36Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|name=University of Botswana|image=[[Image:UBotswana.png|200px|Coat of Arms of the University of Botswana]]|motto={{lang|tn|Thuto Ke Thebe}} ([[Setswana]])<ref name=facts>{{cite web|url=http://www.ub.bw/content/id/2185/read-more/ |title=Facts and Figures |access-date=2014-07-02}}</ref>|motto_eng=Education is a Shield<ref name=facts/>|chancellor=[[Tebelelo Seretse]]|vice_chancellor=David Norris|established=1982|type=[[Public university]]|endowment=[[Botswana pula|P]]334 million<br>([[United States Dollar|US$]]50 million)|administrative_staff=2,658|students=15,484|undergrad=14,093|postgrad=1,445|sports_nickname=Mmadikolo/Basco|colors={{colorbox|brown}} Brown<br>{{colorbox|blue}} Blue|city={{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Gaborone]], [[Francistown]], and [[Maun, Botswana|Maun]]|country=|campus=[[Urban area|Urban]]; {{convert|1.15|km2|acre}}|mascot=Bull (steer)|website={{URL|http://www.ub.bw}}}}{{Infobox university | name = University of Botswana | image = University of Botswana 20200310.jpg | caption = Mmadikolo | motto = {{lang|tn|Thuto Ke Thebe}} ([[Setswana]])<ref name=facts>{{cite web|url=http://www.ub.bw/content/id/2185/read-more/ |title=Facts and Figures |access-date=2014-07-02}}</ref> | mottoeng = Education is a Shield<ref name=facts/> | chancellor = [[Tebelelo Seretse]] | vice_chancellor = Professor David Norris | established = 1982 | type = [[Public university]] | endowment = [[Botswana pula|P]]334 million([[United States Dollar|US $]]50[[million]]) | administrative_staff = 2,658 | students = 15,484 | undergrad = 14,093 | postgrad = 1,445 | sports_nickname = Mmadikolo/Basco | colors = {{colorbox|brown}}{{colorbox|blue}} and blue | city = {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Gaborone]], [[Francistown]], and [[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] | country = | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], {{convert|1.15|km2|acre}} | mascot = Bull (steer) | website = [http://www.ub.bw University of Botswana] }} [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana, Administration 20200211.jpg|thumb|University of Botswana Administration]] '''Mmadikolo wa Botswana''', o o itsegeng thata ka leina la '''UB''', o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1982 e le lekanala la ntlha la dithuto tse di ko godimo mo lefatsheng la [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/science.php?La=E&Show=2 "Education | EMBASSY OF BOTSWANA, JAPAN".] ''www.botswanaembassy.or.jp''. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</ref> Ka jaana mmadikolo o o nale dikago dile tharo: e nngwe kwa toropokgolo [[Gaborone]], e nngwe kwa [[Francistown]] le e nngwe kwa [[Maun]].Mmadikolo wa Botswana e kgaogantswe ka magoro a le borobabobedi: Kgwebo, Thuto, Boenjenere, Dithuto tsa Batho, Disaense tsa Boitekanelo, Bongaka, Saense le Disaense tsa Loago le [[:en:Sir_Ketumile_Masire_Teaching_Hospital|Bookelo jwa Thuto jwa ga Sir Ketumile Masire]]. UB e mo maemong a sekete se le sengwe le makgolo a mabedi le bongwe go fitlhela kwa seketeng se le sengwe makgolo a matlhano mo lefatsheng le a masome a mabedii le bongwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo [[:en:Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Ranking|Maemong a]] [[:en:Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Ranking|Mmadikolo wa Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Thutogodimo ya Dinako]] ya ngwaga wa 2024.<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-botswana "THE rankings :: University of Botswana"]. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</ref> == Ditiragalo == Mmadikolo wa Botswana o simolotse e le karolo ya thulaganyo e tona ya bo mmadikolo e e neng e bidiwa '''UBBS''', kgotsa '''Mmadikolo wa [[:en:Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland]] (Botswana), Basotoland (Lesotho), le Swaziland'''; e e neng ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1964 go fokotsa tshegetso ya mafatshe a mararo a mo thutong e kgolwane mo [[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]] ya nako ya [[:en:Apartheid|tlhaolele]]. Morago ga gore Botswana le Lesotho di tseye boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1966, mmadikolo ne wa bidiwa Mmaikolo wa Botswana, Lesotho, le Swaziland (UBLS). Ka ngwaga wa 1975 [[Lesotho]] e ne ya ikgogela morago mo tirisanong mme ya tlhoma mmadikolo wa yone ya bosetšhaba. Dingwaga di le mmalwa go ne ga nna le Yunibesithi e e kopanetsweng ya Botswana le Swaziland go fitlhelela kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 1980 mmadikolo one a kgaoganngwa ka kagiso go nna dikolo tse pedi tse di ikemetseng tsa bosetšhaba. E ne e le ka nako ya fa Lesotho e ikgogela morago la ntlha fa Botswana, e e neng e le nngwe ya mafatshe a a humanegileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng, e simolola mokgatlho wa Motho le Motho Kgomo. Letsholo le la go kokoanya madi le le itsegeng semmuso jaaka Botswana University Campus Appeal (BUCA) le ne la etelelwa pele ke Tautona wa Pele ebong Rre Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1976. Letsholo le le ne la simolola go kokoanya madi a go aga sekolo se segolwane sa Botswana sa Mmaikolo wa Botswana le Swaziland. BUCA e ne ya tla morago ga go tsewa ga dikago tsa mmadikolo e e kopanetsweng kwa Roma ke puso ya Lesotho e le nosi. Batswana (batho ba Botswana) le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba ntsha dikabelo tsa mefuta yotlhe (go akaretsa madi, dikgomo, mabele, mae, jalo le jalo) go fitlhelela paloyotlhe e e beilweng ya didikadike tsa [[:en:South_African_rand|diranta]]. Ka ngwaga wa 1982, Mmadikolo wa Botswana e ne ya nna nnete mme e santse e le setheo sa thuto e kgolwane sa bogologolo mo lefatsheng. Mokgatlho wa Motho le Motho Kgomo o sa ntse o tsweletse gompieno mo setshwantshong se segolo sa sekolo se segolwane sa mmadikolo se se fa pele ga buka-tsheko e ntšhwa.<ref>Mokopakgosi, Brian T. (22 May 2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070802037977 "Self-reliance and the History of Higher Education: The Botswana University Campus Appeal (BUCA)*]". Journal of Southern African Studies. 34 (2): 293–304. [[Doi:10.1080/03057070802037977|doi:10.1080/03057070802037977]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144141224 144141224].</ref> == Tsamaiso == [[Setshwantsho:GABS-UB Courtyard.JPG|thumb|Motlobo wa dibuka]] Tautona kgotsa Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana o dira jaaka Mokhanselara wa sekolo se segolwane sa Mmadikolo. Mookamedi yo mogolo mo sekolong ke Mothusa Mokhanselara. Go nnile le Batlatsa Bakhanselara ba le batlhano ba mmadikolo:<ref>[http://www.ub.bw/newsdet/nid/4290/Vice-President-Masisi-appointed-UB-Chancellor/ "Vice President Masisi appointed UB Chancellor"]. University of Botswana. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.ub.bw/about.cfm?pid=551&m=206 "Welcome to University Of Botswana :: Home Page"]. www.ub.bw. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</ref> * 1982–1984: John Turner, * 1984–1998: [[Thomas Tlou]], * 1998–2003: Sharon Siverts, * 2003–2011: Bojosi Otlhogile, * 2011–2017: Thabo Fako.<ref>[http://www.ub.bw/content/id/2017/University-Council/ "Welcome to University Of Botswana :: University Council".] www.ub.bw. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</ref> * 2017–gompieno: Moporofesa David Norris<ref>[https://www.ub.bw/about-ub/news/professor-norris-appointed-sixth-ub-vice-chancellor "Professor Norris appointed sixth UB Vice Chancellor | University of Botswana".] www.ub.bw. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</ref> == Botshelo jwa moithuti == [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana 20200310.jpg|thumb|Gaborone, Mmadikolo wa Botswana, sekolo sa bogare]] Baithuti ba le bantsi ba nna mo sekolong mo diholong tsa bonno.<ref name=":0">[http://www.ub.bw/campus_details.cfm?pid=529 "Welcome to University Of Botswana :: Home Page"]. ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</ref> Baithuti ba ba nnang mo diholong tsa bonno ba newa dijo mo mafelong a bojelo a khamphase.<ref name=":0" /> Ditirelo tsa sokolo di akaretsa letangwana la go thuma le le tona jwa Diolimpiki, lebala la boitlosobodutu, le mabala a metshameko (kgwele ya dinao tsa diatla, thenese, bolo ya diatla, mmapotlo le volleyball). Mmadikolo o bapile le Lebala la Metshameko la Bosetšhaba, le le leng teng go ka dirisiwa ke mmadikolo. Mabala a go ikatisa a a kwa ntle ga lebala la metshameko ke lefelo la metshameko ya dikgaisano mo mmadikolo. Mmadikolo o tlamela ka kokelo ya kalafi ya mahala le ditirelo tsa kgakololo. == Maphata le Mafapha == === Lephata la tsa Kgwebo === [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana Faculty of Business.jpg|thumb|Lephata la Kgwebo la Mmadikolo wa Botswana ]] Lephata la Kgwebo le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1997 morago ga go rulaganngwa sešwa ga Sekolo sa Dithuto tsa Diakhaonto le Botsamaisi ka fa tlase ga Lephata la Disaense tsa Loago.<ref>^{''"[https://www.ub.bw/faculties-and-departments/business/accounting-and-finance/history History | University of Botswana]". www.ub.bw. Retrieved 30 May 2020''}</ref>Ka fa tlase ga sekhukhu sa lephata le lesha le, go ne ga tlhamiwa mafapha a le mararo gore a nne le bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng mo go tsa botsamaisi, papatso, le go dira diakhaonto le tsa madi. E ratiwang go fetisisa tse dingwe ke lenaneo la Bachelor of Accountancy (BAcc), le le katisang baithuti go dira ditlhahlobo tsa setifikeiti sa dipalo tsa boemo ba setsebi, segolobogolo ACCA. Dialogane tse dintsi di kopantse dikiriigo fitlhela ba nna [[:en:Certified_Public_Accountant|Baakhaontente ba ba tlhomamisitsweng]] ba Amerika kgotsa maloko a [[:en:Chartered_Institute_of_Management_Accountants|CIMA]] ya UK.<ref>[https://www.ub.bw/faculties-and-departments/business "Business | University of Botswana"]. ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</ref> Lephata le le ruta didikirii di le tlhano: [[:en:Bachelor_of_Accountancy|Batšhelara ya Bobalamatlotlo]] (BAcc) [[:en:Bachelor_of_Business_Administration|Batšhelara ya Botsamaisi jwa Kgwebo]] (BBA) mo go tsa Botsamaisi [[:en:Bachelor_of_Business_Administration|Batšhelara ya Botsamaisi jwa Kgwebo (]]BBA) mo go tsa Papatso [[:en:Bachelor_of_Information_Systems|Batšhelara ya Ditsamaiso tsa Tshedimosetso]] (BIS) [[:en:Finance|Batšhelara ya tsa Matlole]] [[:en:Master_of_Business_Administration|Masetase ya Tsamaiso ya Kgwebo]] (MBA) === Lephata la Dithuto === Le ke lephata le le gologolo go gaisa mo mmadikolo. Lephata le le na le mafapha a le borobabobedi a a akaretsang Thuto ya Botshelo Jotlhe le Tlhabololo ya Baagi, Metheo ya Thuto, Thekenoloji ya Thuto, Disaense tsa Lelapa le tsa Badirisi, Dipuo le Disaense tsa Loago, Thuto ya Dipalo le Disaense, Thuto ya Motheo wa sekolo potlana le Saense ya Metshameko.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213038/https://www.ub.bw/discover/faculties/education "Faculty of Education | University of Botswana]". ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> Go na le mananeo a le lesome le botlhano a kalogo ya pele: dikirii ya Masetase ya Thuto e e nang le dithuto tse di kgethegileng di le lesome le bongwe; dikirii ya Masetase ya Thuto ya Botshelo Jotlhe le Tlhabololo ya Baagi, lenaneo la [[:en:Master_of_Counselling|Masetase la Kgakololo]] le Ditirelo tsa Batho, mananeo a mabedi a [[:en:MPhil|MPhil]] le [[:en:PhD|PhD]] le Dipoloma ya Morago ga Dialogane mo Thutong.<ref name=":1" /> === Lephata la Boenjenere === [[File:University_of_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Lephata la Boenjenere]] Lephata la Boenjenere le Thekenoloji le ne la tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa1996 ka ntlha ya gore Botswana Polytechnic e ne ya tsenngwa mo UB.<ref>Teferra, Damtew (26 June 2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ebwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Faculty+of+Engineering+and+Technology+was+created+in+1996+as+a+result+of+Botswana+Polytechnic+being+incorporated+into+UB.&pg=PA33 ''Flagship Universities in Africa''.] Springer. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49403-6|978-3-319-49403-6]]</bdi>.</ref>Lephata le le ne le le dikilometara di ka nna bongwe le ntlha ya bosupa (maele wa bongwe le ntlha nngwe) go tswa kwa sekolong se segolo sa UB kwa toropong ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] kwa jaanong e bidiwang BCET gone, mme fa e sa le ka nako eo le fuduseditswe kwa sekolong se se golo. Lephata le tlamela ka dithuto tse dintsi tsa Boenjenere tse di akaretsang Boenjenere jwa Metšhini, jwa Dikago, jwa Motlakase, jwa Meepo le jwa ditswammung, jwa go Tlhama madirelo le jwa Thekenoloji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212411/https://www.ub.bw/discover/faculties/engineering-and-technology "Faculty of Engineering and Technology | University of Botswana".] ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 31 May 2020.</ref>Dithuto tse dingwe tse di jaaka Boagi, Ditsha, Patlisiso ya Thulaganyo le tsone di a neelwa. E fa Setifikeiti, Dipoloma, Batšhelara le Masters mo mafelong a a amanang le Boenjiniere. le dithuto tsa go rulaganya tse di tsayang dingwaga di le tlhano (dingwaga di le nne kwa Botswana le ngwaga wa bofelo go wetsa ka dithuto tsa masetase kwa ditheong tsa go rulaganya tsa seporofešenale). === Lephata la Dithuto tsa Batho === Lephata la Dithuto tsa Batho le na le mafapha a le lesome: dipuo le dikwalo tsa Seaforika; dithuto tsa Setšhaena; Seesimane; Sefora; Ditso; dithuto tsa motlobo wa dibuka le tshedimosetso; dithuto tsa bobegakgang; Dithuto tsa Sepotokisi. Le tsamaisa dithuto tsa pele ga kalogo le tsa morago ga kalogo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211214193420/https://www.ub.bw/discover/faculties/humanities Faculty of Humanities | University of Botswana]". ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Lefapha la ditso le akaretsa karolwana ya ditswammung kgotsa dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref>"[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/ub/hisdep.htm University of Botswana History Department]". ''www.thuto.org''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref>Setheo sa Confucius kwa mmadikolong wa Botswana se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2006 e le karolo ya Lephata la Dithuto tsa Batho.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211214193418/https://www.ub.bw/discover/faculties/humanities/confucius-institute Confucius Institute | University of Botswana]". ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> === Lephata la maranyane === Lephata la maranyane, le le nang le batho ba le bantsi ba ba ikwadisitseng ngwaga le ngwaga, le ne la simolola e le Sekolo sa maranyane sa UBBS ka ngwaga wa 1971. Mafapha a lone a ntlhantlha a le manè (Thuto ya Botshelo,Thuto ya di khemikhale , Dipalo le Maranyane a tlhago) a ne a amega fela mo go ruteng Karolo ya ntlha ya lenaneo la dikirii ya BSc. Ka ngwaga wa 1975, fa sekolo sa [[:en:Lesotho|Lesotho]] se ne se kgaogana le UBBS, go ne ga simololwa go ruta Karolo ya bobedi (dingwaga tsa boraro le tsa bone) mo mafapheng otlhe. Mafapha a saense ya tikologo, thutafatshe, le saense ya dikhomputara a ne a okediwa mo lephateng le pele ga mmadikolo wa Botswana a nna teng ka ngwaga wa 1982.<ref>"[https://www.ub.bw/discover/history History | University of Botswana"]. ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> Mogolwane wa lephata la saense ya tikologo, Dr. Segosebe, gape ke modulasetilo wa mokgatlho wa Somarelang Tikologo, [[:en:NGO|mokgatlho o o ikemetseng wa tikologo wa selegae]] kwa Gaborone. === Lephata la Saense ya Loago === [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana Earth Science.JPG|thumb|Mmadikolo wa Botswana Saense ya Lefatshe]] Dithulaganyo di le mmalwa mo maemong a setifikeiti, dipoloma, dikirii le masters di neelwa ke Lephata la Disaense tsa Loago. Baithuti ba ba amogetsweng mo thulaganyong ya BA ba letleletswe, ka tetla ya ditlhogo tsa mafapha, go dira dithuto tse dikgolo tse di kopantsweng mo dithutong tse pedi go tswa kwa mafapheng a a mo teng ga lephata mmogo le mafapha a a tlhophilweng mo mafapheng a mangwe. Dithulaganyo tsa Dikirii tse di neelwang mo lephateng di akaretsa Batšhelara ya Molao, Batšhelara ya Disaense tsa Loago, Batšhelara ya Tiro ya Loago, le Masetase ya Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba, mmogo le Batšhelara ya Bodiragatsi mo Dithutong tsa Bosiamisi jwa Bokebekwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260117140148/https://www.ub.bw/discover/faculties/social-sciences "Faculty of Social Sciences | University of Botswana]". ''www.ub.bw''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> === Sekolo sa Bongaka === ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Sir_Ketumile_Masire_Teaching_Hospital|Bookelo jwa Thuto jwa ga Sir Ketumile Masire]]'' Dikerii ya seporofešenale ya Bachelor ya Bongaka (MBBS) ke lenaneo la dingwaga di le tlhano. Dingwaga tse pedi tsa ntlha di latela mokgwa o o kopantsweng wa Thuto e e Theilweng mo Mathateng. Dingwaga tse tharo tsa bofelo di rulagantswe ka tsela ya kalafi go tlamela tšhono ya go dira mo bookelong le mo morafeng.<ref name=":2">Gaonyadiwe G. Mokone; Maikutlo Kebaetse; et al. (August 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116079 "Establishing A New Medical School: Botswana's Experience"]. Acad. Med. 89 (8 0): 83–87. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000329|10.1097/ACM.0000000000000329]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116079 4116079]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25072587 25072587].</ref> Kago ya segompieno, e e agilweng mo sekolong se se golo sa mmadikolo gore go nne le sekolo sa bongaka e ne ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa 2012. Bookelo jwa go ruta jwa thuto jwa malao a le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano bo ne jwa wediwa ka ngwaga wa 2014.<ref name=":2" /> Ka palogare, palo yotlhe ya baithuti ba pele ga kalogo ba bongaka ba le masome a matlhano ba amogelwa mo thulaganyong ya MBBS ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name=":2" /> == Ditirisanommogo tsa Lefatshe ka bophara == Mmadikolo wa Botswana o babalela ditirisanommogo di le mmalwa tsa lefatshe ka bophara go tlhofofatsa tirisanommogo ya patlisiso le diphapano tsa dithuto. Balekane ba kananyo ya boditšhabatšhaba ba akaretsa: ====== Lefatshe la United States ====== * Mmadikolo wa California (Lenaneo la Thuto kwa Dinageng di Sele la Yunibesithi ya California)[22] * Mmadikolo wa Pennsylvania (Tirisanommogo ya Botswana le UPenn ya go tokafatsa tlhokomelo ya kalafi)[23] * Mmadikolo wa Texas kwa Austin * Mmadikolo wa Georgetown[24] * Mmadikolo wa Kansas[25] * Kholetšhe ya Augustana[26] * Mmadikolo wa Indiana[27] * Mmadikolo wa Alabama[28] * Mmadikolo wa Illinois ya Toropo-Khempeini[29] * Mmadikolo wa Minnesota[30] * Mmadikolo wa Naga ya Florida[31] '''Lefatshe la Europe''' * Kholetšhe ya Mmadikolo wa Maastricht kwa Yunibesithing ya Maastricht (Netherlands) * Mmadikolo waTübingen[32] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Goethe kwa Frankfurt[33] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo waPotsdam[34] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Giessen[35] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Bremen[36] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Setegeniki ya Dortmund[37] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Koblenz le Landau[38] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo waSetegeniki ya Kaiserslautern[39] (Jeremane) * Mmadikolo wa Katoliki ya Eichstatt-Ingolstadt[40] (Jeremane) ====== Asia-Pacific ====== * [[:en:Kyoto_University|Mmadikolo wa Kyoto]]<ref>[https://iafp.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/student-exchange-program-a/ "About the Student Exchange Program A"]. 京都大学アフリカ世界展開力プロジェクト. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref> (Japane) * [[:en:Tokyo_University_of_Foreign_Studies|Mmadikolo wa Tokyo ya Dithuto tsa Dinaga di Sele[]]<ref>"[https://iafp.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/student-exchange-program-a/ About the Student Exchange Program A]". 京都大学アフリカ世界展開力プロジェクト. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref> (Japane) * [[:en:Akita_University|Mmadikolo wa Akita]]<ref>"[https://www.akita-u.ac.jp/icremer/eng/eventa/item_pro_8.html 秋田大学国際資源学教育研究センター｜国立大学法人　秋田大学".] www.akita-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref>(Japane) * [[:en:Ritsumeikan_University|Mmadikolo wa Ritsumeikan]] (Japane) * [[:en:Jiangsu_University|Mmadikolo wa Jiangsu]]<ref>"[https://eng.ujs.edu.cn/Collaboration/Sister_Universities.htm Sister Universities-Home--Jiangsu University]". eng.ujs.edu.cn. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref> (China) * [[:en:Victoria_University_of_Wellington|Mmadikolo wa Victoria ya Wellington]]<ref>"[https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/explore/other-quals/study-abroad-and-exchange/overview Victoria University of Wellington]". www.wgtn.ac.nz. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref> (New Zealand) * [[:en:University_of_Adelaide|Mmadikolo wa Adelaide]]<ref>[https://www.ub.bw/news/ub-university-adelaide-pen-mou "UB, University of Adelaide Pen MoU | University of Botswana"]. www.ub.bw. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref>(Australia) ====== Aforika ====== * [[:en:Rhodes_University|Mmadikolo wa Rhodes]]<ref>"[https://www.ru.ac.za/internationalisation/students/exchangeandstudyabroad/ ERASMUS]+". www.ru.ac.za. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</ref>(Aforika borwa) * [[:en:Tshwane_University_of_Technology|Mmadikolo wa Thekenoloji ya Tshwane]] (Aforika Borwa) * [[:en:University_of_Zambia|Mmadikolo wa Zambia]] (Zambia) == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite journal |last1=Mokopakgosi |first1=B. T. |date=2013 |title=Why the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Failed: Lessons from the brief history of a regional university in southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2013.796737 |journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=465{{ndash}}480 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2013.796737 |issn=1465-3893 |s2cid=144529308 |url-access=subscription |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mokopakgosi |first1=B. T. |date=2013 |title=Why the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Failed: Lessons from the brief history of a regional university in southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2013.796737 |journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=465{{ndash}}480 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2013.796737 |issn=1465-3893 |s2cid=144529308 |url-access=subscription |ref=none}} ** [http://www.ub.bw/ Official website] ** [http://www.thuto.org/ubh/ History Department site] (separate) ** {{Universities in Botswana}}{{Association of African Universities}}{{Authority control}} [[Karolo:Thuto mo Gaborone]] [[Karolo:Dikolo mo Botswana]] l9sjqci9e1eofyuxr2d9xzkwvqb6lpx 0 7749 53752 44917 2026-07-31T18:04:27Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE FELELEDITSE TSEBE YA CHOBE NATIONAL PARK 53752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National park in Botswana}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Chobe National Park | iucn_category = II | photo =Gnus_zebras_chobe_national_park.jpg | photo_caption =[[Blue wildebeest|Wildebeest]] and [[Burchell's zebra|zebras]] in Chobe National Park | location = [[Botswana]] | nearest_city = [[Kasane]] | coords = <!--source:GNS-enwiki--> | map = Botswana | relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coords|18|40|S|24|30|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 11,700 | established = 1967 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = }} '''Chobe National Park''' ke lefelo la tshomarelo di tsatlholego la ntlha mo [[Botswana]] ebile mefuta ya ditsatlholego e feta ya mafelo a mangwe. Lefelo le le leng mo kgaolong ya Bokone jwa lefatshe, le latela [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] ga mmogo le [[Gemsbok National Park]] ka botona ebile ke lengwe la mafelo a a nang le palo e kgolo ya diphologolo mo [[Aferika]]. Serapa se na le dinonyane tse di farologaneng mo godimo ga dikwena, dikubu, ditau le di-lechwes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Zyl|first=Melanie|title=Botswana’s 4 unmissable national parks are truly wild|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-national-parks-botswana|access-date=2022-09-09|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> Serapa se na le palo e kgolo ya ditlou mo kontinenteng ya Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berry|first=Oliver|title=World’s most dangerous animals|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/travel/experiences/adventure/where-to-see-the-worlds-most-dangerous-animals|access-date=2022-09-09|website=Times Travel}}</ref> Serapa se atologa ka disekwerekilometara di ka nna 10,600 go tswa kwa Kasane go ya kwa Savuti, serapa seno se akaretsa dikarolo tsa sekaka, ditsobotla le sekgwa, ke karolo ya Kalahari, ka jalo se na le tikologo e e omeletseng, mo karolong e e kwa bokone go kgabaganya dinoka tsa Chobe le Linyati.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rattray|first=Gordon|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=0KmsjfRwObQC&pg=PA281&dq=Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMzJjWr4j6AhXXL0QIHTeQDusQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=Chobe%20National%20Park&f=false|title=Access Africa: Safaris for People with Limited Mobility|date=2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-286-6|language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka bo 1960 go ya pele, palo ya ditlou mo lefelong leo e ne ya oketsega fa mefuta e mengwe ya diamusi e ne e farologana go le gonnye, ka dingwe di ne tsa fokotsega ka palo mme tse dingwe di ne di oketsega.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Skarpe|first=Christina|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=OI5PAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&dq=Chobe+National+Park+1967&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5u6C22Ij6AhWiDkQIHfX3ALAQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=Chobe%20National%20Park%201967&f=false|title=Elephants and Savanna Woodland Ecosystems: A Study from Chobe National Park, Botswana|last2=Toit|first2=Johan T. du|last3=Moe|first3=Stein R.|date=2014-04-02|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-85858-5|page=72|language=en}}</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), lefelo le le neng le na le mefuta e megolo ya diamusi di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone , Mikaelelo Game Reserve e ne ya okediwa mo parakeng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone, phaka e ne ya bulelwa batho botlhe mme ya nna lefelo le le ngokang bajanala le mo go lone e neng ya amogela baeti ba le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhanomo ngwageng wa ntlha wa go bulwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Child|first=Brian|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=gfO4t3q1CG8C&pg=PA58&dq=Chobe+National+Park+1967&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmwdOd2oj6AhU8mmoFHd9pARA4ChDoAXoECAsQAg#v=onepage&q=Chobe%20National%20Park%201967&f=false|title=Evolution and Innovation in Wildlife Conservation: Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas|last2=Suich|first2=Helen|last3=Anna|first3=Spenceley|date=2012-05-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-56609-7|pages=58-59|language=en}}</ref> Nngwe ya dikarolo tsa serapa sa bosetšhaba ke Savuti Marsh, e e nang le bojang jo bo telele jo bo leng gaufi le Madabe Depression, letsha la bogologolo kwa bokone jwa naga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bothma|first=Jacobus du P.|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=DPvuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=Savuti+Marsh+Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjl4YOz4Ij6AhV1kmoFHefEDOkQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=Savuti%20Marsh%20Chobe%20National%20Park&f=false|title=Larger Carnivores of the African Savannas|last2=Walker|first2=Clive|date=2013-11-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-03766-9|language=en}}</ref> Go ya ka tshedimosetso e e tswang kwa UNESCO World Heritage Center, Chobe National Park ke phaka ya bosetšhaba ya boraro ka bogolo mo Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Chobe Linyanti System|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5556/|access-date=2022-09-09|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Mabala a merwalela a a mo teng ga Chobe National Park a fetogile mo lobakeng lwa dingwaga di le masome a mane, mo dimela tse di tshwanang le Cynodon dactylon le Vetiveria nigritana di okametseng lefelo la National Park.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipotso|first=F. M.|last2=Skarpe|first2=C.|date=2006-04-01|title=Population status and distribution of puku in a changing riverfront habitat in northern Botswana|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC117225|journal=South African Journal of Wildlife Research|volume=36|issue=1|pages=89–97|doi=10.10520/EJC117225}}</ref> Go ya ka dipalopalo tsa National Geographic, National Park e ne e na le ditlou tse di fopholediwang go 120 000 mo dingwageng tsa bo dikete tse pedi .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Downs|first=Roger M.|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=ZcjtAAAAMAAJ&q=National+Geographic+Chobe+National+Park&dq=National+Geographic+Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAnKGp75T7AhUDTDABHbIMAWMQ6AF6BAgDEAI|title=National Geographic Almanac of Geography|last2=Day|first2=Frederick A.|date=2005|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-0-7922-6834-5|language=en}}</ref> Morago ga patlisiso ya 2005, go ne ga lemogiwa gore 60% ya bajanala ba ba neng ba etela mafelo a a sireleditsweng a tlholego a kwa bokone jwa Botswana ba ne ba etetse Chobe National Park.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mogende|first=Emmanuel|last2=Naomi|first2=Moswete|date=2019|title=Stakeholder perceptions on the environmental impacts of wildlife-based tourism at the Chobe National Park River Front, Botswana|url=https://journals.ub.bw/index.php/pula/article/view/1526|journal=Botswana Journal of African Studies|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=50|access-date=2022-11-04|archive-date=2022-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104165219/https://journals.ub.bw/index.php/pula/article/view/1526|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mo dikgaolong tse di kwa kgakala tsa phaka, jaaka Avuti Marshes, mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang ya Dintša tsa Naga tsa Aforika (Lycaon pictus) e ka bonwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditso == {{Multiple image|total_width=475|image1=Leones (Panthera leo) deborando un búfalo africano negro (Syncerus caffer caffer), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 94-96 PAN.jpg|caption1=Ditau di ja letsomo|image2=Hipopótamos (Hippopotamus amphibius), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 79.jpg|caption2=Hippopotamus in Chobe|image3=Chobe jackal.jpg|caption3=Jackal Pup|image4=Gepard chobe national park.jpg|caption4=Southern African cheetah|image5=Weißrückengeier Gyps africanus HP L2043.JPG|caption5=White-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) near the Cuando River|image6=Facoceros comunes (Phacochoerus africanus), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 32.jpg|perrow=3|align=left|caption6=Common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) on the banks of the Chobe River|background color=#e4ecf5|caption_align=center}} Banni ba ntlha ba lefelo le e ne e le [[Basarwa]]. E ne e le batho ba ba hudugang kgapetsa kgapetsa ba tsoma diphologo, ba senka maungo ga mmogo le metsi. Mo nakong ya gompieno, botaki jwa Basarwa bo a bonala mo mantsweng a a leng mo lefelong leo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe, kgaolo e e neng ya nna Botswana e ne ya kgaoganngwa mme lefelo le ya nna la puso. Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, kgaolo e e neng ya nna Botswana e ne e kgaogantswe ka ditsamaiso tse di farologaneng tsa go nna le lefatshe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bongwe (1931_), ga tswa mogopolo wa go dira lefelo le le tlaa somarelang di tsatlholego ka mefuta. Ngwaga o latelang, gone kganelwa go tsoma mo dikilomethareng di le diketse tse masome a mabedi le bone (24 000) mo kgaolong ya Chobe, mme dikhilomethara tse di ne tsa okediwa go tshwara 31 600 ngwaga tse pedi tse di latelang. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le boraro( 1943), ga nna le [[tsetse]] e ntsi mo kgaolong, mo go neng ga busetsa morago tshimologo ya lefelo le. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953), goromente o ne a biela mo tirong e: dikhilomethara di le 21,000 ya nna lefelo la tlhokomelo ya diphologolo. Chobe Game Reserve e ne ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), le fa lefelo la teng le ne le le lennye go na le jaaka go ne go eleditswe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa , lefelo le ne la dirwa lefelo la tshomarelo di tsatlholego.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Compion|first=Shem|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=CXfGw93dxfEC&pg=PA81&dq=%221967%22+Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBjaORn4j6AhUpLkQIHdvUAqIQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%221967%22%20Chobe%20National%20Park&f=false|title=Insider's Guide: Top Wildlife Photography Spots in Botswana and Namibia|date=2012|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1-4314-0259-5|language=en|quote=The Chobe National Park was officialy established in 1967, but since most of the land was already protected, the area has in effect been under conservation since the early 1930s.|page=81}}</ref> Ka nako eo, go ne go na le metse ya madirelo e le mmalwa, bogolo jang kwa Serondela, ko madirelong a legong a godileng teng. Metse e e ne ya huduga ka iketlo go tswa mo lefelong le, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhanogo ne go sena batho mo lefelong le. Mo bo gompienong, masalela a madirelo ao a santse a bonala hale le hale kwa Serondela. Dikoketsego tse di potlana tsa lefelo le di nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi( 1980)le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa(1987). Serapa seno sa bosetšhaba se na le palo e kgolo ya ditlou mo Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Houten|first=Carolyn|date=2019|title=Botswana, land of elephants|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/world/amp-stories/botswana-elephants-chobe-national-park/|access-date=2022-10-23|website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994), World Wide Fund for Nature e ne ya thusa puso ya Botswana go baakanyetsa leano la taolo ya palo ya ditlou tsa serapa sa bosetšhaba.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=lU09u0Sn69MC&pg=PA79&dq=Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG68Oyv4r6AhWAL0QIHc8uDhsQ6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=Chobe%20National%20Park&f=false|title=African Elephants--coral Reefs: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 39 ... and H. Con. Res. 8 ... March 13, 1997--Washington, DC.|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-054985-4|language=en}}</ref> Gaufi le Serondela, go begilwe mefuta e ka nna makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane go bapa le noka jaaka di-skimmers le di- Stork.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riley|first=Laura|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=icMuBQhW4vgC&pg=PA29&dq=Chobe+National+Park&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG68Oyv4r6AhWAL0QIHc8uDhsQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=Chobe%20National%20Park&f=false|title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves|last2=Riley|first2=William|date=2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12219-9|pages=29-30|language=en}}</ref> Nngwe ya mafelo a serapa sa bosetšhaba ke Savuti e e mo karolong e e ka fa bophirima jwa serapa, lefelo leno le na le dimela tse di nang le dikgong le dimela jaaka Vachellia erioloba, mo godimo ga Noka ya Savuti, e e neng e elela mo serapeng gangwe le gape go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi (1880), noka eno e ne ya kgala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1958). Go tloga ka ngwaga oo go ya pele, noka e ne ya simolola go elela mo parakeng ngwaga le ngwaga go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1981), fa e emisa go elela.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=Myra E.|date=2001|title=Effects of large herbivores and fire on the regeneration of Acacia erioloba woodlands in Chobe National Park, Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2001.00325.x|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=39|issue=4|pages=340–350|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.2001.00325.x|issn=0141-6707}}</ref> == Thuto ya Lefatshe le tikologo == Lefelo leno la diphologolo se ka kgaoganngwa ka dikarolo di le nnè, nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e na le tikologo e e farologaneng: * Lefelo la Serondela (kgotsa '''lotshitshi lwa noka ya Chobe'''), le le kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa phaka, le na le mafelo a magolo a a nang le merwalela le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[Afzelia quanzensis,]] [[Baikiaea plurijuga]] le ditlhare tse dingwe tse di thata tse jaanong di fokoditsweng ke kgatelelo e kgolo ya ditlou. [[Noka ya Chobe]], e e elelang go bapa le molelwane o o kafa bokonebotlhaba jwa phaka eno, ke lefelo le legolo le go nosediwang mo go lone, segolobogolo ka paka e e omileng go tloga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong go ya ko go ya Phalaner fa go na le metlhape e megolo ya ditlou tsa mo Afrika, di-giraffe tsa kwa Angola, di-sable antelope le dinare tsa mo Afrika. Mabala a a nang le merwalela ke one fela mafelo a go bonwang kgama ya puku kwa go one kwa Botswana. Go bonwa dinonyane tse dintsi tse di jang dinotshe tsa carmine tsa kwa borwa ka paka ya selemo. Fa go na le merwalela, [[dinonyane tsa mo Afrika]] tse di bidiwang di-spoonbill, di-ibis, mefuta e e farologaneng ya [[dikgama]], matata le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa metsi di thologela mo lefelong leno. Eno e ka tswa e le karolo e e etelwang thata ya Chobe, ka gonne e le gaufi le [[diphororo tsa Victoria]], kwa [[Zambia]]. Toropo ya [[Kasane]], e e leng kwa tlase ga noka, ke yone e e botlhokwa thata mo kgaolong eno mme ke yone kgoro e e kwa bokone ya phaka eno. * Lefelo la '''Savuti Marsh''', le le bogolo jwa 10,878 km2 (4,200 sq mi), le bopa karolo e e kwa bophirima ya phaka (50 km (31 mi) kwa bokone jwa Kgoro ya Mababe). Savuti Marsh ke masalela a letsha le legolo le le neng le le mo teng ga naga le le neng la kgaolwa metsi bogologolo ka ntlha ya go thulana ga matlapa a lefatshe. Gompieno seretse seno se nosediwa ke Mosele wa Savuti o o sa tlhomamang, o o nnang o omeletse ka lobaka lo loleele, mme morago ga moo o bo o boa o elela gape ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lefatshe mo lefelong leno. Gone jaanong e a elela gape mme ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome( 2010) e ne ya fitlha kwa Savuti Marsh e le lekgetlho la ntlha fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi . Ka ntlha ya go elela gono go go sa tlhomamang, go na le ditlhare di le makgolokgolo tse di suleng go bapa le lotshitshi lwa molapo. Gape kgaolo eno e na le dithaba tse dikgolo tsa savannah le mafulo a a nang le makgabana, e leng se se dirang gore diphologolo tsa naga di nne le botshelo jo bo kgatlhang thata mo karolong eno ya serapa seno. Ka paka ya komelelo, go bonwa ditshukudu tse dintsho le tse ditshweu, di-warthog, di-kudu tse dikgolo, di-impala, dipitse tsa Burchell, di-gnu tse di phuduhudu le motlhape wa ditlou. Ka paka ya dipula, go na le mefuta e le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane. [[Ditau]], [[diphiri]], [[dipitse tsa naga]] kgotsa ka sewelo fela, Mangau a kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika le tsone di a bonwa. Kgaolo eno e itsege ka go fuduga ga dipitse tsa naga le dibatana tsa naga ngwaga le ngwaga. * '''Motlhaba wa Linyanti''', o o kwa sekhutlong se se kwa bokonebophirima jwa phaka le kwa bokone jwa Savuti, o bapile le Noka ya Linyanti. Kwa bophirima jwa lefelo leno go na le Selinda Reserve mme mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone lwa Noka ya Kwando go na le Nkasa Rupara National Park ya Namibia. Go dikologa dinoka tseno tse pedi go na le dikgwa tse di fa thoko ga noka, dikgwa tse di bulegileng mmogo le matsha, mme karolo e e setseng ya kgaolo eno e na le dipoa tse di nang le merwalela. Go na le matsomane a magolo a ditau, [[mangau a Afrika,]] [[dintša tsa naga tsa Afrika]], di-roan antelope, di-sable antelope, setlhopha sa dinare le matsomane a [[ditlou tsa Afrika]]. [[Lechwe e khibidu]] e e sa bonweng motlhofo, sitatunga le [[dikwena tsa Nile]] le tsone di nna mo lefelong leno. Dinonyane di dintsi ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. * Magareng ga mafelo a a bongola a Linyanti le Savuti go na le lefelo le le mogote le le omileng le le kwa morago ga naga, le le nang le dikgwa tsa tlhaga tsa Nogatsaa. Karolo eno ga e itsiwe thata mme ke lefelo le le molemo la go bona di-eland. == Tshomarelo ya ditlou == E re ka e na le metsi a mantsi, phaka e itsege thata ka palo e kgolo ya ditlou, tse go fopholediwang gore di ka nna 50 000. <ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5556/ "Chobe Linyanti System"]. ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. Retrieved 2026-05-11.</ref>Kgaolo eno ke legae la ditlou tsa Kalahari, tse di bopang metlhape e megolo go gaisa ya ditlou tse dingwe tse di itsegeng. Ditlou tsa Kalahari di na le dinaka tsa tlou tse di seng thata le dinaka tse dikhutshwane, gongwe e le ka ntlha ya go tlhaela ga calcium mo mmung. Mo mafelong mangwe go na le tshenyo e ntsi e e bakwang ke palo e kgolo ya ditlou. Tota e bile, selekanyo sa yone se kwa godimo thata mo Chobe yotlhe mo e leng gore go ne go kile ga akanyetswa go kgaola ditshedi mo nakong e e fetileng,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080111214722/http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/national-parks-international/chobe-national-park/252658/ Elephant culls in Chobe"]. Archived from [http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/national-parks-international/chobe-national-park/252658 the original] on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2006-06-13.</ref> mme go ne ga tsewa gore go na le dikganetsano tse dintsi mme go fitlha jaanong tsamaiso ya phaka e ntse e sa dumalane le seo. Ka paka ya komelelo, ditlou tseno di nna mo dintshing tsa Noka ya Chobe le Noka ya Linyanti. Ka paka ya dipula, di fuduga sekgala sa dikilometara di le 200 go ya kwa karolong e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa serapa seno. Le fa go ntse jalo, lefelo le di anamang mo go lone le feta lefelo leno la bojanala mme le anamela kwa bokonebophirima jwa Zimbabwe. Badisa ba diphologolo tsa naga ba dikologa serapa seno ka metlha e bile ba na le dithata tsa go thuntsha batho ba ba belaelwang e le batsomi ba ba seng kafa molaong. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), balemirui ba le babedi ba ne ba thuntshiwa morago ga go bonwa bosigo ba tshwere dinaka. <ref>amaBhungane (2016-03-18). [https://amabhungane.org/botswanas-shoot-to-kill-policy-against-suspected-poachers/ "Botswana's 'shoot-to-kill policy' against suspected poachers".] ''AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism''. Retrieved 2026-05-11.</ref> == Ditsela == Maemo a ditsela mo Chobe National Park a ikaegile thata ka setlha le pula; motho o tlhoka koloi ya 4x4 go tsamaya mo Phakeng. Letsha le le kitlaneng e nna bothata kwa Chobe River Front ka dikgwedi tse di omileng, segolo thata fa dithemperetšha di tlhatloga, fa ka nako ya dipula ditsela tse di gaufi le noka di nna seretse. <ref name=":1">[https://independent-travellers.com/botswana/chobe/ "Chobe National Park, October 2017"]. ''Independent Travellers''. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.</ref> === Savuti === Ditsela tsa Savuti, segolo thata tsela ya Sandridge e e kwa bophirima go tswa kwa Kgorong ya Mababe le ditsela tse di kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa kanale ya Savuti gantsi di na le motlhaba o montsi mme go thata go kgweetsa mo go tsone. Fa pula e setse e na, go kgweetsa mo ditseleng tsa mošawa go na le kotsi ya go kgoreletsega, ka gonne mmu o montsho o o bongola wa katune o nna o sa tsamaege.<ref name=":1" /> === Nogatsaa === Ditsela tsa Nogatsaa di tlala metsi ka dikgwedi tsa dipula mme ke karolo e nnye fela ya tsela e e ka kgweediwang ka nako eno. Mo dikgweding tsa komelelo, diphologolo tseno di tsamaya di tswa mo sekgweng se sengwe di ya kwa go se sengwe mo ditseleng tse di nang le mafelo a mannye a a tletseng motlhaba. Fa ba sena go tswa mo tseleng ya tar go tswa kwa Kasane, batho ba ne ba tshwanela go kgweetsa mo motlhabeng o o kitlaneng ka dikilometara di le masome a mabedi pele ba fitlha mo tseleng ya motlhaba. <ref name=":1" />[[File:Not Your Usual Flooding in Botswana - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The Savuti Marsh seen from space in May 2012]] [[File:Ian 708 03 Baby Elephant, Chobe River, Botswana.jpg|thumb|A baby [[African bush elephant]] on the banks of the Chobe River]] == Bona == * [[Wildlife of Botswana]] * [[Southern Africa]] == Metswedi == <references/> == Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle == {{Commons category|Chobe National Park}} {{Wikivoyage|Chobe National Park}} * [http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/explore/chobe-national-park Botswana Tourism Organisation on Chobe National Park] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Chobe-National-Park Chobe National Park] in ''[[:en:Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' {{National Parks of Botswana}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:National parks of Botswana]] [[Category:Protected areas established in 1967]] eym1dye6fo8p2r1xnn0szaja00gxaxb 0 8272 53794 49795 2026-07-31T21:29:11Z MmaBaggio 11091 53794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name='''Daniel Keatametse Kwelagobe'''|image=Daniel Kwelagobe.png|president=[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]|president2=[[Quett Masire]]<br />[[Festus Mogae]]<br />[[Ian Khama]]<br />[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|office1=Minister for Presidential Affairs|birth_name=Daniel Keatametse Kwelagobe|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1943|09|01}}|honorific-prefix=[[His Honour]]|office3=Chairman of the [[Botswana Democratic Party]]|president3=[[Ian Khama]]}} '''Daniel Keatametse Kwelagobe''' (o tshotswe ka Lwetse a rogwa ka 1943) e ne e le Modulasetilo wa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] mme pele o ne a dira e le Tona ya Merero ya Ofisi ya ga Tautona makgetho a le mabedi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/1236/|title=Mr Daniel Kwelagobe|publisher=Africa Confidential|access-date=2009-10-18}}</ref> O ne a tsena Sekolo se segolwane sa Gaborone Secondary School. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabobedi( 1968) o ne a dira tiro ya bobegadikgang pele ga a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki fa a ne a tsena mo Lekgotleng mme a nna Tona ya Kgwebo le tsa papadi, Tona ya Puso ya Tirelo ya Setšhaba, Tshedimosetso le Kgaso, mmogo le go direla jaaka Tona ya tsa mesepele tlhaeletsano, temothuo le matlo mo tirong ya gagwe. Kwelagobe e ne e le Mothusa Mokwaledi Mogolo wa Lekoko la gagwe go fitlha a nna Mokwaledi-Mogolo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1981),morago a nna tona ya Badiri le Merero ya Selegae go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bw/viewprofile.php?fUserID=8|title=Hon. Minister Daniel Kwelagobe's PROFILE|publisher=UK Parliament Offices|access-date=2009-10-18|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163022/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/viewprofile.php?fUserID=8|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gape o ne a direla e le Tona ya tsa ofisi ya ga Tautona le tsa Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba go fitlhela Tautona [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] a mo koba ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009).<ref>Raditsebe, Keletso (7 April 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120329060908/http://www.africanews.com/site/Botswana_Cabinet_minister_dropped/list_messages/24169 "Botswana: Cabinet minister dropped"]. ''Africa News''. Archived from [http://www.africanews.com/site/Botswana_Cabinet_minister_dropped/list_messages/24169 the original] on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 17 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Ditshupiso == * {{Cite news|url=http://sundaystandard.info/news/news_item.php?NewsID=6009&GroupID=5|title=Botswana Constitution; what’s next?|accessdate=2009-10-18}}   * {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8312732.stm|title=Botswana ruling party wins poll|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-10-18}} == Dikarolo tse di kwa ntle == * [http://www.gov.bw/ Repaboliki ya Botswana] Government Site [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1943]] [[Karolo:Maloko a Khuduthamaga ya Puso ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Matona a Puso ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana Democratic Party]] [[Karolo:Mapolotoki a dingwaga tse dikete pedi le bongwe a Botswana]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana]] jt6c3qx43kreg6zjramf4sfuqsqjmkd 0 8321 53796 48422 2026-07-31T21:37:03Z MmaBaggio 11091 53796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|office=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|image=Archibald Mogwe 1980 (cropped).jpg|term_start=1974|term_end=1984|office2=Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1921|8|29|df=y}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNtwLEbl7wC&q=Archibald+Mogwe+29+aug+1921 Profile of Archibald Mogwe]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The International Who's Who 2004|year=2003|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1857432177|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond/page/1155 1155]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwho2004ond/page/1155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm5.html|title = Index Mo}}</ref>|birth_place=Macheng o-o-Moswaana, [[Kanye, Botswana|Kanye]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]]|death_date=25 February 2021 (aged 99)|nationality=[[Botswana|Motswana]]|spouse=(1) Lena Mosele Senakhomo. (2) Serara Khupe|children=3|parents=Moruti Morutwana Mogwe, Mare Mogwe|residence=[[Botswana]]}} '''Archibald Mooketsa Mogwe''' (Phatwe a le malatsi a masome mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bongwe (1921) - Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe( 2021) e ne e le lepolotiki le modiredi wa boditšhabatšhaba kwa [[Botswana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Admin|title=Chewing The Fat with Rre Mogwe on His 97th birthday|url=https://www.thegazette.news/features/chewing-the-fat-with-rre-mogwe-on-his-97th-birthday/|access-date=2022-05-23|website=Botswana Gazette}}</ref> == Tiro == [[Leloko la palamente]] go tswa kwa [[Kanye]], Mogwe o ne a direla jaaka Tona ya Mafatshe a Sele go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone(1974) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone(1984), le jaaka Tona wa Meepo le Merero ya Metsi go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone( 1994), pele ga a direla jaaka Moemedi wa Botswana kwa United States.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a tlhomiwa go nna mo maemong a bofelo ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) mme a neela ditlankana tsa gagwe ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le maratato ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996).<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/cpr/91572.htm "Diplomatic Representation for the Republic of Botswana"], US State Department website.</ref> Mogwe gape o nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa jaaka motsamaisi mo dipuisanong tsa Inter-Congolese. Fa a sa le monnye, o ne a dira letshwao la gagwe jaaka Mokwaledi wa Ntlha wa sennelaruri wa Ofisi ya ga Tautona Sir [[Seretse Khama]].<ref name=":0" /> O ne a na le bana ba le bararo le mosadi wa gagwe wa ntlha Lena Mosele Senakhomo (d. 1992), morwadie, Maleta Luna-Rosa Mogwe (d. 1954) - yo o neng a nyetswe ke morwa Rev. Albert Alfred Frank Lock, Mookamedi wa bobedi [le yo o neng a direla lobaka lo loleele] wa Kokoano ya setšhaba kwa Botswana le morongwa wa LMS); morwa, Hugh Lehlohonolo Moabi Mogwe (o tshotswe ka 1956 mme a tlhokafala ka 2012); le morwadie Alice Mogwe (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe(1961). Go tloga ka 1997 go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), Mogwe o ne a nyetse porofesa wa ntlha wa mosadi wa Botswana ebong [[Serara Selelo-Mogwe]]. Mogwe o na le bana ba bana ba basetsana ba le barataro, a le mongwe wa mosimane le dikokomane di le pedi. O ne a itsege ka go nna botlhale ka bonako. Nako nngwe, fa a ne a le kwa kokoanong ya SADCC kwa Lusaka, o ne a atamelwa ke Tona ya Matlotlo ya Zambia, yo o neng a leka go mo nyatsa ka gore "ah, tsala ya me Rre Mogwe, Tona ya Merero ya Metsi kwa Botswana. O dirang fano jaaka tona e e senang portfolio; mongwe le mongwe o itse gore Botswana ga e na metswedi wa metsi." Archie, ka karabo e e bonako, mme morago ga go akanya ka motsotswana, o ne a araba ka gore "Go tshwana fela le wena, tsala ya me e e rategang, Tona ya Matlole ya Zambia."^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} O tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, a le dingwaga di le masome a ferabongwe le boferabongwe.<ref>[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/botswanas-archibald-mogwe-hailed-colossus-public-service "Botswana's Archibald Mogwe hailed as colossus of public service"]. ''SAnews''. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 17 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Tlotlo == * O ne a abelwa Order of the British Empire (OBE) pele ga Botswana e bona boipuso ka 1966 == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Matsalo a 1921]] [[Category:Loso lwa 2021]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Mafatshe a Sele tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Meepo le Merero ya Metsi tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Baemedi ba Botswana]] [[Category:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Category:Batho ba ba tswang Kanye]] f395r68tm67hn1e4hrx2rtjz9neev6b 0 8580 53791 45497 2026-07-31T21:23:20Z MmaBaggio 11091 53791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin C. Thema''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi abo a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi)<ref name=":0">Ramsay, Jeff; Morton, Barry; Morton, Fred (1996). [https://1lib.sk/book/1116174/c97668 ''Historical Dictionary of Botswana''.] Scarecrow Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3143-8|<bdi>978-0-8108-3143-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Motswana yo o neng e le morutuntshi le mopolotiki. Rre Thema o ttholega motseng wa [[Ranaka]], ko Ngwaketse Reserve. O nnile tuna wa ntha wa lekalana la baithuti la Bechuanaland (Bechuanaland Student Association) ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe (1939). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borataro( 1946) one a thama sekolo sa Tshidi Barolong secondary school ko [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]], ko a neng a nna mogokgo wa sekolo<ref name=":0" /><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221118091220/https://issuu.com/ceepbulletin/docs/cee_bulletin_august/s/13234562 Standing on Shoulders of Great Giant]s". ''CEE Bulletin''. Retrieved 18 Ngwanaatsele 2022.</ref>. O ne a nna leloko la Bechuanaland Democratic party ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964), ko a neng a thophiwa mo dithophong tsa National Assembly ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965). Ke ko a neng a nna mongwe wa maloko a palamente, e le ene Ministara wa tsa Itsholelo (Minister of Finance) mo ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano go ya ko go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1965 - 1966<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221118092735/https://www.finance.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=102 "About Us - Ministry of Finance"]. ''www.finance.gov.bw''. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</ref>, go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966) go ya ko go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone ( 1974) o ne a nna Ministara wa tsa Ithuthuntso (Minister of Education).<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == ctng111dwzu8wrpvdcvri0nyp6njpm4 0 8597 53773 50982 2026-07-31T20:12:11Z MmaBaggio 11091 53773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gaolese Kent Koma''' e ne e le lepolotiki le mogwebi mo [[Botswana]]. O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi Kgwedi ya Morule e le malatsi a supa, mme a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a robabongwe.<ref>Mooketsi,Lekopanye. (14 March 2006).[http://allafrica.com/stories/200603150426.html ''"allAfrica.com: Botswana: BDP Veteran Dies"''].AllAfrica.com.Retrieved 13 July 2013</ref> O ne a nna mopalamente wa motse wa [[Mahalapye]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) go fitlha ka wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone ( 1994).<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213244/http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060320 ''"BOPA &amp;#124; 20 March 200''6"].Archived from on 2013-07-30.Retrieved 11 July 2013</ref> == Kgolo le dithuto == O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918) Kgwedi ya Morule e le malatsi a supa kwa [[Shoshong]], mme a tloga a fuduga le ba lolwapa lwa gagwe go ya go thibelela kwa kgaolong ya legare la Botswana kwa motseng wa [[Serowe]] kwa kgotleng ya Ditlharapeng. Rraagwe e bong Nkgabong Dintwe e ne ele molemi morui e bile e le kgosana. Mmaagwe e bong Gabaetelwe Dintwe Koma e ne e le mmalolwapa o o neng a fetsa nako e ntsi kwa tshimong. Koma ke ngwana wa bofelo mo baneng ba le bane, basimane ba le bararo le mosetsana a le mongwe. E ne ele leloko la mophato wa Malekantwa o o neng o na le dithaka tsa gagwe jaaka Moutlakgola P.K Nwako, Lenyeletse Seretse, Kenneth Koma le Monametsi Chiepe. Fa a ne a santse a le mosimane, Koma o ne a nna kwa morakeng thata a thusa mo thuong ya dikgomo le dihutshane tse dingwe. O simolotse sekolo kwa sekolong sa Central ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo ( 1930) a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi, a tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa sekolong sa [[Khama Memorial]]. Jaaka e ne e le tlwaelo ka dingwaga tsa tlhaolele kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], o ne a ya go tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe tse di kgolwane fa dingwaga tsa di ne di simolola. O ne a ithutela tsa madi le kgwebo kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Endeleni High Institute kwa [[Pietermaritzburg]] kwa [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu Natal]]. O ne a simolola go berekela banka kwa [[Kapa Bophirima|Kapa]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe ( 1949). E ne ya re ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe (1951) a boela gae kwa Mahalapye go simolola kgwebo ya lolwapa e e neng e bidiwa Koma brothers.<ref name=":0" /> E e ne e le lebentlele le le tlhakanetsweng ke ene le bo morwarraagwe le bontsalae, maikaelelo a lone e le go kolotisa beng gae ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa tlase. Mongwe wa banaleseabe mo kgwebong e e ne e le [[Kenneth Koma]]. O ne a nyala Mable Pinnie Koma o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924 )mme a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi ( 2008), o pele a neng a dirisa sefane sa Mpa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro ( 1953) kgwedi ya Phalane kwa [[Mahikeng]] kwa Aforika Borwa. Ba ne ba kopantswe ke Kenneth Koma kwa Moeng College kwa Bokone botlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20171014134012/http://whoswho.co.za/edward-koma-493019 "Edward Koma &amp;#124; Who's Who SA"].''Whoswho.co.za.Retrieved 19 August 2014.</ref> Mable Pinnie Mpa e ne e le mooki ka nako e o kwa Moeng College. == Polotiki == O ne a tsena mo go tsa polotiki ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano(1955) e bile a le bokopanong jwa ntlha jo bo simolodisitseng Botswana Democratic Party e neng e itsege ka Bechuanaland Democratic Party. Mo bokopanong jo o ne a na le [[Seretse Khama]], Goareng Mosinyi, Lenyeletse Seretse, Moutlakgola P.K Nwako, [[Quett Masire]] le ba bangwe. Pele ntsalae [[Kenneth Koma]] o ne a kile a leka go mo ngoka gore ba simolole pathi ya bone ya sepolotiki e e tla itsegeng ka leina la [[Botswana National Front]], <ref>http://www.mmegi.bw/index.phpsid=6&aid=1170&dir=2010/March/Tuesday23%5B%5D</ref> mme o ne a gana mogopolo o,<ref>Vetkasi,Vetkasi.19 October 2007.''[http://stswana.blogspot.com/2007/10/african-front-in-perspective.html "Botswana: The African 'Front' in Perspective"].''Stswana.blogspot.com.Retrieved 19 August 2014.</ref> a simolodisa botsala le Quett Masire, tautona wa bobedi wa lefatshe la Botswana mo ntsalae a neng a nyala kgaitsadie Masire. Tsala ya botlhe e ne ele Lemme Makgekgenene, mopalamente wa pele wa [[Tonota]]. Ba ne ba abelana megopolo le ditebelopele ka lefatshe la Botswana. O ne a nna mopalamente wa ntlha wa Mahalapye morago ga boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965).<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030927/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/about-parliament/history/first-parliament-of-botswana "First Parliament of Botswana"].(2012).'' Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030927/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/about-parliament/history/first-parliament-of-botswana the original] on ''23'' June 2013.Retrieved 13 July 2013</ref> Fa godimo ga moo o ne a tsaya maemo a go nna modulasetilo BDP wa kgaolo ya legare ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano 1965 go tsena ka wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano ( 1985). O nnile leloko la dikomiti tsa palamente di le dintsi jaaka ya go tshwara madi, ya tsa selegae le tse dingwe.[http://www.parliament.gov.bw/about-parliament/historyhttp://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14696&GroupID=4/first-parliament-of-botswana] O tsere mesepele ka tsa tiro go ya kwa mafatsheng a sele a akaretsa [[USA|United States of America]] ([[Mexico|Mexico,]] Nevada le Florida), la Austria le ditoropo tse dintsi kwa ga mmamosadinyana. Koma o ne a rutuntsha a bo a tsisa maloko a masha mo BDP go akaretsa modulasetilo wa BDP rre [[Daniel Kwelagobe]] o a neng a mmitsa setlogolo sa gagwe le mothusa tona ya tsa selegae le ditlhabololo [[Botlogile tshireletso|Botlogile Tshireletso]]. O ne a ithola marapo mo go tsa sepolotiki ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (199)4 mme Mompati Merafhe a mo tlhatlhama. Koma o ne a eleditse gore a tlhatlhamiwe ke Anna Lesolle, mme o ne a nna le phadisanyo e e mashetla go tswa kwa go Mompati Merafhe.<ref>[http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14696&GroupID=4 "Sunday Standard – Online Edition"]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20140820003137/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14696&GroupID=4 the original] on 2014-08-20.Sundaystandard.info.Retrieved 19 August 2014.</ref> == Fa a setse a godile == Pele ga a tlhokafala, Koma o ne a lwala bolwetse jwa go swa mohama, bo bo mo simolotseng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-143328968/bdp-veteran-dies.html|title=|publisher=Accessmylibrary.com}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref> go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro ( 2006). O ne a tswelela ka go nna morui wa dikgomo wa tlhwatlhwa go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a robabongwe. O lemogiwa ka tiro ya gagwe ya go tlhabolola Mahalapye go tswa mo go nneng motsana go nna motse setoropo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone ( 1994), ka go aga dikago, ditsela le go fa barui ba ba botlana tshono ya go rekisa.Ene le mosadi wa gagwe ba ne ba simolola sekolo se se botlana se se ikemetseng sa Montsamaisa kwa Mahalapye, se se neng se amogela banana ba le bantsi ba ba sa dirang sentle mo dithutong tse dibotlana ebile ba sa kgone go boela sekolong. Kwa BDP o ne a bonwa e le mongwe wa ba ba diretseng phathi ka botswapelo ba sa solofele sepe, o nnile le karolo mo go simolodiseng phathi, go kwadisa maloko a masha le go nna mo letsholong la go rekisa phathi mo lefatsheng la Botswana le le neng le apesitswe ke lehuma go fitlhelela a tlogela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa ( 1997) == Metswedi == dmgolgj26644utscyz9n9j25cme8onf 0 9306 53782 35349 2026-07-31T20:45:12Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE FELELEDITSE TSEBE YA Tsheko Tsheko 53782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsheko Tsheko''' [[MBE]] (1923-1969) ene ele modiri wa tsa polotiki wa Motswana.E ne e le leloko la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano(1965) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe 9 1969), koo a neng a direla mo Kabineteng ya Botswana. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O tsholetswe kwa [[Ngamiland]], Bechuanaland Protectorate ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro( 1923). O ne a tsamaisa kgwebo e e atlegileng ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) ya go romela dithoto tsa muti kwa Afrika Borwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le botlhano (1945), o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe mo botsamaising jwa morafe wa Batwana. O ne a tsenela [[Bechuanaland Democratic Party]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964) go dira jaaka moeteledipele wa Ngamiland wa lekoko. <ref name=":0">Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (2018). "Tsheko Tsheko (1923–1969)". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ Historical Dictionary of Botswana]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-5381-1133-8</bdi>.]]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le masome a matlhano (1965), Tsheko o ne a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la Palamente ya ntlha ya Botswana go emela kgaolo ya Okavango. Go tlhophiwa ga gagwe e ne e le nngwe ya dikgaisano tse pedi fela tse di neng di le teng mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), a fenya [[Motsamai Mpho]] wa [[Botswana Independence Party]] ka 53.7% ya diboutu. <ref>Gossett, Charles W.; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2009). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237924 "Report on the 1965 General Election and the 1966 Local Government Election".] ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''41''': 47–63. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 ISSN&#x20;0525-5090.] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237924 JSTOR&#x20;23237924.]</ref>Fa a ne a le mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tona ya Puso ya Selegae<ref>[https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=167 First Parliament of Botswana".] ''Parliament of Botswana''. Retrieved 2023-07-14.</ref>mme morago a nna [[Tona ya Temothuo]]. Tsheko o ne a tlhokafala kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe ( 1969).<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == g1u2o4006bszwn2sl6okgmdca5c2jgx 0 9308 53792 48938 2026-07-31T21:26:23Z MmaBaggio 11091 53792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Motlatsi Keseabetswe Segokgo''' (1928-1977) ene ele modiri wa politiki wa motswana. O ne a dira e le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Botswana Leloko la Phuthego ya Botswana] le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Botswana Khabinete ya Botswana] go tswa motheong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano( 1965) go fitlhelela a itseela botshelo mo gare ga matlhabisaditlhong a tshenyetso sechaba ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa ( 1977). == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Motlatsi Keseabetswe Segokgo o tsholetswe mo [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate Tlokweng Bechuanaland Protectorate]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ</ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1928). O berekile e le morutabana, a dira e le mogokgo wa sekolo sa Batlokwa National School. O ne a fuduga mo tsa thuto go ya kwa tsa polotiki go kopanela phathi ya [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party Bechuanaland Democratic Party]. O ne a tlhopiwa go ya kwa tsa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Botswana Kokoano Bosetshaba ya Botswana] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965 )go emela setlhopha sa ditlhopo sa Kgatleng le Tlokweng.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history/first-parliament-of-botswana |access-date=2024-04-20 |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401084127/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history/first-parliament-of-botswana |url-status=dead }}</ref> Segokgo o ne a tlhopiwa go nna [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Botswana) Tona ya tsa Madi] fa a sena go tsena mo ofisi ya [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Botswana Palamente ya Ntlha ya Botswana]. O ne a tlhopiwa e le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Commerce,_Industry,_and_Water_Affairs_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1 Tona ya Kgwebo, Madirelo le Merero ya Metsi] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974) a bo a tlhopiwa go nna [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Water_Affairs_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1 Tona ya Ditlamelo tsa Ditswa Mmung le Merero ya Metsi] ka sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974). O ne a latofadiwa go dira tshenyetso sechaba a le mo tirong, Tautona [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama Seretse Khama] a kopa Segokgo go rola tiro mo khabineteng. Segokgo o ne a itseela botshelo go nale go tlogela tiro. Bana ba gagwe fa e sa le nako eo ba ile ba nna le seabe no dipolotiking.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ba ba tshotsweng ka 1928]] [[Category:Ba ba tlhokafetseng ka 1977]] [[Category:Maloko a Palamente ya Botswana]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana Democratic Party]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Matlotlo tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Intaseteri tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Metsi tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba ba ipolaileng]] [[Category:Batho ba ba ipolaileng kwa Botswana]] {{Botswana-politician-stub}} gd2gw0mauoylx41zfkdlsxwjlbj8vh0 0 9317 53789 44504 2026-07-31T21:17:37Z MmaBaggio 11091 53789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Moutlakgola Palgrave Kediretswe Nwako|birth_date={{birth date|1922|8|6|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Serowe]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]]|nationality=[[Botswana]]|residence=[[Botswana]]|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]}}'''Moutlakgola Palgrave Kediretswe Nwako''' (6 Phatwe 1922-1 Phatwe 2002)<ref>https://www.rulers.org/indexn2.html</ref><ref name=":0">Ramsay, Jeff (1 January 2002). "Moutlakgola Ngwako: a public servant of distinction". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''34''': 140–143. [[JSTOR|JASTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980330 40980330.]</ref>e ne e le modiri wa tsa polotiki le moedimedi wa lefatshe la [[Botswana]]. Nwako o dirile e le ene [[Tona wa Lephata la Merero ya Mafatshe a Sele]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro go ya go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe(1966-1969<ref>[http://rulers.org/fm1.html "Foreign Ministers A-D".] rulers.org. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</ref>. O ne a nna Mmueledi wa [[Khuduthamaga ya Palamente ya Botswana]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) go ya ko go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090627220727/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/pgcontent.php?UID=707 Former Speakers of Parliament], Official website of the Parliament of Botswana</ref>. Moutlakgola ke mongwe wa ba ba simolodisitseng moalo wa polotiki e e dirileng Botswana yo wa gompieno ka sebaka se a berekileng e le modirela puso, Nwako o dirile mo maemong a farologanyeng a khuduthamaga ya ga Tautona pele ha a latlhela mo tirong ya gagwe ya [[Mmueledi wa Khuduthamaga ya Palamente]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe( 1999). E ne e le mongwe wa ba simolodi ba mokgatlho wa [[Botswana Democratic Party (BDP)]] Nwako o tsere nako e ntse ya bonana jwa gagwe a thusa go tlhokomela leruo la kwa ga bone. O ne a isiwa go simolola dithuto tse di potlana a le dingwaga tse lesome le bone ko Khama Memorial School. Morago ga moo, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le boraro ( 1943), o ne a ya ko Tiger Kloof Institute(Old Moeding) gaufi le Vryburg, ko a ileng a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tse di kgolwane. Nwako le baithuti ka ene ko Tiger Kloof jaaka ba ba re tlogetseng; [[Motsamai Mpho]], Edison Masisi, Washington Meswele le [[Quett Masire.]] O ne a dira botsalano ja go phadisana le Rre Masire jaaka ba ne ba phadisanela maemo a kwa godimo a thuto. Nwako o ne a rata dipalo thata, talente e e ileng ya dira gore a fiwe leina la matshamekwana le go tweng "Pythagoras".<ref name=":0" />Morago ga go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe, o ne e berekela mo mabolokelong a morafe ko Molepolole le Serowe, pele a nna motshwara madi ko Moeng College. Mo dingwageng tsotlhe wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950), Nwako o ne a le mo setlhopheng sa barutegi ba banana ba Gammangwato ba ba tsweletseng mme ba dira gore go nne le phetogo ya tsa polotiki le go bowa ga ga Seretse Khama go tswa botshabing jwa kwa moseja. Jaaka Nwako, bontsi jwa setlhopha; [[Monametsi Chiepe]], [[Lenyeletse Seretse]] le Gaolese le [[Kenneth Koma]] ba ne ba le mo mophatong wa Malekantwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi go ya ko go masome a matlhano le boraro (1952-53), mophato wa Malekantwa ga mmogo le bagolo ba tshwana le Kgalemang Motsete le Leetile Raditladi, ba ne ba tla ga mmogo ba bopa mokgatlho wa sepolotiki o o neng o bidiwa Gammangwato National Congress. Mokgatlho wa Congress o ne wa nna wa boraro o o maatla mo go tsa polotiki tsa Gammangwato o phadisana le di kampa tsa bagologolo pele ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Tshekedi Khama le Keaboka Kgamane(pro-Seretse). Ka nako eo, Nwako o ne a simolola go kwala dipampiri tsa dikgang, thata thata, Naledi ya Batswana le African Echo a dirisa leina la dinyao "Monna wa Lekgotla". Mo mekwalong yotlhe ya gagwe ya setshaba le e e sephiri, Nwako o ne a tswelela a tswaragane le ba lwela kgololesego ka ene ba ba nemg ba le mo dintheng tse dingwe tsa tshireletso. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro()1960, Nwako o ne a ema mme a tlhophiwa go nna Mokhuduthamaga wa Lekgotla la Morafe wa Bangwato. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961), o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo Lekgotleng le lešwa la Aforika la kgaolo yotlhe, a itlhoma jaaka mongwe wa boradipolotiki ba ba tlhabologang ba Protectorate ya bokone. Moragonyana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro ( 1960), moithutimmogo le Nwako wa pele, Mpho, o ne a mo atamela ka ga go tlhama mokgatlho o mošwa wa bosetšhaba, o o neng o tla itsege jaaka People’s Party (BPP). Ka nako eo Congress le Federal Party e e neng ya latela e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Raditladi e ne e paletswe ke go ngoka tshegetso ya bontsi. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961), Nwako o ne a nna leloko la baemedi ba BPP ba ba neng ba kopana le Mokhomišenara wa Baagi ba Borithane, Peter Fawcus, go ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le go tlhoka tekatekano mo dipopegong tsa ditlhopho tsa Lekgotla la Peomolao (Legco). Kwa bofelong, Nwako o ne a sa kgatlhiwe ke BPP. Go na le moo, ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961), o ne a le karolo ya setlhopha sa konokono se se neng se kokoantswe ke Seretse Khama go buisana ka go tlhamiwa ga mokgatlho o mongwe. Morago ga moo, nngwe ya ditiro tsa ntlha tsa ga Nwako e ne e le go thusa go tlisa batho ba ba tlhageletseng go tswa kwa ntle ga Gammangwato mo mokgatlhong. Nwako o thusitse go kwala molaotheo wa Lekoko, o o neng wa amogelwa kwa kopanong ya kgwedi ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe ( 1961) kwa Mahalapye. Morago ga moo, o ne a direla mo Khuduthamaga ya yone ya banna ba le batlhano e le Mothusa Ramatlotlo. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go fitlha ya Phatwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro (1963), Nwako o ne a kopanela le Khama le Masire go emela BDP kwa Khonferenseng ya Tshekatsheko ya Molaotheo e e neng e biditswe ke Fawcus kwa Lobatse. Mo nakong ya go ipaakanyetsa ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa bosetšhaba, tse di neng tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965,) Nwako o ne a dirisa nako e ntsi ya gagwe go tlhotlheletsa BDP. Mo go se, gantsi o ne a dirisa baesekele go tsamaya mo metseng ya Gammangwato. Fa ditlhopho di balwa, Nwako o ne a fenya phenyo e e boitshegang mo kgaolong ya Tswapong Bokone, e a neng a e tshegetsa dingwaga tse dingwe gape di le masome a mararo. Morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), Nwako o ne a direla mo Kabineteng ya ntlha ya Botswana jaaka Tona ya Temothuo. Morago ga moo, o ne a dira diphotefolio di le mmalwa go akaretsa le tsa Merero ya Dinaga di Sele, pele ga a nna Tona ya Kgwebo le Intaseteri go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe ( 1989) Ka kgwedi ya Phalane,Nngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro( 1966), jaaka Tona ya Puso, o ne a tlhagisa kgetse ya Botswana gore e amogelwe kwa Ditšhabakopano. Ka ngwaga wa 1989 Nwako o ne a rola tiro mo Kabineteng go tsaya tiro ya go nna [[Mmusakgotla wa Kokoano Bosetšhaba]]. Ka ngwaga wa 1994, o ne a tlhatlhangwa jaaka Mopalamente wa Tshwapong Bokone ke Motlatsa Tautona wa nako eo [[Festus Mogae]], mme a tswelela go nna Mmusakgotla go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaboongwe le borobabongwe (1999).[ Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bofelo, Nwako o ne a bua thata mo tumelong ya gagwe ka ga tlhokego ya go somarela le go fetola setso sa selegae go tsamaisana le dinako tse di fetogang. == Metswedi == <references /> fqsapgvjnt7yiio01ja1ijord7x4kf2 0 9319 53775 35369 2026-07-31T20:18:49Z MmaBaggio 11091 53775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amos Manyangwa Dambe''' (1911–1991) e ne e le Matswana a dira tsa polotiki gape e le morongwa wa lefatshe kwa mafatsheng a sele. O dirile mo [[National Assembly of Botswana]] le [[Cabinet of Botswana]] go simologa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano(1965) go fitlhela ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi ( 1972), gape e ne e le moemedie was Botswana kwa lefatsheng la Amerika go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi ()1972 go fitlhela ngwaga wa1976. E ne le mongwe was batlame ba [[Botswana Democratic Party|Botswana Democratic Party.]] == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Amos Manyangwa Dambe o tshotswe kwa Nswazwi, Botswana ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe . O tsene sekolo kwa Zimbabwe, South Africa, le kwa Tati Training Institution pele a ka ya kwa Adams College, ko a neng a tlhomamiwa e le morutabana. O diretse sesole ko a berekileng go tswa ka ngwaga sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borataro (1946) go fitlhela ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe(1949 )le ba Khomisene e e kwa Godimo ya Dithimo tsa Masole kwa Botlhabagare e le moeteledipele was masole a maemo a kwa tlase. Morago a nna Tautona was mokgatlho wa baiyhuti ba BaKalanga gape e le motshwaramadi was mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba Puso ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland fa a bereka e le morutabana morago le fa e le mothusa mogokgo. Ka Nako e,o ne a kwala dikholomo tse di sa itsiweng no Naledi ya Botswana ka leina la push and pull.<ref>https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/26054/columns/amos-dambe-1911-1991/</ref> Dambe o tlogetse thuto ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1955) a go a fudugela kwa [[Francistown]] go berekela playwright [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]]. Dambe o ne a latela Raditladi mme a tsenelela mo dipolotiking, a na mongwe wamaloko a a simolotseng mokgatlho wa Bechuanaland Democratic Party (e nnileng Botswana Democratic Party) ka ngwaga sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe(1961). O ne a tlhapiwa go tsena mo Palamenteng ya Botswana ya ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) go emela Mmadinare. O ne gape a tlhapiwa go nna Tona wa Meepo, Kgwebisano le Madirelo ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e tlhola ga tlhano ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), a dira mo maemong a ngwaga pele a tlhapiwa go nna Tona ya Merero ya Selegae ka kgwedi ya Moranang sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966). Dambe o ne a tlhaphiwa gape go nna leloko la [[:en:National_Assembly_of_Botswana|National Assembly of Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le masome a robabongwe, mme ka nako so o ne a tlhapiwa go nna Tona ya Ditiro le Ditlhaeletsano. O ne a tlhapiwa go nna Tona ya Temothuo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970). O ne a tlogela Tito ya gagwe kwa National Assembly of Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi(1972 )go nna moemedi wa lefatshe kwa America. Dambe o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe( 1991).<ref>[[:en:Amos_Dambe#cite_note-:0-1|Ramsay, Jeff (20 November 2018). "Amos Dambe (1911-1991)". ''Weekend Post''. Retrieved 15 July 2023.]]</ref> fqrfryul6jf4ky66j4qv8o7opnz2ik8 0 11003 53765 52343 2026-07-31T19:28:40Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE FELELEDITSE TSEBE YA Sekaka sa Kalahari 53765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kalahari.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa sathalaete sa Kalahari se se dirilweng ke [[:en:NASA_WorldWind|NASA WorldWind]]]] '''Sekaka sa Kalahari''' ke [[:en:Semiarid_climate|sekgwa se se katologanyeng]] se segolo sa motlhaba se se omileng go sekae kwa [[:en:Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Aforika]] se se ka nnang 900,000 km2 (350,000 sq mi) se se akaretsang bontsi jwa [[Botswana]] mmogo le dikarolo tsa [[Namibia]] le [[Aforika Borwa]]. == Tlhamo ya lefoko == ''Kalahari'' o tswa mo lefokong la [[Setswana]] la ''Kgala'', le le kayang "lenyora le legolo", kgotsa ''Kgalagadi'', le le kayang "lefelo le le senang metsi";<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150725154710/http://www.southerncape.co.za/geography/regions/kalahari.php "The Kalahari-Basin"]. 15 July 2010. Archived from [http://www.southerncape.co.za/geography/regions/kalahari.php the original] on 25 July 2015.</ref> Kalahari e na le mafelo a a atologileng a a khurumeditsweng ke motlhaba o mohibidu o o senang metsi ape a a nnelang ruri fa godimo ga mmu. == Ditso == Sekaka sa Kalahari e ne e se tikologo e e omileng ka metlha. Bosupi jwa thutafatshe le jwa maemo a bosa a bogologolo di supa gore ka nako dikarolo tsa Pleistocene ya bofelo, kgaolo e ne ya itemogela maemo a a metsi thata le a a tsidifetseng. Dimela le diphologolo tsa masaledi go tswa kwa Logageng lwa Gcwihaba kwa bokonebophirima jwa Botswana di supa gore lefelo le le ne le tshegetsa dimela tse dintsi le metswedi ya metsi ya bo nnela ruri magareng ga bokana ka dikete tse lesome le boraro le dikete tse lesome le bongwe Pele ga gompieno (BP), ka paka e e bongola thata e e neng ya diragala morago ga dikete tse lesome le bosupa le makgolo a matlhano (BP).<ref>{{in lang|fr}} ''Les milieux désertiques'', Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]], page 20 in particular</ref> Dikarolo tsa seretse sa kwa tlase, dikwalo tsa peo ya dimela, le masalela a diphologolo a a bolokilweng mo majeng go tswa kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Kalahari, go akaretsa letsha la Makgadikgadi le Bokana jwa Okavango , di tlhomamisa diphitlhelelo tse, di bontsha bosupi jwa makadiba a magolo a bogologolo le dithulaganyo tsa dinoka tse di kileng tsa khurumetsa bontsi jwa se jaanong e leng sekaka.<ref>Franchi, Fulvio; Cavalazzi, Barbara; Evans, Mary; Filippidou, Sevasti; Mackay, Ruaraidh; Malaspina, Paolo; Mosekiemang, Goitse; Price, Alex; Rossi, Veronica (13 April 2022). [[doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.818417|"Late Pleistocene–Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Evolution of the Makgadikgadi Basin, Central Kalahari, Botswana: New Evidence From Shallow Sediments and Ostracod Fauna"]]. ''Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution''. '''10''' 818417. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022FrEEv..1018417F 2022FrEEv..1018417F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.818417|10.3389/fevo.2022.818417]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11585/882327|11585/882327]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-701X 2296-701X.]</ref> Mo dikgatong tse tse di metsi, go ka direga gore Kalahari e ne e tshegetsa dipalopalo tsa diamusi tse dikgolo tse di jaaka dikwalata, ditlou, le eleng dikubu, mmogo le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela e e tlwaelesegileng mo tikologong ya tlholego ya savanna le ya dikgwa. Fa seemo sa bosa sa lefatshe se ne se sutela go ya kwa Holocene ka dikete tse lesome le bongwe BP, pula e ne ya fokotsega mme seelo sa go fetoga ga metsi a mouwane sa tlhatloga, mme seno sa dira gore kgaolo e ome ka iketlo le go tlhongwa ga thulaganyo ya tikologo e e omeletseng e e tlwaelesegileng mo Sekakang sa segompieno sa Kalahari.<ref>Nash, David J.; Thomas, David S.G.; Shaw, Paul A. (1 January 1994). [https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/0028164382 "Siliceous duricrusts as palaeoclimatic indicators: evidence from the Kalahari desert of Botswana"]. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''112''' (3–4): 279–295. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PPP...112..279N 1994PPP...112..279N]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90077-9|10.1016/0031-0182(94)90077-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182 0031-0182].</ref> == Thuto ya Lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Kalahari E02 00.jpg|thumb|Kalahari kwa Namibia]] [[Setshwantsho:KalahariBirdView.jpg|thumb|Pono ya leitlho la nonyane ya Kalahari kwa Namibia: marontho a mantsho ke mitlwa ya kamela]] Go ntsha metsi mo sekakeng ke ka mekgatšha e mentsho e e omileng, mapatlelo a a tlalang ka metsi ka dipaka, le [[:en:Salt_pan_(geology)|matsha a magolo a letswai]] tsa [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|letsha la Makgadikgadi]] kwa Botswana le [[:en:Etosha_Pan|letsha la Etosha]] kwa Namibia. Noka e le nosi fela e e nnelang ruri, e leng [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], e elela mo [[:en:River_delta|kgogometso ya noka]] le le kwa bokonebophirima, mme e bopa makgobokgobo a a nang le diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga. Dinoka tsa bogologolo tse di omileng—tse di bidiwang [[:en:Omuramba|Ouramba]]—di kgabaganya dikarolo tse di kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Kalahari mme di dira gore go nne le matangwana a metsi a a emeng ka paka ya dipula. [[Setshwantsho:Kalahari Lehmpfanne.jpg|thumb|Letsopa la Kalahari gaufi le Onderombapa]] Sekaka se sa omellang thata, se se nang le mafelo a magolo thata a phulo morago ga dipula tse di siameng, Kalahari e tshegetsa diphologolo le dimela tse dintsi go feta sekaka sa nnete, jaaka [[:en:Namib_Desert|Sekaka sa Namib]] kwa bophirima. Pula ga e ne thata, mme mogote wa selemo o kwa godimo thata. Mafelo a a omileng thata gantsi a amogela pula ya di milimithara tse makgolo a lesome le masome a lesome le bobedi go ya kwa makgolong a mabedi (selekanyo sa boleele jwa nne le ntlha boraro go fitlhela supa le ntlha borobabongwe) ka ngwaga,<ref name=":0" /> mme e e metsi thata e feta fela makgolo a matlhano (boleele jwa masome a mabedi) go se kae. [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kgaolo ya Kalahari]] e e dikologileng e akaretsa go feta dikilometara tse di kutlonne dile didikadike di le pedi le dikete tse tlhano ( khutlonne ya mmaele wa dikete tse borobabongwe le masome a supa) e atologelang kgakala go tsena mo Botswana, Namibia le Aforika Borwa, e tsenelela mo dikarolong tsa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. == Seemo sa bosa == Seemo sa bosa se bongola jo bo kwa tlase go na le go nna e e omeletseng go sekae kwa bokone le kwa botlhaba, kwa go nang le dikgwa tse di omileng, tikologo ya mafulo e e naleng ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng le makadiba a letswai. Borwa le bophirima, moo dimela di leng boholo ba tikologo ya mafulo [[:en:Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands|e e omeletseng]] e e naleng ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng kgotsa le sekaka se se omellang thata , seemo sa bosa [[:en:Semi-arid|se se senang pula e ntsi]] sa "Kalaharian" . Seemo sa bosa sa Kalaharian ke sa mogote o fa gare fa o montsi le yo seng montsi thata: palogare ya mogote ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e fetang kgotsa e lekana le didigirii dile lesome le borobabobedi( masome a marataro le bone a di Farenheit), kwa setlhoeng se se fotlhang didigirii dile masome a mane (lekgolo le bone jwa di Frenheit) le kwa godimo, ka mogote o o magareng ga kgwedi le kgwedi ya kgwedi e e tsididi thata e e kwa tlase thata ga didigirii ile lesome le borobabobedi ( masome a marataro le bone a di Farenheit), mme e sekaka se se sa omellang thata go tloga ka Lwetse go ya go Moranang, dikgwedi tse di serame thata mo ngwageng. Bogodimo bo ile jwa supiwa jaaka tlhaloso ya gore ke ka ntlha yang fa seemo sa loapi sa Kalahari se se sa boboatsatsi; bogodimo jwa yone bo farologana go tswa go dimetara di le makgolo a marataro go ya go di le sekete le makgolo a marataro(mme ka kakaretso go tswa go dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi go ya go di le seketele makgolo a mabedi ), mme seno se felela ka tlelaemete e e tsididi go feta ya Sahel kgotsa Sahara. Sekao, serame sa mariga se tlwaelegile go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya Phatwe, se se bonwang sewelo kwa dikgaolong tse di bothitho tsa Sahelian. <ref>{{in lang|fr}} ''Les milieux désertiques'', Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. ISBN, page 20 in particular.</ref>Ka lebaka le le tshwanang, dithemperetšha tsa selemo di ka nna mogote thata, fela e seng fa go bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa bogodimo jo bo kwa tlase kwa Sahel kgotsa Sahara, kwa diteišene dingwe di kwalang dithemperetšha tsa magareng tsa kgwedi e e bothitho go dikologa 38 °C (100 °F), fa palogare ya dithemperetšha tsa kgwedi e e bothitho mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe kwa Kalahari e sa fete 29 °C (84 °F), le fa dithemperetšha tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka dinako dingwe di fitlha go 45 °C (113 °F) (44.8 °C (112.6 °F) kwa Twee Rivieren Rest Camp ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi.<ref>[http://www.mherrera.org/records.htm World Record Temperatures -Highest Lowest Hottest Coldest] temperatures-". ''www.mherrera.org''.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Gewitter in der Kalahari.jpg|thumb|Diphefo tse di mashetla le maru gaufi le Stampriet]] Paka ya komelelo e tsaya dikgwedi di le robedi kgotsa go feta, mme paka ya pula gantsi e tsaya nako e e kwa tlase ga kgwedi go ya go dikgwedi di le nnè, go ikaegile ka lefelo. Kgaolo e e kwa borwabophirima jwa Kalahari ke yone e e omeletseng go gaisa, segolobogolo kgaolo e nnye e e leng kwa bophirima-botlhaba jwa Tsaraxaibis (Kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Namibia). Palogare ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga e farologana go tswa go 110 mm (e e gaufi le boswakgapetla) go ya go go feta 500 mm kwa mafelong mangwe a bokone le botlhaba. Ka paka ya selemo mo dikgaolong tsotlhe, dipula di ka na di na le ditsuatsue tse di maatla. Kwa dikarolong tse di omileng thata le tse di nang le letsatsi thata tsa Kalahari, go na le palogare ya diura tse di fetang 4.000 tsa letsatsi tse di dirwang ngwaga le ngwaga. Kwa Kalahari, go na le mekgwa e meraro e megolo ya go dikologa ga atemosefere, e e laolwang ke anticyclone ya Kalahari High ka mariga,<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Tropicalité Jean Demangeot Géographie physique intertropicale, pages 44–45, Figure 19, source: Leroux 1989.</ref> le Kalahari Heat Low ka selemo:<ref name=":1">P. D. Tyson FRSSAf & S. J. Crimp (1998) THE CLIMATE OF THE KALAHARI TRANSECT, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53:2, 93–112, DOI: 10.1080/00359199809520380</ref> * Bokone le Bokonebophirima jwa Kalahari bo laolwa ke "Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) /"Continental Trade winds". ITCZ ke lefelo le diphefo tsa kwa bokone di kopanang le tsa kwa borwa mo go lone, e leng se baitse ba tsa bosa ba se bitsang "Meteorological equator" mme batsamaisi ba dikepe bone ba se bitsa "Doldrum" kgotsa "Pot-au-noir": ITCZ ke yone e dirang gore go ne pula ka paka ya dipula, fa diphefo tsa kwa bokone tsone di baka paka ya komelelo; * Karolo e e setseng ya Kalahari e laolwa ke diphefo tsa lewatle tse di fokang fa godimo ga lewatle tse di fokang fa godimo ga Great Escarpment e e kwa borwa jwa Afrika pele di fitlha kwa Kalahari. * Mo selemong sa hemisefere ya borwa (go tloga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya go Tlhakole), go nna le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya moya mo godimo ga Kalahari, e e tlhotlhelediwang ke go gotela thata ga metsi (go go itsegeng e le Thermal Low). Thulaganyo ya kgatelelo e e kwa tlase e thusa go laola phefo ya botlhaba e e tsayang bongola e e tswang kwa Lewatleng la India,<ref name=":1" />ka jalo e tlhotlheletsa pula go ralala borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>Reason, C.J.C. (2017). "Climate of Southern Africa". [https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-513 ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science''.] [[doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.513|doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.513.]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022862-0|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-19-022862-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Go na le dipolokelo tse dikgolo tsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ka fa tlase ga dikarolo tsa Kalahari; Logaga lwa Dragon’s Breath, ka sekai, ke letsha le legolo go gaisa otlhe le le kwadilweng le le kafa tlase ga lefatshe le le seng la subglacial. Dipolokelo tse di ntseng jalo di ka tswa e le masalela a makadiba a bogologolo; Sekaka sa Kalahari e kile ya bo e le lefelo le le metsi thata. Letsha la bogologolo la Makgadikgadi le ne le laola lefelo leno, le apesitse Pan ya Makgadikgadi le mafelo a a mabapi, mme le ne la tshologa metsi kgotsa la kgala dingwaga di ka nna 10 000 tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e kile ya bo e akaretsa disekwerekilometara di le 120 000 (46 000 sq mi).<ref>Goudie, Andrew (2002). ''Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution''. Oxford University Press. p.&#x20;204.</ref>Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, go ne go na le bongola jo bo lekaneng go ka lema, ka dikepe le matamo a a neng a phutha metsi. Jaanong tseno di tletse ka matlakala, di thubegile, kgotsa ga di tlhole di dirisiwa, le fa gone di ka bonwa bonolo ka Google Earth. Kalahari e nnile le hisitori e e raraaneng ya tlelaemete mo dingwageng di le milione tse di fetileng kgotsa go feta, go tsamaisana le diphetogo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe. Diphetogo mo dingwageng tse di fetileng di le 250 000 di agilwe sešwa go tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng ya tshedimosetso, go neelana ka bosupi jwa makadiba a pele a a atologileng le dipaka tse di omileng. Ka nako ya bofelo, kgaolo ya Kalahari e atologile go akaretsa dikarolo tsa bophirima jwa [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambia|Zambia,]] le [[Angola]].<ref>Thomas, D.S.G. and Shaw, P.A. 1991 'The Kalahari Environment'. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge</ref> == Dimela le dijalo == [[Setshwantsho:Devil's thorn flower (Tribulus zeyheri), Kalahari.jpg|thumb|'''Sethunya sa Devil's thorn (Tribulus zeyheri) se se golang kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari''']] Ka ntlha ya komelelo ya yone e e kwa tlase, Kalahari e na le dimela tse di farologaneng. Dimela tsa teng di akaretsa ditlhare tsa acacia le merogo e mengwe e mentsi le ditlhatshana. Leungo la [[kiwano]], le le itsegeng gape jaaka melon e e dinaka, melano, African horned cucumber, jelly melon, kgotsa hedged gourd, le fitlhelwa kwa kgaolong ya Sekaka sa Kalahari .<ref>[[wikihow:Eat-a-Kiwano-(Horned-Melon)|"How to Eat a Kiwano (Horned Melon)".]] ''wikiHow''.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sand dune in the Kalahari Desert (Namibia).jpg|thumb|Mebitlwa ya kamela e e gasagasameng mo dithoteng tsa motlhaba tsa Sekaka sa Kalahari]] Le ko lefelo la Kalahari le omileng ka mo go lekaneng gore e ka tsewa e le sekaka ka kgopolo ya gore e na le pula e nnye, tota ga se sekaka ka gonne e na le mmu o o kitlaneng thata. Kgaolo e kgolo e e se nang lefatshe e kwa borwabophirima jwa Kalahari (botlhaba borwa jwa Namibia, bokone bophirima jwa Afrika Borwa le borwabophirima jwa Botswana) kwa borwa jwa Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Sekao, kwa [[ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]] ya [[Aforika Borwa]], palogotlhe ya dimela e ka nna kwa tlase ga 30.72% mo masimong a a sa sireletsegeng (go tswa mo phuleng ya dikgomo) kwa borwa jwa Twee Rivieren Rest Camp le 37.74% mo letlhakoreng le le sireleditsweng (go tswa mo phuleng ya dikgomo) la Aforika Borwa la Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: <ref>Wasiolka, Bernd; Blaum, Niels (2011). "Comparing biodiversity between protected savanna and adjacent non-protected farmland in the southern Kalahari". ''J[[:en:Journal_of_Arid_Environments|ournal of Arid Environments]]''[[:en:Journal_of_Arid_Environments|.]] '''75''' (9): 836–841 [Table 2 on p. 838]. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JArEn..75..836W Bibcode:2011JArEn..75..836W.] [[doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.011|doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.011.]]</ref>mafelo a a kwa borwa a Kalahari xeric savanna tota ke mafelo a sekaka. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong otlhe a a setseng a Kalahari, ntle le mo mafelong a a nang le letswai ka paka ya komelelo, dimela di kgona go nna thata, mo e ka nnang 100%, mo mafelong mangwe a a lekanyeditsweng. Mo lefelong le le ka nnang 600 000 km2 kwa borwa le kwa bophirima jwa Kalahari, dimela tsa teng ke tsa savanna ya xeric. Lefelo leno ke lefelo la tikologo le le lemogilweng ke World Wide Fund for Nature jaaka Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Mefero e e tlwaelegileng ya savanna e akaretsa Schmidtia, Stipagrostis, Aristida, le Eragrostis; tseno di tswakanngwa le ditlhare tse di jaaka Camelthorn (Vachellia erioloba), Grey Camelthorn (Vachellia haematoxylon), setlhare sa modisa (Boscia albitrunca), Blackthorn (Senegalia mellifera), le Silver Cluster-Leaf (Terminalia sericea). Mo mafelong mangwe a a nang le tlelaemete e e omeletseng, e nna lefelo la mmatota la sekaka le le nang le mmu o o sa khurumediwang gotlhelele ke dimela: dimela tse di "bulegileng" go na le tse di "tswetsweng". Dikai di akaretsa bokone jwa Masepala wa Kgaolo ya ZF Mgcawu, ka boona bo le kwa bokone jwa Aforika Borwa, le Keetmanshoop Rural kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Namibia. Kwa bokone le kwa botlhaba, dikgwa tse di omileng di akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di fetang 300 000 tseo mo go tsone setlhare sa teak sa Rhodesia le mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhare tsa acacia di tlhomologileng. Mafelo ano a bidiwa Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180315012232/https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/deserts-and-xeric-shrublands Deserts and xeric shrublands - Biomes - WWF".] ''World Wildlife Fund''. Archived from t[http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/deserts-and-xeric-shrublands he original] on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</ref> Kwa ntle ga "sekaka" sa Kalahari, mme mo lekekemeng la Kalahari, dimela tsa halophytic go ya kwa bokone di tlwaetse dipan, matsha a a omileng gotlhelele ka paka ya komelelo, mme gongwe ka dingwaga tse dintsi ka nako ya komelelo, jaaka kwa Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902) le Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908).<ref name=":2" /> Dimela tse di farologaneng di tlwaetse metsi a a phepa a a sa feleng a [[Letsha la Okavango]] , e leng ecoregion e e bidiwang Zambezian flooded grasslands AT0907.<ref name=":2" /> == Diphologolo == [[Setshwantsho:Suricata.jpg|thumb|Thwane ya kwa Kalahari]] Kalahari ke legae la tau (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), nkwe ya Afrika (Panthera pardus), phokojwe e e nang le marontho (Crocuta crocuta), phokojwe e e borokwa (Parahyaena brunnea), le ntša ya naga ya Afrika (Lycaon pictus pictus). Dinonyane tse di jang nama di akaretsa nonyane ya mokwaledi (Sagittarius serpentarius), ntsu ya ntwa (Polemaetus bellicosus) le dintsu tse dingwe, ntsu e kgolo ya ntsu (Bubo lacteus) le dintsu tse dingwe, diphokojwe, di-goshawks, di-kestrels, le di-kite. Diphologolo tse dingwe di akaretsa di-gnu, di-springbok, di-gemsbok le di-antelope tse dingwe, di-Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis), le di-struch (Struthio camelus).<ref>[http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1309 "Kalahari xeric savanna - Ecoregions - WWF".] ''World Wildlife Fund''.</ref> Dingwe tsa mafelo a a mo Kalahari ke mafelo a a nang le metsi ka dinako tsa ngwaga, jaaka Makgadikgadi Pans ya kwa Botswana. Ka sekai, lefelo leno le na le mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi tse di ratang go nna mo metsing, mme ka paka ya dipula, di-flamingo di le diketekete di etela mafelo ano.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (2008). [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 ''Makgadikgadi'', Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham.]</ref> == Mafelo a a Sireleditsweng == Go ne ga tlhomiwa mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a latelang kwa Kalahari: * Central Kalahari Game Reserve * Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park * Khutse Game Reserve * Tswalu Kalahari == Palo ya Batho == [[Setshwantsho:San-Mann beim Sammeln der Teufelskralle (Namibia).jpg|thumb|Monna wa San o kokoanya sengaparile (2017)]] [[Batho ba San]] ba ntse ba nna kwa Kalahari ka dingwaga di le dikete tse masome a mabedi jaaka batsomi le babapadi.<ref>Marshall, L. (2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024221016/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2_2.html . "Bushmen driven from ancestral lands in Botswana"]. ''National Geographic News''. Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2009.</ref> Di tsoma diphologolo tsa naga ka bora le metswi e e nang le botlhole mme di kgobokanya dimela tse di jewang, tse di jaaka meretlwa, dimelone le matonkomane, mmogo le ditshenekegi. Ba-San ba bona bontsi jwa metsi a ba a tlhokang mo meding ya dimela le mo dimeleng tsa sekaka tse di fitlhelwang mo mmung wa sekaka kgotsa kafa tlase ga one. Gantsi di boloka metsi mo teng ga dikgapetla tse di phunyegileng tsa mae a nonyane eno. Ba-San ba nna mo matlwaneng a a agilweng ka dilo tsa mo lefelong leo - a a agilweng ka dikala mme marulelo a one a ruletswe ka bojang jo boleele. Bontsi jwa mekgwa ya bone ya go tsoma le go phutha e tshwana le ya ditso tsa pele ga hisitori. Batswana ba ba buang Se-Bantu, Ba-Kgalagadi, Ba-Herero le palo e nnye ya baagi ba Yuropa le bone ba nna mo sekakeng sa Kalahari. Toropo ya Windhoek e mo molapong wa Kalahari. == Kalahari, San le ditaemane == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996), [[De Beers]] e ne ya sekaseka bokgoni jwa go epa diteemane kwa Gope. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997), go kobiwa ga merafe ya San le Bakgalagadi kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve go tswa mo lefatsheng la bone go simolotse.<ref>Workman, James (2009). ''Heart of Dryness''. Walker Publishing. p.&#x20;323.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006,) Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Botswana e ne ya atlhola ka fa letlhakoreng la merafe ya San le [[Bakgalagadi]] mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng, e bona go kobiwa ga bone go se ka fa molaong. [[Puso ya Botswana|Puso yaBotswana]] o neetse [[De Beers']] Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. tumelelo ya go dira ditiro tsa moepo mo lefelong la polokelo. <ref>[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5600 UN report condemns Botswana's treatment of Bushmen"]. Survival for Tribal Peoples. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> == Mafelo a a mo Kalahari == === Botswana === * [[Gaborone]] * [[Ghanzi]] * [[Orapa]] * [[Tsabong|Tshabong]] * [[Tshane]] === Namibia === * [[Gobabis]] * [[Mariental]] === Aforika Borwa === * [[Upington]] * [[Noenieput]] * [[Rietfontein]] == Metswedi == jiuipfhulgoeuctyg44csryz042hmnp 0 11012 53740 42323 2026-07-31T15:21:45Z Lucrucia98 12161 53740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson|name=Kabo Rankgwe|birth_name=Kabo David Rankgwe|nationality=Botswana|birth_date=25 Phalane 2003(dingwaga 22)|sport=[[Track and Field|Athletics]]|event=[[Sprinting|Sprint]]|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Men's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{BOT}} }} {{Medal|Competition| [[World Athletics Relays]] }} {{Medal|Bronze| [[2025 World Athletics Relays|2025 Guangzhou]] | [[2025 World Athletics Relays – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400m relay]]}}}} '''Kabo David Rankgwe''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya phalane e le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003) ke motabogi go tswa Botswana. O ne a gapa sekgele sa boronse mo [[:en:4_x_400_metres_relay|kgaisanong ya 4 x 400 metres]] mo [[:en:2025_World_Athletics_Relays|dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Di-athlete tsa 2025]] .<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/kabo-david-rankgwe-15071772 "Kabo Rankgwe"]. ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref> == Tiro == Ke leloko la mophato wa Lefika Athletics .<ref>Kolantsho, Calistus (April 5, 2024). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/112334 Athletes in rush as deadline looms"]. ''mmegi.bw''. Retrieved 24-09- 2025.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a taboga 45.74 mo dimetareng di le makgolo a mane (400) fa mophato wa Botswana Athletics (BAA) o ne o tshwere Motseletsele wa Di-athletes wa Taletso kwa Lebaleng la Bosetšhaba kwa [[:en:Gaborone|gaborone]].<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/113226 "PBs registered as athletes attempt qualifications"]. ''mmegi.bw''. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), o ne a taboga metsotso e le 45.64 mo lebelong la dimitara di le makgolo a mane (400) kwa Pretoria, kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7220412?eventId=10229631 "AGN Track & Field League 4 ( U16, U18, U20 & Seniors)"]. ''World Athletics''. 1 March 2025. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa go gaisana le Botswana mo metshamekong ya [[:en:2025_World_Athletics_Relays|dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Di-athlete tsa 2025]] kwa China ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025.)<ref>[https://thevoicebw.com/step-up-and-be-stars/ "Step Up And Be Stars"]. ''thevoicebw.com''. 9 May 2025. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref>O ne a taboga legato la boraro la makgaolakgang a neela moagi ka ene yo o nang le maitemogelo go feta Leungo Scotch mme a aga mo legatong la ntlha le le nonofileng go tswa go Lee Eppie fa setlhopha sa banna sa Botswana sa dimitara di le 4 x 400 se ne se tsaya maemo a boraro ka nako ya 2:58.27 go gapa dikgele tsa boronse.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-relays/world-athletics-relays-7203345/news/report/guangzhou-25-report-4x400m-final "USA, Spain and South Africa claim 4x400m titles in Guangzhou"]. ''World Athletics''. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref><ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7203345?eventId=204595 "World Athletics Relays"]. ''World Athletics''. 11 May 2025. Retrieved24-09-2025.</ref><ref>Islam, Tajamul (May 11, 2025)[https://www.essentiallysports.com/olympics-track-and-field-news-left-stranded-by-letsile-tebogo-and-co-botswana-prove-critics-wrong-with-strong-comeback-at-world-relays/ . "Left Stranded by Letsile Tebogo and Co, Botswana Prove Critics Wrong With Strong Comeback at World Relays"]. Retrieved 24-09-2025.</ref> == Metswedi == ihw4iuzjlx07byhj0xrtg3u9fv7z4iy 0 11047 53787 50980 2026-07-31T21:08:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 53787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Gaefalale Gaolebale Sebeso|occupation=Rapolotiki|death_date=1992|birth_date=1908|term_start16=1965|term_end16=1989|office16=Leloko la Palamente ya Botswana|country16=Botswana|constituency_0=Tswapong Borwa|nationality=Motswana|party=Botswana Democratic Party]}} '''Gaefalale Gaolebale Sebeso''' (1908–1992) e ne e le mopolotiki wa Motswana. O nnile leloko la [[Palamente ya Botswana]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965)go tsena ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), a emetse kgaolo ya Tswapong Borwa gape e le mothusa motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ka nako ya eo. E ne e le leloko la phati ya sepolotiki ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]]. [[Category:1908 matsalo]] [[Category:1992 dintsho]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana]] [[Category:Maloko a Palamente ya Botswana]] [[Category:Botswana Democratic Party]] '''Gaefalale Gaolebale Sebeso''' (1908–1992) e ne e le mopolotiki wa Motswana. O nnile leloko la [[Palamente ya Botswana]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) go tsena ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), a emetse kgaolo ya Tswapong Borwa gape e le mothusa motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ka nako ya eo. E ne e le leloko la phati ya sepolotiki ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]]. '''Gaefalale Gaolebale Sebeso''' (1908 - 1992) e ne e le mopolotiki wa Motswana. O nnile leloko la [[palamente ya Botswana]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (196)5 go tsena ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe ( 1989) a emetse kgaolo ya [[Tswapong]] Borwa gape e le mothusa motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ka nako ya eo. E ne e le leloko la phati ya sepolotiki ya [[Botswana Democratic Party|Botswana Democratic Party.]] [[Category:1908 matsalo]] [[Category:1992 dintsho]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana]] [[Category:Maloko a Palamente ya Botswana]] [[Category:Botswana Democratic Party]] == Ka botshelo jwa gagwe == Gaefalale Gaolebale Sebeso o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1908. Pele ga ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe, Sebeso e ne e le mogokgo wa sekolo sa [[Shoshong]]. O ne a gana go seegelwa kwa thoko ka nako ya ntwa, a bereka e le mmereki o eseng wa tiro e tona. morago ga ntwa, o nea bereka mo lekgotleng la Sub-Africa, kwa [[Palapye]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953) le kwa [[Mahalapye]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964). Sebeso e e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a ntlha a [[Botswana Democratic Party|Botswana Democratic party]] mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960).<ref name=":0">Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (2018). "Sebeso, Gaefalale Gaolebale "G. G." (1908–1992)". ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Historical Dictionary of Botswana]'' (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8|<bdi>978-1-5381-1133-8</bdi>.]]</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la [[palamente ya ntlha ya Botswana]] go emela kgaolo ya Borwa jwa [[Tswapong]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a maratro le botlhano (1965) kwa a neng a le mothusa motsamaisa dipuisano.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250520134653/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=167 First Parliament of Botswana"]. ''Parliament of Botswana''. Retrieved 25 September 2025</ref> O ne a eme nokeng peo molao e e sa amaneng le botautona. O ne a isa tshutiso go nonotsha [[palamente ya Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi ( 1988), a supa fa e nyenyafaditswe go nna mo maemong a lephata le lebotlana.<ref>Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 "The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''45''': 39–51. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 90024373.]</ref> Tshutiso e ne ya seegelwa kwa thoko dingwaga di le lesome le bone pele ga setlhopha se diragatsa dikakantsho, tse di neng tsa ganiwa ke matona ka nako eo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123203710/https://www.sundaystandard.info/from-khama-the-great-to-khama-the-robber%E2%94%ACaexecutive-corruption-in-botswana/ From Khama The Great to Khama The Robber:┬áExecutive Corruption in Botswana | Sunday Standard"]. ''Sunday Standard''. 2018-03-18. Retrieved 25 September 2025</ref> Sebeso o ne a ithola marapo mo palamenteng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), o tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobed( 1992).<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1908]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa1992]] [[Karolo:Maloko a khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Mopolotiki a Botswana]] squv9omj91pk9i9b7ipikaazatu2yiv 0 11049 53776 48936 2026-07-31T20:21:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 53776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Englishman M.K Kgabo''' (1925 - 1992) e ne e le mopolotiki wa [[Motswana.]] O berekile e le leloko la [[palamente ya Botswana]] go tswa kwa tshimologong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ka nako e a neng a ithola marapo ka bogosi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989). == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Englishman M.K Kgabo o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925). Mo botshelong jwa gagwe o berekile e le morutabana, morago a nna mokwaledi wa botsamaisi jwa motse jwa [[Bakwena]]. O ne a nna mopolotiki wa tlhwatlhwa morago ga go ema nokeng [[Bonewamang Padi Sechele]] mo go batleng go tsaya bogosi mo boemong jwa ga [[Moruakgomo Sechele]]. Kgabo o ne a nna leloko la Bechuanaland Democratic Party fa e simololwa, o ne a bereka go batla kemo nokeng ya phathi kwa [[Kweneng]]. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966), o ne a simolola pereko mo palamenteng a emetse motse wa [[Molepolole]] botlhaba. O ntse dingwaga di le dintso a bereka e le tona wa tsa selegae le ditsha, a nna mo palamenteng go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe(1991), o ne a nna modulasetilo wa komiti e e neng e lebelela dikgang tsa ditsha kwa [[Mogoditshane]] le mafelo a a mabapi, kgotsa komisine ya ga Kgabo. Kgabo o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992).<ref>Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (2018). "Kgabo, Englishman M. K. "Lenyelesimane" (1925–1992)". ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Historical Dictionary of Botswana]'' (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8|<bdi>978-1-5381-1133-8</bdi>.]]</ref> == Metswedi == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kgabo, Englishman}} [[Category:Ba ba tshotsweng ka 1925]] [[Category:Ba ba tlhokafetseng ka 1992]] [[Category:Maloko a Palamente ya Botswana]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana ba lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] eec0hk9lws269ru4u9aj3phb4s059i2 0 11108 53747 42644 2026-07-31T17:07:58Z Lucrucia98 12161 53747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gavin Mogopa''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) ke motshameki wa [[:en:Judo|judo]] wa Botswana.<ref>[http://www.judoinside.com/judoka/34398/Gavin_Mogopa "Gavin Mogopa – judoka".] ''judoinside.com''. Retrieved 7 August 2016</ref>O ne a gaisana {{Infobox sportsperson|headercolor=lightblue|name=Gavin Mogopa|birth_date={{birth date and age|1996|4|2|df=y}}|nationality=Motswana|sport=[[Judo]]}} kwa [[:en:2016_Summer_Olympics|Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016]])kwa [[Rio de Janeiro]], mo [[:en:Judo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_60_kg|dikilogerameng di le masome a marataro tsa banna]], koo a neng a fenngwa ke [[:en:Pavel_Petřikov_(Czech_judoka_born_1986)|Pavel Petřikov]] mo tikologong ya bobedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160806050644/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gavin-mogopa "Gavin Mogopa".] ''rio2016.com''. Archived from [https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/gavin-mogopa the original] on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), o ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong [[:en:Judo_at_the_2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_55_kg|ya basimane ya bokete jwa dikilogerama di le masome a matlhano le botlhano (55]] )kwa [[:en:2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics|Diolimpiking tsa Baša tsa Selemo tsa 2014]] tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Nanjing, kwa China.<ref name=":0">[http://mat1.gtimg.com/nanjing2014/resultsbook/Results_Book_JU_V1.0.pdf "Judo Results Book"] (PDF). ''2014 Summer Youth Olympics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201113171603/http://mat1.gtimg.com/nanjing2014/resultsbook/Results_Book_JU_V1.0.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020</ref> O ne a latlhegelwa ke motshameko wa gagwe wa mmentlele wa boronse kgatlhanong le [[:en:Jorre_Verstraeten|Jorre Verstraeten]] wa Belgium.<ref name=":0" /> == Tse di kwa ntle == * [https://www.ijf.org/judoka/11061 Gavin Mogopa] kwa [https://www.ijf.org/judoka/11061 the International Judo Federation] * [https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/34398 Gavin Mogopa] kwa JudoInside.com * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/gavin-mogopa Gavin Mogopa] kwa [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/gavin-mogopa Olympics.com] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/132749 Gavin Mogopa] kwa [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/132749 Olympedia] == Metswedi == 8ib6mtj3p0i8g4xjoktcyt1dp74q2un 0 11167 53771 43686 2026-07-31T20:04:42Z MmaBaggio 11091 53771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Eyes Reokwaeng|office=[[Palamente ya Botswana|Mopalamente]] go tswa kwa [[Kweneng Bophirima]].|image=|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|termstart=1965}} '''Matlho "Eyes" Reokwaeng''' e ne e le lepolotiki wa Motswana. O tshotswe mo [[morafeng wa Kgalagadi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro, mme a nna tlhogo ya morafe kwa [[Letlhakeng]]. Fa a ne a le mo maemong ano ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane, o ne a gana maiteko a morafe wa Bakwena a go nna le taolo mo go ene.<ref name=":0">Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (2018). "Reokwaeng, Matlho "Eyes" (1916–1989)". ''Historical Dictionary of Botswana'' (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8|978-1-5381-1133-8]]</bdi>.</ref> Reokwaeng o ne a tlhophiwa ke [[Quett Masire]] go tlhoma lekalana la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] kwa Kweneng bophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone. O ne a tlhophiwa go emela [[Kweneng District|Kweneng]] Bophirima mo [[Palamente ya Botswana|Palamenteng ya Botswana]] ka nako ya [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1965]]. O ne a itsege ka go buelela morafe wa Kgalagadi le tshegetso ya gagwe ya go kaela mafaratlhatlha mo lefelong leo. Reokwaeng o ne a sa kgone go bua Seesemane sentle mo tirong ya gagwe. O ne a tlogela go tswa mo Palamenteng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone. <ref name=":0" /> Reokwaeng o ne a le kgatlhanong le go [[fetolwa ga molaomotheo wa 1997]] o o neng o tla fokotsa dingwaga tsa go tlhopha go nna dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi 18.<ref>Molomo, Mpho G. (1998). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13510349808403589 "The political implications of the 4 October 1997 referendum for Botswana"]. ''Democratization'': 165. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510349808403589 10.1080/13510349808403589].</ref> == Metswedi == 9c7br5t7q0xcx0xn10je2o4x3fn89m8 0 11169 53783 43685 2026-07-31T20:51:22Z MmaBaggio 11091 53783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mudongo Maswikiti|office=Leloko la Kokoano Bosetšhaba go tswa kwa [[Sebina-Gweta]].|image=|successor=[[Richard Ndwapi]]|term_start=1966|termend={{circa|1989}}|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|birth_date=16 Lwetse 1916|death_date=2008|children=6}} '''Mudongo Maswikiti''' (Lwetse a le lesome le borataro 1916 -  2008) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Motswana. O ne a emela kgaolo ya [[Sebina-Gweta]] mo [[Palamente ya Botswana|Palamenteng ya Botswana]] dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le boraro. O ne a kile a dira jaaka morutabana wa sekolo se sepotlana le go rekisa dikgomo. == Botshelo le tiro == Mudongo Maswikiti o tshotswe kwa [[Nshakashogwe]], [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (e jaanong e leng Botswana) ka Lwetse a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro(1916). O ne a tsena sekolo sa [[Nshakazhogwe]] go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe( 1929) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bobedi( 1932), sekolo sa Empandeni Mission ka 1933, le Tati Training Institute go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa ( 1937).<ref name=":0">Uwechue, Raph, ed. (1991). [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/AFBA/entry/afba.R47998/html "Maswikiti, Mudongo"]. ''Know Africa''. Africa Books – via [[:en:World_Biographical_Information_System_Online|World Biographical Information System Online]].</ref> O ne a dira jaaka morutabana wa sekolo se sepotlana kwa [[Mengwe]].<ref name=":1">Ngakane, Gale (2008-02-04). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/another-independence-veteran-departs/news "Another Independence Veteran Departs"]. ''[[:en:Mmegi|Mmegi Online]]''. Retrieved 2025-10-03.</ref> O ne a ruta go simolola ka 1938 go fitlha ka 1941, a emisa go ya kwa Serowe Teacher Training College go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bobedi (1942) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le boraro (1943) le kwa Kilnerton Training Institute ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944) pele a boela go ruta. Maswikiti o ne a nyala Boliko ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe ( 1949), mme o ne a nna le bana ba le barataro. O ne a tlogela go ruta ka 1951 go nna mogwebi wa dikgomo.<ref name=":0" /> Maswikiti o ne a rekisa dikgomo le [[dikgele tsa go tsoma]], a tsamaisa mabenkele kwa Nshakashogwe le [[Makobo]]. O ne a simolola komponi ya gagwe, Botswana Producers' Agency, fa go ne go tlhomiwa [[Botswana Meat Commission]] go e rekisetsa dikgomo. Gape o ne a tsamaisa dipalamo tsa sechaba kwa [[Francistown]].<ref name=":1" /> Maswikiti o ne a le mo [[letsholong la boipuso jwa Botswana]] ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960). O ne a nna moemedi wa [[Sebina-Gweta]] mo [[Palamente ya Botswana|Palamenteng ya Botswana]] fa morafe o ne o ikemela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro( 1966).<ref name=":1" /> Maswikiti e ne e le leloko la palamente dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/francistown-councillors-reject-proposal-to-name-street-after-maswikiti/ "Francistown councillors reject proposal to name street after Maswikiti"]. ''Sunday Standard''. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2025-10-03</ref> O ne a tlogela ofisi mme a latlelelwa ke [[Richard Ndwapi]]. Maswikiti o ne a nna molemimorui go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro ( 2003). O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008).<ref name=":1" /> == Boswa == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014 )go ne ga dirwa maiteko a go taya mmila leina la Maswikiti kwa Francistown, fela khansele ya toropo e ne ya gana tshitshinyo eo, e re o ne a se motho wa botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya toropo.<ref name=":2" /> Lelapa la ga Maswikiti le ne la ntsha pula di le dikete di le masome a matlhano (50 000) go Komiti ya Tlhabololo ya Motsana wa Nshakashobgwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) go thusa go aga lefelo le lesha la baša, go tlotla keletso ya ga Maswikiti ya go bula motlobo wa dibuka kwa Nshakashobgwe.<ref>Masuruke, Tebogo (2018-07-09[https://web.facebook.com/BotswanaGovernment/posts/1747936648622319?_rdc=1&_rdr# ). "Maswikiti P50 000 Donation to Kick-Start Project"]. ''[[:en:Daily_News_Botswana|Daily News Botswana]]''.</ref> == Metswedi == 61dbj52smd7eqdqq32dtczw2wxslsgo 2 12695 53751 53674 2026-07-31T17:54:17Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a picture 53751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> [[Setshwantsho:Silentロゴ.jpg|thumb|Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi]] '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref><nowiki>https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000</nowiki></ref> '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. <ref><nowiki>https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/</nowiki></ref>'''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki</ref> '''Tshupetso''' Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness. Penguin Press.[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Post, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research. Oxford University Press. [https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000 https://academic.oup.com/bbok/300] Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1987). Active Listening. University of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center.[https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/ https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening] Zaki, J. (2019). The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. Crown. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zak] oupfnswuaff6d2zo8sg530ts9bhzwwl 53753 53751 2026-07-31T18:11:50Z P'kaytee 12489 Added an information 53753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> [[Setshwantsho:Silentロゴ.jpg|thumb|Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi]] '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref><nowiki>https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000</nowiki></ref> '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. <ref><nowiki>https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/</nowiki></ref>'''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago. Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi e botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa letsatsi le letsatsi<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki</ref> '''Tshupetso''' Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness. Penguin Press.[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Post, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research. Oxford University Press. [https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000 https://academic.oup.com/bbok/300] Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1987). Active Listening. University of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center.[https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/ https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening] Zaki, J. (2019). The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. Crown. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zak] bgbgvtapptm23x5ijlhp0t0wqshhk5r 0 12733 53769 53626 2026-07-31T20:00:23Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tau''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') ke katse e kgolo ya mofuta wa ''Panthera'', e ga jaana e fitlhelelwang fela mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara le kwa India. E na le mmele o o mesifa, wa sehuba se se sephara ; tlhogo e e khutshwane, e e kgolokgwe; ditsebe tse di kgolokwe; le karolo e e ntsho, e e tletseng moriri kwa ntlheng ya mogatla wa yona. Ditau tse ditonanyana tse di godileng di kgolo go feta tse di namagadi mme di na le moriri o o bonagalang sentle o o simololang mo tlhogong go fitlha kwa magetleng le mo sehubeng. Tau e nna mo mafelong a bojang, mo dithabeng le mo ditlhatshaneng . Ke phologolo e e jang diphologolo tse dingwe, tse dingwe tse di nang le ditlhako tse dikgolo le tse di magareng. Gantsi e nna motshegare go feta dikatse tse dingwe tsa naga, mme fa e tshosediwa, e tlwaela go nna matlhagatlhaga bosigo le fa go nna lefifi. Ke mofuta wa diphologolo tse di nnang mmogo, o o bopang ditlhopha tse di bidiwang segopa. Segopa saditau se na le dinamagadi tse di tsalanang le dinaane, le tse di mmalwa kgotsa e le nngwe e tonanyana e e godileng e e sa amaneng le tse di namagadi. Ditlhopha tsa ditau tse di namagadi gantsi di tsoma mmogo.Gontsi tse di godileng di gaisana gore a di ka tswelela di le maloko a segopa seo kana di ka nna tsa se bona. Ka nako ya metlha ya Bogologolo, ditau di ne di nna mo Afrika yotlhe le Eurasia, go tswa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa go ya kwa India. Le fa go ntse jalo, e fokoditswe go nna dipalopalo tse di kgaoganeng kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara le palo e le nngwe kwa bophirima jwa India. E ntse e le mo lenaaneng la IUCN Red List jaaka e le mo kotsing go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1996 ka ntlha ya gore dipalo tsa yone mo dinageng tsa Afrika di fokotsegile ka karolo ya masome a manele boraro mo lkgolong fa e sa le mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Ditau ga di kgone go nna mo mafelong a mangwe kwa ntle ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng. Le fa gone go sa tlhaloganngwe sentle ka botlalo gore ke eng se se bakang go nyelela ga tsone, go latlhegelwa ke bonno jwa tsone le dikgotlhang le dikgotlhang le batho ke tsone tse di tshwenyang thata. Tau e tshwantshitswe thata mo ditshwantshong tsa setshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa pente, mo difolageng tsa bosetšhaba, le mo dibukeng tsa dikwalo le difiliming. Ke nngwe ya matshwao a diphologolo a a itsiweng thata mo setsong sa batho mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditau di ne tsa bolokwa mo [[:en:Menagerie|mafelong a go bontsha diphologolo]] (menageries) go tloga mo motlheng wa [[:en:Roman_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Roma,]] mme e sale e le nngwe ya diphologolo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di batliwa go bontshiwa mo [[:en:Zoological_garden|dirapeng tsa diphologolo]] mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Ditshwantsho tsa ditau mo setsong di bonala mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe, segolobogolo e le letshwao la maatla le bogosi. Ditau di tlhagelela thata e le matshwao le medimo mo ditumelong tsa bogologolo. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la kakaretso la ''Panthera'' le latedisiwa go tswa mo [[:en:Classical_Latin|lefokong la Selatine]] la bogologolo 'panthēra' le lefoko la [[:en:Ancient_Greek|bogologolo la Segerika]] πάνθηρ 'panther'.<ref>Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). "[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 πάνθηρ]". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 Archived] from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</ref> Lefoko la Seesemane ''lion'' le tswa ka liun ya Seesemane le Se-Norman go tswa mo go [[:en:Latin|Selatine]] leōnem (leina: leō), le ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe e neng e le go adima go tswa mo Segerikeng sa bogologolo λέων léōn. Lefoko la [[:en:Hebrew_language|Sehebera]] לָבִיא lavi le lone le ka tswa le amana le lone.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lion lion]". [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]] (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 March 2022. (Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership required.])</ref> == Ditshupiso ==  ''Felis leo'' e ne e le [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] le le neng la dirisiwa ke [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ka ngwaga wa 1758, yo o neng a tlhalosa tau mo bukeng ya gagwe e e bidiwang [[:en:Systema_Naturae|''Systema Naturae'']]. Leina la mofuta wa Panthera le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[:en:Lorenz_Oken|Lorenz Oken]] ka ngwaga wa 1816.<ref>Oken, L. (1816). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052 1. Art, Panthera]". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.</ref> Magareng ga bogare jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga le bogare jwa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa le go akanyediwa gore go na le dikai tsa mefuta e mennye e le masome a mabedi le borataro ya ditau e e leng gore mo go yone, e le lesome le bongwe di ne tsa amogelwa e le [[:en:Valid_name_(zoology)|mefuta ya nnete]] ka ngwaga wa 2005. Di ne di farologanngwa thata ka bogolo le mmala wa mafofa a tlhogo (mane) le letlalo la tsone.<ref name=":0">Hemmer, H. (1974). "[https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)"]. Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung. 17: 167–280.</ref> === Mefuta ya phologolo e e potlana === Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le boferabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa disampole di le mmalwa tsa ditau mme tsa akanyediwa e le mefuta e mennye. Mo e ka nnang lesome le bobedi la yone di ne tsa amogelwa e le ditlhopha tsa nnete go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2017.<ref name=":1">[[:en:W._Chris_Wozencraft|Wozencraft, W. C.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000228 Species Panthera leo"]. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA546 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2008 le 2016, baitseanape ba ba tlhatlhobang [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN]] ba ne ba dirisa maina a mabedi fela a mefuta e mennye: P. l. leo bakeng sa ditau tsotlhe tsa Aforika, le P. l. persica bakeng sa ditau tsa Asia.<ref>Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/259030422 Panthera leo"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2024 e.T15951A259030422. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</ref><ref>Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J.; Driscoll, C. (2008). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15952/5327221 Panthera leo ssp. persica"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2008 e.T15952A5327221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en.]]</ref><ref>Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E.; Nowell, K. (2015). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/68933833/54067639 Panthera leo West Africa subpopulation"]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en]].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, Setlhopha sa Tshekatsheko ya Kgaoganyo ya Dikatse (Cat Classification Task Force) sa Cat Specialist Group se ne sa baakanya [[:en:Taxonomy_(biology)|kgaoganyo]] ya ditau, mme sa amogela mefuta e mebedi e mennye e e ikaegileng ka dipholo tsa dipatlisiso di le mmalwa tsa [[:en:Phylogeographic|phylogeography]] mabapi le [[:en:Evolution|tlhabologo]] ya ditau, e leng * [[:en:Panthera_leo_leo|P. l. leo]] (Linnaeus, ngwaga wa 1758) – [[:en:Nominate_subspecies|mofuta o mogolo]] wa tau o akaretsa [[:en:Asiatic_lion|tau ya Asia,]] [[:en:Barbary_lion|tau ya Barbary]] e e [[:en:Locally_extinct|nyeletseng mo lefelong leo]], le ditau tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika le bokone jwa Bogare jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2">Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"] (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 71–73. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 Archived] (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref> [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|Maina a mangwe a e neng e bidiwa ka one]] (maina a mangwe a saense) a akaretsa P. l. persica, P. l. senegalensis, P. l. kamptzi le P. l. azandica.(Allen, 1924)<ref name=":1" /> Gape e bidiwa "tau ya bokone" kgotsa "mofuta o monnye wa bokone". * P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842) – o akaretsa tau ya Cape e e nyeletseng le ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2" /> Maina a mangwe a saense a akaretsa P. l. somaliensis, P. l. massaica, P. l. sabakiensis, P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. roosevelti, P. l. nyanzae, P. l. hollisteri, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi le P. l. webbiensis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Gape e bidiwa "mofuta o monnye wa borwa" kgotsa "tau ya borwa"<ref>Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Lion Panthera leo]". The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-5080-2|978-1-4729-5080-2]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201610/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Archived] from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka DNA ya nyutlea le ya mitochondrial, mefutapotlana e mebedi e ka kgaoganngwa gape go nna di-clade di le supa. Borasaense ba atlenegisitse di-clade tseno jaaka diyuniti tsa motheo tsa go fetoga ga ditau fa gare ga mafelo a a farologaneng a di tlhagelelang mo go one.<ref>Bertola, Laura D.; Miller, Susan M.; Williams, Vivienne L.; Naude, Vincent N.; Coals, Peter; Dures, Simon G.; Henschel, Philipp; Chege, Monica; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Ndiaye, Arame; Kiki, Martial; Gaylard, Angela; Ikanda, Dennis K.; Becker, Matthew S.; Lindsey, Peter (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 "Genetic guidelines for translocations: Maintaining intraspecific diversity in the lion ( Panthera leo )]". Evolutionary Applications. 15 (1): 22–39. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EvApp..15...22B 2022EvApp..15...22B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/eva.13318|10.1111/eva.13318.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 8792481]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35126646 35126646].</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go tshwana go go rileng fa gare ga ditlhopha tse pedi tseno kwa bokone jwa Afrika Bogare. Tshekatsheko ya DNA go tswa mo thutong ya sešweng e supa gore ditau tsa Aforika Bogare di tswa mo ditaung tsa bokone le tsa borwa ka bobedi, jaaka di kgobokana le P. leo leo mo di-phylogenies tse di theilweng mo mtDNA. Go farologana le seo, DNA ya tsona ya jenome e supa kamano e e gaufi le P. leo melanochaita.[15] 6wv5m49cam4wepbtkhemmxwoe5rui4f 53779 53769 2026-07-31T20:28:03Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tau''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') ke katse e kgolo ya mofuta wa ''Panthera'', e ga jaana e fitlhelelwang fela mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara le kwa India. E na le mmele o o mesifa, wa sehuba se se sephara ; tlhogo e e khutshwane, e e kgolokgwe; ditsebe tse di kgolokwe; le karolo e e ntsho, e e tletseng moriri kwa ntlheng ya mogatla wa yona. Ditau tse ditonanyana tse di godileng di kgolo go feta tse di namagadi mme di na le moriri o o bonagalang sentle o o simololang mo tlhogong go fitlha kwa magetleng le mo sehubeng. Tau e nna mo mafelong a bojang, mo dithabeng le mo ditlhatshaneng . Ke phologolo e e jang diphologolo tse dingwe, tse dingwe tse di nang le ditlhako tse dikgolo le tse di magareng. Gantsi e nna motshegare go feta dikatse tse dingwe tsa naga, mme fa e tshosediwa, e tlwaela go nna matlhagatlhaga bosigo le fa go nna lefifi. Ke mofuta wa diphologolo tse di nnang mmogo, o o bopang ditlhopha tse di bidiwang segopa. Segopa saditau se na le dinamagadi tse di tsalanang le dinaane, le tse di mmalwa kgotsa e le nngwe e tonanyana e e godileng e e sa amaneng le tse di namagadi. Ditlhopha tsa ditau tse di namagadi gantsi di tsoma mmogo.Gontsi tse di godileng di gaisana gore a di ka tswelela di le maloko a segopa seo kana di ka nna tsa se bona. Ka nako ya metlha ya Bogologolo, ditau di ne di nna mo Afrika yotlhe le Eurasia, go tswa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa go ya kwa India. Le fa go ntse jalo, e fokoditswe go nna dipalopalo tse di kgaoganeng kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara le palo e le nngwe kwa bophirima jwa India. E ntse e le mo lenaaneng la IUCN Red List jaaka e le mo kotsing go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1996 ka ntlha ya gore dipalo tsa yone mo dinageng tsa Afrika di fokotsegile ka karolo ya masome a manele boraro mo lkgolong fa e sa le mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Ditau ga di kgone go nna mo mafelong a mangwe kwa ntle ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng. Le fa gone go sa tlhaloganngwe sentle ka botlalo gore ke eng se se bakang go nyelela ga tsone, go latlhegelwa ke bonno jwa tsone le dikgotlhang le dikgotlhang le batho ke tsone tse di tshwenyang thata. Tau e tshwantshitswe thata mo ditshwantshong tsa setshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa pente, mo difolageng tsa bosetšhaba, le mo dibukeng tsa dikwalo le difiliming. Ke nngwe ya matshwao a diphologolo a a itsiweng thata mo setsong sa batho mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditau di ne tsa bolokwa mo [[:en:Menagerie|mafelong a go bontsha diphologolo]] (menageries) go tloga mo motlheng wa [[:en:Roman_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Roma,]] mme e sale e le nngwe ya diphologolo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di batliwa go bontshiwa mo [[:en:Zoological_garden|dirapeng tsa diphologolo]] mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Ditshwantsho tsa ditau mo setsong di bonala mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe, segolobogolo e le letshwao la maatla le bogosi. Ditau di tlhagelela thata e le matshwao le medimo mo ditumelong tsa bogologolo. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la kakaretso la ''Panthera'' le latedisiwa go tswa mo [[:en:Classical_Latin|lefokong la Selatine]] la bogologolo 'panthēra' le lefoko la [[:en:Ancient_Greek|bogologolo la Segerika]] πάνθηρ 'panther'.<ref>Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). "[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 πάνθηρ]". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 Archived] from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</ref> Lefoko la Seesemane ''lion'' le tswa ka liun ya Seesemane le Se-Norman go tswa mo go [[:en:Latin|Selatine]] leōnem (leina: leō), le ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe e neng e le go adima go tswa mo Segerikeng sa bogologolo λέων léōn. Lefoko la [[:en:Hebrew_language|Sehebera]] לָבִיא lavi le lone le ka tswa le amana le lone.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lion lion]". [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]] (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 March 2022. (Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership required.])</ref> == Ditshupiso ==  ''Felis leo'' e ne e le [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] le le neng la dirisiwa ke [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ka ngwaga wa 1758, yo o neng a tlhalosa tau mo bukeng ya gagwe e e bidiwang [[:en:Systema_Naturae|''Systema Naturae'']]. Leina la mofuta wa Panthera le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[:en:Lorenz_Oken|Lorenz Oken]] ka ngwaga wa 1816.<ref>Oken, L. (1816). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052 1. Art, Panthera]". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.</ref> Magareng ga bogare jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga le bogare jwa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa le go akanyediwa gore go na le dikai tsa mefuta e mennye e le masome a mabedi le borataro ya ditau e e leng gore mo go yone, e le lesome le bongwe di ne tsa amogelwa e le [[:en:Valid_name_(zoology)|mefuta ya nnete]] ka ngwaga wa 2005. Di ne di farologanngwa thata ka bogolo le mmala wa mafofa a tlhogo (mane) le letlalo la tsone.<ref name=":0">Hemmer, H. (1974). "[https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)"]. Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung. 17: 167–280.</ref> === Mefuta ya phologolo e e potlana === Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le boferabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa disampole di le mmalwa tsa ditau mme tsa akanyediwa e le mefuta e mennye. Mo e ka nnang lesome le bobedi la yone di ne tsa amogelwa e le ditlhopha tsa nnete go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2017.<ref name=":1">[[:en:W._Chris_Wozencraft|Wozencraft, W. C.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000228 Species Panthera leo"]. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA546 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2008 le 2016, baitseanape ba ba tlhatlhobang [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN]] ba ne ba dirisa maina a mabedi fela a mefuta e mennye: P. l. leo bakeng sa ditau tsotlhe tsa Aforika, le P. l. persica bakeng sa ditau tsa Asia.<ref>Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/259030422 Panthera leo"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2024 e.T15951A259030422. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</ref><ref>Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J.; Driscoll, C. (2008). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15952/5327221 Panthera leo ssp. persica"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2008 e.T15952A5327221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en.]]</ref><ref>Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E.; Nowell, K. (2015). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/68933833/54067639 Panthera leo West Africa subpopulation"]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en]].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, Setlhopha sa Tshekatsheko ya Kgaoganyo ya Dikatse (Cat Classification Task Force) sa Cat Specialist Group se ne sa baakanya [[:en:Taxonomy_(biology)|kgaoganyo]] ya ditau, mme sa amogela mefuta e mebedi e mennye e e ikaegileng ka dipholo tsa dipatlisiso di le mmalwa tsa [[:en:Phylogeographic|thuto ya kabo ya ditshedi le losika lwa tsone]] mabapi le [[:en:Evolution|tlhabologo]] ya ditau, e leng * [[:en:Panthera_leo_leo|P. l. leo]] (Linnaeus, ngwaga wa 1758) – [[:en:Nominate_subspecies|mofuta o mogolo]] wa tau o akaretsa [[:en:Asiatic_lion|tau ya Asia,]] [[:en:Barbary_lion|tau ya Barbary]] e e [[:en:Locally_extinct|nyeletseng mo lefelong leo]], le ditau tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika le bokone jwa Bogare jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2">Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"] (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 71–73. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 Archived] (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref> [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|Maina a mangwe a e neng e bidiwa ka one]] (maina a mangwe a saense) a akaretsa P. l. persica, P. l. senegalensis, P. l. kamptzi le P. l. azandica.(Allen, 1924)<ref name=":1" /> Gape e bidiwa "tau ya bokone" kgotsa "mofuta o monnye wa bokone". * P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842) – o akaretsa tau ya Cape e e nyeletseng le ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2" /> Maina a mangwe a saense a akaretsa P. l. somaliensis, P. l. massaica, P. l. sabakiensis, P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. roosevelti, P. l. nyanzae, P. l. hollisteri, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi le P. l. webbiensis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Gape e bidiwa "mofuta o monnye wa borwa" kgotsa "tau ya borwa"<ref>Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Lion Panthera leo]". The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-5080-2|978-1-4729-5080-2]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201610/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Archived] from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka DNA ya nyutlea le ya mitochondrial, mefutapotlana e mebedi e ka kgaoganngwa gape go nna di-clade di le supa. Borasaense ba atlenegisitse di-clade tseno jaaka diyuniti tsa motheo tsa go fetoga ga ditau fa gare ga mafelo a a farologaneng a di tlhagelelang mo go one.<ref>Bertola, Laura D.; Miller, Susan M.; Williams, Vivienne L.; Naude, Vincent N.; Coals, Peter; Dures, Simon G.; Henschel, Philipp; Chege, Monica; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Ndiaye, Arame; Kiki, Martial; Gaylard, Angela; Ikanda, Dennis K.; Becker, Matthew S.; Lindsey, Peter (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 "Genetic guidelines for translocations: Maintaining intraspecific diversity in the lion ( Panthera leo )]". Evolutionary Applications. 15 (1): 22–39. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EvApp..15...22B 2022EvApp..15...22B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/eva.13318|10.1111/eva.13318.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 8792481]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35126646 35126646].</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go tshwana go go rileng fa gare ga ditlhopha tse pedi tseno kwa bokone jwa Afrika Bogare. Tshekatsheko ya DNA go tswa mo thutong ya sešweng e supa gore ditau tsa Aforika Bogare di tswa mo ditaung tsa bokone le tsa borwa ka bobedi, jaaka di kgobokana le P. leo leo mo di-phylogenies tse di theilweng mo mtDNA. Go farologana le seo, DNA ya tsona ya jenome e supa kamano e e gaufi le P. leo melanochaita.[15] === Masalela a bogologolo (Fossil records) === Mefuta e mengwe ya tau kgotsa ya ditshedi tse di amanang thata le tau ya gompieno e kile ya tshela mo metlheng ya bogologolo: * P. fossilis – e ne e le kgolo go feta tau ya gompieno, mme e ne e tshela kwa Eurasia mo nakong ya Middle Pleistocene. Go akanngwa gore ke yone e neng ya nna mogologolwane (ancestor) wa P. spelaea. * P. spelaea, kgotsa tau ya mebapo (cave lion), e ne e tshela kwa Eurasia le Beringia mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. E ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga mogote wa loapi kgotsa go anamela ga batho, e seng morago ga dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe le makgolo a borobabongwe tse di fetileng. Dikarolwana tsa marapo tse di fitlhetsweng mo mebapong ya kwa Yuropa, Bokone jwa Asia, Canada le Alaska di bontsha gore e ne e gasame go tswa kwa Yuropa go kgabaganya Siberia go fitlha kwa Bophirima jwa Alaska. Go akanngwa gore e tlhagile mo P. fossilis, mme e ne e kgaogane ka dijini le tau ya gompieno ya Aforika le Eurasia. E tshwantshitswe mo ditshwantshong tsa mebapo, ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng ka lenaka la tlou, le ditshwantsho tsa letsopa. * P. atrox, kgotsa tau ya Amerika, e ne e tshela mo Dinageng tsa Amerika, go tswa kwa Canada go fitlha gongwe kwa Patagonia, mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. E ne ya kgaogana le tau ya mebapo mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>Salis, A. T.; Bray, S. C. E.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Heiniger, H.; Barnett, R.; Burns, J. A.; Doronichev, V.; Fedje, D.; Golovanova, L.; Harington, C. R.; Hockett, B.; Kosintsev, P.; Lai, X.; Mackie, Q.; Vasiliev, S. (2022). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge". Molecular Ecology. 31 (24): 6407–6421. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MolEc..31.6407S 2022MolEc..31.6407S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1111/mec.16267|:10.1111/mec.16267]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11343/299180|11343/299180]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748674 34748674].</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, ka ngwaga wa 1938, moithuti wa masalela a bogologolo [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Deraniyagala]] o ne a raya gore go na le mofuta o monnye o o bidiwang P. l. sinhaleyus, a ikaegile ka masalela a mabedi a a fitlhetsweng kwa Kuruwita, Sri Lanka. Masalela ao e ne e le leino la go sila la kwa tlase le leino la canine la kwa tlase le le senyegileng. O ne a tlhalosa mofuta ono e le o mosesane le o moleele, mme ga a ka a bontsha pharologanyo e kgolo fa o bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ditau. Patlisiso e nngwe e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2005 e ne ya sekaseka masalela ao gape, mme ya a baya fela mo mofuteng wa P. leo.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1938). "Some fossil animals from Ceylon, Part II". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch). 34 (91): 231–239. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45385414 45385414].</ref><ref>Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R.; Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237009731 "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka"]. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 12: 423–434.</ref> === Tlhagalelo === [[Setshwantsho:Panthera Atrox.jpg|thumb|Legata la tau ya Amerika le bontshiwa kwa Lefelong la polokelo la Bosetšhaba la Ditso tsa Tlhago]] [[Setshwantsho:Cave lion range.png|thumb|Bogolo jwa tau ya segompieno le ba losika lwa yone lwa pele ga ditso mo bokhutlong jwa Pleistocene]] Go akanngwa gore [[:en:Lineage_(evolution)|losika]] lwa Panthera lo ne lwa [[:en:Genetic_divergence|kgaogana ka dijini]] le [[:en:Common_ancestor|mogologolwane yo o tshwanang wa lelapa]] la dikatse ([[:en:Felidae|Felidae]]) mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le [https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=10.8 lesome le borobabobedi] tse di fetileng.<ref>Johnson, W. E. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311...73J 2006Sci...311...73J]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1122277|10.1126/science.1122277]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400146 16400146].</ref> [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|Go tsalana ga losika]] lwa bogologolo lwa tau le [[:en:Snow_leopard|lengau la serame]] (snow leopard) go ka tswa go ile ga tswelela go fitlha mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi ntlha nngwe tse di fetileng.<ref>Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691742 "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)".] Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114|10.1101/gr.186668.114]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691742 4691742]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26518481 26518481].</ref>Setlhopha sa tau le nkwe (leopard clade) se ne se gasame kwa Asia le kwa Palearctic ya Aforika go tloga bonnye mo tshimologong ya nako ya Pliocene. Masalela a bogologolo a ntlha a a lemogilweng e le a tau a ne a fitlhelwa kwa Olduvai Gorge kwa Tanzania, mme go akanngwa gore a ka nna a le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le pedi. Ditau di ne tsa simolola go anamela go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa Eurasia mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le milione di le nngwe tse di fetileng, mme seno sa tlhagisa losika lwa tau ya mebapo (cave lion), e jaanong e tsewang e le mofuta o o farologaneng le tau ya gompieno. Go akanngwa gore losika lwa tau ya gompieno le lwa tau ya mebapo bo ne jwa kgaogana mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano go ya go didikadikeng di le [https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.9 dingwe ntlha robongwe] tse di fetileng. Tshekatsheko ya dijini tsa khubu ya sele (nuclear genome) ya dikao tse di le mmalwa tsa tau ya mebapo le tsa ditau tsa bogologolo e bontshitse gore go ne go na le [[:en:Gene_flow|phapanyetsano e nnye ya dijini]] (e e kwa tlase ga karolo di le tlhano mo lekgolong tsa genome yotlhe) magareng ga tsone. Dikao dingwe tsa tau ya mebapo tsa Late Pleistocene di bontsha gore karolo di le tharo ntlha pedi go ya go nne ntlha nne mo lekgolong tsa losika lwa tsone di ne di tswa mo ditau tsa gompieno. Losika loo lo bonala lo amana thata le ditau tsa Asia tse di sa tswang go nyelela kwa [[:en:West_Asia|Bophirima jwa Asia]]. Tau ya mebapo ya Eurasia le tau ya Amerika di ne tsa nyelela kwa bokhutlong jwa nako ya bofelo ya serame (last glacial period), e le karolo ya go nyelela ga ditshedi ga bofelo jwa Pleistocene. Go ka direga gore tau ya gompieno e ne e anametse mo Aforika lotlhe mo nakong ya Middle Pleistocene, mme ya simolola go kgaogana mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. Ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika di ne tsa kgaogana le ditau tsa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika fa sekgwa sa equator se ne se atologa magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a robedi le boraro, dikete di le makgolo a matlhano le makgolo a mane go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robedi le nngwe, dikete di le makgolo a robedi. Di ne di na le mogologolwane yo o tshwanang mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robongwe le boferabobedi go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le bobedi tse di fetileng. Ka ntlha ya go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robedi le boraro, lekgolo le sengwe go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro, makgolo a marataro tse di fetileng, ditau tsa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika di ne tsa kgaogana. Fa sekgwa sa dipula se ntse se fokotsega mme mafelo a a bulegileng a oketsega, ditau di ne tsa fuduga go tswa kwa Bophirima go ya kwa Bogare jwa Aforika. Ditau tsa Bokone jwa Aforika di ne tsa anamela kwa Borwa jwa Yuropa le kwa Asia magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mararo le boferabobedi, makgolo a robedi go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le robedi, makgolo a mararo tse di fetileng. 7i7k640kvqk5emogm0sc6owu2f65vgd 53785 53779 2026-07-31T21:03:53Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tau''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') ke katse e kgolo ya mofuta wa ''Panthera'', e ga jaana e fitlhelelwang fela mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara le kwa India. E na le mmele o o mesifa, wa sehuba se se sephara ; tlhogo e e khutshwane, e e kgolokgwe; ditsebe tse di kgolokwe; le karolo e e ntsho, e e tletseng moriri kwa ntlheng ya mogatla wa yona. Ditau tse ditonanyana tse di godileng di kgolo go feta tse di namagadi mme di na le moriri o o bonagalang sentle o o simololang mo tlhogong go fitlha kwa magetleng le mo sehubeng. Tau e nna mo mafelong a bojang, mo dithabeng le mo ditlhatshaneng . Ke phologolo e e jang diphologolo tse dingwe, tse dingwe tse di nang le ditlhako tse dikgolo le tse di magareng. Gantsi e nna motshegare go feta dikatse tse dingwe tsa naga, mme fa e tshosediwa, e tlwaela go nna matlhagatlhaga bosigo le fa go nna lefifi. Ke mofuta wa diphologolo tse di nnang mmogo, o o bopang ditlhopha tse di bidiwang segopa. Segopa saditau se na le dinamagadi tse di tsalanang le dinaane, le tse di mmalwa kgotsa e le nngwe e tonanyana e e godileng e e sa amaneng le tse di namagadi. Ditlhopha tsa ditau tse di namagadi gantsi di tsoma mmogo.Gontsi tse di godileng di gaisana gore a di ka tswelela di le maloko a segopa seo kana di ka nna tsa se bona. Ka nako ya metlha ya Bogologolo, ditau di ne di nna mo Afrika yotlhe le Eurasia, go tswa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa go ya kwa India. Le fa go ntse jalo, e fokoditswe go nna dipalopalo tse di kgaoganeng kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara le palo e le nngwe kwa bophirima jwa India. E ntse e le mo lenaaneng la IUCN Red List jaaka e le mo kotsing go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1996 ka ntlha ya gore dipalo tsa yone mo dinageng tsa Afrika di fokotsegile ka karolo ya masome a manele boraro mo lkgolong fa e sa le mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Ditau ga di kgone go nna mo mafelong a mangwe kwa ntle ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng. Le fa gone go sa tlhaloganngwe sentle ka botlalo gore ke eng se se bakang go nyelela ga tsone, go latlhegelwa ke bonno jwa tsone le dikgotlhang le dikgotlhang le batho ke tsone tse di tshwenyang thata. Tau e tshwantshitswe thata mo ditshwantshong tsa setshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa pente, mo difolageng tsa bosetšhaba, le mo dibukeng tsa dikwalo le difiliming. Ke nngwe ya matshwao a diphologolo a a itsiweng thata mo setsong sa batho mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditau di ne tsa bolokwa mo [[:en:Menagerie|mafelong a go bontsha diphologolo]] (menageries) go tloga mo motlheng wa [[:en:Roman_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Roma,]] mme e sale e le nngwe ya diphologolo tsa botlhokwa tse di neng di batliwa go bontshiwa mo [[:en:Zoological_garden|dirapeng tsa diphologolo]] mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Ditshwantsho tsa ditau mo setsong di bonala mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe, segolobogolo e le letshwao la maatla le bogosi. Ditau di tlhagelela thata e le matshwao le medimo mo ditumelong tsa bogologolo. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la kakaretso la ''Panthera'' le latedisiwa go tswa mo [[:en:Classical_Latin|lefokong la Selatine]] la bogologolo 'panthēra' le lefoko la [[:en:Ancient_Greek|bogologolo la Segerika]] πάνθηρ 'panther'.<ref>Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). "[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 πάνθηρ]". A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 Archived] from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</ref> Lefoko la Seesemane ''lion'' le tswa ka liun ya Seesemane le Se-Norman go tswa mo go [[:en:Latin|Selatine]] leōnem (leina: leō), le ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe e neng e le go adima go tswa mo Segerikeng sa bogologolo λέων léōn. Lefoko la [[:en:Hebrew_language|Sehebera]] לָבִיא lavi le lone le ka tswa le amana le lone.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lion lion]". [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]] (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 March 2022. (Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership required.])</ref> == Ditshupiso ==  ''Felis leo'' e ne e le [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] le le neng la dirisiwa ke [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ka ngwaga wa 1758, yo o neng a tlhalosa tau mo bukeng ya gagwe e e bidiwang [[:en:Systema_Naturae|''Systema Naturae'']]. Leina la mofuta wa Panthera le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[:en:Lorenz_Oken|Lorenz Oken]] ka ngwaga wa 1816.<ref>Oken, L. (1816). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052 1. Art, Panthera]". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.</ref> Magareng ga bogare jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga le bogare jwa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa le go akanyediwa gore go na le dikai tsa mefuta e mennye e le masome a mabedi le borataro ya ditau e e leng gore mo go yone, e le lesome le bongwe di ne tsa amogelwa e le [[:en:Valid_name_(zoology)|mefuta ya nnete]] ka ngwaga wa 2005. Di ne di farologanngwa thata ka bogolo le mmala wa mafofa a tlhogo (mane) le letlalo la tsone.<ref name=":0">Hemmer, H. (1974). "[https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)"]. Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung. 17: 167–280.</ref> === Mefuta ya phologolo e e potlana === Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le boferabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa disampole di le mmalwa tsa ditau mme tsa akanyediwa e le mefuta e mennye. Mo e ka nnang lesome le bobedi la yone di ne tsa amogelwa e le ditlhopha tsa nnete go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2017.<ref name=":1">[[:en:W._Chris_Wozencraft|Wozencraft, W. C.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000228 Species Panthera leo"]. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA546 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2008 le 2016, baitseanape ba ba tlhatlhobang [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN]] ba ne ba dirisa maina a mabedi fela a mefuta e mennye: P. l. leo bakeng sa ditau tsotlhe tsa Aforika, le P. l. persica bakeng sa ditau tsa Asia.<ref>Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/259030422 Panthera leo"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2024 e.T15951A259030422. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</ref><ref>Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J.; Driscoll, C. (2008). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15952/5327221 Panthera leo ssp. persica"]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2008 e.T15952A5327221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en.]]</ref><ref>Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E.; Nowell, K. (2015). "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/68933833/54067639 Panthera leo West Africa subpopulation"]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en]].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, Setlhopha sa Tshekatsheko ya Kgaoganyo ya Dikatse (Cat Classification Task Force) sa Cat Specialist Group se ne sa baakanya [[:en:Taxonomy_(biology)|kgaoganyo]] ya ditau, mme sa amogela mefuta e mebedi e mennye e e ikaegileng ka dipholo tsa dipatlisiso di le mmalwa tsa [[:en:Phylogeographic|thuto ya kabo ya ditshedi le losika lwa tsone]] mabapi le [[:en:Evolution|tlhabologo]] ya ditau, e leng * [[:en:Panthera_leo_leo|P. l. leo]] (Linnaeus, ngwaga wa 1758) – [[:en:Nominate_subspecies|mofuta o mogolo]] wa tau o akaretsa [[:en:Asiatic_lion|tau ya Asia,]] [[:en:Barbary_lion|tau ya Barbary]] e e [[:en:Locally_extinct|nyeletseng mo lefelong leo]], le ditau tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika le bokone jwa Bogare jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2">Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"] (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 71–73. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 Archived] (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref> [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|Maina a mangwe a e neng e bidiwa ka one]] (maina a mangwe a saense) a akaretsa P. l. persica, P. l. senegalensis, P. l. kamptzi le P. l. azandica.(Allen, 1924)<ref name=":1" /> Gape e bidiwa "tau ya bokone" kgotsa "mofuta o monnye wa bokone". * P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842) – o akaretsa tau ya Cape e e nyeletseng le ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":2" /> Maina a mangwe a saense a akaretsa P. l. somaliensis, P. l. massaica, P. l. sabakiensis, P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. roosevelti, P. l. nyanzae, P. l. hollisteri, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi le P. l. webbiensis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Gape e bidiwa "mofuta o monnye wa borwa" kgotsa "tau ya borwa"<ref>Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Lion Panthera leo]". The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-5080-2|978-1-4729-5080-2]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201610/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 Archived] from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka DNA ya nyutlea le ya mitochondrial, mefutapotlana e mebedi e ka kgaoganngwa gape go nna di-clade di le supa. Borasaense ba atlenegisitse di-clade tseno jaaka diyuniti tsa motheo tsa go fetoga ga ditau fa gare ga mafelo a a farologaneng a di tlhagelelang mo go one.<ref>Bertola, Laura D.; Miller, Susan M.; Williams, Vivienne L.; Naude, Vincent N.; Coals, Peter; Dures, Simon G.; Henschel, Philipp; Chege, Monica; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Ndiaye, Arame; Kiki, Martial; Gaylard, Angela; Ikanda, Dennis K.; Becker, Matthew S.; Lindsey, Peter (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 "Genetic guidelines for translocations: Maintaining intraspecific diversity in the lion ( Panthera leo )]". Evolutionary Applications. 15 (1): 22–39. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EvApp..15...22B 2022EvApp..15...22B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/eva.13318|10.1111/eva.13318.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8792481 8792481]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35126646 35126646].</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go tshwana go go rileng fa gare ga ditlhopha tse pedi tseno kwa bokone jwa Afrika Bogare. Tshekatsheko ya DNA go tswa mo thutong ya sešweng e supa gore ditau tsa Aforika Bogare di tswa mo ditaung tsa bokone le tsa borwa ka bobedi, jaaka di kgobokana le P. leo leo mo di-phylogenies tse di theilweng mo mtDNA. Go farologana le seo, DNA ya tsona ya jenome e supa kamano e e gaufi le P. leo melanochaita.[15] === Masalela a bogologolo (Fossil records) === Mefuta e mengwe ya tau kgotsa ya ditshedi tse di amanang thata le tau ya gompieno e kile ya tshela mo metlheng ya bogologolo: * P. fossilis – e ne e le kgolo go feta tau ya gompieno, mme e ne e tshela kwa Eurasia mo nakong ya Middle Pleistocene. Go akanngwa gore ke yone e neng ya nna mogologolwane (ancestor) wa P. spelaea. * P. spelaea, kgotsa tau ya mebapo (cave lion), e ne e tshela kwa Eurasia le Beringia mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. E ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga mogote wa loapi kgotsa go anamela ga batho, e seng morago ga dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe le makgolo a borobabongwe tse di fetileng. Dikarolwana tsa marapo tse di fitlhetsweng mo mebapong ya kwa Yuropa, Bokone jwa Asia, Canada le Alaska di bontsha gore e ne e gasame go tswa kwa Yuropa go kgabaganya Siberia go fitlha kwa Bophirima jwa Alaska. Go akanngwa gore e tlhagile mo P. fossilis, mme e ne e kgaogane ka dijini le tau ya gompieno ya Aforika le Eurasia. E tshwantshitswe mo ditshwantshong tsa mebapo, ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng ka lenaka la tlou, le ditshwantsho tsa letsopa. * P. atrox, kgotsa tau ya Amerika, e ne e tshela mo Dinageng tsa Amerika, go tswa kwa Canada go fitlha gongwe kwa Patagonia, mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. E ne ya kgaogana le tau ya mebapo mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>Salis, A. T.; Bray, S. C. E.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Heiniger, H.; Barnett, R.; Burns, J. A.; Doronichev, V.; Fedje, D.; Golovanova, L.; Harington, C. R.; Hockett, B.; Kosintsev, P.; Lai, X.; Mackie, Q.; Vasiliev, S. (2022). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge". Molecular Ecology. 31 (24): 6407–6421. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MolEc..31.6407S 2022MolEc..31.6407S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1111/mec.16267|:10.1111/mec.16267]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11343/299180|11343/299180]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748674 34748674].</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, ka ngwaga wa 1938, moithuti wa masalela a bogologolo [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Deraniyagala]] o ne a raya gore go na le mofuta o monnye o o bidiwang P. l. sinhaleyus, a ikaegile ka masalela a mabedi a a fitlhetsweng kwa Kuruwita, Sri Lanka. Masalela ao e ne e le leino la go sila la kwa tlase le leino la canine la kwa tlase le le senyegileng. O ne a tlhalosa mofuta ono e le o mosesane le o moleele, mme ga a ka a bontsha pharologanyo e kgolo fa o bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ditau. Patlisiso e nngwe e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2005 e ne ya sekaseka masalela ao gape, mme ya a baya fela mo mofuteng wa P. leo.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1938). "Some fossil animals from Ceylon, Part II". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch). 34 (91): 231–239. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45385414 45385414].</ref><ref>Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R.; Meegaskumbura, M. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237009731 "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka"]. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 12: 423–434.</ref> === Tlhagalelo === [[Setshwantsho:Panthera Atrox.jpg|thumb|Legata la tau ya Amerika le bontshiwa kwa Lefelong la polokelo la Bosetšhaba la Ditso tsa Tlhago]] [[Setshwantsho:Cave lion range.png|thumb|Bogolo jwa tau ya segompieno le ba losika lwa yone lwa pele ga ditso mo bokhutlong jwa Pleistocene]] Go akanngwa gore [[:en:Lineage_(evolution)|losika]] lwa Panthera lo ne lwa [[:en:Genetic_divergence|kgaogana ka dijini]] le [[:en:Common_ancestor|mogologolwane yo o tshwanang wa lelapa]] la dikatse ([[:en:Felidae|Felidae]]) mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le [https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=10.8 lesome le borobabobedi] tse di fetileng.<ref>Johnson, W. E. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311...73J 2006Sci...311...73J]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1122277|10.1126/science.1122277]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400146 16400146].</ref> [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|Go tsalana ga losika]] lwa bogologolo lwa tau le [[:en:Snow_leopard|lengau la serame]] (snow leopard) go ka tswa go ile ga tswelela go fitlha mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi ntlha nngwe tse di fetileng.<ref>Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691742 "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)".] Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114|10.1101/gr.186668.114]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691742 4691742]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26518481 26518481].</ref>Setlhopha sa tau le nkwe (leopard clade) se ne se gasame kwa Asia le kwa Palearctic ya Aforika go tloga bonnye mo tshimologong ya nako ya Pliocene. Masalela a bogologolo a ntlha a a lemogilweng e le a tau a ne a fitlhelwa kwa Olduvai Gorge kwa Tanzania, mme go akanngwa gore a ka nna a le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le pedi. Ditau di ne tsa simolola go anamela go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa Eurasia mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le milione di le nngwe tse di fetileng, mme seno sa tlhagisa losika lwa tau ya mebapo (cave lion), e jaanong e tsewang e le mofuta o o farologaneng le tau ya gompieno. Go akanngwa gore losika lwa tau ya gompieno le lwa tau ya mebapo bo ne jwa kgaogana mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano go ya go didikadikeng di le [https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.9 dingwe ntlha robongwe] tse di fetileng. Tshekatsheko ya dijini tsa khubu ya sele (nuclear genome) ya dikao tse di le mmalwa tsa tau ya mebapo le tsa ditau tsa bogologolo e bontshitse gore go ne go na le [[:en:Gene_flow|phapanyetsano e nnye ya dijini]] (e e kwa tlase ga karolo di le tlhano mo lekgolong tsa genome yotlhe) magareng ga tsone. Dikao dingwe tsa tau ya mebapo tsa Late Pleistocene di bontsha gore karolo di le tharo ntlha pedi go ya go nne ntlha nne mo lekgolong tsa losika lwa tsone di ne di tswa mo ditau tsa gompieno. Losika loo lo bonala lo amana thata le ditau tsa Asia tse di sa tswang go nyelela kwa [[:en:West_Asia|Bophirima jwa Asia]]. Tau ya mebapo ya Eurasia le tau ya Amerika di ne tsa nyelela kwa bokhutlong jwa nako ya bofelo ya serame (last glacial period), e le karolo ya go nyelela ga ditshedi ga bofelo jwa Pleistocene. Go ka direga gore tau ya gompieno e ne e anametse mo Aforika lotlhe mo nakong ya Middle Pleistocene, mme ya simolola go kgaogana mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo nakong ya Late Pleistocene. Ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika di ne tsa kgaogana le ditau tsa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika fa sekgwa sa equator se ne se atologa magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a robedi le boraro, dikete di le makgolo a matlhano le makgolo a mane go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robedi le nngwe, dikete di le makgolo a robedi. Di ne di na le mogologolwane yo o tshwanang mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robongwe le boferabobedi go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le bobedi tse di fetileng. Ka ntlha ya go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a robedi le boraro, lekgolo le sengwe go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro, makgolo a marataro tse di fetileng, ditau tsa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika di ne tsa kgaogana. Fa sekgwa sa dipula se ntse se fokotsega mme mafelo a a bulegileng a oketsega, ditau di ne tsa fuduga go tswa kwa Bophirima go ya kwa Bogare jwa Aforika. Ditau tsa Bokone jwa Aforika di ne tsa anamela kwa Borwa jwa Yuropa le kwa Asia magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mararo le boferabobedi, makgolo a robedi go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le robedi, makgolo a mararo tse di fetileng. Go nyelela ga ditau kwa Borwa jwa Yuropa, Bokone jwa Aforika le Botlhaba jo bo Gaufi go ne ga emisa phapanyetsano ya dijini magareng ga ditau tsa Asia le tsa Aforika. Bosupi jwa dijini bo bontshitse diphetogo di le dintsi tsa dijini mo disampoleng tsa ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika, se se bontshang gore setlhopha seno se na le hisetori e telele ya tlhabologo go feta disampole tsa ditau tsa Asia le tsa Bophirima le Bogare jwa Aforika tse di nang le pharologano e nnye ya dijini. Tshekatsheko ya genome yotlhe ya disampole tsa ditau e bontshitse gore disampole tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di ne di na le di-allele tse di tshwanang le tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, fa disampole tsa Bogare jwa Aforika di ne di na le di-allele tse di tshwanang le tsa Asia. Se se bontsha gore Bogare jwa Aforika e kile ya nna lefelo le ditau tse di tswang mo mafelong a a farologaneng di neng di kopanela mo go lone morago ga gore di kgaogane. Go akanngwa gore di ne di fuduga ka ditselana tsa go fuduga mo Mokgatšheng wa Nile (''Nile Basin'') mo tshimologong ya nako ya ''Holocene''. === Ditswakwa === Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Motswako wa Panthera Mo di-zoo, ditau di tsadisitswe le dinkwe go dira mefuta e e kopantsweng gore baeng ba batle go itse kgotsa ka maikaelelo a saense.[38][39] Liger e kgolo go feta tau le nkwe, fa bontsi jwa di-tigon di le dinnye fa di bapisiwa le batsadi ba tsone ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa dijini tse di tshwanang.[40][41] Lengau ke motswako wa tau le lengau The extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous mutations in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa.[37] A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared alleles with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the Nile Basin during the early Holocene.[17] Go nyelela ga ditau kwa Borwa jwa Yuropa, Bokone jwa Aforika le Botlhaba jo bo Gaufi go ne ga emisa phapanyetsano ya dijini magareng ga ditau tsa Asia le tsa Aforika. Bosupi jwa dijini bo bontshitse diphetogo di le dintsi tsa dijini mo disampoleng tsa ditau tsa Botlhaba le Borwa jwa Aforika, se se bontshang gore setlhopha seno se na le hisetori e telele ya tlhabologo go feta disampole tsa ditau tsa Asia le tsa Bophirima le Bogare jwa Aforika tse di nang le pharologano e nnye ya dijini. Tshekatsheko ya genome yotlhe ya disampole tsa ditau e bontshitse gore disampole tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di ne di na le di-allele tse di tshwanang le tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, fa disampole tsa Bogare jwa Aforika di ne di na le di-allele tse di tshwanang le tsa Asia. Se se bontsha gore Bogare jwa Aforika e kile ya nna lefelo le ditau tse di tswang mo mafelong a a farologaneng di neng di kopanela mo go lone morago ga gore di kgaogane. Go akanngwa gore di ne di fuduga ka ditselana tsa go fuduga mo Mokgatšheng wa Nile (Nile Basin) mo tshimologong ya nako ya Holocene. ✅ Mafoko a botlhokwa: Gene flow → phapanyetsano ya dijini Mutation → phetoho ya dijini Alleles → mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijini Whole genome → genome yotlhe Evolutionary history → hisetori ya tlhabologo Melting pot → lefelo le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng di kopanelang mo go lone Corridors → ditselana tsa go fuduga The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light buff to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A newborn lion has dark spots, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts.[43][44] The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" composed of dermal papillae.[45] The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth, develops at around 5+1⁄2 months of age, and is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.[46] Tau ke katse e e nang le mesifa e mentsi, sehuba se se atlologileng, tlhogo e khutshwane e e kgolokwe, molala o o khutshwafetseng le ditsebe tse di kgolokwe; dipoo di na le ditlhogo tse di atlologileng go feta. Bontsi jwa boboa jwa yone bo fetoga ka mmala go simolola ka mmala o o borokwa jo bo sa tiang go ya go bosetlha jo bo tswakilweng le selefera, bokhibidu jo bo tswakilweng le serolwana, le borokwa jo bo fifetseng. Dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmele gantsi di nna le mmala o o bobebe. Tau e e sa tswang go tsalwa e na le matheba a mantsho mo mmeleng, mme matheba ao a a nyelela fa ngwana wa tau a gola go nna mogolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, matheba a a sa bonaleng thata a ka nna a bonala mo maotong le mo dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa mmele. Mogatla wa ditau tsotlhe o felela ka lesaponyana le le kwa ntle le le nang le boboa jo bontsho jo bontsi. Mo ditau dingwe, lesaponyana leno le fitlha "mokwatla" kgotsa "motsu" o o thata o boleele jwa dimilimetara di le tlhano (5 mm) kgotsa sentimetara e le nngwe le seripa sa lesome (0.20 in), o o dirilweng ka dipapilla tsa letlalo (dermal papillae). Tiro ya mokwatla ono kgotsa motsu ono ga e ise e itsiwe. Lesaponyana leno ga le yo fa tau e tsalwa, mme le simolola go gola fa e le dikgwedi di le tlhano le seripa (5½ months), mme le bonala sentle fa e le dikgwedi di le supa. Lehata la tau le tshwana thata le la nkwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, karolo ya kwa pele ya lehata gantsi e kokobetse e bile e bataletse, mme e na le karolo ya morago ga matlho e e khutshwane go se kae le diphatlha tsa nko tse di atlologileng go feta tsa nkwe. Ka ntlha ya dipharologano tse dintsi tsa popego ya lehata mo mefuteng e mebedi eno, gantsi ke popego ya lerapo la lotlhakore lo lo kwa tlase fela e e ka dirisiwang go supa mofuta wa setshedi ka boikanyego. Mesifa ya marapo ya tau e dira diperesente di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi ntlha borobabobedi (58.8%) tsa bokete jwa mmele wa yone, mme ke yone palo e kgolo ya mesifa e e fitlhelwang mo diphologolong tse di anyesang. Tau e na le bontsi jo bogolo jwa ditlhale tsa mesifa tse di itayang ka bonako, tse di e nayang bokgoni jwa go taboga ka lobelo ka nakwana, mme e na le boitshoko jo bonnye. === Bogolo === Mo gare ga di-felid, tau ke ya bobedi morago ga nkwe ka bogolo.[44] Bogolo le bokete jwa ditau tse di godileng di farologana go ya ka lefelo le di nnang mo go lone.[53][54][55][56] Diakhaonto tsa batho ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba le bogolo go feta palogare di teng go tswa kwa Afrika le Asia {| class="wikitable" |+ !Bogare !Ditau tse di namagadi !Ditau tse di tona ! |- |Boleele jwa tlhogo le mmele |disentimetara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro go ya go disentimetara di le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe le bonè (diintšhi di le masome a marataro le boraro go ya go diintšhi di le masome a supa le bobedi). |disentimetara di le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe le bonè go ya go disentimetara di le makgolo a mabedi le robedi (diintšhi di le masome a supa le bobedi go ya go diintšhi di le masome a robedi le bobedi). | |- |Boleele jwa mogatla |disentimetara di le masome a supa le bobedi go ya go disentimetara di le masome a robabongwe le tlhano ntlha tlhano (diintšhi di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ntlha boraro go ya go diintšhi di le masome a mararo le botlhano ntlha pedi). |disentimetara di le masome a robedi le pedi ntlha tlhano go ya go disentimetara di le masome a robabongwe le boraro ntlha tlhano (diintšhi di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha tlhano go ya go diintšhi di le masome a marataro le borataro ntlha robedi). | |- |Bokete jwa mmele |dikilogerama di le lekgolo le lesome le borobabobedi ntlha boraro le supa go ya go dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a mane le boraro ntlha tlhano le bobedi (diponto di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro le bongwe ntlha lefela go ya go diponto di le makgolo a mararo le lesome le borataro ntlha bonè). Kwa Borwa jwa Africa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le lesome le borobongwe ntlha tlhano (diponto di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo le boraro). Kwa Bophirima jwa Africa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le lesome go ya go dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi (diponto di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane go ya go diponto di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro. Kwa lefatsheng la India |dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a robedi le borataro ntlha tlhano le botlhano go ya go dikilogerama di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (diponto di le makgolo a manè le lesome le bongwe ntlha boraro go ya go diponto di le makgolo a manè le masome a robongwe le borataro). Kwa Borwa jwa Africa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a supa le bonè ntlha robongwe (diponto di le makgolo a mararo le masome a robedi le borataro)'''.'''Kwa Bophirima jwa Africa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a marataro go ya go dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a robongwe (diponto di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano go ya go diponto di le makgolo a manè le masome a mabedi).Kwa lefatsheng la India | |} ===== Moriri wa tau ===== [[Setshwantsho:Lion (Panthera leo) male 6y.jpg|thumb|Tau e tona ya dingwaga di le thataro kwa Lefelong la Diphologolo le e seng la puso la Phinda]] [[Setshwantsho:Lion au repos parc pendjari.jpg|thumb|Tau e tona e potlana kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba la Pendjari]] Moriri wa tlhogo a tau e tonanyana ke one a a tlhomologileng thata mo mofuteng o.<ref name=":0" /> Go ka direga gore a ne a simolola go tlhagelela mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi (320,000) go ya go dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolo a lekgolo le masome a robongwe (190,000) tse di fetileng.<ref>Yamaguchi, N.; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, D. W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): a review". Journal of Zoology. 263 (4): 329–342. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JZoo..263..329Y 2004JZoo..263..329Y]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0952836904005242|10.1017/S0952836904005242]].</ref> Mafofa ano a gola go ya kwa tlase le kwa morago, a khurumetsa bontsi jwa tlhogo, molala, magetla le sehuba. Gantsi a nna borokwa jo bo tswakilweng le boserolwana, boratšhe le mafofa a mantsho. Diphetogo mo dijining tsa microphthalmia-associated transcription factor le tyrosinase go ka direga gore ke tsone tse di bakang mmala wa moriri wa tlhogo.<ref>Tefera, M. (2003). "Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (Panthera leo) at Addis Ababa Zoo". Biodiversity & Conservation. 12 (8): 1629–1639. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BiCon..12.1629T 2003BiCon..12.1629T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1023641629538|10.1023/A:1023641629538.]]</ref><ref>Barazandeh, M.; Kriti, D.; Fickel, J.; Nislow, C. (2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10871700 "The Addis Ababa Lions: Whole-genome sequencing of a rare and precious population".] Genome Biology and Evolution. 16 (2) evae021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/gbe/evae021|10.1093/gbe/evae021]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10871700 10871700]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38302110 38302110].</ref> Mafofa a simolola go gola fa ditau di tsena mo dingwageng tsa bosha, fa selekanyo sa [[:en:Testosterone|masebola a a dirang gore motho e nne monna (testosterone)]] se oketsega, mme a fitlha bogolo jwa one jo bo feletseng fa tau e le dingwaga di ka nna nne (4).<ref>[[:en:Lion#Packer|Packer]], p. 148.</ref> Mogote o o tsididi wa mafelo a bonno mo dirapeng tsa diphologolo tsa Yuropa le Amerika Bokone o ka dira gore ditau di nne le mafofa a tlhogo a a bokete le a mantsi.<ref>Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824064412/http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf "Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation]" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 7 (4): 507–514. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ConG....7..507B 2006ConG....7..507B]. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0|10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24190889 24190889]. Archived from [http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 August 2006.</ref> Ka palogare, ditau tsa Asia di na le mafofa a tlhogo a a sa kitlanang thata go feta ditau tsa Aforika.<ref>Menon, V. (2003). A Field Guide to Indian Mammals. New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley India. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302998-4|978-0-14-302998-4]].</ref> Go ka direga gore ponagalo eno e ne ya tlhagelela go bontsha [[:en:Fitness_(biology)|bokgoni]] jwa ditau tse ditona mo go namagadi. Ditau tse ditona tse di nang le maboa a tlhogo a mantsho thata di bonala di nna le katlego e kgolo ya go tsala, mme di na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya go nna mo setlhopheng sa ditau (''pride'') nako e telele. Di na le mafofa a a maleele le a a kitlaneng thata, gape di na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa ''testosterone'', mme ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe di amega thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote. <ref>Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane". Science. 297 (5585): 1339–1343. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...297.1339W 2002Sci...297.1339W]. doi:[[doi:10.1126/science.1073257|10.1126/science.1073257.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12193785 12193785]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15893512 15893512].</ref><ref>[[:en:Lion#Packer|Packer]], pp. 137, 145.</ref> Mogote wa kwa teng ya mmele wa tau ga e bonale e oketsega go ya ka bong, paka ya ngwaga, nako ya go ja, boleele kgotsa mmala wa mafofa a tlhogo; ke thempheretšha ya kwa ntle ga mmele fela e e amegang.Go farologana le mefuta e mengwe ya dikatse, ditau tse di namagadi gantsi di tsalana le ditau tse ditona di le mmalwa ka nako e le nngwe.Kakanyo e nngwe e akanya gore mafofa a tlhogo gape a thusa go sireletsa molala fa go lowa, mme kgopolo eno ga e a dumalanwa ke botlhe.Mo dintweng, go akaretsa le tse di amang ditau tse di namagadi tse di se nang mafofa a tlhogo le ditau tse dinnye, molala ga o tlhaselwe thata jaaka sefatlhego, mokwatla le dikarolo tse di kwa morago tsa mmele. Ditau tse di gobetseng le tsone di simolola go latlhegelwa ke mafofa a tlhogo Mo e ka nnang ditau tsotlhe tse ditonanyana kwa Pendjari National Park ga di na moriri kgotsa di na le moriri o mokhutshwane thata.[74] Ditau tse di senang tlhogo le tsone di begilwe kwa Senegal, kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Dinder kwa Sudan le kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Tsavo Botlhaba, Kenya.[75] Ditau tse di kgaotsweng gantsi di na le tlhogo e nnye kgotsa ga di na tlhogo epe ka gonne go tlosiwa ga di-gonad go thibela go tlhagisiwa ga testosterone.[76] Ditau tse di namagadi ga di nne le ditlhogo ka sewelo.[77][78] Go oketsega ga testosterone e ka tswa e le selo se se bakang ditawana tse di nang le tlhogo tse di begilweng kwa bokone jwa Botswana.[79] 6729nqvkna4lvhqxca8yqigssgwggha 0 12736 53741 53732 2026-07-31T15:24:43Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> Fa kgwebo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dinaka tsa ditlou e ne e simolola gape ka ngwaga wa 2006, tlhokego le tlhwatlhwa ya manaka a ditlou di ne tsa oketsega kwa Asia. [[:en:Zakouma_National_Park|Kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba ya Zakouma]] kwa Chad, go feta ditlou di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa bolawa magareng ga ngwaga wa 2005 le 2010. Paka eo e ne e sena balebeledi ba ba lekaneng go lwantsha go tsoma ka tsela e e seng molaong, e bile dibetsa tsa bone di ne di setse kwa morago. Ditlhopha tse di neng di rulagantswe sentle di ne tsa nolofatsa go rekisa dinaka tseo ka bokukuntshwane go feta ka Sudan.<ref>Poilecot, P. (2010). "[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)"]]. ''Bois et Forêts des Tropiques''. '''303''' (303): 93–102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier):[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454]].</ref> Puso ya Tanzania e ne ya akanyetsa gore go feta ditlou di le dikete di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano di ne tsa bolawa ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ka tsela e e seng molaong magareng ga ngwaga wa 2009 le 2014, se se emelang tatlhegelo ya karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong.<ref>Mathiesen, K. (2015). "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/02/tanzania-epicentre-of-elephant-poaching-census-reveals Tanzania elephant population declined by 60% in five years, census reveals"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa koketsego e kgolo ya go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditlou ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong tsa dinaka tsa ditlou di ne di isiwa kwa China.<ref>[[:en:Jeffrey_Gettleman|Gettleman, J.]] (2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html "Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits"]. The New York Times.</ref> China e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo thata wa dinaka tsa ditlou a a tsomilweng ka tsela e e seng molaong. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015, e ne ya itsise gore e tla emisa ka iketlo go dira le go rekisa ka molao ditlhagisiwa tsotlhe tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa ditlou.<ref>Ryan, F. (2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally"]. The Guardian.</ref> Dikgotlhang magareng ga ditlou le palo e e golang ya batho ke kgang e kgolo mo tshomarelong ya ditlou.<ref name=":14" /> Go tsenelela ga batho mo mafelong a tlholego a ditlou tsa sekgwa di leng mo go one kgotsa go nna teng ga tsone go go oketsegang mo mafelong a a mabapi go dirile gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka mekgwa ya go kgweetsa ditlhopha tsa ditlou kgakala le batho ka tsela e e babalesegileng. Go tshameka medumo e e gatisitsweng ya [[:en:Western_honey_bee|dinotshe tsa tswina tsa Bophirima]] tse di galefileng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhotlheletseng ditlou go tshaba mo lefelong lengwe.<ref>King, L. E.; [[:en:Iain_Douglas-Hamilton|Douglas-Hamilton, I.]]; Vollrath, F. (2007). "[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees".]] Current Biology. 17 (19): R832–R833. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R832K 2007CBio...17.R832K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17925207 17925207]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30014793 30014793].</ref> Balemirui ba lekile go tshosa ditlou ka ditsela tse di bogale jaaka molelo kgotsa tiriso ya dipepere tsa tšhilisi go bapa le magora go sireletsa dijalo tsa bona.<ref>Snyder, K.; Mneney, P.; Benjamin, B.; Mkilindi, P.; Mbise, N. (2019). "[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania"]]. Oryx. 55 (1): 139–149. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|10.1017/S0030605318001382]].</ref> Matshosetsi a magolo a ditlou tsa Aforika ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go tsomiwa, mo godimo ga matshosetsi a a magolo, a a tshwenyang thata, go ne ga tlhaga matshosetsi a sešweng a a akaretsang dikgoreletsi tse di dirilweng ke batho le phetolo ya naga e e amang thata le go lekanyetsa motsamao le go anamisiwa ga ditlou tsa Aforika. Kago ya magora, ditsela, dintlha tsa metsi tsa maitirelo, le mafatshe a temothuo di begile ditlamorago tse di masisi mo go fetoleng mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego, go kgaoganya mafelo a bodulo, le go lekanyetsa phitlhelelo ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18">Loarie, Scott R.; Van Aarde, R.J.; Pimm, S.L. (2009). "Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns". Biological Conservation. 142 (12): 3086–3098. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008|10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008]].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse tsa maitirelo di ka dira gore ditlou tsa Aforika di itemogele kgaisano e e oketsegileng ka ge metswedi le mafelo a a kgaogantsweng a na le selekanyo mme di tla lebisa kwa kgotlhang e e gagametseng ya batho le ditlou ka ge ditlou di patelesega go atolosa mafelo a tsona go ya kwa kgotsa gaufi le mafelo a temothuo le mafatshe a a laolwang ke batho.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">Blanc, J.J.; Barnes, Richard F.W.; Craig, G.C.; Dublin, H.T.; Thouless, C.R.; Douglas-Hamilton, Ian; Hart, J.A. (2007). African elephant status report 2007: an update from the African elephant database. IUCN. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en|10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0970-3|978-2-8317-0970-3.]]</ref> == Tshomarelo == Ka ngwaga wa 1986, Polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya Ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya simololwa ka boikaelelo jwa go ela tlhoko seemo sa dipalopalo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika. Polokelo ya tshedimosetso e e akaretsa dipholo go tswa mo dipatlisisong tsa kwa godimo, dipalo tsa boloko, dipotsolotso le batho ba selegae le tshedimosetso ka ga go tsoma.<ref>Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). [https://www.dropbox.com/s/7a8w3kk6r9hzm0r/AfESG%20African%20Elephant%20Status%20Report%202016.pdf?dl=1 African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 60. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1813-2|978-2-8317-1813-2]].[permanent dead link]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa1989, [[:en:Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora|Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Diphologolo le Dimela tsa Nag]]<nowiki/>a e ne ya tsenya tlou ya Afrika mo lenaaneng la [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|Mametlelelo]] [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|a ntlha ya CITES]]. Lenaane leno le ne le thibela kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditlou tsa Afrika le dikarolo tsa mmele wa tsone ke dinaga tse di saenileng tumalano ya CITES. Go tsoma ditlou go thibetswe kwa Repaboliking ya Afrika Bogare, kwa Repaboliking ya puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo, kwa Gabon, kwa Côte d’Ivoire le kwa Senegal. Morago ga gore thibelo e tsene tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1990, thekiso ya ditshwantsho tse di [[:en:Ivory_carving|betlilweng tsa lonaka lwa tlou]] mo Aforika Borwa e wetse tlase ka go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200103093454/https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999"] (PDF). Pachyderm. 30 (30): 24–36. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035|10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035.]] Archived from [https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 the original] (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</ref> Ka ntlha ya thibelo ya kgwebisano, palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya boela mannong kwa dinageng tsa [[:en:Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Aforika]].<ref>Blanc, J. J.; Barnes, R. F. W.; Craig, G. C.; Dublin, H. T.; Thouless, C. R.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Hart, J. A. (2007)[https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/SSC-OP-033.pdf . African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 33. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group.</ref> Setlhopha sa Baitseanape ba Ditlou tsa Aforika se tlhomile ''Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Dikgotlhang tsa Batho le Ditlou'' ka maikaelelo a go tlhama maano a go fokotsa dikgotlhang.<ref>Naughton, L.; Rose, R.; Treves, A. (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228594746 The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: A literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon.] Madison: University of Wisconsin.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2005, [[:en:West_African_Elephant_Memorandum_of_Understanding|Memorantamo wa Kutlwano wa Ditlou tsa]] [[:en:West_African_Elephant_Memorandum_of_Understanding|Bophirima jwa Aforika]] o ne wa bewa mowana ke mafatshe a le lesome le bobedi tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika. [[:en:Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals|Tumalano ya Tshomarelo ya Mefuta e e Fudugang ya Diphologolo tsa Naga]] e ne ya tlamela ka tshegetso ya matlole dingwaga di le nne go diragatsa Leano la Tshomarelo ya Ditlou la Aforika Bophirima, le le bopang karolo e e botlhokwa ya tumalano eno ya dipuso.<ref>Dublin, H. (2005). "[https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/17713 African Elephant Specialist Group report"]. Pachyderm (39): 1–9.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, thomelo ya kwa ntle ya ditlou tsa naga tsa Aforika kwa di-zoo go ralala lefatshe e ne ya thibelwa, kwa ntle ga phapogo e e neng ya okediwa ke EU go letla thomelontle mo "maemong a a sa tlwaelegang a mo go one ... go tsewang gore go fudusediwa kwa mafelong a pele ga tsone go tla tlamela ka melemo e e bonalang ya tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika". Pele, thomelontle e ne e letleletswe mo Aforika Borwa ka Zimbabwe e tshwara le go romela ntle masea a ditlou a a fetang lekgolo kwa lefelong la polokelo ya diphologolo tsa naga tsa China fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/27/near-total-ban-imposed-on-sending-wild-african-elephants-to-zoos "Near-total ban imposed on sending wild African elephants to zoos"].</ref> Go fitlhetswe gore tshomarelo ya ditlou ga e tlhole kgwebisano le [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|phokotso ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo]] sa bosa. Le fa diphologolo ka tlwaelo di baka phokotsego ya palo yotlhe ya bokete jwa ditshedi mo lefelong ya logong mme ka jalo le khabone e e fa godimo ga mmu, di rotloetsa [[:en:Carbon_sequestration|go tshwarwa ga khabone mo mmung]].<ref>Sandhage-Hofmann, A.; Linstädter, A.; Kindermann, L.; Angombe, S.; Amelung, W. (2021). [[doi:10.1111/gcb.15779|"Conservation with elevated elephant densities sequesters carbon in soils despite losses of woody biomass"]]. Global Change Biology. 27 (19): 4601–4614. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GCBio..27.4601S 2021GCBio..27.4601S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1111/gcb.15779|:10.1111/gcb.15779]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197679 34197679].</ref> === Ditogamaano tsa tshomarelo === Mekgwa ya tshomarelo ya sešweng ya ditlou tsa Aforika e tsepamisitswe thata mo taolong ya maemo a kgaolo le tlhokomelo ya kgolagano ya tikologo magareng ga mafelo a a kgaoganeng moo mabaka a maitirelo e leng ntlha e kgolo e e tlhotlheletsang palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika. Ka go ranola mo ditselaneng tsa khudugo a diphologolo le ka go tsweletsa kgolagano magareng ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng, e tla tshegetsa mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego le phitlhelelo e e lekalekanang ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18" />Maano a tshomarelo a tla akaretsa maiteko a go koafatsa ditlamorago tsa mafaratlhatlha a batho jaaka go tlosa magora le go tokafatsa thulaganyo ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e tla tshitshinyang go fokotsa go kgaogana ga bonno le kgotlhang ya ditlou tsa batho.<ref name=":18" />  Dintlha tse dingwe tse di tla nonotshang tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika di akaretsa taolo e e gokagantsweng ya boditšhabatšhaba jaaka fa mafelo a ditlou a anamisitswe ka bophara go ralala dipoa tsa Aforika le dikgaolo tsa go lea diphologolo tsa naga, le go kopanngwa ga baagi ba selegae mo thulaganyong ya tshomarelo.<ref name=":19" /> == Tsa Ngwao == [[Setshwantsho:Elephant african mask.jpg|thumb|Maseke o o naleng sebobedo sa tlou kwa Ivory Coast]] Di [[:en:Culture_of_Africa|ngwao tsa Aforika]] ka bontsi di tlotla tlou e le sesupo sa nonofo le maatla.<ref>http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=77". EDGE: Mammal Species Information. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.cms.int/species/elephants/index.htm West African Elephants]". Convention on Migratory Species. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref>E gape e tlotliwa ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yone, boleele jwa botshelo, boitshoko, botlhale, moya wa tirisanommogo le [[:en:Loyalty|boikanyego]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130330072035/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/category/exhibitions-education/elephant-animal-and-its-ivory-african-culture "Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture".] Fowler Museum at UCLA. Archived from [http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/category/exhibitions-education/elephant-animal-and-its-ivory-african-culture the original] on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</ref> Bohlokwa jwa yone mo ditumelong bo ikaegile thata ka go e tsaya e le [[:en:Totemism|phologolo e e emelang losika]] kgotsa setlhopha sa batho (totem).<ref>Sukumar, R. (2003). "The capture and use of the African elephant". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510778-4|978-0-19-510778-4.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935260783 935260783].</ref> Merafe e le mentsi e ne e dumela gore dikgosi tsa yone di tla tsalwa gape e le ditlou fa di sena go tlhokafala. Mo lekgolong la bolesome la dingwaga, batho ba [[:en:Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo-Ukwu]] kwa Nigeria ba ne ba fitlha baeteledipele ba bone ba na le manaka a tlou.<ref>Wylie, D. (2009). Elephant. Reaktion Books. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-615-5|978-1-86189-615-5]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/740873839 740873839].</ref> [[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]] e dirisa dinaka tsa tlou mo [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa|sekapeng sa bosetšhaba]] (letshwao la semmuso la puso kgotsa la naga) go emela botlhale, maatla, tekatekano le botshelo jo bo sa khutleng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120904094036/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm National Coat of Arms"]. South African Government Information. Archived from [http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm the original] on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref> Mo [[:en:Kingdom_of_Dahomey|Bogosing jwa Dahomey]] kwa Bophirima jwa Aforika (jo jaanong bo bidiwang [[:en:Benin|Benin]]), tlou e ne e amanngwa le babusi ba lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga ba [[:en:Fon_people|morafe wa Fon]], e bong [[:en:Guezo|Guezo]] le morwawe [[:en:Glele|Glele]].[a] Go dumelwa gore phologolo e e emela nonofo, boswa jwa bogosi le segopotso se se nnang tsotlhe, jaaka go bontshiwa ke maele a a reng: ''"Kwa tlou e fetang mo sekgweng, tsotlhe di a itse,''" le ''"Diphologolo di gata mo lefatsheng, mme tlou yona e gata fa batshe ka maatla.''"<ref>"[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318417 Elephant Figure | Fon peoples | The Met".] The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</ref> Folaga ya bone e ne e na le setshwantsho sa tlou e rwetse serwalo sa bogosi. ==== E le matshwao a bosetšhaba ==== [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Central_African_Republic|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Lefatshe la Bogare jwa Aforika]] se na le tlhogo ya tlou mo karolong e e kwa godimo ka molema ya thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Guinea]] se se neng se dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1958 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1984 se ne se na le tlou ya gouta mo gare ga thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Ivory_Coast|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)]] se dirisa tlhogo ya tlou e le letshwao le legolo la sesupo sa sona. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Rephaboliki ya Congo]] se na le ditlou di le pedi tse di tshwereng thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Eswatini]] se na le tlou le tau tse di emeng tsotlhe di tshegetsa thebe. == Bona gape == * [[:en:Africa's_Elephant_Kingdom|''Bogosi jwa Ditlou jwa Aforika'']] * [[:en:List_of_individual_elephants|Lenaane la ditlou ka bongwe]] Dintlha a. Guezo le Glele ba ne ba busa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1818 go ya go kwa ngwageng wa 1858 le go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1858 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1889, ka go latelana . == Metswedi == <references /> == Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle == * "[https://www.cms.int/en/species/loxodonta-africana Loxodonta africana]". ''Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.'' 2020. * [http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/about_elephants.htm Elephant Information Repository] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318112402/http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/about_elephants.htm|date=18 March 2009}} – An in-depth resource on elephants * [http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/MtElgon/index.htm "Elephant caves" of Mt Elgon National Park] * [https://elephantvoices.org/ ElephantVoices] – Resource on elephant vocal communications * [https://www.elephanttrust.org/ Amboseli Trust for Elephants] – Interactive web site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151107212924/http://anotherelephant.org/ Another Elephant] – A hub for saving the elephants. * David Quammen (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080826010035/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/samburu-elephants/quammen-text "Family ties – The elephants of Samburu"]. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/samburu-elephants/quammen-text the original] on 26 August 2008. * [https://eia-international.org/ EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc] * [https://us.eia.org/ EIA (in the USA) reports etc] * [https://elephantconservation.org/elephants/african-elephants/ International Elephant Foundation] * iox4t11gofbuksibuv3v39rsx9czqhd 2 12813 53804 47966 2026-08-01T06:22:36Z Coolgirlvibes 12520 Ke kwadile article ka Mogalathekeng 53804 wikitext text/x-wiki Leina la me ke Coolgirlvibes [[Modirisi:Coolgirlvibes/Draft 1|Draft 1]] - [[Modirisi:Coolgirlvibes/Draft 2|Draft 2]] [[Mogalathekeng|Draft 3]] - Draft 4 1jsnkk9he5vm0zc1bqhyogksv32im88 0 13171 53778 49627 2026-07-31T20:24:57Z MmaBaggio 11091 53778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe''' (1928–2018) e ne e le rapolotiki wa Motswana. E ne e le leloko la Palamente la kgaolo ya botlhophi [[Letsha la Ngami|ya Ngami]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano ( 1965) go fitlha ka sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994) a le mo [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] . == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe o tsholetswe kwa [[Maun|Maun, Botswana]], ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi(1928). Kwerepe o ne a tlhophiwa go emela kgaolotlhopho ya [[Letsha la Ngami|Ngami]] kwa [[Palamente ya ntlha ya Botswana|Palamenteng ya ntlha ya Botswana]] mo lekokong la [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano ( 1965). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2018 |title=Veteran Politician Gaerolwe Kwerepe is Late |url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaGovernment/posts/veteran-politician-gaerolwe-kwerepe-is-late-the-maun-community-is-reeling-in-sho/1590416231041029/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Government of Botswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Parliament of Botswana |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=167 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Kwerepe o ne a latlhegelwa ke ditlhopho tsa poeletso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaboongwe le bone (1994) mme ga fenya [[Jacob Nkate]] . Morwa Kwerepe [[Thato Kwerepe]] o ne a tsena mo dipolotiking, mme a tswelela go phadisanya le Nkate mo kgaolong ya botlhophi ya Ngami ka 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keakabetse |first=Boniface |date=2018-07-02 |title=Ngami constituency: It's another Nkate, Kwerepe scuffle |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/19489/news/ngami-constituency-itaes-another-nkate-kwerepe-scuffle/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kwerepe o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) kwa bookelong jwa Letsholathebe II Memorial. <ref name=":0" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} == Padi e nngwe == * {{Cite journal |last=Serite |first=Sonny |date=2015 |title=Gaerolwe Kwerepe: The First Generation MP Who Paid Teachers from His Pocket |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024313 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=47 |pages=143–145 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024313}} [[Karolo:Batho ba Maun, Botswana]] [[Karolo:Maloko a khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa 2018]] [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1928]] 6avlhwiexxcsr5ougul6dazpc2ptbag 0 14293 53745 53733 2026-07-31T16:53:21Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53745 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, ensaetlopidia e e gololesegileng ''Pego e e bua ka go tlhatloga ga mogote wa lefatshe mo go bakiwang ke batho. Go bona diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa tsa ditso tsa tlholego, bona [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetogafetoga ga]] [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|seemo sa bosa le phetogo .]]'' ''"Go thuthafala ga lefatshe" go kaela gape fa. Go bona tiriso e nngwe, bona [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|seemo sa bosa (go tlhalosa)]] le [[:en:Global_warming_(disambiguation)|Thuthafalo ya Lefatshe (go tlhalosa).]]''[[Setshwantsho:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Diphetogo mo [[:en:Surface_air_temperature|mogoteng wa mowa o o gaufi le bokagodimo]] jwa Lefatshe mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/ "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)]". ''NASA''. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</ref> Kgaolo ya [[:en:Arctic|Arctic]] ke yone e e itemogetseng go oketsega mo go golo go feta ga mogote, mme ka kakaretso mogote wa mo lefatsheng o oketsegile go feta [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|mogote wa bokagodimo jwa lewatle]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Palogare ya mogote wa mowa wa bogodimo jwa lefatshe e oketsegile ka mo e ka nnang bongwe ntlha ya botlhano ya di selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (1.5&#x20;°C) (bobedi ntlha Supa ya di Farenheit ((2.7&#x20;°F) ) fa e sa le ka [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]]. Maatla a tlholego a baka go fetoga mo go rileng, mme koketsego e e tswelelang ya mogote e bontsha tlhotlheletso e e tswelelang pele ya ditiro tsa batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021]], SPM-7</ref><ref>Sources for data and graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: [https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as CSV".] Met Office (UK). 2026. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Natural driver graphic is at: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/figures/summary-for-policymakers/ "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report / Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis / Figures: Summary for Policymakers / Figure SPM.1(b)]". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Click on "Datasets". Natural driver dataset is downloadable by clicking on "gmst_changes_model_and_obs.csv" at: [https://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ar6_wg1/data/spm/spm_01/v20221116/panel_b "Summary for Policymakers of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - data for Figure SPM.1 (v20221116)".] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref>]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi''' sa gompieno e akaretsa '''go thuthafala ga lefatshe''' ,koketsego e e tswelelang pele ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote mafatshe ka bophara]] le [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|ditlamorago tsa yone]] tse di anameng mo seemong sa loapi. [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka kakaretso]] e raya diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo seemong sa [[:en:Climate|loapi]] sa lefatshe. Mo malatsing a gompieno, mogote wa lefatshe o [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change|bakwa thata ke ditiro tsa batho]], segolo thata go fisa [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo]] jaaka [[:en:Coal|magala]], [[:en:Petroleum|leokwane]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|gase ya tlholego]] fa e sale [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}: "The indicators show that, for the 2014–2023 decade average, observed warming was 1.19 [1.06 to 1.30] °C, of which 1.19 [1.0 to 1.4] °C was human-induced."</ref><ref name=":3">Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|''Environmental Research Letters''.]] '''16''' (11): 114005. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16k4005L 2021ERL....16k4005L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966]].</ref> Go dirisa mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo, [[:en:Deforestation_and_climate_change|go rema dikgwa]] le mekgwa mengwe ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture|temothuo]] le madirelo di ntsha [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|digase tse di golang mo tikologong]].<ref name=":8">{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}</ref> Digase tse di tshwara [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|mogote mongwe]] o lefatshe le o [[:en:Thermal_radiation|gololang]] fa letsatsi le sena go le thuthafatsa, o o dirang gore lefaufau le le kwa tlase le nne mogote. Lefaufau la lefatshe le na le phefo e kgotlhelesegileng e kana ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth|karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong gona le pele ya gase ya carbon dioxide]], gase e kgolo e e bakang go thuthafala ga lefatshe, go feta pele ga [[:en:Pre-industrial_society|Phetogo ya Madirelo]], e e fitlhelelang maemo a a iseng a bonwe mo dingwageng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=67}}: "Concentrations of {{CO2}}, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current {{CO2}} concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela go nna le [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo tikologong]]. [[:en:Heat_wave|Dipaka tsa mogote o o feteletseng]] le [[:en:Wildfire#Climate_change_effects|mello ya naga]] di ntse di irega ka tlwaelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=9}}: "Observed increases in areas burned by wildfires have been attributed to human-induced climate change in some regions (medium to high confidence)"</ref> [[:en:Polar_amplification|Go oketsega ga mogote kwa lefelong la Arctic]] go tlhotlheleditse go nyerologa ga [[:en:Permafrost|mmu o o sa feleng o le serame]] (permafrost), go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|fokotsega ga di-glacier]] le go [[:en:Arctic_sea_ice_decline|fokotsega ga metsi a a gatsetseng a mo lewatleng]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019|p=16}}: "Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)." </ref> Mogote o o kwa godimo gape e baka [[:en:Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change|difefo tse di maatla go feta]], [[:en:Drought#Climatic_changes|komelelo]] le [[:en:Extreme_weather|diemo tse dingwe tsa bosa tse di feteletseng]].<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021|p=1517}}</ref> Diphetogo tse di bonako mo tikologong ya [[:en:Montane_ecosystems|dithaba]], [[:en:Coral_reef|mafika a dikhorale]] le kwa lefelong la [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Arctic|Arctic]] di pateletsa mefuta e mentsi ya dimela le diphologolo go fudugela kwa mafelong a mangwe kgotsa [[:en:Extinction_risk_from_climate_change|go nyelela]].<ref>EPA (19 January 2017). "[https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Climate Impacts on Ecosystems]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20180127185656/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Archived] from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019. <q>Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.</q></ref> Le fa maiteko a go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote mo isagong a ka atlega, ditlamorago dingwe di tla tswelela ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Tse di akaretsa go [[:en:Ocean_temperature#Increasing_temperature_due_to_climate_change|thuthahala ga mawatle]], go [[:en:Ocean_acidification|oketsega ga esiti mo metsing a mawatle]] , le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=64}}: "Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of {{CO2}} and declining net anthropogenic non-{{CO2}} radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|baya batho mo kotsing]] ya merwalela e e oketsegileng, mogote o o feteletseng, tlhaelo ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_scarcity#Climate_change|metsi]], go oketsega ga malwetse le [[:en:Economic_impacts_of_climate_change|tatlhegelo ya itsholelo]].<ref>"[https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en Consequences of climate change]". ''climate.ec.europa.eu''. European Commission. Retrieved 10 April 2025.</ref> [[:en:Environmental_migrant|Go fuduga ga batho]] le dikgotlhang le tsone di ka nna ditlamorago.<ref>{{harvnb|Cattaneo|Beine|Fröhlich|Kniveton|2019}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=15}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Technical Summary|2022|p=53}}</ref> [[:en:World_Health_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (World Health Organization – WHO) o tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e le nngwe ya [[:en:Global_health|matshosetsi a magolo thata mo boitekanelong]] jwa lefatshe mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref>{{harvnb|WHO, Nov|2023}}</ref> Ditšhaba le ditshedi tsotlhe tsa tikologo di tla lebana le dikotsi tse dikgolo go feta [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=19}}</ref> [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|Go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] ka go dirisa ditsela tse di jaaka go aga [[:en:Flood_control|mekgwa ya go laola merwalela]] kgotsa go lema [[:en:Xerophyte|dijalo tse di emelanang le komelelo]] go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka selekanyo sengwe,le fa go ntse jalo, go setse go fitlheletswe melelwane ya bokgoni jwa go ikamanya mo mafelong mangwe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|pp=21–26}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Ch16|2022|p=2504}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 SYR SPM|2023|pp=8–9}}: "Effectiveness¹⁵ of adaptation in reducing climate risks¹⁶ is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) ... Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)."</ref> Ditšhaba tse di humanegileng di na le seabe se sennye mo go [[:en:Climate_justice|ntsheng gase tse di bakang go thutahala ga lefatshe]], mme gape ke tsone tse di nang le bokgoni jo bonnye jwa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , e bile ke tsone tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|amegang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone.]]<ref>Tietjen, Bethany (2 November 2022). [https://theconversation.com/loss-and-damage-who-is-responsible-when-climate-change-harms-the-worlds-poorest-countries-192070 "Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?]". ''[[:en:The_Conversation_(website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability]". IPCC. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg|thumb]]<gallery mode="packed" caption="Dikao tsa ditlamorago dingwe tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa Molelo wa naga o o gakadiwang ke mogote le komelelo, gonna bosweu ga dikorale go go diragalang gantsi ka ntlha ya makhubu a mogote a lewatle, le komelelo e e gakalang e e tsenyang tlamelo ya metsi mo kotsing."> Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg Setshwantsho:Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg Setshwantsho:California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg </gallery>Ditlamorago tse dintsi tsa phetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa ngwagakgolo wa masome a Mabedi Le bongwe, ka ngwaga wa 2024 se se bothitho go gaisa mo dikwalong ka Boko godimo jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius E le nngwe Le dikarolo di Le masome a marataro (1.60°C) kgotsa Farenheit di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le masome a robabobedi Le boferabobedi (2.88 °F) fa e sale go latedisa ka mkgaetsakgapetsago simolola ka 1ngwaga wa 850.<ref>[https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024#543aa52e-a01b-45e0-adfc-c610e4ac93a5 "2024 – a second record-breaking year, following the exceptional 2023]". ''Copernicus Programme''. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref><ref>Carrington, Damian (10 January 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jan/10/world-temperature-in-2024-exceeded-15c-for-first-time "Hottest year on record sent planet past 1.5C of heating for first time in 2024]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref> Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e tla oketsa ditlamorago tse mme e ka tsosa [[:en:Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system|dintlha tsa go fetoga]], jaaka go [[:en:Greenland_ice_sheet|nyerologa ga metsi a a gatsetseng ka ntlha ya serame Greenland]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga [[:en:Paris_Agreement|Tumalano ya Paris]] ya ngwaga wa 2015, ditšhaba mmogo di dumalane go tshola thuthafalo "ka fa tlase ga selekanyo sa bobedi sa mogote sa mokgwa wa Celcius (°C") . Le fa go ntse jalo, ka [[:en:Nationally_determined_contribution|ditsholofetso]] tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano, thuthafalo ya lefatshe e santse e tla fitlha go bokana jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le borobabobedi (2.8 °C) Tse di lekanang Le selekanyo sa mogote sa Farenheit di Le tlhano (5.0 °F) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga.<ref name=":4">{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XVIII}}: "The full implementation and continuation of the level of mitigation effort implied by unconditional or conditional NDC scenarios lower these projections to 2.8&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.7) and 2.6&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.6), respectively. All with at least a 66 per cent chance."</ref> Go na le tshegetso e e anameng ya [[:en:Climate_action|kgato ya seemo sa bosa]] ya lefatshe ka bophara<ref>Carrington, Damian (22 April 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/22/spiral-of-silence-climate-action-very-popular-why-dont-people-realise "'Spiral of silence': climate action is very popular, so why don't people realise it?]". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2025.</ref><ref>Andre, Peter; Boneva, Teodora; Chopra, Felix; Falk, Armin (9 February 2024). "Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''14''' (3): 253–259. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCC..14..253A 2024NatCC..14..253A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3|10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3.]]</ref>, mme bontsi jwa mafatshe a ikaelela [[:en:Net-zero_emissions|go emisa go ntsha gase ya carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XV}}: "As at 1 June 2024, 101 parties representing 107 countries and covering approximately 82 per cent of global GHG emissions had adopted net-zero pledges either in law (28 parties), in a policy document such as an NDC or a long-term strategy (56 parties), or in an announcement by a high-level government official (17 parties)."</ref> [[:en:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|Mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo le a ka fedisiwa]] ka go [[:en:Fossil_fuel_subsidies|fedisa dithuso tsa one]], [[:en:Conserving_energy|go somarela maatla]] le go fetogela kwa [[:en:Low-carbon_electricity|metsweding ya maatla e e sa tlhagiseng kgotlhelo e e bonalang ya carbon]]. Metswedi e ya maatla e akaretsa [[:en:Wind_power|maatla a phefo]], [[:en:Solar_power|a letsatsi]], a maatla a a bonwang ka go dirisa diphetogo mo gare ga dikarolwana tsa athomo (nuclear power).<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III|2014|p=1335}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=89}}</ref> Motlakase o o dirilweng ka tsela e e phepa o ka emisetsa mahura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo go dirisiwa go [[:en:Electric_vehicles|fa dipalangwa maatla a go tsamaya]], [[:en:Electric_heating|go gotetsa dikago]] le go tsamaisa dithulaganyo tsa madirelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=84}}: "Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2°C or 1.5°C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence)."</ref> Carbon e ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_removal|ntshiwa gape mo lefaufaung]], sekai ka go [[:en:Forest_protection|oketsa khurumetso ya sekgwa]] le go lema ka mekgwa e e bolokang [[:en:Carbon_farming|carbon mo mmung]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=114}}</ref><ref>Duarte, C.M.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; et&#x20;al. (17 January 2025). "Carbon burial in sediments below seaweed farms matches that of Blue Carbon habitats". ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''15''' (2): 180–187. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025NatCC..15..180D 2025NatCC..15..180D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1|10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1.]]</ref><ref>Winfield, E.; Ostoja, S. (2020). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15874560 "Climate-Smart Agriculture: Soil Health & Carbon Farming &#x5B;Factsheet&#x5D;"]. ''USDA California Climate Hub''. Retrieved 13 August 2025.</ref> == Mareo == Pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1980, go ne go sa tlhaloganyesege gore a phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|digase tse di oketsegileng tsa sethopo]] e ne e le maatla go feta [[:en:Particulates#Climate_effects|phelelo ya go tsidifatsa ya dikarolwana tse di mo moweng]] mo kgotlhelong ya mowa. Borasaense ba dirisitse lereo ''phetolo ya seemo sa bosa se se sa ikaelelwang'' go kaya ditlamorago tsa batho mo seemong sa bosa ka nako e.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|NASA, 5 December|2008}}.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ''mareo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' le phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' se ne sa tlwaelega thata, gantsi a ne a dirisiwa ka go ananya.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_7_July2020|NASA, 7 July 2020]]</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shaftel|2016}}: "{{thinsp}}'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.&nbsp;... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century&nbsp;... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena&nbsp;...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press, 22 September|2015}}: "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level".</ref> Ka saense, ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' e kaya fela go oketsega ga mogote wa palogare ya boalogodimo jwa lefatshe, fa ''phetogo ya seemo sa bosa'' e tlhalosa bobedi thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago tsa yona mo [[:en:Climate_system|thulaganyong ya seemo sa bosa]] ya Lefatshe, jaaka diphetogo tsa [[:en:Precipitation|pula]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Phetogo ya seemo'' sa bosa se ka dirisiwa gape ka bophara go akaretsa [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa]] tse di diragetseng mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Lefatshe ka ntlha ya dithulaganyo tsa tlholego.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."</ref> Lereo la phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakiwang ke batho ka dinako tse dingwe le dirisiwa go tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se bakiwang ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2023), "Annex VII: Glossary", ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis/annex-vii-glossary/058768DADC00B52E2ED3381D0259B4E0 Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&#x20;2215–2256, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022|10.1017/9781009157896.022,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15788-9|<bdi>978-1-009-15788-9</bdi>,]] retrieved 22 January 2026</ref> ''Thuthafalo ya lefatshe''—e e neng ya dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1975<ref>Broecker, Wallace S. (8 August 1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''189''' (4201): 460–463. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...189..460B 1975Sci...189..460B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460|10.1126/science.189.4201.460.]] [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1740491 1740491]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17781884 17781884].</ref>—e ne ya nna lereo le le tlwaelesegileng thata morago ga gore rra maranyane wa seemo sa bosa wa [[:en:NASA|NASA]] e bong [[:en:James_Hansen|James Hansen]] a le dirise mo bosuping jwa gagwe jwa ngwaga wa 1988 kwa [[:en:U.S._Senate|Senateng ya U.S]].<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"}}, "News reporters gave only a little attention&#x20;...". </ref> Fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, tiriso ya phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' e oketsegile.<ref>{{harvnb|Joo|Kim|Do|Lineman|2015}}.</ref> Bo ramaranyane ba ba farologaneng, boradipolotiki le bobegakgang ba ka dirisa mareo a [[:en:Climate_crisis|''mathata a seemo sa bosa'']] kgotsa [[:en:Climate_emergency_declaration|''tshoganyetso ya seemo sa bosa'']] go bua ka phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme ba ka dirisa lereo la ''thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ya lefatshe (global heating)'' boemong jwa ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe (global warming).''<ref>{{harvnb|Hodder|Martin|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February|2020}}</ref> == Go tlhatloga ga mogote mo lefatsheng lotlhe == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe:'' [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|''Mogote o o mo boalogodimong jwa lefatshe lotlhe'']] === Megote ya tsa pele ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya gompieno === ''Dipego tse dikgolo: [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo]]; [[:en:Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years|Palo ya mogote ya dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng]]; le [[:en:Paleoclimatology|Thuto -seemo sa bosa ya Bogologolo]]''[[Setshwantsho:Common Era Temperature.svg|thumb|Kago sešwa ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] mo dingwageng di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng go dirisiwa tshedimosetso ya boemedi go tswa mo diring tsa ditlhare, dikorale, le di-core tsa metsi a a gatsetseng tsa botala jwa loapi.<ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Barboza|Erb|Shi|2019b}}.</ref>Tshedimosetso e e lemogilweng ka tlhamalalo e ka bohibidu.<ref>"[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change]". [[:en:NASA|NASA]]. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</ref>]] Mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le mmalwa tse di fetileng seemo sa bosa se ne sa dikologa mo di [[:en:Glacial_period|nakong tsa metsi a a gatsetseng.]] Nngwe ya dipaka tse di neng di le mogote thata mogote e ne e le [[:en:Last_Interglacial|Last Interglacial]], dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano tse di fetileng, fa megote e neng e le magareng ga selekanyo sa Celciuse e oketsegile ka selekanyo sa fa gare ga degree Celsius e le sephatlo (0.5 °C) le degree Celsius e le nngwe le sephatlo (1.5 °C) go feta pele ga tshimologo ya go thutafalo ya lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], pp.&#x20;294, 296.</ref> Paka e e ne ya bona maemo a lewatle a le kwa godimo ka boleele jwa dimitara di le tlhano go ya ko dimitareng di le lesome go feta gompieno. Bogolo jwa metsi a a gatsetseng jwa bošeng jwa dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng bo ne bo le tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius ka botlhano go ya kwa bosupeng (5–7 °C). Paka e e na le maemo a lewatle a a neng a le kwa tlase ka boleele jwa dimetara di feta lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano (125 m), kgotsa boleele jwa maoto a le makgolo a mane le lesome (410 ft), fa go bapisiwa le gompieno..<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;366.</ref> Megote e neng ya tlhomama mo pakeng ya ga jaana ya magareng ga metsi a a gatsetseng go simolola [[:en:Holocene|dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bongwe le makgolo a a supa a a fetileng]].<ref>Marcott, S. A.; Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. (2013). "A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years". ''Science''. '''339''' (6124): 1198–1201. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1198M 2013Sci...339.1198M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1228026|10.1126/science.1228026]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23471405 23471405].</ref> Paka e gape e ne ya bona tshimologo ya temothuo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;296.</ref> Mokgwa wa ditso tsa go thuthafala le go tsidifala, jaaka Paka ya [[:en:Medieval_Warm_Period|Bothitho ya Metlha ya Bogare]](Medieval Warm Period) le [[:en:Little_Ice_Age|Motlha wa metsi a a gatsetseng a a mannye]], ga di a diragala ka nako e le nngwe go ralala dikgaolo tse di farologaneng. Megote e ka tswa di fitlheletse kwa godimo jaaka tsa bofelo jwa lekgolo la bosome le bobedi la dingwaga mo dikgaolong tse di lekanyeditsweng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5|2013|p=386}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Steiger|Gómez-Navarro|Wang|2019a}}</ref> Tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa ya paka eo e tswa mo [[:en:Proxy_(climate)|maemeding a seemo sa bosa]], jaaka ditlhare le [[:en:Ice_core|karolo ya konokono tsa metsi a a gatsetseng]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=57}}: "This report adopts the 51-year reference period, 1850–1900 inclusive, assessed as an approximation of pre-industrial levels in AR5&#x20;... Temperatures rose by 0.0&#x20;°C–0.2&#x20;°C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hawkins|Ortega|Suckling|Schurer|2017|p=1844}}</ref> === Go thuthafala fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo === [[Setshwantsho:1951- Percent of record temperatures that are cold or warm records.svg|thumb|Mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa godimo di fetile thata dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa tlase mo karolong e e golang ya boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. <ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for September from 1951–2023]". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). September 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231014030010/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 14 October 2023. (change "202309" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 09=September)</ref>]] Ka ngwagaa wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano (1850) dipalo tsa [[:en:Thermometer|sedirwa se se dirisiwang go tsaa mogote]] se ne sa simolola go tlamela ka kgaso ya lefatshe lotlhe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2013|pp=4–5}}: "Global-scale observations from the instrumental era began in the mid-19th century for temperature and other variables&#x20;... the period 1880 to 2012&#x20;... multiple independently produced datasets exist."</ref> Magareng ga lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go ne go se na thuthafalo e ntsi ya nete, ka gonne ditlamorago tsa thuthafalo tsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo di ne tsa fokodiwa ke go tsidifala go tswa mo mesing ya [[:en:Sulfur_dioxide|sulphur dioxide]]. Sulphur dioxide e baka [[:en:Acid_rain|pula ya asiti]], mme gape e ntsha di-aerosol tsa [[:en:Sulfate|sulfate]] mo lefaufaung, tse di bontshang lesedi la letsatsi mme di dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne lefifi. Morago ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), go kokoanngwa mo go oketsegang ga digase tsa sethopo le ditaolo tsa kgotlhelo ya sebabole go ne ga baka koketsego e e bonalang ya mogote.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181222142212/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html "Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists".] NASA. 15 March 2007.</ref><ref name=":1">Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). [[doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022|"Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing".]] ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics''. '''22''' (18): 12221–12239. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ACP....2212221Q Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791.]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:1955- Ocean heat content - NOAA.svg|thumb|Go nnile le koketsego ya [[:en:Ocean_heat_content|diteng tsa mogote wa lewatle]] mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta jaaka fa mawatle a annywa go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Earth's_energy_budget|mogote go tswa mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe]].<ref>Top 700 meters: Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content]". climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ● Top 2000 meters: [https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/ "Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"]. NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. from the original on 20 October 2023.</ref>]] [[Setshwantsho:1880- Global surface temperature - heat map animation - NASA SVS.webm|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa NASA tse di bontshang diphetogo tsa mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 1880. Mmala o o pududu o bontsha megote e e tsidifetseng mme o mohibidu o supa megote e e bothitho. Jaaka boleng jwa tshupiso go dirisiwa megote e e magareng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1951 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1980.]] Diphetogo tse di tswelelang tsa seemo sa bosa ga di ise di ko di nne teng mo dingwageng di le dikete di le mmalwa.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=43}}</ref> Ditlhopha tsa tshedimosetso tse dintsi tsotlhe di bontsha<ref>"Summary for Policymakers". ''Climate Change 2021 – the Physical Science Basis''. 2023. pp.&#x20;3–32. [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-009-15789-6</bdi>.]]</ref> koketsego ya lefatshe ka bophara ya themphereitšha ya boalogodimo, ka seelo se se ka nnang 0.2 °C ka ngwagasome.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=81}}.</ref>Ngwagasome wa dingwaga tsa 2014 go fitlhela kwa ngwageng wa 2023 o ne wa thuthafala go fitlha go palogare ya selekanyo sa mogote wa degree sa bongwe ntlha e nngwe le borobabobedi (1.19 °C)[selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius se se magareng ga bongwe ntlha ya lefela le borataro le bongwe ntlha tharo [1.06–1.30 °C] fa e bapisiwa le motheo wa pele ga madirelo (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1850– go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1900).<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}</ref> Ga se ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o o neng o le bothitho go feta wa bofelo: dithulaganyo tsa go [[:en:Climate_variability|fetoga ga seemo sa bosa]] tsa fa gare di ka dira gore ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o nne bothitho kgotsa o tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa lefela ntlha pedi (0.2 °C) go feta palogare.<ref>Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341748 "Delayed emergence of a global temperature response after emission mitigation"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 3261. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3261S Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3261S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1. hdl:11250/2771093. PMC&#x20;7341748. PMID&#x20;32636367]. <q>At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature</q></ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), dikgato tse di sa siamang tsa dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di ntseng jalo, [[:en:Pacific_decadal_oscillation|go tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tsa Pacific (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) (PDO)]]<ref>Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023). [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|"Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation".]] ''[[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]''. '''154''' (3–4): 1137–1149. [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|Bibcode:2023ThApC.154.1137S. doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8. hdl:11250/3088837.]]</ref> le go [[:en:Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation|tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tse di mmalwa tsa Atlantic (AMO)]]<ref>Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016). "The global warming hiatus—a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation". [[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|''Theoretical and Applied Climatology''.]] '''123''' (1–2): 349–360. [[Bibcode:2016ThApC.123..349Y. doi:10.1007/s00704-014-1358-x]]</ref> di bakile paka e khutshwane e e bonya ya thuthafalo e e bidiwang "[[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|kgaotso ya thuthafalo ya lefatshe]]".<ref>Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (June 2017). "What Caused the Global Surface Warming Hiatus of 1998–2013?". ''Current Climate Change Reports''. '''3''' (2): 128–140[[doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0|. Bibcode:2017CCCR....3..128X. doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0.]]</ref> Morago ga "hiatus", go ne ga diragala se se fapaaneng, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2024) le bone e le kwa godimo thata ga palogare ya bošeng ka go feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C).<ref>Tollefson, Jeff (10 January 2025). "Earth breaches 1.5 °C climate limit for the first time: what does it mean?". ''Nature''. '''637''' (8047): 769–770. [[Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID 39794429|Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID&#x20;39794429]].</ref>Ke ka moo phetogo ya mogote e tlhalosiwang go ya ka palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi , e e fokotsang modumo wa dingwaga tse di mogote le tse di tsididi le mekgwa ya seemo sa bosa sa dingwaga di le lesome, le gape go lemoga letshwao la paka e telele.: <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 "Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 31 January 2024. <q>The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</q></ref> (tsebe ya botlhano) <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. Retrieved 31 January 2024. The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</ref> Ditebelelo tse dingwe tse dintsi di tiisa bosupi jwa thuthafalo.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|p=S26}}. Figure 2.5.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFLoeb_et_al.2021|Loeb et al. 2021.]]</ref>Lefaufau le le kwa godimo le a tsidifala, ka gonne digase tsa sethopo di tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe, mme ka jalo mogote o monnye o phatsimela kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming "Global Warming".] NASA JPL. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2020. <q>Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural causes.</q></ref> Go thuthafala go fokotsa palogare ya khurumetso ya kapoko mme go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|pateletsa dikgalase go boela morago]]. Ka nako e le nngwe, thuthafalo gape e baka [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle|mowafatso o o mogolo go tswa mo mawatleng]], e e bakang [[:en:Specific_humidity|bongola jwa lefaufau]] jo bontsi , le pula e ntsi le e e bokete.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|pp=S26, S59–S60}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 1|2017|p=35}}</ref>Dimela di [[:en:Flowering|thunya]] go sa le gale mo dikgakologong, mme diketekete tsa mefuta ya diphologolo di ntse di fudugela kwa mafelong a a tsidifetseng ruri.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|pp=257–260}}</ref> ==== Dipharologano go ya ka dikgaolo ==== Dikgaolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe di [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change#Variability_between_regions|thuthafala ka selekanyo se se farologaneng.]] Mokgwa o o ikemetse ka nosi gore digase tsa tshwarang mogote mo loaping di ntshiwa kae, ka gonne digase tse di nna nako e telele go ka anama go ralala mmele wa legodimo o o dikologang dinaledi. Fa e sale ka nako ya pele ga madirelo, palogare ya mogote wa boalogodimo mo dikgaolong tsa lefatshe e oketsegile ka bonako jo bo ka nnang gabedi go feta palogare ya mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}</ref> Se ke ka gonne mawatle a latlhegelwa ke mogote o montsi ka go [[:en:Evaporation|mowafala]] mme [[:en:Ocean_heat_content|mawatle a ka boloka mogote o montsi]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Sutton|Dong|Gregory|2007}}.</ref> Maatla a mogote mo thulaganyong ya seemo sa loapi ya lefatshe a godile ka go ema ka nakwana fela fa e sale ka bonnye ka ngwaga wa 1970, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong ya maatla ao a a oketsegileng a bolokilwe mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content".] ''Noaa Climate.gov''. NOAA. 2018. Archived from [https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content the original] on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3|2013|p=257}}: "Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.</ref>Tse dingwe di goteditse lefaufau, tsa nyerolosa metsi a a gatsetseng, le go thuthafatsa di karolo kgolo tsa lefatshe tse di naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng.<ref>von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et&#x20;al. (7 September 2020). [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/2013/2020/ "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?".] ''Earth System Science Data''. '''12''' (3): 2013–2041. Bibcode:[[doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020|2020ESSD...12.2013V. doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020. hdl:20.500.11850/443809.]]</ref> [[:en:Northern_Hemisphere|Sephatlho sa Bokone jwa lefatshe]] le Ntlha ya Bokone ya lefatshe di thuthafetse ka bonako thata go feta Sephatlho sa Borwa le Sephatlho sa Borwa. Sephatlho saBokone ga se na fela lefatshe le lentsi thata, mme gape le khurumetso e ntsi ya kapoko ya paka le [[:en:Sea_ice|metsi a a gatsetseng a lewatle]]. Fa difatlhego tse di fetoga go tswa mo go bontsheng lesedi le lentsi go ya go nna lefifi morago ga gore metsi a agatsetseng a nyerologe, di simolola go [[:en:Albedo|monya mogote o montsi]].<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA, 10 July|2011}}.</ref>Dipeeletso tsa khabone e ntsho tsa selegae mo kapokong le mo metsi a kgatesolo le tsone di na le seabe mo thuthafalong ya Arctic.<ref>{{harvnb|United States Environmental Protection Agency|2016|p=5}}: "Black carbon that is deposited on snow and ice darkens those surfaces and decreases their reflectivity (albedo). This is known as the snow/ice albedo effect. This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."</ref>Megote ya boalogodimo jwa Arctic e oketsega ka bonako jo bo fa gare ga [[:en:Polar_amplification|makgetlo a le mararo le a le manè]] go feta mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-05-arctic-faster-planet.html "Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns".] ''Phys.org''. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</ref><ref>Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022). "[[doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3|The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''3''' (1): 168. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3..168R Bibcode:2022ComEE...3..168R. doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3. hdl:11250/3115996.]</ref>Go nyerologa ga [[:en:Ice_sheet|dikapetla tsa metsi a a gatsetseng]] gaufi le di ntlha tsa lefatshe go koafatsa bobedi leloko la Atlantic le Antarctic la go dikologa ga metsi a lewatle ka ntlha ya pharologano ya mogote le letswai, e leng se se fetolang go ya pele kabo ya mogote le pula go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Liu, Wei; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Hu, Shineng (26 June 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319730 "Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate".] ''Science Advances''. '''6''' (26) eaaz4876. [[Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC 7319730. PMID 32637596.|Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC&#x20;7319730. PMID&#x20;32637596.]]</ref><ref name=":5">Pearce, Fred (18 April 2023). [https://e360.yale.edu/features/climate-change-ocean-circulation-collapse-antarctica "New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse"]. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref><ref>Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3|"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''4''' (1): 69. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...69L. [[Doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.|doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.]]</ref><ref>[https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/noaa-scientists-detect-reshaping-of-the-meridional-overturning-circulation-in-southern-ocean/ "NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean"]. NOAA. 29 March 2023.</ref> === Megote ya isago ya lefatshe ka bophara === [[Setshwantsho:Projected Change in Temperatures.svg|thumb|Diponelopele tsa dikai tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project#CMIP_Phase_6|CMIP6]] tsa diphetogo tsa [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] tsa ngwaga wa 2090 fa di bapisiwa le palogare ya ngwaga wa 1850 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 1900. Tsela ya ga jaanong ya go thuthafala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga e ka nna mo bogareng jwa dipheteletso tse pedi tseno.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"]]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARER...47..343S 2022ARER...47..343S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847.]] Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3 °C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". [[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3 °C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9 °C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1 °C.</ref>]] [[:en:World_Meteorological_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa]] o akanyeditse gore go na le kgonagalo ya mo e ka nnang karolo ya masomea a matlhano mo lekgolong ya gore mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ya dingwaga di le tlhano e fete selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.(2028)<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024b|WMO 2024b,]] p.&#x20;2.</ref> Setlhopha sa Ditšhaba se se Tlhomilweng go Sekaseka Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa (IPCC) e solofela gore palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi e tla feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo .<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 "Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis"] (PDF). ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. 7 August 2021. IPCC AR6 WGI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2024.</ref> [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Tlhatlhobo ya Borataro ya IPCC]] (ya ngwaga wa 2021) e ne e akaretsa diponelopele tsa gore ka dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka fitlhelela go tloga kwa go selekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius se le sengwe ntlha lefela go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa Celsius se le nngwe ntlha robabobedi ( 1.0–1.8&#x20;°C) ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo nang le mesi e e kwa tlase thata ya digase tsa sethopo, selekanyo sa mogote sa Celsius di le pedi ntlha nngwe go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha botlhano (2.1–3.5 °C) fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP3:_Regional_rivalry_(A_Rocky_Road)|seemo sa magareng sa go ntshiwa ga digase]] kgotsa fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP5:_Fossil-Fueled_Development_(Taking_the_Highway)|seemo se se kwa godimo thata sa go ntshiwa ga digase tseno]], go lebeletswe gore mogote o oketsega go tswa kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha tharo go fitlhela kwa go selekanyong sa Celsius di le tlhano ntlha supa (3.3–5.7 °C) ka fa tlase [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP5:_Fossil-Fueled_Development_(Taking_the_Highway)|ga seemo sa mesi e e kwa godimo thata]]. <ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=SPM-17}}</ref>Thuthafalo e tla tswelela go feta dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) mo maemong a magareng le a a kwa godimo a tshenyo,<ref>Meinshausen, Malte; Smith, S. J.; Calvin, K.; Daniel, J. S.; Kainuma, M. L. T.; Lamarque, J-F.; Matsumoto, K.; Montzka, S. A.; Raper, S. C. B.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Velders, G. J. M.; van Vuuren, D.P. P. (2011). [[doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z|"The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300"]]. ''Climatic Change''. '''109''' (1–2): 213–241. Bibcode:2011ClCh..109..213M. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z.</ref> <ref>Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021). [[doi:10.1111/gcb.15871|"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100".]] ''Global Change Biology''. '''28''' (2): 349–361. [[Doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID 34558764.|doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID&#x20;34558764.]]</ref>ka diponelopele tsa isago tsa megote tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo (2300) di tshwana le didikadike tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=43–44}}</ref> [[:en:Carbon_budget|Tekanyetsokabo ya khabone]] e e setseng ya go nna ka fa tlase ga dikoketso tse di rileng tsa mogote e laolwa ka go dira sekao sa modikologo wa khabone le go nna [[:en:Climate_sensitivity|bosisi ga seemo sa bosa]] mo digaseng tsa sethopo.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogelj|Forster|Kriegler|Smith|2019}}</ref> Go ya ka [[:en:UNEP|UNEP]], thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka bewa kwa tlase ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bobedi (2.0 °C) ka kgonagalo ya sephatlo sa lekgolo (50%) fa mesi morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) e sa fete bokete jwa di gigatonnes di le borobabongwe ta CO2. Tekanyetsokabo e ya khabone e tsamaisana le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le borataro tsa mesi ya ga jaana.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2024|United Nations Environment Programme 2024,]] pp.&#x20;XI, XVII.</ref> == Dilo tse di bakang go tlhatloga ga mogote wa bosheng jaana mo lefatsheng lotlhe == ''Pego ya konkono: [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|Dilo tse di bakang phetogo ya]] [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg|thumb|[[:en:Radiative_forcing|Dilo tsa tlholego le tsa thuto ya science]] tse di bakileng go gotela yga lefatshe e e diragetseng go fitlha jaanong. [[:en:Global_warming_potential|Bokgoni jwa thuthafalo ya lefatshe]] mo isagong jwa bakgweetsi ba ba tshelang lobaka lo loleele jaaka mesi ya khabonetaeokosaete ga bo a emelwa. Ditedu mo bareng nngwe le nngwe di bontsha [[:en:Observational_error|selekanyo sa phoso]] e e ka nnang teng.]] Thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa e itemogela ditikologo tse di farologaneng ka boyone tse di ka tsayang dingwaga, masomesome a dingwaga kgotsa le eleng makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Sekao, ditiragalo tsa [[:en:El_Niño|El Niño]] di baka ditlhatlogo tsa paka e e khutshwane ya matlhasedi a mogote wa boalogodimo fa ditiragalo tsa [[:en:La_Niña|La Niña]] di baka tsidifatso ya paka e e khutshwane.<ref>Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015). [[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|"Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''120''' (2): 480–494. d[[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|oi:10.1002/2014JD022576. hdl:10161/9564]]</ref> Makgetlo a tsone a ka ama diphetogo tsa mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ka kakaretso mo sekaleng sa nako sa dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013). [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|"An apparent hiatus in global warming?"]]. ''Earth's Future''. '''1''' (1): 19–32. Bibcode:2013EaFut...1...19T. [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|doi:10.1002/2013EF000165.]]</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe di bakwa ke go sa [[:en:Earth's_Energy_Imbalance|lekalekane ga maatla]] go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_forcing|dikgatelelong tsa kwa ntle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|National Research Council|2012|p=9}}</ref> Dikai tsa tse di akaretsa diphetogo tsa digase tsa sethopo, [[:en:Solar_luminosity|go phatsima ga letsatsi]], [[:en:Volcano|go thunya ga lekgwamolelo,]] le [[:en:Orbital_forcing|diphetogo tsa modikologo wa Lefatshe]] go dikologa Letsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch102013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|p=916}}.</ref> Go bona gore batho ba na le seabe sefe mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhamiwa "dikgatiso tsa menwana" tse di kgethegileng tsa dilo tsotlhe tse di ka nnang teng le go bapisiwa le mekgwa e e lemogilweng le go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go itsiweng fa gare.<ref>{{harvnb|Knutson|2017|p=443}}; {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|pp=875–876}}</ref> Ka sekai, go pateletsa letsatsi—mo kgatiso ya menwana ya lone e akaretsang go thuthafatsa lefaufau lotlhe—go kgaphetswe kwa thoko ka gonne ke lefaufau le le kwa tlase fela le le thuthafetseng.<ref>{{Harvnb|USGCRP|2009|p=20}}.</ref> Di-aerosol tsa mo lefaufaung di ntsha phelelo e nnye, e e tsidifatsang. Dikgweetsi tse dingwe, jaaka diphetogo tsa albedo, ga di na tshusumetso e ntsi.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=7}}</ref> === Mewa ya sethopo === ''Pego ya konokono : [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|go ntshiwa ga digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|ditlamorago tsa go tshwarwa ga mogote mo lefaufaung]], le [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|carbon dioxide mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe]]''[[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide 800kyr.svg|thumb|Dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo dingwageng di le dikete di le borobabobedi tse di fetileng jaaka di lekanngwa go tswa mo gare ga metsi a a gatsetseng (botala jwa loapi/botala) le ka tlhamalalo (bontsho)]] Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di bonala mo [[:en:Sunlight|leseding la letsatsi]], mme ka jalo di letla gore le fete mo lefaufaung go gotetsa boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. Lefatshe le e [[:en:Radiative_cooling|ntsha e le mogote]], mme digase tsa di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di monya karolo ya yone. Go monyelwa mo go fokotsa selekanyo se mogote o tshabelang kwa lefaufaung ka sone, go tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe le go o thuthafatsa fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>NASA. [https://climate.nasa.gov/causes "The Causes of Climate Change".] ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</ref> Fa [[:en:Water_vapour|mouwane wa metsi]] (go lekana le karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong) le maru (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong) e le tsone tse di nang le seabe se segolo mo phelelong ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung, di fetoga thata jaaka tiro ya mogote mme ka jalo di tsewa thata jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_feedbacks|ditshwaelo]] tse di fetolang bosisi jwa seemo sa bosa. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, dilekanyo tsa digase tse di jaaka CO2 (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi mo lekgolong), gese ya ozone e e mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya lefaufau (troposphere),<ref>Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer). {{harvnb|Wang|Shugart|Lerdau|2017}}</ref> Di-[[:en:Chlorofluorocarbon|CFC]] le [[:en:Nitrous_oxide|nitrous oxide]] di okediwa kgotsa di tlosiwa di sa ikaega ka mogote, mme ka jalo di tsewa e le [[:en:Radiative_forcing|dikgatelelo tsa kwa ntle]] tse di fetolang megote ya lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidt|Ruedy|Miller|Lacis|2010}}; {{harvnb|USGCRP Climate Science Supplement|2014|p=742}}</ref> Pele ga Phetogo ya Madirelo, selekanyo sa digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago se ne sa dira gore mowa o o gaufi le boalogodimo o nne bothitho ka bokana ka selekanyo sa di Celcius tse masome a mararo le boraro (33&#x20;°C) go feta ka fa o ka bong o le ka teng fa di ne di seyo.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1|2007|loc=FAQ1.1}}: "To emit 240 W m⁻², a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19&#x20;°C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14&#x20;°C).</ref> <ref>[https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect.html ACS. "What Is the Greenhouse Effect?".] Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref>Tiro ya batho fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo, bogolo jang go ntsha le go fisa mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo (magala, [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]], le ghese ya tlholego),<ref>{{Harvnb|The Guardian, 19 February|2020}}.</ref> e okeditse selekanyo sa dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) , [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|dilekanyo tsa CO2]] le methane di ne di oketsegile ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong (50%) le karolo ya lekgolo le masome a borataro le bone mo lekgolon (164%), ka go latelana, fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano.(1750) <ref>{{Harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=2}}.</ref>Dilekanyo tse tsa {{CO2}} di kwa godimo go feta ka nako epe fela mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le lesome le bone tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFThe_Cenozoic_CO2_Proxy_Integration_Project_(CenCOPIP)_Consortium2023|The Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project (CenCOPIP) Consortium 2023.]]</ref> [[:en:Atmospheric_methane|Dilekanyo tsa methane]] di kwa godimo thata go feta ka fa di neng di le ka teng mo dingwageng di dikete tse borobabobedi tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021,]] p.&#x20;TS-35.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg|thumb|[[:en:Global_Carbon_Project|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Khabone]] e bontsha kafa ditlaleletso tsa CO2 di bakilweng ke metswedi e e farologaneng e e tlhatlogang ka go latelana<ref>References for Global Carbon Budget chart updated through 2024: For carbon entries: [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/datahub/the-latest-gcb-data-2025/# "Home ›The Data Hub 2025 ›The Latest GCB Data (2025)"]. Global Carbon Budget. Click "Global Carbon Budget v2025" to download Excel xlsx file. Multiply these carbon entries by 3.664 to arrive at carbon dioxide figures. Contains land use data only since 1959; see OWID references for complete data: For carbon dioxide entries for other industry, flaring, cement, gas, oil, and coal: Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (23 June 2020). [https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel "CO₂ emissions by fuel"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Download data from chosen chart, "CO₂ emissions by fuel or industry type, World". For carbon dioxide entries for land use: [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-land-use?tab=line&country=~OWID_WRL "Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Select "Line", choose "Download", select "Data", click "Download displayed data".</ref>]] Mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe ya digase tse di bakiwang ke batho ka ngwaga wa 2019 e ne e lekana le bokete jwa di ditone di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe tsa CO2. Mo mesing eno, karolo ya masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong (75%) e ne e le CO2, karolo ya lesome le borobabobedi mo lekgolong (18%) e ne e le methane, karolo ya bone mo lekgolong(4%) e ne e le nitrous oxide, mme karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e ne e le [[:en:Fluorinated_gases|digase tse di nang le fluorine]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG3_Summary_for_Policymakers2022|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers 2022,]] Figure SPM.1.</ref> Mesi ya CO2 e tswa thata mo go fiseng [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo]] go tlamela ka maatla a dipalangwa, go dira, [[:en:Heating#Energy_sources|go thuthafatsa]], le motlakase.<ref name=":8" />Mesi e mengwe ya CO2 e tswa mo go rengweng ga dikgwa le mo dithulaganyong tsa madirelo, tse di akaretsang CO2 e e gololwang ke diphetogo tsa dikhemikhale tsa [[:en:Cement#Chemistry|go dira semente]], [[:en:Blast_furnace#Process_engineering_and_chemistry|tshipi]], [[:en:Hall–Héroult_process|aluminiamo]], le [[:en:Haber_process|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2019|p=17}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}; {{harvnb|EPA|2020}}: "Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials."</ref><ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zv7f3k7/revision/2 Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals"]. Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kvande|2014}}: "Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al2O3). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because {{CO2}} is a greenhouse gas."</ref>Mesi ya methane [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|e tswa mo diruiweng]], motshotelong, [[:en:Environmental_impact_of_rice_cultivation|temong ya raese]], mafelo a go latlhela matlakala, metsi a a leswe, le [[:en:Coal_seam_gas|meepo ya magala]], mmogo le [[:en:Fugitive_gas_emissions|go ntsha mahura le ghese]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2020}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Global Methane Initiative|2020}}: "Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|Enteric fermentation]] (27%), [[:en:Municipal_Solid_Waste|Manure Managemen]]<nowiki/>t (3%), Coal Mining (9%), Municipal Solid Waste (11%), Oil & Gas (24%), [[:en:Wastewater|Wastewater]] (7%), Rice Cultivation (7%)."</ref>Mesi ya nitrous oxide e tswa thata mo go boleng ga ditshedinnye tsa [[:en:Fertilizer|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2019}}: "Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N2O emissions."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|2009}}: "2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period."</ref> Fa methane e nna fela mo lefaufaung ka palogare ya dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ,<ref>[https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions "Understanding methane emissions".] International Energy Agency.</ref>CO2 e nna lobaka lo loleele thata. Boalo jwa Lefatshe bo monya CO2 jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Carbon_cycle|modikologo wa khabone]]. Fa dimela tse di mo lefatsheng le mo lewatleng di monya bontsi jwa mesi e e feteletseng ya CO2 ngwaga le ngwaga, CO2 eo e busediwa mo lefaufaung fa dilo tsa ditshedi di silwa, di tuka, kgotsa di bola.<ref name=":2">Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011). [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/?src=eoa-features "The Carbon Cycle".] ''Earth Observatory''. NASA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa [[:en:Carbon_sink|lefelo le le bolokang khabone]] mo godimo ga lefatshe, jaaka go [[:en:Carbon_fixation|tlhomamisa carbon]] mo mmung le tsela e dimela di dirisang maatla a letsatsi go itirela dijo, di tlosa bokana jwa karolo ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mo lekgolong (29%) ya mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya lefatshe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=10}}</ref> Lewatle le monya karolo ya masome a mabedi go ya go masomeng a mararo mo lekgolong (20% to 30%) ya CO2 e e ntshiwang mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=450}}.</ref> CO2 e tlosiwa fela mo lefaufaung ka nako e telele fa e bolokwa mo legogong la Lefatshe, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tsayang didikadike tsa dingwaga go wediwa.<ref name=":2" /> === Diphetogo tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe === [[Setshwantsho:20210331 Global tree cover loss - World Resources Institute.svg|thumb|Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke ditlhare mo lefatsheng lotlhe se menagane gabedi fa e sa le ka 2001, go nna tatlhegelo ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e atamelang lefelo le le lekanang le bogolo jwa Italy .]] Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mararo ya lefatshe la Lefatshe ga le dirisiwe thata ke batho ([[:en:Glacier|dikgalase]], [[:en:Desert|dikaka]], jalo jalo.), karolo ya masome a mabedi le borataro mo lekgolong ke dikgwa, karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ke naga ya [[:en:Shrubland|ditlhatshana]] mme karolo ya masome a mararo le bone ke naga ya temothuo.<ref>{{harvnb|Ritchie|Roser|2018}}</ref> [[:en:Deforestation|Go rengwa ga dikgwa]] ke seabe se segolo sa [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> ka ditlhare tse di sentsweng di golola CO2, mme ga di emisediwe ke ditlhare tse dišwa, di tlosa sinki eo ya khabone.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), karolo ya masome a mabedi le bosupa mo lekgolong ya go rengwa ga dikgwa e ne e le go tswa mo go kgaoleng dikgwa tsa leruri go kgontsha katoloso ya temothuo ya dijalo le leruo. E nngwe ya karolo ya masome a mabedi le bone mo lekgolong e latlhegetswe ke go [[:en:Shifting_cultivation|phepafadiwa ga nakwana]] ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tsa temothuo ya temo e e fetogang. Karolo ya masome mabedi le borataro mo lekgolong e ne e le ka ntlha ya go rema dikgong go bona dikgong le ditlhagiswa tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme [[:en:Wildfire|melelo ya naga]] e dirile karolo ya masome a mabedi leboraro e e setseng.<ref>{{harvnb|Curtis|Slay|Harris|Tyukavina|2018}}</ref> Dikgwa dingwe ga di ise di tlosiwe ka botlalo, mme di ne di setse di sentswe ke ditlamorago tseno. Go busetsa dikgwa tse gape go busetsa bokgoni jwa tsona jaaka sinki ya khabone.<ref name=":9">Garrett, L.; Lévite, H.; Besacier, C.; Alekseeva, N.; Duchelle, M. (2022). ''The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action''. Rome: FAO. [[Doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN 978-92-5-137044-5.|doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-5-137044-5</bdi>.]]</ref> Dimela tse di khurumetsang lefatshe mo lefelong lengwe di ama gore bontsi jo bo kana kang jwa marang a letsatsi bo bonagadiwe bo boela kwa loaping (albedo), le gore [[:en:Evaporative_cooling|mogote o montsi go le kae o latlhega ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga metsi mouwane]].Sekao, fa naga e e nang le sekgwa se se kitlaneng e fetolwa go nna bojang, bokagodimo jwa lefatshe bo nna botala jo bo phatsimang go feta. Seno se dira gore bo bonagatse marang a letsatsi a mantsi go boela kwa loaping. Go rengwa ga dikgwa gape go ka fetola go gololwa ga dikhemikhale tse di amang popego ya maru, e bile go ka fetola popego le bogwata jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe ka tsela e e amang lobelo lwa phefo.<ref name=":10">{{harvnb|World Resources Institute, 8 December|2019}}</ref> Kwa mafelong a a mogote le a a mo seemong sa seemo sa bosa se se magareng, ditlamorago tsotlhe di felela ka go oketsa mogote ka selekanyo se segolo. <ref name=":9" />Ka jalo, go busetsa dikgwa kwa mafelong a di kileng tsa rengwa go ka dira gore mogote wa mo lefelong leo e fokotsege.Kwa mafelong a a gaufi le ntlha ya bokone kgotsa borwa jwa Lefatshe, go nna le ditlamorago tsa go tsidifala fa dikgwa di emisetswa ka mafelo a a khurumeditsweng ke kapoko, a a bonagatsang marang a letsatsi go feta. <ref name=":10" />Mo lefatsheng lotlhe, go oketsega gono ga bokgoni jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe jwa go bonagatsa marang a letsatsi go boela kwa loaping (albedo) e nnile yone selo se segolo se se amileng mogote ka tlhamalalo ka ntlha ya diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Ka jalo, go fopholediwa gore diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe tse di diragetseng go fitlha jaanong di bakile go tsidifala go go nnye ga lefatshe ka kakaretso.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019|IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019,]] p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06 °C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land."</ref> === Mabaka a mangwe === ==== Di-aerosol le maru ==== Kgotlelego ya mowa, ka sebopego sa di-aerosol, e ama seemo sa bosa ka selekanyo se segolo.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haywood|2016|p=456}}; {{harvnb|McNeill|2017}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref>Di-aerosol di gasaganya le go monya marang a letsatsi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe go ya ko ngwagebg wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, go ne ga lemogiwa go fokotsega ka iketlo ga selekanyo sa lesedi la letsatsi le le fitlhang mo godimo ga Lefatshe. Tiragalo e e itsege thata jaaka go fifala ga lesedi mo lefatsheng lotlhe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2|2013|p=183}}.</ref>mme e amana le di-aerosol tsa sulfate tse di tlhagisiwang ke go tuka ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng tse di nang le dilekanyo tse di bokete tsa sebabole jaaka magala le ditukisi tsa di-bunker.<ref name=":1" />Dikabelo tse dinnye di tswa mo khaboneng e ntsho (go tswa mo go fiseng ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le biomass), le go tswa mo leroleng.<ref>{{harvnb|He|Wang|Zhou|Wild|2018}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ "Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming"]. [[:en:American_Geophysical_Union|''American Geophysical Union''.]] 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref><ref>Monroe, Robert (20 January 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251011004520/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/increased-atmospheric-dust-has-masked-power-greenhouse-gases-warm-planet "Increased Atmospheric Dust has Masked Power of Greenhouse Gases to Warm Planet | Scripps Institution of Oceanography".] ''scripps.ucsd.edu''. Retrieved 8 November 2024.</ref>Lefatshe ka bophara, di-aerosol di ntse di fokotsega fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ka ntlha ya ditaolo tsa kgotlhelego, se se rayang gore ga di tlhole di bipa thuthafalo ya gase ya sethopo thata.<ref>{{harvnb|Wild|Gilgen|Roesch|Ohmura|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Di-aerosol le tsone di na le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang mo tekanyetsokabong ya maatla a Lefatshe. Di-aerosol tsa sulfate di dira jaaka dinyuklea tsa go tlhotlhorega ga maru mme di isa kwa marung a a nang le marothi a mantsi le a mannye a maru. Maru ano a bontsha marang a letsatsi ka tsela e e nang le matswela go feta maru a a nang le marothi a mannye le a magolo.<ref>{{harvnb|Albrecht|1989}}.</ref>Gape di fokotsa kgolo ya marothodi a pula, se se dirang gore maru a bonatse sentle mo leseding la letsatsi le le tsenang.<ref>{{harvnb|Twomey|1977}}.</ref> Ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang tsa di-aerosol ke tsone tse di sa tlhomamang thata mo go pateletsang marang.<ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}.</ref> Le fa gone di-aerosol ka tlwaelo di fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi la letsatsi, khabone e ntsho e e mo mosing e e welang mo kapokong kgotsa mo aeseng e ka dira gore lefatshe le thuthafale. Mogote o o feteletseng o o tlholang o akofisa go nyerologa ga aese le dikgapetla, mme seno se dira gore bogodimo jwa lewatle bo tlhatloge thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216194041/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220303925 "A review of black carbon in snow and ice and its impact on the cryosphere"]. ''Earth-Science Reviews''. '''210'''. 1 November 2020. [[doi:10.1016/j.ear]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252 ISSN&#x20;0012-8252]. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Ramanathan|Carmichael|2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|RIVM|2016}}.</ref>Go fokotsa dipeeletso tse dišwa tsa khabone e ntsho kwa Arctic go ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka 0.2 °C ka 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Sand|Berntsen|von Salzen|Flanner|2015}}</ref> Ditlamorago tsa go fokotsega ga diteng tsa sebabole tsa oli ya lookwane lwa dikepe fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi <ref>[https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Sulphur-2020.aspx "IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions"]. ''imo.org''.</ref> di fopholediwa go baka koketsego e nngwe ya 0.05 °C mo themphereitšheng ya lefatshe ka 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 3 July|2023}}</ref> === Tiro ya letsatsi le lekgwamolelo === [[Setshwantsho:2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg|thumb|Tshekatsheko ya Bone ya Tlelaemete ya Bosetšhaba ("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) e akaretsa ditšhate tse di bontshang gore ga go na tiro ya letsatsi kgotsa ya lekgwamolelo e e ka tlhalosang thuthafalo e e lemogilweng.[1]]] Ka Letsatsi e le motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang di ama ka tlhamalalo thulaganyo ya go feteoga ga loapi.<ref name=":6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}</ref> [[Phatsimo ya letsatsi]] e lekantswe ka tlhamalalo ke [[disatelaete]],<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008]{{Harvnb|National Academies|2008|p=6}}</ref> mme ditekanyo tse di sa tlhamalalang di teng go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a marataro go ya pele.<ref name=":6" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi, ga go ise go nne le tlwaelo ya go tlhatloga ga selekanyo sa maatla a Letsatsi a a fitlhang kwa Lefatsheng, go farologana le go thuthafala ga lefaufau le le kwa tlase [[(troposphere)]].<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming "Is the Sun causing global warming?"]. ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. 18 September 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190505160051/https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming/ Archived] from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</ref> Lefaufau le le kwa godimo ([[stratosphere]]) le lone le ne le tla bo le thuthafala fa Letsatsi le ne le romela maatla a mantsi kwa Lefatsheng, mme boemong jwa seo, le ntse le tsidifala.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP2009]{{Harvnb|USGCRP|2009|p=20}}</ref> Se se tsamaelana le digase tsa sethopo tse di thibelang mogote go tswa mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch92007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9|2007|pp=702–703}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRandelShineAustinBarnett2009]{{harvnb|Randel|Shine|Austin|Barnett|2009}}.</ref> [[Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo]] go go thunyang go ka ntsha digase, lerole le molora tse di thibelang lesedi la letsatsi ka bontlhabongwe le go fokotsa dithemphoritšhara, kgotsa di ka romela mouwane wa metsi mo lefaufaung, o o oketsang digase tsa sethopo le go oketsa mogote. Ditlamorago tse mo mogoteng di tsaya fela dingwaga di le mmalwa, ka gonne bobedi mouwane wa metsi le dilo tsa lekgwamolelo di na le go tswelela go go kwa tlase mo lefaufaung.<ref name=":7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#cite_note-USGCRP_Chapter_2_2017_79-156]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=79}}</ref> [[Mesi ya CO2]] ya lekgwamolelo e nna e ntse e le teng, fela e lekana le kwa tlase ga 1% ya mesi ya ga jaana ya [[CO2]] e e bakiwang ke batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFFischerAiuppa2020|Fischer &#x26; Aiuppa 2020.]]</ref> Tiro ya lekgwamolelo e sa ntse e emela tshusumetso e le nngwe e kgolo ya tlholego (go pateletsa) mo themphereitšheng mo motlheng wa madirelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, fela jaaka dikgatelelo tse dingwe tsa tlholego, e nnile le ditlamorago tse di sa reng sepe mo diphetogong tsa themperetšha ya lefatshe fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo.<ref name=":7" /> === Ditshwaelo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete === [[Setshwantsho:NORTH POLE Ice (19626661335).jpg|thumb|etsiya a gatsetseng lewatle ea ontsha karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong go ya ko karolong ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang, fa lewatle, ka le le lefifi, le bontsha fela karolo ya boratatro mo lekgolong Jaaka fa lefelo la aese ya lewatle le ntse le nyerologa le go senola lewatle le lentsi, mogote o montsi o monyelwa ke lewatle, mme se se tlhatlosa egotetE enyerolosang ametsiea gatsetseng anmatsi gape. Se ke thulaganyo ya ditshwaelo tse di siameng.[158]]] Tsibogo ya thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapi mo go patelediweng ga ntlha e bopiwa ke ditshwaelo, tse di ka godisang kgotsa tsa fokotsa phetogo. Ditshwaelo tse di itlhomamisang kgotsa tse di siameng di oketsa tsibogo, fa ditshwaelo tse di lekalekanang kgotsa tse di sa siamang di e fokotsa.<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ "The study of Earth as an integrated system".] Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190226190002/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ Archived] from the original on 26 February 2019.</ref> Ditshwaelo tse ditona tse di nonotshang ke ditshwaelo tsa mouwane wa metsi, [[ditshwaelo tsa aese–albedo]], le [[ditshwaelo tsa maru]] a nete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–91</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=58}}: "The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence)"</ref> Mokgwa wa konokono wa go lekalekanya ke go tsidifatsa ka marang, ka gonne boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe bo ntsha mogote o montsi kwa lefaufaung go tsibogela themperetšha e e tlhatlogang.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–90.</ref>Mo godimo ga ditshwaelo tsa thempheretšha, go na le ditshwaelo mo modikologong wa khabone, jaaka phelelo ya go nontsha ya CO2 mo kgolong ya dimela.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013]{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013|p=14}}</ref>Ditshwaelo di solofetswe go ya kwa ntlheng e e siameng jaaka fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tswelela, go tlhatlosa bosisi jwa seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=93}}: "Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases."</ref> Dithulaganyo tseno tsa ditshwaelo di fetola lobelo lwa go thuthafala ga lefatshe. Ka sekai, mowa o o bothitho o ka kgona go tshwara bongola jo bontsi ka sebopego sa mouwane wa metsi, o ka boone e leng gase e e maatla ya sethopo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017]], pp.&#x20;89–91.</ref> Mowa o o bothitho gape o ka dira gore maru a nne kwa godimo le go nna masesane, mme ka jalo a thibele thata, go oketsa thuthafalo ya tlelaemete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWilliamsCeppiKatavouta2020|Williams, Ceppi &#x26; Katavouta 2020]]</ref> Go fokotsega ga khurumetso ya kapoko le metsi a lekwete a lewatle kwa Arctic ke pegelo e nngwe e kgolo, seno se fokotsa go bonala ga boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe mo kgaolong le go itlhaganedisa thuthafalo ya Arctic.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_28_May2013|{{harvnb|NASA, 28 May|2013}}.]]</ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFCohenScreenFurtadoBarlow2014|{{harvnb|Cohen|Screen|Furtado|Barlow|2014}}.]]</ref>Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e gape e na le seabe mo go thapologeng ga permafrost, e e gololang methane le CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFTuretskyAbbottJonesAnthony2019]{{harvnb|Turetsky|Abbott|Jones|Anthony|2019}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mesi ya CO2 e e bakiwang ke batho e monyetswe ke dimela tsa mo lefatsheng le ke mawatle.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFClimate.gov,_23_June2022]{{harvnb|Climate.gov, 23 June|2022}}: "Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade."</ref>Karolwana e ga e eme fela mme fa mesi ya CO2 ya isago e ka fokotsega, Lefatshe le tla kgona go monya go fitlha go bokana jwa karolo ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong . Fa di ka oketsega thata, e santse e tla monya khabone e ntsi go feta jaanong, mme karolwana yotlhe e tla fokotsega go ya kwa tlase ga 40%.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=TS-122|loc=Box TS.5, Figure 1}}</ref>Seno ke ka gonne phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa komelelo le makhubu a mogote a a felelang a thibela kgolo ya dimela mo lefatsheng, mme mebu e tla golola khabone e ntsi go tswa mo dimeleng tse di suleng fa di le bothitho.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMelilloFreyDeAngelisWerner2017]{{harvnb|Melillo|Frey|DeAngelis|Werner|2017}}: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning.</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Ch2|2019|pp=133, 144}}.</ref>Seelo se mawatle a monyang khabone ya lefaufau ka sona se tla fokotsega fa a ntse a nna le asiti e ntsi le go itemogela diphetogo mo go dikologeng ga thermohaline le mo go anamisiweng ga [[phytoplankton]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017]], pp.&#x20;93–95</ref><ref>Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''13''': 83–90. [[doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7]]. OSTI&#x20;2242376.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Go sa tlhomamisegeng ga ditshwaelo, bogolosegolo khurumetso ya maru,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=58, 59}}: "Clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks."</ref> ke lebaka le legolo la go bo dikai tse di farologaneng tsa tlelaemete di supa bogolo jo bo farologaneng jwa thuthafalo mo selekanyong se se rileng sa mesi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway."</ref> == Go dira mmotlolo == [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|'''Maatla a tsamaya fa gare ga loapi, sepakapaka le bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Bontsi jwa marang a letsatsi bo feta mo sepakapakeng mme bo futhumatse bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Morago ga moo, gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo di monya bontsi jwa mogote o Lefatshe bo o gololang morago ga go futhumadiwa ke letsatsi.Fa bontsi jwa gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo bo okediwa, phello eno ya go thibela mogote gore o se ka wa tswa e nonofa. Seno se baka go se lekalekane ga maatla , mo go rayang gore mogote o montsi o tsenngwa mo Lefatsheng go feta o o tswang mo go lone.''']] Mokgwa wa seemo sa loapi ke kemedi ya dithulaganyo tsa mmele, tsa motswako le tsa ditshedi tse di amang thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR_Glossary2014]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}.</ref> Dikai di akaretsa dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tse di tshwanang diphetogo mo modikologong wa Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa ditso mo tirong ya Letsatsi, le go pateletsa ga lekgwamolelo.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types "What are the different types of climate models?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo di dirisiwa go akanyetsa selekanyo sa thuthafalo ye mesi ya isago e ka bakang go akanyediwa thata ga ditshwaelo tsa seemo sa loap.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who "Who does climate modelling around the world?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo gape di bonela pele go dikologa ga mawatle, modikologo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa dipaka, le go elela ga khabone fa gare ga boalo jwa lefatshe le lefaufau.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_15_January2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#what "What is a climate model?"]}}</ref> Boammaaruri jwa dikai bo lekwa ka go sekaseka bokgoni jwa tsone jwa go etsa seemo sa loapi sa gompieno kgotsa tsa nako e e fetileng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch82007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch8|2007}}, FAQ 8.1</ref> Dikai tse di fetileng di tseetse kwa tlase seelo sa go ngotlega ga Arctic<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFStroeveHollandMeierScambos2007]{{harvnb|Stroeve|Holland|Meier|Scambos|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Geographic,_13_August2019]{{harvnb|National Geographic, 13 August|2019}}</ref> ​​le go nyatsa seelo sa koketsego ya pula.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLiepertPrevidi2009]{{harvnb|Liepert|Previdi|2009}}</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe go ne go tseelwa kwa tlase mo dikaong tsa bogologolo, fela dikao tsa bošeng di dumalana sentle le ditebelelo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRahmstorfCazenaveChurchHansen2007]{{harvnb|Rahmstorf|Cazenave|Church|Hansen|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMitchumMastersHamlingtonFasullo2018]{{harvnb|Mitchum|Masters|Hamlington|Fasullo|2018}}</ref>Tshekatsheko ya Bosetšhaba ya seemo sa loapi e e gatisitsweng ke United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa e tshwaela gore "dikai tsa seemo sa bosa di ka tswa di santse di nyatsa kgotsa di tlhaela dithulaganyo tse di maleba tsa ditshwaelo".<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017}}.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, dikai tsa seemo sa loapi di ka nna tsa se ka tsa kgona go bonela pele ka botlalo diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi tsa kgaolo tsa nakwana.<ref>Hébert, R.; Herzschuh, U.; Laepple, T. (31 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614181 "Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations"]. ''Nature Geoscience''. '''15''' (1): 899–905. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatGe..15..899H 2022NatGe..15..899H.] [[Doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.|doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.]] PMC&#x20;7614181. PMID&#x20;36817575.</ref> Setlhotshwana sa dikai tsaseemo sa loapi se oketsa dintlha tsa loago mo sekaong sa seemo sa loapi sa mmele. Dikai tseno di etsisa kafa palo ya batho, kgolo ya ikonomi le tiriso ya maatla di amang—le go dirisana le—tlelaemete ya mmatota ka gone. Ka tshedimosetso eno, dikai tseno di ka tlhagisa ditiragalo tsa go ntsha gase ya sethopo mo isagweng. Se se dirisiwa jaaka tshedimosetso ya dikai tsa tlelaemete le dikai tsa modikologo wa khabone go bonela pele ka fao dilekanyo tsa digase tsa sethopo di ka fetogang ka teng mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout "What are the inputs and outputs for a climate model?"]}}</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMatthewsGillettStottZickfeld2009]{{harvnb|Matthews|Gillett|Stott|Zickfeld|2009}}</ref>Go ikaegile ka boemo jwa loago le ikonomi le boemo jwa phokotso, dikai di ntsha dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung tse di fa gare ga makgolo a mararo le masome a robabobedi le 1400 ppm.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_19_April2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 19 April|2018}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMeinshausen2019]{{harvnb|Meinshausen|2019|p=462}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == [[Setshwantsho:202505 Escalation of extreme heat - 247 countries - attribution to climate change.svg|thumb|Mo e ka nnang mo mafatsheng otlhe le mafelong otlhe a lefatshe, borasaense ba ba ithutang [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|mabaka le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa bosa]] ba fitlheletse tshwetso ya gore go gotela ga lefatshe mo go bakilweng ke ditiro tsa batho go okeditse palo ya malatsi a go nna le mogote o o feteletseng fa go bapisiwa le se se neng se tlwaelesegileng mo nakong e telele<ref>Giguere, Otto; Tanenenbaum, Vahlbert (30 May 2025). [https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf "Climate Change and the Escalation of Global Extreme Heat: Assessing and Addressing the Risks"] (PDF). Climate Central, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, and World Weather Attribution. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250531004758/https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2025. Click on "Download the data", and in spreadsheet choose "Countries and territories" tab at bottom to view raw data</ref>]] Ditlamorago mo Tikologong Ditlamorago tsa phetogo yaseemo sa loapo mo tikologong di aname e bile di ama kgakala, di ama mawatle, metsi a lekwete le maemo a bosa. Diphetogo di ka diragala ka iketlo kgotsa ka bonako. Bosupi jwa ditlamorago tse bo tswa mo go ithuteng phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo nakong e e fetileng, mo go direng sekao, le mo ditebelelong tsa segompieno.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFHansenSatoHeartyRuedy2016]{{harvnb|Hansen|Sato|Hearty|Ruedy|2016}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithsonian,_26_June2016]{{harvnb|Smithsonian, 26 June|2016}}.</ref> Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano, komelelo le makhubu a mogote di tlhageletse ka nako e le nngwe ka makgetlo a a oketsegang.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017|p=415}}.</ref> Ditiragalo tse di metsi thata kgotsa tse di omileng mo pakeng ya dipula tsa monsoon di oketsegile kwa India le Asia Botlhaba.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFScientific_American,_29_April2014]{{harvnb|Scientific American, 29 April|2014}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFBurkeStott2017]{{harvnb|Burke|Stott|2017}}.</ref>Pula ya monsoon mo Hemisefereng ya Bokone e oketsegile fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi .Seelo sa pula le maatla a dikgwanyape le dikgwanyape di ka nna tsa oketsega,<ref>Liu, Fei; Wang, Bin; Ouyang, Yu; Wang, Hui; Qiao, Shaobo; Chen, Guosen; Dong, Wenjie (19 April 2022). [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|"Intraseasonal variability of global land monsoon precipitation and its recent trend".]] ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''5''' (1): 30. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022npCAS...5...30L Bibcode:2022npCAS...5...30L]. [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|doi:10.103812-022-00253-7.]] ISSN&#x20;2397-3722./s416</ref> mme lefelo le ka nna la atologa go ya kwa dipole go tsibogela thuthafalo ya tlelaemete.<ref>Studholme, Joshua; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Gulev, Sergey K.; Emanuel, Kerry; Hodges, Kevin (29 December 2021). [https://hal.science/hal-03560276 "Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates".] ''[[:en:Nature_Geoscience|Nature Geoscience]]''. '''15''': 14–28. [[doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1|doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1.]]</ref> Makgetlo a dikgwanyape tsa boboatsatsi ga a ise a oketsege ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ "Hurricanes and Climate Change"]. [[:en:Center_for_Climate_and_Energy_Solutions|''Center for Climate and Energy Solutions''.]] 10 July 2020.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sea level history and projections.svg|thumb|Kago sesha ya ditso ya selekanyo sa bogodimo jwa metsi a lewatle le diponelopele tsa gore bo tla fetoga jang go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2100, tse di phatlaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2017 ke Lenaneo la Dipatlisiso la Diphetogo tsa Lefatshe la United States.<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA|2017}}</ref>]] Bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa lefatshe lotlhe bo tlhatloga ka ntlha ya go atologa ga mogote le go nyerologa ga dikgapetla tsa metsi a lekwete le dithapo tsa teng. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, go fitlha go 4.8 cm ka ngwagasome magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone le wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024a]{{harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=6}}.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe, IPCC e akantse ka 32–62 cm ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa tlase, 44–76 cm ka fa tlase ga se se magareng le 65–101 cm ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa godimo thata.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG22022]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|p=1302}}</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go sa tlhomamang ga aese ya lewatle kwa Antarctica di ka oketsa thata mo ditekanyetsong tseno,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeContoPollard2016]{{harvnb|DeConto|Pollard|2016}}</ref> go akaretsa le kgonagalo ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa dimitara di le pedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lekgolo ka fa tlase ga mesi e e kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFBamberOppenheimerKoppAspinall2019|Bamber et al. 2019.]]</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se dirile gore metsi a lekwete a lewatle la Arctic a fokotsege le go nna masesane ka masomesome a dingwaga.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZhangLindsaySteeleSchweiger2008]{{harvnb|Zhang|Lindsay|Steele|Schweiger|2008}}</ref> Le fa selemo se se senang metsi a lekwete se solofetswe go nna sa sewelo ka didikirii tsa thuthafalo tsa 1.5 °C, di rulaganyeditswe go diragala gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo go ya go di le lesome ka selekanyo sa thuthafalo ya 2 °C.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung di dira gore CO2 e ntsi e nyerologe mo mawatleng, mme seno se dira gore a nne asiti thata.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDoneyFabryFeelyKleypas2009]{{Harvnb|Doney|Fabry|Feely|Kleypas|2009}}.</ref> Ka ntlha ya fa okosejene e sa nwelelele thata mo metsing a a bothitho,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeutschBrixItoFrenzel2011]{{harvnb|Deutsch|Brix|Ito|Frenzel|2011}}</ref> selekanyo sa yone mo lewatleng se a fokotsega, mme dikgaolo tse di suleng di a atologa.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Ch52019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=510}}; </ref> === Dintlha tsa phetogo le ditlamorago tsa paka e telele === [[Setshwantsho:Tipping points 2022 list.jpeg|thumb|Maemo a a farologaneng a thuthafalo ya lefatshe a ka dira gore dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa sa Lefatshe di fitlhelele dintlha tsa go fetoga tse di bakang diphetogo go ya kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng.[209][210]]] Dikgato tse dikgolo tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe di oketsa kotsi ya go feta mo 'dintlheng tsa go fetoga'—dilo tse go fetang tsone ditlamorago dingwe tse dikgolo di ka se tlholeng di ka tilwa le fa dithemphoritšhara di ka boela kwa seemong sa tsone sa pele.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=283}}</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_10_February2020]{{Harvnb|Carbon Brief, 10 February|2020}}</ref>Ka sekai, aese ya Greenland e setse e nyerologa, mme fa mogote wa lefatshe o ka fitlha kwa selekanyong se se fa gare ga 1,7 °C le 2,3 °C, go nyerologa ga yone go tla tswelela go fitlha e nyelela gotlhelele. Fa moragonyana thuthafalo e ka fokodiwa go nna 1.5 °C kgotsa kwa tlase, e santse e tla latlhegelwa ke aese e ntsi go feta fa thuthafalo e ne e sa letlelelwe go fitlha kwa molelwaneng kwa tshimologong.<ref>Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet".] ''Nature''. '''622''' (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. [[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 PMC&#x20;10584691]. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853149 PMID&#x20;37853149.]</ref>Le fa aese e ne e tla nyerologa mo dingwageng di le sekete, dintlha tse dingwe tsa go fetoga di ne di tla diragala ka bonako mme di neye merafe nako e nnye ya go tsiboga. Go phutlhama ga makhubu a magolo a lewatle jaaka go dikologa ga Atlantic meridional (AMOC), le tshenyo e e ka se busediweng morago mo dithulaganyong tsa botlhokwa tsa tikologo jaaka [[sekgwa sa pula sa Amazon]] le dikorale di ka diragala mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5&#x20;°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''377''' (6611) eabn7950. [[doi:10.1126/science.abn7950|doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.]] hdl:10871/131584. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074831 PMID&#x20;36074831.]</ref> [[Go phutlhama ga AMOC]] e tla nna masetlapelo a magolo a tlelaemete, a a tla felelang ka go tsidifala ga Hemisefere ya Bokone.<ref>Ditlevsen, Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 July 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 "Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation".] ''Nature Communications''. '''14''' (1): 4254. [[arXiv:2304.09160]]. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.4254D Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.4254D.] [[doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w|doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w.]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 PMC&#x20;10368695.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37491344 PMID&#x20;37491344.]</ref> Ditlamorago tsa paka e telele tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo mawatleng di akaretsa go nyerologa ga metsi a lekwete go ya pele, go thuthafala ga lewatle, go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, go nna asiti ga lewatle le go tlhoka okosejene mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=21}}</ref> Nako ya ditlamorago tsa paka e telele ke makgolokgolo a dingwaga go ya go diketekete tsa dingwaga ka ntlha ya botshelo jo boleele jwa CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12|2013|pp=88–89|loc=FAQ 12.3}}</ref> Sephetho ke tlhatlogo yotlhe ya bogodimo jwa lewatle e e fopholediwang ya dimitara di le 2.3 ka dikirii ya Celsius (4.2 ft/°F) morago ga dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi .<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithSchneiderOppenheimerYohe2009]{{harvnb|Smith|Schneider|Oppenheimer|Yohe|2009}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLevermannClarkMarzeionMilne2013]{{harvnb|Levermann|Clark|Marzeion|Milne|2013}}</ref> Go tsewa ga CO2 mo lewatleng go bonya mo e leng gore go nna asiti ga lewatle le gone go tla tswelela dingwaga di le makgolokgolo go ya go di le diketekete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013]], p.&#x20;1112</ref> Mawatle a a boteng (ka fa tlase ga dimitara di le dikete tse pedi (6,600 ft)) le one a setse a itlamile go latlhegelwa ke go feta 10% ya okosejene ya one e e tswakilweng ke thuthafalo e e diragetseng go fitlha ga jaana.<ref>Oschlies, Andreas (16 April 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 "A committed fourfold increase in ocean oxygen loss".] ''Nature Communications''. '''12''' (1) 2307. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.2307O Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2307O]. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22584-4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 PMC&#x20;8052459]. PMID&#x20;33863893.</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, aese ya Antarctica Bophirima e lebega e ineetse go nyerologa go go ka se busediweng morago, mo go neng go tla oketsa maemo a lewatle ka bonnye 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) mo dingwageng di ka nna ka dikete tse pedi.<ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5&#x20;°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". ''Science''. '''377''' (6611) eabn7950. [[Doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.|doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.]] hdl:[[10871/131584.]] PMID&#x20;36074831.</ref><ref>Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''382''' (6677): 1384–1389. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382.1384L Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L]. [[doi:10.1126/science.ade0664|doi:10.1126/science.ade0664.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38127761 PMID&#x20;38127761].</ref><ref>Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Holland, Paul R.; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"]]. ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''13''' (11): 1222–1228. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13.1222N Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N.] [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x.]]</ref> === Tlhago le diphologolo tsa naga === Thuthafalo ya sešweng e kgweeditse mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi tsa lefatshe le tsa metsi a a phepa go ya kwa dipoleng le go ya kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=218}}.</ref>Ka sekai, mofuta wa makgolokgolo a dinonyane tsa Amerika Bokone o sutetse kwa bokone ka palogare ya 1.5 km/ngwaga mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano le botlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (9 April 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11009622 "Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds".] [[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America|''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''.]] '''121''' (15) e2307525121. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12107525M Bibcode:2024PNAS..12107525M.] [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121|doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 ISSN&#x20;0027-8424]. PMC&#x20;11009622. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38557189 PMID&#x20;38557189.]</ref>Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung le paka e e atolositsweng ya go gola di dirile gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne tala. Le fa go ntse jalo, makhubu a mogote le komelelo di fokoditse ntshodikuno ya thulaganyo ya tikologo mo dikgaolong dingwe. Tekatekano ya isago ya ditlamorago tse di ganetsanang ga e tlhaloganyesege.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019|IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019,]] p.&#x20;133.</ref> Tiragalo e e amanang le seno e e kgweediwang ke phetogo ya tlelaemete ke go tsenelela ga dimela tsa logong, go go amang diheketara di le dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>Deng, Yuanhong; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Hu, Xia (December 2021). "Woody plant encroachment enhanced global vegetation greening and ecosystem water-use efficiency". [[:en:Global_Ecology_and_Biogeography|''Global Ecology and Biogeography''.]] '''30''' (12): 2337–2353. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GloEB..30.2337D Bibcode:2021GloEB..30.2337D]. [[doi:10.1111/geb.13386|doi:10.1111/geb.13386.]]</ref> Phetogo ya tlelaemete e nnile le seabe mo go atologa ga dikgaolo tsa tlelaemete tse di omileng, jaaka go atologa ga dikaka kwa mafelong a a boboatsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZengYoon2009]{{harvnb|Zeng|Yoon|2009}}.</ref> Bogolo le lebelo la thuthafalo ya lefatshe di dira gore go nne le diphetogo tse di tshoganyetso mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFTurnerCalderCummingHughes2020|Turner et al. 2020,]] p.&#x20;1.</ref>Ka kakaretso, go solofetswe gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e tla felela ka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUrban2015|Urban 2015.]]</ref> Mawatle a gotetse ka bonya go feta lefatshe, fela dimela le diphologolo mo lewatleng di fudugetse kwa dipoleleng tse di tsididi ka bonako go feta mefuta e e mo lefatsheng.[229] Fela jaaka mo lefatsheng, makhubu a mogote mo lewatleng a diragala kgapetsakgapetsa ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete, a gobatsa ditshedi tse dintsi tse di jaaka dikorale, di-kelp, le dinonyane tsa lewatle.[230] Go nna asiti ga lewatle go dira gore go nne thata gore ditshedi tsa lewatle tse di dirang calcium jaaka di-mussel, di-barnacle le dikorale di tlhagise dikgapetla le marapo; mme makhubu a mogote a sweufaditse mafika a dikorale.[231] Dithunya tse di kotsi tsa algal tse di tokafadiwang ke phetogo ya tlelaemete le eutrophication di fokotsa selekanyo sa okosejene, di kgoreletsa diwebo tsa dijo mme di baka tatlhegelo e kgolo ya botshelo jwa lewatle.[232] Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo di ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo e e kgethegileng. Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mafelo a a metsi a lefatshe a nyeletse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tse dingwe tsa batho.[233] Dimela di nnile le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ka ntlha ya tshenyo ya ditshenekegi.[234]<gallery> Setshwantsho:Bleachedcoral.jpg|Go phutlhama ga ikholoji. Go sweufala ga dikorale ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya mogote go sentse Great Barrier Reef mme go tshosetsa dikorale lefatshe ka bophara.[235] Setshwantsho:Orroral Valley Fire viewed from Tuggeranong January 2020.jpg|Setshwantsho sa maitseboa mo lefelong la bonno la mokgatšha. Loapi lo lo mo dithoteng tse di ka kwa ga lone lo bonesitswe ka bohibidu ka ntlha ya melelo. Setshwantsho:National Park Service Thawing permafrost (27759123542).jpg|Go thuthafala ga Arctic. Dikgakologo tsa permafrost di nyatsa mafaratlhatlha le go golola methane, gase ya sethopo.[168] Setshwantsho:Endangered arctic - starving polar bear.jpg|Go senngwa ga bonno. Diphologolo di le dintsi tsa kwa arctic di ikaegile ka aese ya lewatle, e e ntseng e nyelela mo Arctic e e gotelang . Setshwantsho:Mountain Pine Beetle damage in the Fraser Experimental Forest 2007.jpg|Go anama ga disenyi. Mariga a a bonolo a letla dikhukhwana tse dintsi tsa phaene go tshela go bolaya dikgwa tse dikgolo.[238] </gallery> === Batho === [[Setshwantsho:20211109 Frequency of extreme weather for different degrees of global warming - bar chart IPCC AR6 WG1 SPM.svg|thumb|Maemo a bosa a a feteletseng a tla nna a tlwaelegile ka iketlo fa Lefatshe le ntse le thuthafala.[239]]] Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di ama batho gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[240] Ditlamorago di ka lemogwa mo dikontinenteng tsotlhe le mo dikgaolong tsa lewatle,[241] ka latitude e e kwa tlase, mafelo a a sa tlhabologang thata a a lebaneng le kotsi e kgolo.[242] Go tswelela ga thuthafalo go na le kgonagalo ya "ditlamorago tse di masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago" mo bathong le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[243] Dikotsi ga di a abiwa ka go lekalekana, fela ka kakaretso di dikgolo mo bathong ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang le tse di tlhabologileng.[244] ==== Boitekanelo le dijo ==== Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo o bitsa phetogo ya tlelaemete nngwe ya matshosetsi a magolo mo boitekanelong jwa lefatshe lotlhe mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga.[15] Borasaense ba tlhagisitse ka dikotsi tse di ka se busediweng morago tse e di bakang.[245] Ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di ama boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi.[246][247][248] Mogote o o feteletseng o baka go oketsega ga malwetse le dintsho.[246][247] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa maatla le makgetlo a ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa.[247][248] E ka ama phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang, jaaka letshoroma la dengue le malaria.[245][246] Go ya ka Foramo ya Ikonomi ya Lefatshe, go solofetswe dintsho tse dingwe di le dimilione di le 14.5 ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ka 2050.[249] 30% ya baagi ba lefatshe ga jaana ba nna mo mafelong a mogote o o feteletseng le bongola di setseng di amana le dintsho tse di feteletseng.[250][251] Ka 2100, 50% go ya go 75% ya baagi ba lefatshe ba ne ba tla nna mo mafelong a a ntseng jalo.[250][252] Le fa palogotlhe ya thobo ya dijalo e ntse e oketsega mo dingwageng tse 50 tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya ditokafatso tsa temothuo, phetogo ya tlelaemete e setse e fokoditse seelo sa kgolo ya thobo.[248] Botshwaraditlhapi bo amilwe bosula mo dikgaolong tse dintsi.[248] Le fa ntshodikuno ya temothuo e amilwe sentle mo dikgaolong dingwe tsa latitšhutu e e kwa godimo, dikgaolo tsa latitšhutu e e fa gare le e e kwa tlase di amilwe bosula.[248] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ama go tshwanelega ga lefatshe mo dijalong tse dintsi, ka mafelo a a siametseng dijalo tse di rileng gantsi a fudugela kwa dilatitšhuteng tse di kwa godimo le bogodimo.[253] Go ya ka Foramo ya Ikonomi ya Lefatshe, koketsego ya komelelo mo dikgaolong dingwe e ka baka dintsho di le dimilione di le 3.2 ka ntlha ya phepelotlase ka 2050 le go tlhoka go gola ga bana.[254] Ka thuthafalo ya 2 °C, palo ya ditlhogo tsa leruo lefatshe ka bophara e ka fokotsega ka 7–10% ka 2050, ka ge dijo tse dinnye tsa diphologolo di tla nna teng.[255] Fa mesi e ka tswelela go oketsega mo lekgolong lotlhe la dingwaga, go tla nna le dintsho tse di fetang dimilione di le 9 tse di amanang le tlelaemete ngwaga le ngwaga ka 2100.[256] === Ikonomi, matshelo le go tlhoka tekatekano === Ditshenyo tsa ikonomi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete di ka nna maswe thata mme go na le kgonagalo ya ditlamorago tse di kotsi.[257] Go solofetswe ditlamorago tse di masisi kwa Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Asia le kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, kwa bontsi jwa baagi ba selegae ba ikaegileng ka metswedi ya tlholego le ya temothuo.[258][259] Kgatelelo ya mogote e ka thibela badiri ba ba kwa ntle go bereka. Fa thuthafalo e ka fitlha go 4 °C gona bokgoni jwa badiri mo dikgaolong tseo bo ka fokodiwa ka 30 go ya go 50%.[260] Banka ya Lefatshe e fopholetsa gore magareng ga 2016 le 2030, phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka kgweetsa batho ba feta dimilione di le 120 go nna mo lehumeng le le feteletseng kwantle ga go tlwaela.[261] Go tlhoka tekatekano go go ikaegileng ka khumo le maemo a loago go maswe le go feta ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[262] Mathata a magolo a go fokotsa, go tlwaela, le go boela mo mannong mo ditshupong tsa tlelaemete a lebane le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ba ba nang le taolo e nnye mo metsweding.[263][258] Batho ba tlholego, ba ba tshelang mo lefatsheng la bona le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, ba tla lebana le kotsi mo boitekanelong jwa bona le mekgwa ya bona ya matshelo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[264] Go tlhotlheletsa ga baitseanape go ne ga swetsa ka gore seabe sa phetogo ya tlelaemete mo dintweng tse di tlhometseng se nnile sennye fa se bapisiwa le mabaka a a jaaka go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago le ikonomi le bokgoni jwa puso.[265] Le fa basadi ba se mo kotsing e ntsi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditshupo, ditekanyetso tsa didirisiwa tsa basadi le ditlwaelo tsa bong tse di tlhaolang di thibela bokgoni jwa bone jwa go inaakanya le go itsetsepela.[266] Sekao, merwalo ya tiro ya basadi, go akaretsa diura tse di dirilweng mo temothuong, e na le go fokotsega go le gonnye go na le ya banna ka nako ya ditshupo tsa tlelaemete jaaka kgatelelo ya mogote.[266] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e tshosetsa ikonomi ya metshameko ka go kgoreletsa dipaka, go senya mafaratlhatlha le go fokotsa go nna le seabe ga balatedi, ka dikotsi tse di bonwang ka bonako mo kgweleng ya dinao, metshameko ya mariga le ditiragalo tsa kwa ntle.[267] ==== Go fuduga ga tlelaemete ==== Ditlhaketlhake tse di kwa tlase le baagi ba ba mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle ba tshosediwa ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, mme seno se dira gore merwalela ya ditoropo e tlwaelege. Ka dinako tse dingwe, lefatshe le latlhegelwa ke lewatle ruri.[268] Seno se ka dira gore batho ba ditšhaba tsa ditlhaketlhake ba se ka ba nna le naga, jaaka Maldives le Tuvalu.[269] Mo dikgaolong dingwe, go tlhatloga ga themperetšha le bongola go ka nna maswe thata mo batho ba ka se kgoneng go go tlwaela.[270] Ka phetogo e e maswe thata ya tlelaemete, dikai di supa gore mafelo a mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya batho ba nnang mo go one a ka nna ditlelaemete tse di sa agiweng tse di tshwanang le tsa Sahara le tse di mogote thata.[271] Dintlha tse di ka kgweetsa tlelaemete kgotsa go fuduga ga tikologo, mo teng le magareng ga dinaga.[272] Go solofetswe gore batho ba le bantsi ba tla fuduga ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le dikgotlhang tse di tswang mo kgaisanong e e oketsegileng ya ditsompelo tsa tlholego. Phetogo ya tlelaemete le yona e ka oketsa go nna mo kotsing, mme ya lebisa kwa "bathong ba ba tshwaregileng" ba ba sa kgoneng go tsamaya ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didirisiwa.[273] ==== Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ama batho ==== <gallery> Setshwantsho:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|Go fuduga ga tikologo. Pula e e nang ka bonnye e dira gore go nne le sekaka se se gobatsang temothuo mme se ka fudusa batho. E bontshitswe: Telly, Mali (2008). Setshwantsho:Corn shows the effect of drought.jpg|Diphetogo tsa temothuo. Dikomelelo, dithemphoritšhara tse di tlhatlogang le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng di ama temothuo ka tsela e e sa siamang. E bontshitswe: Texas, Amerika (2013). Setshwantsho:Acqua alta in Piazza San Marco-original.jpg|Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsa merwalela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa tlase tsa lebopo. E bontshitswe: Venise, Italy (2004). Setshwantsho:US Navy 071120-M-8966H-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg|Go gakala ga setsuatsue. Bangladesh morago ga Setsuatsue sa Sidr (2007) ke sekai sa morwalela wa masetlapelo go tswa mo koketsegong ya pula. Setshwantsho:Argentina geos5 202211.jpg|Go gagamatsa ga makhubu a mogote. Ditiragalo tse di jaaka lekhubu la mogote la 2022 la Khounu ya Borwa di ntse di tlwaelega thata.[278] </gallery> == Go fokotsa le go busetsa mesi == [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse gas emission scenarios 01.svg|thumb|Ditiragalo tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa go ntshiwa ga digase tsa greenhouse, tse di theilweng mo dipholising le mo ditsholofetsong go tloga ka Ngwanaitseele 2021]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka fokodiwa ka go fokotsa seelo se digase tsa sethopo di ntshiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung, le ka go oketsa seelo se khabonetaeokosaete e tlosiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung.[279] Go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C mesi ya digase tsa sethopo ya lefatshe e tlhoka go nna lefela ka 2070.[280] Seno se tlhoka diphetogo tse di tseneletseng, tse di rulagantsweng ka selekanyo se se iseng se ko se nne teng mo maatleng, lefatshe, ditoropo, dipalangwa, dikago, le intaseteri.[281] Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano le fopholetsa gore dinaga di tlhoka go menaganya ditsholofetso tsa tsone gararo ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C.[282] Ka ditsholofetso tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris go tloga ka 2024, go tla nna le kgonagalo ya 66% ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e bolokwe ka fa tlase ga 2.8 °C kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo (mofuta: 1.9–3.7 °C, go ikaegile ka tiragatso e e tlhomameng le kgatelopele ya thekenoloji). Fa go akanyediwa fela dipholisi tsa ga jaana, seno se tlhatlogela kwa go 3.1 °C.[283] Lefatshe ka bophara, go lekanyetsa mogote go 2 °C go ka feletsa ka dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tsa ikonomi go na le ditshenyegelo tsa ikonomi.[284] Le fa go se na tsela e le nngwe ya go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C,[285] bontsi jwa ditiragalo le ditogamaano di bona koketsego e kgolo ya tiriso ya maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang fa e kopanngwa le dikgato tse di oketsegileng tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go tlhagisa diphokotso tse di tlhokegang tsa gase ya sethopo.[286] Go fokotsa dikgatelelo mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo le go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa tsona jwa go tshwara khabone, diphetogo di tla tlhokega gape mo temothuong le dikgwa,[287] jaaka go thibela go rengwa ga dikgwa le go busetsa dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa tlholego ka go rema dikgwa gape.[288] Mekgwa e mengwe ya go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a kotsi. Ditiragalo tse di lekanyetsang thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 1.5 °C ka tlwaelo di supa tiriso e kgolo ya mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga.[289] Go na le matshwenyego, le fa go ntse jalo, ka ga go ikaega thata ka dithekenoloji tse, le ditlamorago tsa tikologo.[290] Phetolo ya marang a letsatsi (SRM) ke tshitshinyo ya go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi lengwe la letsatsi kgakala le Lefatshe le go boela kwa lefaufaung. Ka gonne e sa fokotse digase tsa sethopo, e ka se rarabolole go nna asiti ga lewatle[291] mme ga e tsewe e le phokotso.[292] SRM e tshwanetse go tsewa fela jaaka tlaleletso ya phokotso, e seng go e emisetsa,[293] ka ntlha ya dikotsi tse di jaaka go thuthafala ka bonako fa e ka emisiwa ka tshoganyetso mme ya se ka ya simololwa gape.[294] Mokgwa o o ithutilweng thata ke go tlhaba aerosol ya stratospheric.[295] SRM e ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago dingwe tsa yona, le fa e sa itekanela.[296] E tlisa dikotsi tsa tikologo, jaaka diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula,[297] mmogo le dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki, jaaka gore ke mang yo o tla tsayang tshwetso ya gore a e dirisiwe.[295] === Maatla a a phepa === [[Setshwantsho:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|Magala, leokwane le gase ya tlholego di santse e le metswedi ya konokono ya [[:en:World_energy_consumption|maatla mo lefatsheng]] [[:en:World_energy_consumption|ka bophara]] , le fa metswedi ya maatla a a [[:en:Renewable_energy|ntshafadiwang]] e simolotse go oketsega ka bonako<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 34: Global energy use by category"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang ke selotlolo sa go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[300] Ka dingwagasome, ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di dirile mo e ka nnang 80% ya tiriso ya maatla a lefatshe.[301] Kabo e e setseng e kgaogantswe magareng ga maatla a nyutlea le a a ntšhwafadiwang (go akaretsa maatla a metsi, maatla a ditshedi, maatla a phefo le a letsatsi le maatla a mogote wa lefatshe).[302] Tiriso ya ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng e solofetswe go fitlha kwa setlhoeng pele ga 2030 mme morago ga moo e fokotsege, mme tiriso ya magala e tla itemogela phokotsego e e bogale thata.[303] Ditšhwafatso di emetse 86% ya tlhagiso yotlhe e ntšhwa ya motlakase e e tsenngwang ka 2023.[304] Mefuta e mengwe ya maatla a a phepa, e e jaaka maatla a nyutlea le a metsi, ga jaanong jaana e na le karolo e kgolo ya tlamelo ya maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, diponelopele tsa bone tsa kgolo ya isago di lebega di lekanyeditswe fa di bapisiwa le tsone.[305] [[Setshwantsho:Lisberg Burg Windräder Solar power PC313027.jpg|thumb|Maatla a phefo le a letsatsi, Lefatshe la Germany]] Le fa diphanele tsa letsatsi le phefo ya mo lefatsheng jaanong di le gareng ga mefuta e e tlhwatlhwatlase ya go oketsa bokgoni jo bošwa jwa go tlhagisa maatla mo mafelong a le mantsi,[306] dipholisi tsa maatla a matala di a tlhokega go fitlhelela phetogo e e bonako go tswa mo ditukising tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go ya kwa go tse di ntšhwafadiwang.[307] Go fitlhelela go se tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang a tla nna mofuta o o laolang wa go tlhagisa motlakase, a tlhatlogela kwa go 85% kgotsa go feta ka 2050 mo maemong mangwe. Peeletso mo magaleng e ne e tla fedisiwa mme tiriso ya magala e ne e tla batla e fedisiwa ka 2050.[308][309] Motlakase o o tlhagisiwang go tswa mo metsweding e e ntšhwafadiwang le one o tla tlhoka go nna motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a go thuthafatsa le dipalangwa.[310] Dipalangwa di ka fetoga go tswa mo dikoloing tsa enjene ya go tuka ga ka fa gare le go ya kwa dikoloing tsa motlakase, dipalangwa tsa botlhe, le dipalangwa tse di matlhagatlhaga (go tsamaya ka baesekele le go tsamaya ka dinao).[311][312] Mo dikepeng le mo difofaneng, ditukisi tse di nang le khabone e e kwa tlase di tla fokotsa mesi.[311] Go thuthafatsa go ka nna ga fokodiwa khabone ka dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote.[313] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa kgolo e e tswelelang ka bonako ya maatla a a phepa, go akaretsa le a a ntšhwafadiwang.[314] Phefo le letsatsi di ntsha maatla ka dikgaotso le ka go fetogafetoga ga dipaka. Ka tlwaelo, matamo a metsi a a nang le matangwana le dipolante tsa maatla a ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a dirisitswe fa tlhagiso ya maatla a a farologaneng e le kwa tlase. Go ya pele, polokelo ya dibeteri e ka atolosiwa, tlhokego ya maatla le tlamelo di ka tshwantshanngwa, mme phetiso ya sekgala se seleele e ka dira gore go fetoga ga dipholo tse di ntšhwafadiwang go nne borethe.[300] Bioenergy gantsi ga e tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng mme e ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.[315] Kgolo ya maatla a nyutlea e thibelwa ke dikganetsano tse di amanang le matlakala a a nang le marang, go ata ga dibetsa tsa nyutlea, le dikotsi.[316][317] Kgolo ya maatla a metsi e lekanyeditswe ke ntlha ya gore go tlhamilwe mafelo a a gaisang, mme diporojeke tse dišwa di lebane le matshwenyego a a oketsegileng a loago le tikologo.[318] Maatla a khabone e e kwa tlase a tokafatsa boitekanelo jwa batho ka go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete mmogo le go fokotsa dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa,[319] tse di neng di fopholediwa go dimilione di le 7 ka ngwaga ka 2016.[320] Go fitlhelela maikaelelo a Tumalano ya Paris a a lekanyetsang thuthafalo go ya kwa koketsegong ya 2 °C go ka boloka matshelo a ka nna milione ao ka ngwaga ka 2050, fa go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go 1.5 °C go ka boloka dimilione mme ka nako e le nngwe go oketsa tshireletsego ya maatla le go fokotsa lehuma.[321] Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mowa gape go na le melemo ya ikonomi e e ka nnang kgolo go feta ditshenyegelo tsa phokotso.[322] === Tshomarelo ya maatla === Go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla ke karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya go fokotsa mesi.[323] Fa go tlhokega maatla a mannye, go na le go fetogafetoga go gontsi ga tlhabololo ya maatla a a phepa. Gape e dira gore go nne bonolo go laola keriti ya motlakase, le go fokotsa tlhabololo ya mafaratlhatlha a a dirisang khabone e ntsi.[324] Go tla tlhokega dikoketso tse dikgolo tsa dipeeletso tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go fitlhelela maikaelelo a tlelaemete, a a ka bapisiwang le maemo a dipeeletso mo maatleng a a ntšhwafadiwang.[325] Diphetogo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le COVID-19 mo mekgweng ya tiriso ya maatla, dipeeletso tsa go somarela maatla, le matlole di dirile gore diponelopele tsa ngwagasome ono di nne thata le go sa tlhomamisege.[326] Maano a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a farologana go ya ka lekala. Mo lephateng la dipalangwa, bapalami le dithoto ba ka fetogela kwa mekgweng e e nang le matswela ya mosepele, jaaka dibese le diterena, kgotsa ba dirisa dikoloi tsa motlakase.[327] Maano a madirelo a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a akaretsa go tokafatsa dithulaganyo tsa go thuthafatsa le dikoloi, go tlhama dikumo tse di sa diriseng maatla a mantsi, le go oketsa matshelo a dikumo.[328] Mo lephateng la kago go tlhomilwe mogopolo mo go tlhameng dikago tse dišwa botoka, le tiriso e e kwa godimo ya maatla mo go di tsenyeng sešwa.[329] Tiriso ya dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote le yone e ka oketsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla a kago.[330] === Temothuo le intaseteri === [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector.svg|thumb|Fa go akanyediwa mesi e e tlhamaletseng le e e sa tlhamalalang, intaseteri ke lekala le le nang le karolo e e kwa godimo ya mesi ya lefatshe. Tshedimosetso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019 go tswa kwa IPCC.]] Temothuo le dikgwa di lebane le kgwetlho e e menaganeng gararo ya go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo, go thibela go fetolelwa gape ga dikgwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo, le go fitlhelela koketsego ya tlhokego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.[331] Setlhopha sa dikgato se ka fokotsa mesi e e ikaegileng ka temothuo le dikgwa ka peditharong go tswa mo maemong a 2010. Tseno di akaretsa go fokotsa kgolo ya tlhokego ya dijo le ditlhagiswa tse dingwe tsa temothuo, go oketsa ntshodikuno ya lefatshe, go sireletsa le go busetsa dikgwa, le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go tswa mo tlhagisong ya temothuo.[332] Mo letlhakoreng la tlhokego, karolo ya botlhokwa ya go fokotsa mesi ke go sutisetsa batho kwa dijong tse di theilweng mo dimeleng.[333] Go fedisa tlhagiso ya leruo la nama le mašwi go tla fedisa mo e ka nnang dikotara di le tharo tsa mesi yotlhe e e tswang mo temothuong le mo tirisong e nngwe ya lefatshe.[334] Diruiwa gape di tsaya 37% ya lefatshe le le senang aese mo Lefatsheng mme di ja dijo go tswa mo 12% ya lefatshe le le dirisediwang dijalo, se se kgweetsang go rengwa ga dikgwa le go senyega ga lefatshe.[335] Tlhagiso ya tshipi le samente e na le maikarabelo a bokana ka 13% ya mesi ya CO2 ya madirelo. Mo madirelong ano, didirisiwa tse di dirisang khabone e ntsi jaaka coke le kalaka di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo tlhagisong, mo e leng gore go fokotsa mesi ya CO2 go tlhoka dipatlisiso ka dikhemikhale tse dingwe.[336] Moo tlhagiso ya maatla kgotsa madirelo a a bokete a a dirisang CO2 e ntsi a tswelelang go tlhagisa CO2 e e latlhilweng, ka dinako tse dingwe thekenoloji e ka dirisiwa go tshwara le go boloka bontsi jwa gase go na le go e gololela kwa lefaufaung.[337] Thekenoloji eno, ya go tshwara le go boloka khabone (CCS), e ka nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mme e le se se lekanyeditsweng mo go fokotseng mesi.[337] E tura thata[338] mme e dirisitswe fela go fitlha kwa selekanyong se se tlosang bokana ka 0.1% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga.[337] === Go tlosiwa ga phefo ya carbon dioxide === [[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide Partitioning.svg|thumb|Bontsi jwa mesi ya CO2 e monyetswe ke mafelo a a monang a khabone, go akaretsa le kgolo ya dimela, go tsewa ga mmu, le go tsewa ga lewatle [[:en:Global_Carbon_Project#Global_Carbon_Budget|(Tekanyetsokabo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Khabone ya ngwaga wa 2020]]).]] Disinki tsa khabone tsa tlhago di ka tokafadiwa go tshwara selekanyo se segolo thata sa CO2 go feta selekanyo se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago.[339] Go jala dikgwa sešwa le go jala dikgwa (go jala dikgwa kwa go neng go sena dikgwa teng pele) ke dingwe tsa mekgwa e e godileng thata ya go gapa dikgwa, le fa e le gore ya morago e tsosa matshwenyego a pabalesego ya dijo.[340] Balemirui ba ka rotloetsa go tshwara khabone mo mebung ka mekgwa e e jaaka tiriso ya dijalo tsa khurumetso ya mariga, go fokotsa maatla le makgetlo a go lema, le go dirisa manyoro le motshotelo jaaka diphetogo tsa mmu.[341] Go tsosolosa dikgwa le naga go ntsha melemo e mentsi mo tlelaemeteng, go akaretsa le go tshwara le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo.[133] Go busetsa/go itlosa bodutu ga mafelo a a metsi a a mo lebopong, ditsha tsa dithaba le makgwa a bojang jwa lewatle go oketsa go tsewa ga khabone go nna dibodi.[342][343] Fa khabone e tsenngwa mo mebung le mo dilong tse di tshelang jaaka ditlhare, go na le kotsi ya gore khabone e gololwe gape mo lefaufaung moragonyana ka diphetogo mo tirisong ya lefatshe, molelo, kgotsa diphetogo tse dingwe mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[344] Tiriso ya maatla a ditshedi mmogo le go tshwara le go boloka khabone (BECCS) e ka feletsa ka mesi e e sa siamang ka gonne CO2 e gogwa go tswa mo lefaufaung.[345] Go sa ntse go sa tlhomamisege thata gore a mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete e tla kgona go nna le seabe se segolo mo go fokotseng mogote go fitlha go 1.5 °C. Ditshwetso tsa pholisi tse di ikaegileng ka go tlosiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete di oketsa kotsi ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tlhatloge go feta maikaelelo a boditšhabatšhaba.[346] == Go tlwaela == Go tlwaela ke "thulaganyo ya go tlwaela diphetogo tsa ga jaana kgotsa tse di solofetsweng tsa tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[347]: 5 Kwa ntle ga phokotso e nngwe, go tlwaela ga go ka ke ga thibela kotsi ya ditlamorago tse di "masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago".[348] Phetogo e e masisi thata ya tlelaemete e tlhoka go tlwaela diphetogo tse dintsi, e e ka nnang tlhwatlhwagodimo thata.[349] Bokgoni le bokgoni jwa batho jwa go tlwaela ga bo abiwe ka go sa lekalekane mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng le mo bathong ba ba farologaneng, mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang ka kakaretso di na le tse dinnye.[350] Dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa ntlha tsa lekgolo la bo21 la dingwaga di bone koketsego ya bokgoni jwa go inaakanya le maemo mo dinageng di le dintsi tse di nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase le lo lo magareng tse di nang le phitlhelelo e e tokafaditsweng ya kgeleloleswe ya motheo le motlakase, fela kgatelopele e bonya. Dinaga di le dintsi di tsentse tirisong dipholisi tsa go tlwaela maemo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le phatlha e kgolo fa gare ga matlole a a tlhokegang le a a leng teng.[351] Go tlwaela go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go akaretsa go tila mafelo a a mo kotsing, go ithuta go tshela ka merwalela e e oketsegileng, le go aga ditaolo tsa morwalela. Fa seo se ka palelwa, go ka tlhokega go boela morago go go laolwang.[352] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa ikonomi tsa go samagana le ditlamorago tse di kotsi tsa mogote. Go tila tiro e e lapisang kgotsa go nna le ditsidifatsi ga go kgonege mo go mongwe le mongwe.[353] Mo temothuong, dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di akaretsa go fetogela kwa dijong tse di tswelelang, go farologanya, taolo ya kgogolego, le ditokafatso tsa dijini go oketsa itshokelano ya tlelaemete e e fetogang.[354] Inšorense e letla go abelana dikotsi, fela gantsi go thata go e bona mo bathong ba lotseno lo lo kwa tlase.[355] Thuto, go fuduga le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale di ka fokotsa go nna mo kotsing ya tlelaemete.[356] Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove kgotsa go rotloetsa dimela tse dingwe tsa lebopo go ka thibela ditsuatsue.[357][358] Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaela phetogo ya tlelaemete, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tshegediwang ke go tsereganya ga batho. Ka go oketsa kgolagano magareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, mefuta e ka fudugela kwa maemong a a siameng thata a tlelaemete. Mefuta e ka tsenngwa gape mo mafelong a a bonang tlelaemete e e siameng. Tshireletso le pusetso ya mafelo a tlhago le a seka-tlhago e thusa go aga nonofo, go dira gore go nne bonolo gore dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaele. Bontsi jwa ditiro tse di rotloetsang go tlwaela mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, gape di thusa batho go tlwaela ka tlwaelo e e ikaegileng ka thulaganyo ya tikologo. Ka sekai, go busetsa dipuso tsa molelo tsa tlholego go dira gore go se ka ga nna le kgonagalo ya melelo e e bakang masetlapelo, mme go fokotsa go tlhagelela ga batho mo go yone. Go fa dinoka sebaka se sentsi go letla polokelo e ntsi ya metsi mo thulaganyong ya tlholego, go fokotsa kotsi ya morwalela. Sekgwa se se tsosolositsweng se dira jaaka sinki ya khabone, fela go jala ditlhare mo dikgaolong tse di sa tshwanelang go ka gakatsa ditlamorago tsa tlelaemete.[359] Go na le tirisanommogo mme gape go na le dithekiso magareng ga go tlwaela le go fokotsa.[360] Sekao sa tirisanommogo ke go oketsa ntshodikuno ya dijo, e e nang le melemo e megolo mo go tlwaelaneng le go fokotsa.[361] Sekao sa kgwebisano ke gore tiriso e e oketsegileng ya ditsidifatsi e letla batho go lepalepana botoka le mogote, fela e oketsa tlhokego ya maatla. Sekao se sengwe sa kgwebisano ke gore tlhabololo e e kopaneng ya toropo e ka fokotsa mesi e e tswang mo dipalangweng le mo kagong, mme gape e ka oketsa ditlamorago tsa setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo, ya tsenya batho mo dikotsing tsa boitekanelo tse di amanang le mogote.[362] === Dikao tsa mekgwa ya go tlwaela === <gallery> Setshwantsho:FrontLines-EGAT 2011 Environment Photo Contest Top Entry (5842818280).jpg|Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove le tshomarelo e nngwe ya bonno go ka fokotsa merwalela ya mabopo. Setshwantsho:Seawallventnor.jpg|Mabota a lewatle a tla sireletsa kgatlhanong le ditsuatsue tse di gakadiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle Setshwantsho:20080708 Chicago City Hall Green Roof Edit1.jpg|Marulelo a matala go tlamela ka tsidifatso mo ditoropong Setshwantsho:2013.02-402-294a Pearl millet,breeding,selfing ICRISAT,Patancheru(Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh),IN wed20feb2013.jpg|Tsadiso e e tlhophilweng ya dijalo tse di kgonang go emelana le komelelo </gallery> == Dipholisi le dipolotiki == Dinaga tse di leng mo kotsing thata ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete ka tlwaelo di ile tsa nna le boikarabelo jwa karolo e nnye ya mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe. Se se tsosa dipotso ka ga tshiamiso le tshiamo.[363] Go fokotsa go gotela ga lefatshe go dira gore go nne motlhofo thata go fitlhelela Mekgele ya Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang Pele ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng, e e jaaka go fedisa lehuma le go fokotsa go sa lekalekane. Kgolagano e lemogwa mo Maikaelelong a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 13 e leng go "tsaya kgato e e potlakileng go lwantsha phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[364] Maikaelelo a dijo, metsi a a phepa le tshireletso ya tikologo a na le tirisanommogo le phokotso ya tlelaemete.[365] Dipolotiki tsa lefatshe tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di raraane. Gantsi e tlhamilwe jaaka bothata jwa batho ba ba palameng mahala, jo mo go jona dinaga tsotlhe di solegelwang ke phokotso e e dirwang ke dinaga tse dingwe, mme dinaga ka bongwe di ne di tla latlhegelwa ke go fetogela kwa ikonoming e e nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka botsone. Ka dinako tse dingwe phokotso le yona e na le melemo ya selegae le fa go ntse jalo. Ka sekai, melemo ya go tlosiwa ga magala mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba le mo ditikologong tsa selegae e feta ditshenyegelo mo e ka nnang mo dikgaolong tsotlhe.[366] Ho feta moo, barekisi ba nete ba mafura a mesaletsa ba hlola moruong ho tloha ho fetohela ho matla a hlwekileng, ho etsa hore baromelantle ba nete ba tobane le matlotlo a tshwarehileng: mafura a masaledi a ba sa kgoneng ho a rekisa.[367] === Ditlhopho tsa pholisi === Go dirisiwa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipholisi, melawana le melao go fokotsa digase tse di ntshiwang. Go tloga ka 2019, ditlhwatlhwa tsa khabone di akaretsa mo e ka nnang 20% ​​ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe.[368] Khabone e ka bewa tlhwatlhwa ka makgetho a khabone le dithulaganyo tsa kgwebisano ka mesi.[369] Dithuso tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di fitlheletse $319 bilione ka 2017, le $5.2 trillion fa ditshenyegelo tse di sa tlhamalalang tse di jaaka kgotlhelo ya mowa di bewa ditlhwatlhwa.[370] Go fedisa tseno go ka baka phokotsego ya 28% ya mesi ya khabone ya lefatshe le phokotsego ya 46% ya dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa.[371] Madi a a bolokilweng mo dithusong tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tshegetsa phetogelo go ya kwa maatleng a a phepa boemong jwa seo.[372] Mekgwa e e tlhamaletseng ya go fokotsa digase tsa sethopo e akaretsa maemo a bokgoni jwa dikoloi, maemo a lookwane lo lo ntšhwafadiwang, le melawana ya kgotlhelo ya mowa mo intasetering e e bokete.[373] Dinaga di le mmalwa di tlhoka gore ditirelo di oketse karolo ya dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang mo tlhagisong ya maatla.[374] Tirisanommogo e e Buletsweng ya Mebaraka ya Khabone ya Kobamelo ka maikaelelo a go tlhama thulaganyo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya kepisi le kgwebisano e ne ya tlhongwa kwa COP30 (2025). Go ya ka dipalopalo dingwe e ka oketsa phokotso ya mesi makgetlo a le supa go feta dipholisi tsa ga jaana, ya tlisa $200 bilione ka ngwaga ya mananeo a maatla a a phepa le a loago le go tswala phatlha fa gare ga tsela ya ga jaana ya mesi le maikaelelo a tumalano ya Paris.[375][376][377] ==== Tshiamiso ya tlelaemete ==== Pholisi e e tlhamilweng ka lense ya tshiamiso ya tlelaemete e leka go samagana le dintlha tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago. Go ya ka babueledi ba tshiamiso ya tlelaemete, ditshenyegelo tsa go tlwaela tlelaemete di tshwanetse go duelwa ke ba ba nang le maikarabelo a magolo a phetogo ya tlelaemete, fa bajaboswa ba dituelo e tshwanetse go nna bao ba bogang ka ditlamorago. Tsela nngwe e seno se ka rarabololwang ka yone mo tirisong ke go dira gore ditšhaba tse di humileng di duele dinaga tse di humanegileng go tlwaela.[378] Oxfam e fitlhetse gore ka 2023 10% ya batho ba ba humileng thata ba ne ba ikarabela ka 50% ya mesi ya lefatshe, fa 50% e e kwa tlase e ne e ikarabela ka 8% fela.[379] Tlhagiso ya mesi ke tsela e nngwe ya go leba maikarabelo: ka fa tlase ga mokgwa oo, dikhamphani tse di kwa godimo di le 21 tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di tla kolota dipusetso tsa tlelaemete tse di kokoantsweng tsa $5.4 trillion mo pakeng ya 2025–2050.[380] Go fitlhelela phetogo e e siameng, batho ba ba dirang mo lephateng la ditukisi le bona ba tla tlhoka ditiro tse dingwe, mme baagi ba bona ba tla tlhoka dipeeletso.[381] === Ditumelano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa tlelaemete === [[Setshwantsho:Total CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 2000, mesi e e tlhatlogang ya CO2 kwa lefatsheng la China le kwa lefatsheng lotlhe e fetile e e ntshiwang ke lefatshe la United States le karolo kgolo ya mafatshe ya Europe. <ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ "GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 73: Global CO2 emissions by region"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Mo e ka nnang dinaga tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ke dikarolo tsa Tumalano ya Letlhomeso la Ditšhabakopano ya 1994 ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (UNFCCC).[385] Maikaelelo a UNFCCC ke go thibela go tsenelela go go kotsi ga batho mo thulaganyong ya tlelaemete.[386] Jaaka go boletswe mo tumalanong, seno se tlhoka gore dilekanyo tsa digase tsa sethopo di tlhomama mo lefaufaung mo maemong a mo go one dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di ka tlwaelanang ka tlhago le phetogo ya tlelaemete, tlhagiso ya dijo e sa tshosediwe, le tlhabololo ya ikonomi e ka tswelela.[387] UNFCCC ka boyona ga e thibele mesi mme go na le moo e tlamela ka letlhomeso la diporothokholo tse di dirang jalo. Mesi ya lefatshe e tlhatlogile fa e sale UNFCCC e saeniwa.[388] Dikhonferense tsa yona tsa ngwaga le ngwaga ke kgato ya dipuisano tsa lefatshe ka bophara.[389] [[Setshwantsho:Per Capita CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Ka motho mongwe le mongwe, Lefatshe la United States le ntsha CO2 ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo thata go feta dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa konokono.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 74: Global CO2 emissions per capita]". CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Porothokholo ya Kyoto ya 1997 e ne ya atolosa UNFCCC mme ya akaretsa maitlamo a a tlamang semolao a bontsi jwa dinaga tse di tlhabologileng go fokotsa mesi ya tsone.[390] Ka nako ya dipuisano, G77 (e e emetseng dinaga tse di tlhabologang) e ne ya kgaratlhela taelo e e tlhokang gore dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di "[tseye] boeteledipele" mo go fokotseng mesi ya tsone,[391] ka gonne dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di ne tsa nna le seabe se segolo mo go kokoanyeng digase tsa sethopo mo lefaufaung. Mesi ya tlhogo le yona e ne e santse e le kwa tlase mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tla tlhoka go ntsha mesi e mentsi go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa tsona tsa tlhabololo.[392] Tumalano ya Copenhagen ya ngwaga wa 2009 e tlhagisitswe thata jaaka e e swabisang ka ntlha ya maikaelelo a yona a a kwa tlase, mme e ne ya ganwa ke ditšhaba tse di humanegileng go akaretsa le G77.[393] Makoko a a amanang a ne a ikaeletse go fokotsa tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C.[394] Tumalano e beile maikaelelo a go romela $100 bilione ka ngwaga kwa dinageng tse di tlhabologang go fokotsa le go tlwaela ka 2020, mme ya tshitshinya go tlhongwa ga Letlole la Tlelaemete le le Tala.[395] Go tloga ka 2020, go ne ga gorosiwa fela diranta di le dibilione di le 83,3. Ke fela ka 2023 go solofetsweng gore seelo se tla fitlhelelwa.[396] Ka 2015 dinaga tsotlhe tsa UN di ne tsa buisana ka Tumalano ya Paris, e e ikaeletseng go boloka thuthafalo ya lefatshe e le kwa tlase thata ga 2.0 °C mme e na le mokgele wa keletso ya go boloka thuthafalo e le kwa tlase ga 1.5 °C.[397] Tumalano eno e ne ya tsaya sebaka sa Porothokholo ya Kyoto. Go farologana le Kyoto, ga go na dintlha tse di tlamang tsa go ntsha digase tse di neng tsa bewa mo Tumalanong ya Paris. Go na le moo, go ne ga dirwa gore ditsamaiso di tlame. Dinaga di tshwanetse go ipeela maikaelelo a a kwa godimo ka metlha le go sekaseka gape maikaelelo ano dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano.[398] Tumalano ya Paris e ne ya boeletsa gore dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tshwanetse go tshegediwa ka madi.[399] Go tloga ka Mopitlwe 2025, dinaga di le 194 le Kopano ya Yuropa di amogetse kgotsa di amogetse tumalano.[400] Porothokholo ya Montreal ya 1987, tumalano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go fedisa tlhagiso ya digase tse di senyang ozone, e nnile le melemo mo go fokotseng phetogo ya tlelaemete.[401] Digase di le mmalwa tse di senyang ozone jaaka di-chlorofluorocarbon ke digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo, ka jalo go thibela tlhagiso le tiriso ya tsona go ka tswa go ile ga tila tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya 0.5 °C–1.0 °C,[402] mmogo le thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ka go thibela tshenyo ya dimela go tswa mo marang a ultraviolet].[43] Go fopholediwa gore tumalano e nnile le matswela thata mo go fokotseng mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go feta Porothokholo ya Kyoto e e diretsweng go dira jalo ka tlhamalalo.[404] Phetolo ya bošeng ya Porothokholo ya Montreal, Phetolo ya Kigali ya 2016, e ne ya itlama go fokotsa mesi ya dikhabone tsa hydrofluoro, tse di neng tsa emisetsa digase tse di thibetsweng tse di senyang ozone mme gape e le digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo.[405] Fa dinaga di ka obamela paakanyo, go fopholediwa gore go tla tilwa thuthafalo ya 0.3 °C–0.5 °C.[406] === Ditsibogo tsa bosetšhaba === [[Setshwantsho:Global annual CO2 emissions by world region since 1750.svg|thumb|Mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga go ya ka kgaolo. Se se lekanya mafura a masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le mesi ya madirelo. [[:en:Land_use_change|Phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] ga e a akarediwa.<ref>"[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region Annual CO2 emissions by world region]" (chart). ourworldindata.org. [[:en:Our_World_in_Data|Our World in Data]]. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</ref>]] Ka 2019, palamente ya United Kingdom e ne ya nna puso ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete.[408] Dinaga tse dingwe le dipuso di ne tsa latela.[409] Ka one ngwaga oo, Palamente ya Yuropa e ne ya itsise "maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete le tikologo".[410] Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya tlhagisa Tumalano ya yone ya Botala ya Yuropa ka boikaelelo jwa go dira gore EU e se ka ya ntsha khabone ka 2050.[411] Ka 2021, Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya golola sephuthelwana sa yone sa melao ya "Fit for 55", e e nang le dikaelo tsa intaseteri ya dikoloi; dikoloi tsotlhe tse dišwa mo mmarakeng wa Yuropa di tshwanetse go nna dikoloi tse di sa ntsheng digase dipe go tloga ka 2035.[412] Dinaga tse dikgolo kwa Asia di dirile ditsholofetso tse di tshwanang: Korea Borwa le Japane di itlamile go nna tse di sa tseyeng letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, mme China ka 2060.[413] Le fa India e na le ditlhotlheletso tse di maatla tsa dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang, gape e rulaganya katoloso e e bonalang ya magala mo nageng.[414] Vietnam e gareng ga dinaga di le mmalwa fela tse di ikaegileng ka magala, tse di tlhabologang ka bonako tse di ikanneng go fedisa maatla a magala a a sa fokodiwang ka dingwaga tsa bo 2040 kgotsa ka bonako jo bo kgonegang morago ga moo.[415] Go tloga ka 2021, go ikaegilwe ka tshedimosetso go tswa mo maanong a bosetšhaba a le 48 a tlelaemete, a a emelang 40% ya makoko a Tumalano ya Paris, go fopholediwa gore palogotlhe ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tla nna kwa tlase ka 0.5% fa e bapisiwa le maemo a 2010, kwa tlase ga maikaelelo a phokotso ya 45% kgotsa 25% go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go °C kgotsa[6]. == Setšhaba le setso == [[Setshwantsho:20200327 Climate change deniers cherry picking time periods.gif|thumb|Tshedimosetso e [[:en:Cherry_picking|tlhophilwe ka boomo go tswa mo dipakeng]] tse dikhutshwane go dira polelo e e seng boammaaruri ya gore megote tsa lefatshe ga di tlhatloge. Mela ya tshekamelo e e botala jwa loapi e bontsha dipaka tse dikhutshwane tse di fitlhang kgotsa di bipang tshekamelo ya nako e telele ya go gotela ga lefatshe (mela ya tshekamelo e mehibidu). Khutlonne e e botala jwa loapi e e nang le matshwao a a botala jwa loapi e bontsha se se bidiwang nako ya [[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|go ema ga go gotela ga lefatshe]].]] Dingangisano tsa setšhaba ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete di amilwe thata ke go ganela phetogo ya tlelaemete le tshedimosetso e e fosagetseng, e e neng ya tlhagelela la ntlha kwa United States mme fa e sa le ka nako eo e aname le kwa dinageng tse dingwe, bogolosegolo kwa Canada le Australia. E simolotse go tswa mo dikhamphaning tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, ditlhopha tsa madirelo, ditheo tsa dikakanyo tse di sa fetogeng, le borasaense ba ba kgatlhanong.[418] Fela jaaka intaseteri ya motsoko, leano le legolo la ditlhopha tse e nnile go dira dipelaelo ka ga tshedimosetso le dipholo tsa saense tse di amanang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[419] Batho ba ba nang le pelaelo e e sa tshwanelang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa "babelaedi" ba phetogo ya tlelaemete, le fa "baganetsi" kgotsa "baganetsi" e le mareo a a maleba thata.[420] Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya go ganela tlelaemete: bangwe ba ganela gore thuthafalo e a diragala gotlhelele, bangwe ba amogela thuthafalo mme ba e amanya le ditlhotlheletso tsa tlholego, mme bangwe ba fokotsa ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[421] Go dira go sa tlhomamisegeng ga saense moragonyana go ne ga fetoga go nna kganetsano e e dirilweng: go tlhama tumelo ya gore go na le go sa tlhomamisegeng go go bonalang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete mo teng ga setšhaba sa saense go diegisa diphetogo tsa pholisi.[422] Maano a go rotloetsa dikgopolo tse a akaretsa go kgala ditheo tsa saense,[423] le go botsa maitlhomo a borasaense ka bongwe.[421] Phaposi ya echo ya di-blog le bobegakgang jo bo ganang tlelaemete e tlhotlheleditse gape go sa tlhaloganye phetogo ya tlelaemete.[424] === Temoso ya setšhaba le maikutlo === [[Setshwantsho:20220629 Public estimates of scientific consensus on climate change - horizontal bar chart.svg|thumb|Setšhaba se nyenyefatsa thata selekanyo sa kutlwano ya borasaense ya gore batho ke bone ba bakang phetogo ya seemo sa bosa (tshedimosetso ya ngwaga wa 2022). Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng magareng ga ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2021 di fitlheletse gore kutlwano ya borasaense e mo magareng ga karolo masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong (98.7) le lekgolo mo lekgolong (100%).]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ne ya tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980.[428] Ka ntlha ya go begwa ke bobegakgang mo masimologong a bo1990, gantsi batho ba ne ba tlhakanya phetogo ya tlelaemete le dintlha tse dingwe tsa tikologo tse di jaaka go fokotsega ga ozone.[429] Mo setsong se se tlwaelegileng, filimi ya tlhamane ya tlelaemete Letsatsi Morago ga Kamoso (2004) le tokomane ya ga Al Gore ya Boammaaruri jo bo sa Siamang (2006) di ne di tlhomile mogopolo mo phetogong ya tlelaemete.[428] Dipharologano tse di botlhokwa tsa kgaolo, bong, dingwaga le sepolotiki di teng mo go tshwenyegeng ga setšhaba ka bobedi, le go tlhaloganya, phetogo ya tlelaemete. Batho ba ba rutegileng thata, mme mo dinageng dingwe, basadi le batho ba ba botlana, ba ne ba na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya go bona phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka matshosetsi a magolo.[430] Dibukathuto tsa thutatshelo tsa kholetšhe go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 di ne di na le diteng tse dinnye ka phetogo ya tlelaemete fa di bapisiwa le tsa dingwaga di le lesome tse di fetileng, ka kgatelelo e e fokotsegang mo ditharabololo.[431] Diphatlha tsa lekoko le tsone di teng mo dinageng di le dintsi,[432] mme dinaga tse di nang le mesi e e kwa godimo ya CO2 di na le go sa tshwenyege thata.[433] Dikakanyo ka ga mabaka a phetogo ya tlelaemete di farologana thata go ya ka dinaga.[434] Kgaso ya bobegakgang e e golaganeng le ditshupetso e nnile le ditlamorago mo maikutlong a setšhaba mmogo le gore ke dintlha dife tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete tse di tsepamisitsweng mo go tsona.[435] Maemo a a kwa godimo a matshwenyego a amana le tshegetso e e maatla ya setšhaba ya dipholisi tse di samaganang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[436] Matshwenyego a oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya,[437] mme ka 2021 bontsi jwa baagi mo dinageng di le 30 ba tlhagisitse maemo a a kwa godimo a go tshwenyega ka phetogo ya tlelaemete, kgotsa ba e leba jaaka maemo a tshoganyetso a lefatshe lotlhe.[438] Patlisiso ya 2024 go ralala dinaga di le 125 e fitlhetse gore 89% ya baagi ba lefatshe ba batla kgato e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki, mme ka thulaganyo ba nyatsa go iketleeletsa ga batho ba bangwe go tsaya kgato.[25][26] ==== Motsamao wa tlelaemete ==== Ditshupetso tsa tlelaemete di batla gore baeteledipele ba dipolotiki ba tseye kgato go thibela phetogo ya tlelaemete. Di ka nna ka sebopego sa ditshupetso tsa phatlalatsa, go rekisa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, dikgetsi le ditiro tse dingwe.[439][440] Ditshupetso tse di tlhageletseng di akaretsa Seteraeke sa Dikolo sa Tlelaemete. Mo maitekong ano, bašwa go ralala lefatshe ba ntse ba ipelaetsa fa e sale ka 2018 ka go tlola sekolo ka Labotlhano, ba tlhotlheleditswe ke molweladitshwanelo tsa Sweden le mosha wa nako eo Greta Thunberg.[441] Dikgato tsa go tlhoka kutlo ga baagi ka bontsi ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka Extinction Rebellion di ipelaeditse ka go kgoreletsa ditsela le dipalangwa tsa botlhe.[442] Ditsheko di ntse di sebediswa ka ho eketsehileng e le sesebediswa sa ho matlafatsa kgato ya tlelaemete ho tswa ditheong tsa setjhaba le dikhamphani. Balweladitshwanelo gape ba simolola dikgetsi tse di lebaganeng le dipuso le go batla gore di tseye kgato e e nang le maikaelelo a magolo kgotsa di diragatse melao e e leng teng ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[443] Dikgetsi kgatlhanong le dikhamphani tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng ka kakaretso di batla pusetso ya tatlhegelo le tshenyo.[444] Ka di 23 Phukwi 2025, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Bosiamisi ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng e ne ya ntsha kgopolo ya yone ya kgakololo, e bolela ka tlhamalalo gore dinaga di tshwanetse go tsaya kgato go emisa phetogo ya tlelaemete, mme fa di palelwa ke go diragatsa tiro eo, dinaga tse dingwe di ka di sekisa. Tlamego e e akaretsa go diragatsa maitlamo a bona mo ditumalanong tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse ba leng karolo ya tsona, jaaka Tumalano ya Tlelaemete ya Paris ya 2015.[445][446][447] == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png|thumb|Eunice Newton Foote o bontshitse phelelo ya phefo ya carbon dioxide ya go tshwara mogote ka ngwaga wa 1856, a bonela pele ditlamorago tsa yone mo polaneteng.<ref>Foote, Eunice (November 1856). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382 Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays"]. The American Journal of Science and Arts. 22: 382–383. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382%2F Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</ref> (Carbon dioxide e ne e bidiwa "gase ya esiti ya carbon".)]] Borasaense ba ngwagakgolo wa bo 19 jaaka Alexander von Humboldt ba ne ba simolola go bonela pele ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820, Joseph Fourier o ne a tshitshinya phelelo ya greenhouse go tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa themperetšha ya Lefatshe e ne e le kwa godimo go feta maatla a Letsatsi a le nosi a ka a tlhalosang. Lefaufau la lefatshe le bonaletsang lesedi la letsatsi, ka jalo lesedi la letsatsi le fitlha kwa godimo ga lefatshe koo le fetolelwang go nna mogote gone. Le fa go ntse jalo, lefaufau ga le bonale mo mogoteng o o phatsimang go tswa kwa godimo, mme le tshwara mogote o mongwe, o o tla thuthafatsang polanete.[453] Ka 1856 Eunice Newton Foote o ne a bontsha gore phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya Letsatsi e kgolo mo moweng o o nang le mouwane wa metsi go na le mo moweng o o omileng, le gore phelelo e kgolo le go feta mo khabonetaeokosaeteng (CO2). Mo go "Maemo a a Amang Mogote wa Marang a Letsatsi" o ne a swetsa ka gore "[a] lefaufau la gase eo le tla naya lefatshe la rona themperetšha e e kwa godimo".[454][455] [[Setshwantsho:19120814 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate - Rodney and Otamatea Times.jpg|thumb|Pego e ya ngwaga wa 1912 e tlhalosa ka bokhutshwane phelelo ya ntlo ya mogote ye tshwarang mogote, kafa go fisiwa ga magala go dirang gore phefo ya carbondioxide e kgone go baka thuthafalo ya lefatshe le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ROTWKG19120814.2.56.5 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate]". Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. Text was earlier [[:en:File:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg|published in Popular Mechanics,]] March 1912, p. 341.</ref>]] Go simolola ka 1859,[457] John Tyndall o ne a tlhomamisa gore naeterojene le okosejene—mmogo di dira 99% ya mowa o o omileng—di bonala mo mogoteng o o phatsimang. Le fa go ntse jalo, mouwane wa metsi le digase tse di jaaka methane le khabonetaeokosaete di monya mogote o o phatsimang mme di phatlalatsa mogote oo gape mo lefaufaung. Tyndall o ne a tshitshinya gore diphetogo tsa dilekanyo tsa digase tseno di ka tswa di bakile diphetogo tsa tlelaemete mo nakong e e fetileng, go akaretsa le metlha ya aese.[458] Svante Arrhenius o lemogile gore mouwane wa metsi mo moweng o ne o tswelela o farologana, fela selekanyo sa CO2 mo moweng se ne se tlhotlhelediwa ke dithulaganyo tsa thutafatshe tsa nako e telele. Go thuthafala go tswa mo maemong a a oketsegileng a CO2 go ne go tla oketsa selekanyo sa mouwane wa metsi, go godisa thuthafalo mo lobelong lwa ditshwaelo tse di siameng. Ka 1896, o ne a gatisa sekai sa ntlha sa tlelaemete sa mofuta ono, a akanyetsa gore go fokotsa selekanyo sa CO2 ka halofo go ka bo go dirile gore themperetšha e wele tlase go simolola motlha wa aese. Arrhenius o ne a balela koketsego ya themperetšha e e solofetsweng go tswa mo go menaganeng ga CO2 gabedi go nna mo e ka nnang 5–6 °C.[459] Borasaense ba bangwe kwa tshimologong ba ne ba belaela mme ba dumela gore phelelo ya sethopo e ne e tletse gore go oketsa CO2 e ntsi go se ka ga dira pharologanyo epe, le gore tlelaemete e tla bo e itaola.[460] Go simolola ka 1938, Guy Stewart Callendar o ne a gatisa bosupi jwa gore tlelaemete e ne e thuthafala le gore selekanyo sa CO2 se ne se tlhatloga,[461] mme dipalelo tsa gagwe di ne tsa kopana le dikganetso tse di tshwanang.[460] === Go tlhamiwa ga tumalano ya saense === [[Setshwantsho:20211103 Academic studies of scientific consensus - global warming, climate change - vertical bar chart - en.svg|thumb|Tumelano ya saense ka go bakiwa ke : Dithuto tsa thuto tsa tumalano ya saense ka ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho mo gareng ga baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa( go simologa ka ngwaga wa 2010 go fitlha ko ngwageng wa 2015) di bontsha gore maemo a tumalano a tsamaisana le boitseanape mo saenseng ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; [[:en:William_Anderegg|Anderegg, William R. L.]]; et al. (2016). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|Environmental Research Letters.]] 11 (4) 048002. Bibcode:2016ERL....11d8002C. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.]] hdl:[[hdl:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6|1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6]].</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2019 e fitlhetse tumalano ya saense e le kwa go le la lekgolo kgolong,[426] mme thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2021 e ne ya swetsa ka gore tumalano e feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.[5] Patlisiso e nngwe ya ngwaga wa 2021 e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa ba bontshitse gore Lefatshe le thuthafala thata ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa batho.[]]Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, [[:en:Gilbert_Plass|Gilbert Plass]] o ne a tlhama sekai sa khomphiutha se se tletseng se se neng se akaretsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefaufau le sebopego sa infrared. Mokgwa o o ne wa bolelela pele gore go oketsa selekanyo sa pheho ya carbon dioxide (CO2) go ne go tla baka go thuthafala. Mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo, [[:en:Hans_Suess|Hans Suess]] o ne a bona bosupi jwa gore selekanyo sa phefo ya carbon dioxide (CO2) se ne se ntse se tlhatloga, mme [[:en:Roger_Revelle|Roger Revelle]] o ne a bontsha gore mawatle a ne a ka se amogele koketsego eo. Borasaense ba babedi morago ga moo ba ne ba thusa [[:en:Charles_David_Keeling|Charles Keeling]] go simolola palo ya koketsego e e tswelelang— ya [[:en:Keeling_Curve|"Keeling Curve]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect"}}; {{harvnb|Fleming|2008|loc=[https://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming/Article4.html Arrhenius]}}</ref>—e e neng e le karolo ya dipatlisiso tse di tswelelang tsa saense go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1960 ka ga se se ka nnang teng se se bakang thuthafalo ya lefatshe.[464] Dithutopatlisiso tse di jaaka Pegelo ya Charney ya 1979 ya Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Patlisiso di ne tsa tshegetsa go nepagala ga dikai tsa tlelaemete tse di bonelapele thuthafalo e e bonalang.[465] Dibako tsa batho tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e lemogilweng le dikotsi tsa thuthafalo e e sa fokodiwang di ne tsa tlhagisiwa phatlalatsa mo bopaking jwa ga James Hansen jwa ngwaga wa 1988 fa pele ga komiti ya [[:en:United_States_Senate|Senate ya lefatshe]] la Amerika.<ref>Shabecoff, Philip (24 June 1988). [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html "Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate"]. [[:en:New_York_Times|New York Times]]. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.</ref> [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Lekoko ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]](IPCC), e e tlhomilweng ka 1988 go tlamela ka kgakololo ya semmuso go dipuso tsa lefatshe, e ne ya tlhotlheletsa dipatlisiso tsa dirutwa tse di farologaneng.<ref>{{harvnb|Weart|2013|p=3567}}.</ref> Jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change#Assessment_reports|dipegelo tsa IPCC]], baitse ba saense ba sekaseka motlotlo wa saense o o diragalang mo di pego tsa [[:en:Scientific_journal|mekwalo]] tse di [[:en:Peer_review|sekasekiwang ke balekane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Royal Society|2005}}.</ref> Go na le tumalano e e batlang e dumalanwe ke saense ya gore seemo sa bosa se a thuthafala le gore seo se bakwa ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref name=":3" />Ga go na setlhopha sepe sa saense sa maemo a bosetšhaba kgotsa a boditšhabatšhaba se [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change#Opposing|se sa dumalaneng le kgang eo]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008|National Academies 2008]], p. 2; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFOreskes2007|Oreskes 2007]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXJIqCkb7YIC&pg=PA68 68]; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017]]</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019, tumalano mo dibukeng tsa bosheng e fitlheletse go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.<ref>Powell, James (20 November 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming". [[:en:Bulletin_of_Science,_Technology_&_Society|Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society]]. 37 (4): 183–184. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0270467619886266|10.1177/0270467619886266]].</ref><ref name=":3" />Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya IPCC ya ngwaga wa 2021 e boletse gore "ga go belaetse" gore phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e bakwa ke batho.<ref name=":3" /> Tumelano e tsweletse go tlhabolola gore go tshwanetse ga tsewa dikgato go sireletsa batho kgatlhanong le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dikolo tsa bosetšhaba tsa saense di kopile baeteledipele ba lefatshe go fokotsa mesi ya lefatshe.<ref>Joint statement of the [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFG8+5_Academies2009|G8+5 Academies (2009]]); [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017.]]</ref> === Ditiragalo tsa sešweng === Go [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|tlhagisa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng]] (EEA), mo go itsegeng gape jaaka saense ya go tlhagisa, go ne ga tlhamiwa mo masomeng a dingwaga a ntlha a lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective"]. American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> EEA e dirisa dikaelo tsa seemo sa bosa go tlhaola le go lekanya seabe se phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakilweng ke batho se se nang le sone mo go bonaleng gantsi, bogolo, boleele jwa nako, le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo dingwe tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa..<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21852/attribution-of-extreme-weather-events-in-the-context-of-climate-change Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change]. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2016. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016nap..book21852N 2016nap..book21852N]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/21852|10.17226/21852.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-38094-2|978-0-309-38094-2.]]</ref><ref>McSweeney, Robert; Tandon, Ayesha (18 November 2024). [https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html "Mapped: How climate change affects extreme weather around the world".] Climate Central. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250610154758/https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html Archived] from the original on 10 June 2025.</ref>Maduo a dithuto tsa go tlhalosa dilo di dira gore boradisanase le babegadikgang ba dire dipolelo tse di jaaka, "tiragalo e ya maemo a bosa e ne ya dirwa bonnye makgetlo a le ''n'' ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e bakilweng ke batho" kgotsa "lekhubu leno la mogote le ne la dirwa gore go nne mogote ka didikirii di le ''m'' go feta ka fa go neng go ntse ka gone mo lefatsheng le le neng le se na thuthafalo ya lefatshe" kgotsa "tiragalo e e ka bo e sa kgone go direga fa go ka bo go ne go se na phetogo ya seemo sa bosa". Maatla a magolo a dikhomphiutha ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000 le diphitlhelelo tsa dikgopolo mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 2010<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change"]. [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> di kgontshitse saense ya go tlhomamisa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo ditiragalong dingwe ka tshepo e e kwa godimo.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective]". American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> Borasaense ba dirisa mekgwa ya go tlhagisa le ditshwantsho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di setseng di sekasekilwe ke balekane, go letla "dithuto tsa go tlhagisa ka bonako" go gatisiwa mo nakong ya "[[:en:24-hour_news_cycle|modikologo wa dikgang]]" morago ga ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa.<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change".] [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] n679sxy9zs0aczel9q3c56o7wf0sqxe 53762 53745 2026-07-31T19:19:50Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53762 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, ensaetlopidia e e gololesegileng ''Pego e e bua ka go tlhatloga ga mogote wa lefatshe mo go bakiwang ke batho. Go bona diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa tsa ditso tsa tlholego, bona [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetogafetoga ga]] [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|seemo sa bosa le phetogo .]]'' ''"Go thuthafala ga lefatshe" go kaela gape fa. Go bona tiriso e nngwe, bona [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|seemo sa bosa (go tlhalosa)]] le [[:en:Global_warming_(disambiguation)|Thuthafalo ya Lefatshe (go tlhalosa).]]''[[Setshwantsho:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Diphetogo mo [[:en:Surface_air_temperature|mogoteng wa mowa o o gaufi le bokagodimo]] jwa Lefatshe mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/ "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)]". ''NASA''. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</ref> Kgaolo ya [[:en:Arctic|Arctic]] ke yone e e itemogetseng go oketsega mo go golo go feta ga mogote, mme ka kakaretso mogote wa mo lefatsheng o oketsegile go feta [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|mogote wa bokagodimo jwa lewatle]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Palogare ya mogote wa mowa wa bogodimo jwa lefatshe e oketsegile ka mo e ka nnang bongwe ntlha ya botlhano ya di selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (1.5&#x20;°C) (bobedi ntlha Supa ya di Farenheit ((2.7&#x20;°F) ) fa e sa le ka [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]]. Maatla a tlholego a baka go fetoga mo go rileng, mme koketsego e e tswelelang ya mogote e bontsha tlhotlheletso e e tswelelang pele ya ditiro tsa batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021]], SPM-7</ref><ref>Sources for data and graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: [https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as CSV".] Met Office (UK). 2026. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Natural driver graphic is at: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/figures/summary-for-policymakers/ "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report / Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis / Figures: Summary for Policymakers / Figure SPM.1(b)]". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Click on "Datasets". Natural driver dataset is downloadable by clicking on "gmst_changes_model_and_obs.csv" at: [https://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ar6_wg1/data/spm/spm_01/v20221116/panel_b "Summary for Policymakers of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - data for Figure SPM.1 (v20221116)".] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref>]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi''' sa gompieno e akaretsa '''go thuthafala ga lefatshe''' ,koketsego e e tswelelang pele ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote mafatshe ka bophara]] le [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|ditlamorago tsa yone]] tse di anameng mo seemong sa loapi. [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka kakaretso]] e raya diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo seemong sa [[:en:Climate|loapi]] sa lefatshe. Mo malatsing a gompieno, mogote wa lefatshe o [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change|bakwa thata ke ditiro tsa batho]], segolo thata go fisa [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo]] jaaka [[:en:Coal|magala]], [[:en:Petroleum|leokwane]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|gase ya tlholego]] fa e sale [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}: "The indicators show that, for the 2014–2023 decade average, observed warming was 1.19 [1.06 to 1.30] °C, of which 1.19 [1.0 to 1.4] °C was human-induced."</ref><ref name=":3">Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|''Environmental Research Letters''.]] '''16''' (11): 114005. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16k4005L 2021ERL....16k4005L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966]].</ref> Go dirisa mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo, [[:en:Deforestation_and_climate_change|go rema dikgwa]] le mekgwa mengwe ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture|temothuo]] le madirelo di ntsha [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|digase tse di golang mo tikologong]].<ref name=":8">{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}</ref> Digase tse di tshwara [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|mogote mongwe]] o lefatshe le o [[:en:Thermal_radiation|gololang]] fa letsatsi le sena go le thuthafatsa, o o dirang gore lefaufau le le kwa tlase le nne mogote. Lefaufau la lefatshe le na le phefo e kgotlhelesegileng e kana ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth|karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong gona le pele ya gase ya carbon dioxide]], gase e kgolo e e bakang go thuthafala ga lefatshe, go feta pele ga [[:en:Pre-industrial_society|Phetogo ya Madirelo]], e e fitlhelelang maemo a a iseng a bonwe mo dingwageng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=67}}: "Concentrations of {{CO2}}, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current {{CO2}} concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela go nna le [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo tikologong]]. [[:en:Heat_wave|Dipaka tsa mogote o o feteletseng]] le [[:en:Wildfire#Climate_change_effects|mello ya naga]] di ntse di irega ka tlwaelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=9}}: "Observed increases in areas burned by wildfires have been attributed to human-induced climate change in some regions (medium to high confidence)"</ref> [[:en:Polar_amplification|Go oketsega ga mogote kwa lefelong la Arctic]] go tlhotlheleditse go nyerologa ga [[:en:Permafrost|mmu o o sa feleng o le serame]] (permafrost), go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|fokotsega ga di-glacier]] le go [[:en:Arctic_sea_ice_decline|fokotsega ga metsi a a gatsetseng a mo lewatleng]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019|p=16}}: "Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)." </ref> Mogote o o kwa godimo gape e baka [[:en:Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change|difefo tse di maatla go feta]], [[:en:Drought#Climatic_changes|komelelo]] le [[:en:Extreme_weather|diemo tse dingwe tsa bosa tse di feteletseng]].<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021|p=1517}}</ref> Diphetogo tse di bonako mo tikologong ya [[:en:Montane_ecosystems|dithaba]], [[:en:Coral_reef|mafika a dikhorale]] le kwa lefelong la [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Arctic|Arctic]] di pateletsa mefuta e mentsi ya dimela le diphologolo go fudugela kwa mafelong a mangwe kgotsa [[:en:Extinction_risk_from_climate_change|go nyelela]].<ref>EPA (19 January 2017). "[https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Climate Impacts on Ecosystems]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20180127185656/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Archived] from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019. <q>Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.</q></ref> Le fa maiteko a go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote mo isagong a ka atlega, ditlamorago dingwe di tla tswelela ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Tse di akaretsa go [[:en:Ocean_temperature#Increasing_temperature_due_to_climate_change|thuthahala ga mawatle]], go [[:en:Ocean_acidification|oketsega ga esiti mo metsing a mawatle]] , le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=64}}: "Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of {{CO2}} and declining net anthropogenic non-{{CO2}} radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|baya batho mo kotsing]] ya merwalela e e oketsegileng, mogote o o feteletseng, tlhaelo ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_scarcity#Climate_change|metsi]], go oketsega ga malwetse le [[:en:Economic_impacts_of_climate_change|tatlhegelo ya itsholelo]].<ref>"[https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en Consequences of climate change]". ''climate.ec.europa.eu''. European Commission. Retrieved 10 April 2025.</ref> [[:en:Environmental_migrant|Go fuduga ga batho]] le dikgotlhang le tsone di ka nna ditlamorago.<ref>{{harvnb|Cattaneo|Beine|Fröhlich|Kniveton|2019}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=15}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Technical Summary|2022|p=53}}</ref> [[:en:World_Health_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (World Health Organization – WHO) o tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e le nngwe ya [[:en:Global_health|matshosetsi a magolo thata mo boitekanelong]] jwa lefatshe mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref name=":11">{{harvnb|WHO, Nov|2023}}</ref> Ditšhaba le ditshedi tsotlhe tsa tikologo di tla lebana le dikotsi tse dikgolo go feta [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=19}}</ref> [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|Go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] ka go dirisa ditsela tse di jaaka go aga [[:en:Flood_control|mekgwa ya go laola merwalela]] kgotsa go lema [[:en:Xerophyte|dijalo tse di emelanang le komelelo]] go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka selekanyo sengwe,le fa go ntse jalo, go setse go fitlheletswe melelwane ya bokgoni jwa go ikamanya mo mafelong mangwe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|pp=21–26}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Ch16|2022|p=2504}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 SYR SPM|2023|pp=8–9}}: "Effectiveness¹⁵ of adaptation in reducing climate risks¹⁶ is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) ... Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)."</ref> Ditšhaba tse di humanegileng di na le seabe se sennye mo go [[:en:Climate_justice|ntsheng gase tse di bakang go thutahala ga lefatshe]], mme gape ke tsone tse di nang le bokgoni jo bonnye jwa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , e bile ke tsone tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|amegang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone.]]<ref>Tietjen, Bethany (2 November 2022). [https://theconversation.com/loss-and-damage-who-is-responsible-when-climate-change-harms-the-worlds-poorest-countries-192070 "Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?]". ''[[:en:The_Conversation_(website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability]". IPCC. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg|thumb]]<gallery mode="packed" caption="Dikao tsa ditlamorago dingwe tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa Molelo wa naga o o gakadiwang ke mogote le komelelo, gonna bosweu ga dikorale go go diragalang gantsi ka ntlha ya makhubu a mogote a lewatle, le komelelo e e gakalang e e tsenyang tlamelo ya metsi mo kotsing."> Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg Setshwantsho:Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg Setshwantsho:California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg </gallery>Ditlamorago tse dintsi tsa phetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa ngwagakgolo wa masome a Mabedi Le bongwe, ka ngwaga wa 2024 se se bothitho go gaisa mo dikwalong ka Boko godimo jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius E le nngwe Le dikarolo di Le masome a marataro (1.60°C) kgotsa Farenheit di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le masome a robabobedi Le boferabobedi (2.88 °F) fa e sale go latedisa ka mkgaetsakgapetsago simolola ka 1ngwaga wa 850.<ref>[https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024#543aa52e-a01b-45e0-adfc-c610e4ac93a5 "2024 – a second record-breaking year, following the exceptional 2023]". ''Copernicus Programme''. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref><ref>Carrington, Damian (10 January 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jan/10/world-temperature-in-2024-exceeded-15c-for-first-time "Hottest year on record sent planet past 1.5C of heating for first time in 2024]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref> Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e tla oketsa ditlamorago tse mme e ka tsosa [[:en:Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system|dintlha tsa go fetoga]], jaaka go [[:en:Greenland_ice_sheet|nyerologa ga metsi a a gatsetseng ka ntlha ya serame Greenland]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga [[:en:Paris_Agreement|Tumalano ya Paris]] ya ngwaga wa 2015, ditšhaba mmogo di dumalane go tshola thuthafalo "ka fa tlase ga selekanyo sa bobedi sa mogote sa mokgwa wa Celcius (°C") . Le fa go ntse jalo, ka [[:en:Nationally_determined_contribution|ditsholofetso]] tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano, thuthafalo ya lefatshe e santse e tla fitlha go bokana jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le borobabobedi (2.8 °C) Tse di lekanang Le selekanyo sa mogote sa Farenheit di Le tlhano (5.0 °F) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga.<ref name=":4">{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XVIII}}: "The full implementation and continuation of the level of mitigation effort implied by unconditional or conditional NDC scenarios lower these projections to 2.8&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.7) and 2.6&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.6), respectively. All with at least a 66 per cent chance."</ref> Go na le tshegetso e e anameng ya [[:en:Climate_action|kgato ya seemo sa bosa]] ya lefatshe ka bophara<ref>Carrington, Damian (22 April 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/22/spiral-of-silence-climate-action-very-popular-why-dont-people-realise "'Spiral of silence': climate action is very popular, so why don't people realise it?]". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2025.</ref><ref>Andre, Peter; Boneva, Teodora; Chopra, Felix; Falk, Armin (9 February 2024). "Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''14''' (3): 253–259. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCC..14..253A 2024NatCC..14..253A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3|10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3.]]</ref>, mme bontsi jwa mafatshe a ikaelela [[:en:Net-zero_emissions|go emisa go ntsha gase ya carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XV}}: "As at 1 June 2024, 101 parties representing 107 countries and covering approximately 82 per cent of global GHG emissions had adopted net-zero pledges either in law (28 parties), in a policy document such as an NDC or a long-term strategy (56 parties), or in an announcement by a high-level government official (17 parties)."</ref> [[:en:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|Mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo le a ka fedisiwa]] ka go [[:en:Fossil_fuel_subsidies|fedisa dithuso tsa one]], [[:en:Conserving_energy|go somarela maatla]] le go fetogela kwa [[:en:Low-carbon_electricity|metsweding ya maatla e e sa tlhagiseng kgotlhelo e e bonalang ya carbon]]. Metswedi e ya maatla e akaretsa [[:en:Wind_power|maatla a phefo]], [[:en:Solar_power|a letsatsi]], a maatla a a bonwang ka go dirisa diphetogo mo gare ga dikarolwana tsa athomo (nuclear power).<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III|2014|p=1335}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=89}}</ref> Motlakase o o dirilweng ka tsela e e phepa o ka emisetsa mahura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo go dirisiwa go [[:en:Electric_vehicles|fa dipalangwa maatla a go tsamaya]], [[:en:Electric_heating|go gotetsa dikago]] le go tsamaisa dithulaganyo tsa madirelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=84}}: "Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2°C or 1.5°C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence)."</ref> Carbon e ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_removal|ntshiwa gape mo lefaufaung]], sekai ka go [[:en:Forest_protection|oketsa khurumetso ya sekgwa]] le go lema ka mekgwa e e bolokang [[:en:Carbon_farming|carbon mo mmung]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=114}}</ref><ref>Duarte, C.M.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; et&#x20;al. (17 January 2025). "Carbon burial in sediments below seaweed farms matches that of Blue Carbon habitats". ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''15''' (2): 180–187. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025NatCC..15..180D 2025NatCC..15..180D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1|10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1.]]</ref><ref>Winfield, E.; Ostoja, S. (2020). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15874560 "Climate-Smart Agriculture: Soil Health & Carbon Farming &#x5B;Factsheet&#x5D;"]. ''USDA California Climate Hub''. Retrieved 13 August 2025.</ref> == Mareo == Pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1980, go ne go sa tlhaloganyesege gore a phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|digase tse di oketsegileng tsa sethopo]] e ne e le maatla go feta [[:en:Particulates#Climate_effects|phelelo ya go tsidifatsa ya dikarolwana tse di mo moweng]] mo kgotlhelong ya mowa. Borasaense ba dirisitse lereo ''phetolo ya seemo sa bosa se se sa ikaelelwang'' go kaya ditlamorago tsa batho mo seemong sa bosa ka nako e.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|NASA, 5 December|2008}}.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ''mareo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' le phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' se ne sa tlwaelega thata, gantsi a ne a dirisiwa ka go ananya.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_7_July2020|NASA, 7 July 2020]]</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shaftel|2016}}: "{{thinsp}}'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.&nbsp;... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century&nbsp;... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena&nbsp;...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press, 22 September|2015}}: "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level".</ref> Ka saense, ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' e kaya fela go oketsega ga mogote wa palogare ya boalogodimo jwa lefatshe, fa ''phetogo ya seemo sa bosa'' e tlhalosa bobedi thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago tsa yona mo [[:en:Climate_system|thulaganyong ya seemo sa bosa]] ya Lefatshe, jaaka diphetogo tsa [[:en:Precipitation|pula]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Phetogo ya seemo'' sa bosa se ka dirisiwa gape ka bophara go akaretsa [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa]] tse di diragetseng mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Lefatshe ka ntlha ya dithulaganyo tsa tlholego.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."</ref> Lereo la phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakiwang ke batho ka dinako tse dingwe le dirisiwa go tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se bakiwang ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2023), "Annex VII: Glossary", ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis/annex-vii-glossary/058768DADC00B52E2ED3381D0259B4E0 Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&#x20;2215–2256, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022|10.1017/9781009157896.022,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15788-9|<bdi>978-1-009-15788-9</bdi>,]] retrieved 22 January 2026</ref> ''Thuthafalo ya lefatshe''—e e neng ya dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1975<ref>Broecker, Wallace S. (8 August 1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''189''' (4201): 460–463. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...189..460B 1975Sci...189..460B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460|10.1126/science.189.4201.460.]] [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1740491 1740491]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17781884 17781884].</ref>—e ne ya nna lereo le le tlwaelesegileng thata morago ga gore rra maranyane wa seemo sa bosa wa [[:en:NASA|NASA]] e bong [[:en:James_Hansen|James Hansen]] a le dirise mo bosuping jwa gagwe jwa ngwaga wa 1988 kwa [[:en:U.S._Senate|Senateng ya U.S]].<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"}}, "News reporters gave only a little attention&#x20;...". </ref> Fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, tiriso ya phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' e oketsegile.<ref>{{harvnb|Joo|Kim|Do|Lineman|2015}}.</ref> Bo ramaranyane ba ba farologaneng, boradipolotiki le bobegakgang ba ka dirisa mareo a [[:en:Climate_crisis|''mathata a seemo sa bosa'']] kgotsa [[:en:Climate_emergency_declaration|''tshoganyetso ya seemo sa bosa'']] go bua ka phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme ba ka dirisa lereo la ''thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ya lefatshe (global heating)'' boemong jwa ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe (global warming).''<ref>{{harvnb|Hodder|Martin|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February|2020}}</ref> == Go tlhatloga ga mogote mo lefatsheng lotlhe == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe:'' [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|''Mogote o o mo boalogodimong jwa lefatshe lotlhe'']] === Megote ya tsa pele ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya gompieno === ''Dipego tse dikgolo: [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo]]; [[:en:Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years|Palo ya mogote ya dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng]]; le [[:en:Paleoclimatology|Thuto -seemo sa bosa ya Bogologolo]]''[[Setshwantsho:Common Era Temperature.svg|thumb|Kago sešwa ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] mo dingwageng di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng go dirisiwa tshedimosetso ya boemedi go tswa mo diring tsa ditlhare, dikorale, le di-core tsa metsi a a gatsetseng tsa botala jwa loapi.<ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Barboza|Erb|Shi|2019b}}.</ref>Tshedimosetso e e lemogilweng ka tlhamalalo e ka bohibidu.<ref>"[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change]". [[:en:NASA|NASA]]. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</ref>]] Mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le mmalwa tse di fetileng seemo sa bosa se ne sa dikologa mo di [[:en:Glacial_period|nakong tsa metsi a a gatsetseng.]] Nngwe ya dipaka tse di neng di le mogote thata mogote e ne e le [[:en:Last_Interglacial|Last Interglacial]], dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano tse di fetileng, fa megote e neng e le magareng ga selekanyo sa Celciuse e oketsegile ka selekanyo sa fa gare ga degree Celsius e le sephatlo (0.5 °C) le degree Celsius e le nngwe le sephatlo (1.5 °C) go feta pele ga tshimologo ya go thutafalo ya lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], pp.&#x20;294, 296.</ref> Paka e e ne ya bona maemo a lewatle a le kwa godimo ka boleele jwa dimitara di le tlhano go ya ko dimitareng di le lesome go feta gompieno. Bogolo jwa metsi a a gatsetseng jwa bošeng jwa dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng bo ne bo le tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius ka botlhano go ya kwa bosupeng (5–7 °C). Paka e e na le maemo a lewatle a a neng a le kwa tlase ka boleele jwa dimetara di feta lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano (125 m), kgotsa boleele jwa maoto a le makgolo a mane le lesome (410 ft), fa go bapisiwa le gompieno..<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;366.</ref> Megote e neng ya tlhomama mo pakeng ya ga jaana ya magareng ga metsi a a gatsetseng go simolola [[:en:Holocene|dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bongwe le makgolo a a supa a a fetileng]].<ref>Marcott, S. A.; Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. (2013). "A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years". ''Science''. '''339''' (6124): 1198–1201. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1198M 2013Sci...339.1198M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1228026|10.1126/science.1228026]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23471405 23471405].</ref> Paka e gape e ne ya bona tshimologo ya temothuo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;296.</ref> Mokgwa wa ditso tsa go thuthafala le go tsidifala, jaaka Paka ya [[:en:Medieval_Warm_Period|Bothitho ya Metlha ya Bogare]](Medieval Warm Period) le [[:en:Little_Ice_Age|Motlha wa metsi a a gatsetseng a a mannye]], ga di a diragala ka nako e le nngwe go ralala dikgaolo tse di farologaneng. Megote e ka tswa di fitlheletse kwa godimo jaaka tsa bofelo jwa lekgolo la bosome le bobedi la dingwaga mo dikgaolong tse di lekanyeditsweng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5|2013|p=386}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Steiger|Gómez-Navarro|Wang|2019a}}</ref> Tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa ya paka eo e tswa mo [[:en:Proxy_(climate)|maemeding a seemo sa bosa]], jaaka ditlhare le [[:en:Ice_core|karolo ya konokono tsa metsi a a gatsetseng]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=57}}: "This report adopts the 51-year reference period, 1850–1900 inclusive, assessed as an approximation of pre-industrial levels in AR5&#x20;... Temperatures rose by 0.0&#x20;°C–0.2&#x20;°C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hawkins|Ortega|Suckling|Schurer|2017|p=1844}}</ref> === Go thuthafala fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo === [[Setshwantsho:1951- Percent of record temperatures that are cold or warm records.svg|thumb|Mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa godimo di fetile thata dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa tlase mo karolong e e golang ya boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. <ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for September from 1951–2023]". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). September 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231014030010/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 14 October 2023. (change "202309" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 09=September)</ref>]] Ka ngwagaa wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano (1850) dipalo tsa [[:en:Thermometer|sedirwa se se dirisiwang go tsaa mogote]] se ne sa simolola go tlamela ka kgaso ya lefatshe lotlhe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2013|pp=4–5}}: "Global-scale observations from the instrumental era began in the mid-19th century for temperature and other variables&#x20;... the period 1880 to 2012&#x20;... multiple independently produced datasets exist."</ref> Magareng ga lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go ne go se na thuthafalo e ntsi ya nete, ka gonne ditlamorago tsa thuthafalo tsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo di ne tsa fokodiwa ke go tsidifala go tswa mo mesing ya [[:en:Sulfur_dioxide|sulphur dioxide]]. Sulphur dioxide e baka [[:en:Acid_rain|pula ya asiti]], mme gape e ntsha di-aerosol tsa [[:en:Sulfate|sulfate]] mo lefaufaung, tse di bontshang lesedi la letsatsi mme di dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne lefifi. Morago ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), go kokoanngwa mo go oketsegang ga digase tsa sethopo le ditaolo tsa kgotlhelo ya sebabole go ne ga baka koketsego e e bonalang ya mogote.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181222142212/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html "Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists".] NASA. 15 March 2007.</ref><ref name=":1">Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). [[doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022|"Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing".]] ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics''. '''22''' (18): 12221–12239. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ACP....2212221Q Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791.]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:1955- Ocean heat content - NOAA.svg|thumb|Go nnile le koketsego ya [[:en:Ocean_heat_content|diteng tsa mogote wa lewatle]] mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta jaaka fa mawatle a annywa go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Earth's_energy_budget|mogote go tswa mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe]].<ref>Top 700 meters: Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content]". climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ● Top 2000 meters: [https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/ "Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"]. NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. from the original on 20 October 2023.</ref>]] [[Setshwantsho:1880- Global surface temperature - heat map animation - NASA SVS.webm|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa NASA tse di bontshang diphetogo tsa mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 1880. Mmala o o pududu o bontsha megote e e tsidifetseng mme o mohibidu o supa megote e e bothitho. Jaaka boleng jwa tshupiso go dirisiwa megote e e magareng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1951 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1980.]] Diphetogo tse di tswelelang tsa seemo sa bosa ga di ise di ko di nne teng mo dingwageng di le dikete di le mmalwa.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=43}}</ref> Ditlhopha tsa tshedimosetso tse dintsi tsotlhe di bontsha<ref>"Summary for Policymakers". ''Climate Change 2021 – the Physical Science Basis''. 2023. pp.&#x20;3–32. [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-009-15789-6</bdi>.]]</ref> koketsego ya lefatshe ka bophara ya themphereitšha ya boalogodimo, ka seelo se se ka nnang 0.2 °C ka ngwagasome.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=81}}.</ref>Ngwagasome wa dingwaga tsa 2014 go fitlhela kwa ngwageng wa 2023 o ne wa thuthafala go fitlha go palogare ya selekanyo sa mogote wa degree sa bongwe ntlha e nngwe le borobabobedi (1.19 °C)[selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius se se magareng ga bongwe ntlha ya lefela le borataro le bongwe ntlha tharo [1.06–1.30 °C] fa e bapisiwa le motheo wa pele ga madirelo (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1850– go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1900).<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}</ref> Ga se ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o o neng o le bothitho go feta wa bofelo: dithulaganyo tsa go [[:en:Climate_variability|fetoga ga seemo sa bosa]] tsa fa gare di ka dira gore ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o nne bothitho kgotsa o tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa lefela ntlha pedi (0.2 °C) go feta palogare.<ref>Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341748 "Delayed emergence of a global temperature response after emission mitigation"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 3261. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3261S Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3261S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1. hdl:11250/2771093. PMC&#x20;7341748. PMID&#x20;32636367]. <q>At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature</q></ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), dikgato tse di sa siamang tsa dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di ntseng jalo, [[:en:Pacific_decadal_oscillation|go tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tsa Pacific (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) (PDO)]]<ref>Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023). [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|"Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation".]] ''[[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]''. '''154''' (3–4): 1137–1149. [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|Bibcode:2023ThApC.154.1137S. doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8. hdl:11250/3088837.]]</ref> le go [[:en:Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation|tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tse di mmalwa tsa Atlantic (AMO)]]<ref>Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016). "The global warming hiatus—a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation". [[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|''Theoretical and Applied Climatology''.]] '''123''' (1–2): 349–360. [[Bibcode:2016ThApC.123..349Y. doi:10.1007/s00704-014-1358-x]]</ref> di bakile paka e khutshwane e e bonya ya thuthafalo e e bidiwang "[[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|kgaotso ya thuthafalo ya lefatshe]]".<ref>Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (June 2017). "What Caused the Global Surface Warming Hiatus of 1998–2013?". ''Current Climate Change Reports''. '''3''' (2): 128–140[[doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0|. Bibcode:2017CCCR....3..128X. doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0.]]</ref> Morago ga "hiatus", go ne ga diragala se se fapaaneng, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2024) le bone e le kwa godimo thata ga palogare ya bošeng ka go feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C).<ref>Tollefson, Jeff (10 January 2025). "Earth breaches 1.5 °C climate limit for the first time: what does it mean?". ''Nature''. '''637''' (8047): 769–770. [[Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID 39794429|Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID&#x20;39794429]].</ref>Ke ka moo phetogo ya mogote e tlhalosiwang go ya ka palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi , e e fokotsang modumo wa dingwaga tse di mogote le tse di tsididi le mekgwa ya seemo sa bosa sa dingwaga di le lesome, le gape go lemoga letshwao la paka e telele.: <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 "Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 31 January 2024. <q>The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</q></ref> (tsebe ya botlhano) <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. Retrieved 31 January 2024. The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</ref> Ditebelelo tse dingwe tse dintsi di tiisa bosupi jwa thuthafalo.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|p=S26}}. Figure 2.5.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFLoeb_et_al.2021|Loeb et al. 2021.]]</ref>Lefaufau le le kwa godimo le a tsidifala, ka gonne digase tsa sethopo di tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe, mme ka jalo mogote o monnye o phatsimela kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming "Global Warming".] NASA JPL. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2020. <q>Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural causes.</q></ref> Go thuthafala go fokotsa palogare ya khurumetso ya kapoko mme go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|pateletsa dikgalase go boela morago]]. Ka nako e le nngwe, thuthafalo gape e baka [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle|mowafatso o o mogolo go tswa mo mawatleng]], e e bakang [[:en:Specific_humidity|bongola jwa lefaufau]] jo bontsi , le pula e ntsi le e e bokete.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|pp=S26, S59–S60}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 1|2017|p=35}}</ref>Dimela di [[:en:Flowering|thunya]] go sa le gale mo dikgakologong, mme diketekete tsa mefuta ya diphologolo di ntse di fudugela kwa mafelong a a tsidifetseng ruri.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|pp=257–260}}</ref> ==== Dipharologano go ya ka dikgaolo ==== Dikgaolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe di [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change#Variability_between_regions|thuthafala ka selekanyo se se farologaneng.]] Mokgwa o o ikemetse ka nosi gore digase tsa tshwarang mogote mo loaping di ntshiwa kae, ka gonne digase tse di nna nako e telele go ka anama go ralala mmele wa legodimo o o dikologang dinaledi. Fa e sale ka nako ya pele ga madirelo, palogare ya mogote wa boalogodimo mo dikgaolong tsa lefatshe e oketsegile ka bonako jo bo ka nnang gabedi go feta palogare ya mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}</ref> Se ke ka gonne mawatle a latlhegelwa ke mogote o montsi ka go [[:en:Evaporation|mowafala]] mme [[:en:Ocean_heat_content|mawatle a ka boloka mogote o montsi]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Sutton|Dong|Gregory|2007}}.</ref> Maatla a mogote mo thulaganyong ya seemo sa loapi ya lefatshe a godile ka go ema ka nakwana fela fa e sale ka bonnye ka ngwaga wa 1970, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong ya maatla ao a a oketsegileng a bolokilwe mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content".] ''Noaa Climate.gov''. NOAA. 2018. Archived from [https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content the original] on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3|2013|p=257}}: "Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.</ref>Tse dingwe di goteditse lefaufau, tsa nyerolosa metsi a a gatsetseng, le go thuthafatsa di karolo kgolo tsa lefatshe tse di naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng.<ref>von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et&#x20;al. (7 September 2020). [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/2013/2020/ "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?".] ''Earth System Science Data''. '''12''' (3): 2013–2041. Bibcode:[[doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020|2020ESSD...12.2013V. doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020. hdl:20.500.11850/443809.]]</ref> [[:en:Northern_Hemisphere|Sephatlho sa Bokone jwa lefatshe]] le Ntlha ya Bokone ya lefatshe di thuthafetse ka bonako thata go feta Sephatlho sa Borwa le Sephatlho sa Borwa. Sephatlho saBokone ga se na fela lefatshe le lentsi thata, mme gape le khurumetso e ntsi ya kapoko ya paka le [[:en:Sea_ice|metsi a a gatsetseng a lewatle]]. Fa difatlhego tse di fetoga go tswa mo go bontsheng lesedi le lentsi go ya go nna lefifi morago ga gore metsi a agatsetseng a nyerologe, di simolola go [[:en:Albedo|monya mogote o montsi]].<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA, 10 July|2011}}.</ref>Dipeeletso tsa khabone e ntsho tsa selegae mo kapokong le mo metsi a kgatesolo le tsone di na le seabe mo thuthafalong ya Arctic.<ref name=":12">{{harvnb|United States Environmental Protection Agency|2016|p=5}}: "Black carbon that is deposited on snow and ice darkens those surfaces and decreases their reflectivity (albedo). This is known as the snow/ice albedo effect. This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."</ref>Megote ya boalogodimo jwa Arctic e oketsega ka bonako jo bo fa gare ga [[:en:Polar_amplification|makgetlo a le mararo le a le manè]] go feta mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-05-arctic-faster-planet.html "Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns".] ''Phys.org''. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</ref><ref>Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022). "[[doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3|The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''3''' (1): 168. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3..168R Bibcode:2022ComEE...3..168R. doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3. hdl:11250/3115996.]</ref>Go nyerologa ga [[:en:Ice_sheet|dikapetla tsa metsi a a gatsetseng]] gaufi le di ntlha tsa lefatshe go koafatsa bobedi leloko la Atlantic le Antarctic la go dikologa ga metsi a lewatle ka ntlha ya pharologano ya mogote le letswai, e leng se se fetolang go ya pele kabo ya mogote le pula go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Liu, Wei; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Hu, Shineng (26 June 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319730 "Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate".] ''Science Advances''. '''6''' (26) eaaz4876. [[Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC 7319730. PMID 32637596.|Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC&#x20;7319730. PMID&#x20;32637596.]]</ref><ref name=":5">Pearce, Fred (18 April 2023). [https://e360.yale.edu/features/climate-change-ocean-circulation-collapse-antarctica "New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse"]. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref><ref>Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3|"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''4''' (1): 69. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...69L. [[Doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.|doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.]]</ref><ref>[https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/noaa-scientists-detect-reshaping-of-the-meridional-overturning-circulation-in-southern-ocean/ "NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean"]. NOAA. 29 March 2023.</ref> === Megote ya isago ya lefatshe ka bophara === [[Setshwantsho:Projected Change in Temperatures.svg|thumb|Diponelopele tsa dikai tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project#CMIP_Phase_6|CMIP6]] tsa diphetogo tsa [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] tsa ngwaga wa 2090 fa di bapisiwa le palogare ya ngwaga wa 1850 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 1900. Tsela ya ga jaanong ya go thuthafala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga e ka nna mo bogareng jwa dipheteletso tse pedi tseno.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"]]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARER...47..343S 2022ARER...47..343S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847.]] Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3 °C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". [[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3 °C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9 °C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1 °C.</ref>]] [[:en:World_Meteorological_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa]] o akanyeditse gore go na le kgonagalo ya mo e ka nnang karolo ya masomea a matlhano mo lekgolong ya gore mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ya dingwaga di le tlhano e fete selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.(2028)<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024b|WMO 2024b,]] p.&#x20;2.</ref> Setlhopha sa Ditšhaba se se Tlhomilweng go Sekaseka Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa (IPCC) e solofela gore palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi e tla feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo .<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 "Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis"] (PDF). ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. 7 August 2021. IPCC AR6 WGI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2024.</ref> [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Tlhatlhobo ya Borataro ya IPCC]] (ya ngwaga wa 2021) e ne e akaretsa diponelopele tsa gore ka dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka fitlhelela go tloga kwa go selekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius se le sengwe ntlha lefela go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa Celsius se le nngwe ntlha robabobedi ( 1.0–1.8&#x20;°C) ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo nang le mesi e e kwa tlase thata ya digase tsa sethopo, selekanyo sa mogote sa Celsius di le pedi ntlha nngwe go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha botlhano (2.1–3.5 °C) fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP3:_Regional_rivalry_(A_Rocky_Road)|seemo sa magareng sa go ntshiwa ga digase]] kgotsa fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP5:_Fossil-Fueled_Development_(Taking_the_Highway)|seemo se se kwa godimo thata sa go ntshiwa ga digase tseno]], go lebeletswe gore mogote o oketsega go tswa kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha tharo go fitlhela kwa go selekanyong sa Celsius di le tlhano ntlha supa (3.3–5.7 °C) ka fa tlase [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP5:_Fossil-Fueled_Development_(Taking_the_Highway)|ga seemo sa mesi e e kwa godimo thata]]. <ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=SPM-17}}</ref>Thuthafalo e tla tswelela go feta dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) mo maemong a magareng le a a kwa godimo a tshenyo,<ref>Meinshausen, Malte; Smith, S. J.; Calvin, K.; Daniel, J. S.; Kainuma, M. L. T.; Lamarque, J-F.; Matsumoto, K.; Montzka, S. A.; Raper, S. C. B.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Velders, G. J. M.; van Vuuren, D.P. P. (2011). [[doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z|"The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300"]]. ''Climatic Change''. '''109''' (1–2): 213–241. Bibcode:2011ClCh..109..213M. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z.</ref> <ref>Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021). [[doi:10.1111/gcb.15871|"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100".]] ''Global Change Biology''. '''28''' (2): 349–361. [[Doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID 34558764.|doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID&#x20;34558764.]]</ref>ka diponelopele tsa isago tsa megote tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo (2300) di tshwana le didikadike tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=43–44}}</ref> [[:en:Carbon_budget|Tekanyetsokabo ya khabone]] e e setseng ya go nna ka fa tlase ga dikoketso tse di rileng tsa mogote e laolwa ka go dira sekao sa modikologo wa khabone le go nna [[:en:Climate_sensitivity|bosisi ga seemo sa bosa]] mo digaseng tsa sethopo.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogelj|Forster|Kriegler|Smith|2019}}</ref> Go ya ka [[:en:UNEP|UNEP]], thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka bewa kwa tlase ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bobedi (2.0 °C) ka kgonagalo ya sephatlo sa lekgolo (50%) fa mesi morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) e sa fete bokete jwa di gigatonnes di le borobabongwe ta CO2. Tekanyetsokabo e ya khabone e tsamaisana le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le borataro tsa mesi ya ga jaana.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2024|United Nations Environment Programme 2024,]] pp.&#x20;XI, XVII.</ref> == Dilo tse di bakang go tlhatloga ga mogote wa bosheng jaana mo lefatsheng lotlhe == ''Pego ya konkono: [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|Dilo tse di bakang phetogo ya]] [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg|thumb|[[:en:Radiative_forcing|Dilo tsa tlholego le tsa thuto ya science]] tse di bakileng go gotela yga lefatshe e e diragetseng go fitlha jaanong. [[:en:Global_warming_potential|Bokgoni jwa thuthafalo ya lefatshe]] mo isagong jwa bakgweetsi ba ba tshelang lobaka lo loleele jaaka mesi ya khabonetaeokosaete ga bo a emelwa. Ditedu mo bareng nngwe le nngwe di bontsha [[:en:Observational_error|selekanyo sa phoso]] e e ka nnang teng.]] Thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa e itemogela ditikologo tse di farologaneng ka boyone tse di ka tsayang dingwaga, masomesome a dingwaga kgotsa le eleng makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Sekao, ditiragalo tsa [[:en:El_Niño|El Niño]] di baka ditlhatlogo tsa paka e e khutshwane ya matlhasedi a mogote wa boalogodimo fa ditiragalo tsa [[:en:La_Niña|La Niña]] di baka tsidifatso ya paka e e khutshwane.<ref>Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015). [[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|"Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''120''' (2): 480–494. d[[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|oi:10.1002/2014JD022576. hdl:10161/9564]]</ref> Makgetlo a tsone a ka ama diphetogo tsa mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ka kakaretso mo sekaleng sa nako sa dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013). [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|"An apparent hiatus in global warming?"]]. ''Earth's Future''. '''1''' (1): 19–32. Bibcode:2013EaFut...1...19T. [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|doi:10.1002/2013EF000165.]]</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe di bakwa ke go sa [[:en:Earth's_Energy_Imbalance|lekalekane ga maatla]] go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_forcing|dikgatelelong tsa kwa ntle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|National Research Council|2012|p=9}}</ref> Dikai tsa tse di akaretsa diphetogo tsa digase tsa sethopo, [[:en:Solar_luminosity|go phatsima ga letsatsi]], [[:en:Volcano|go thunya ga lekgwamolelo,]] le [[:en:Orbital_forcing|diphetogo tsa modikologo wa Lefatshe]] go dikologa Letsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch102013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|p=916}}.</ref> Go bona gore batho ba na le seabe sefe mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhamiwa "dikgatiso tsa menwana" tse di kgethegileng tsa dilo tsotlhe tse di ka nnang teng le go bapisiwa le mekgwa e e lemogilweng le go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go itsiweng fa gare.<ref>{{harvnb|Knutson|2017|p=443}}; {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|pp=875–876}}</ref> Ka sekai, go pateletsa letsatsi—mo kgatiso ya menwana ya lone e akaretsang go thuthafatsa lefaufau lotlhe—go kgaphetswe kwa thoko ka gonne ke lefaufau le le kwa tlase fela le le thuthafetseng.<ref name=":13">{{Harvnb|USGCRP|2009|p=20}}.</ref> Di-aerosol tsa mo lefaufaung di ntsha phelelo e nnye, e e tsidifatsang. Dikgweetsi tse dingwe, jaaka diphetogo tsa albedo, ga di na tshusumetso e ntsi.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=7}}</ref> === Mewa ya sethopo === ''Pego ya konokono : [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|go ntshiwa ga digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|ditlamorago tsa go tshwarwa ga mogote mo lefaufaung]], le [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|carbon dioxide mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe]]''[[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide 800kyr.svg|thumb|Dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo dingwageng di le dikete di le borobabobedi tse di fetileng jaaka di lekanngwa go tswa mo gare ga metsi a a gatsetseng (botala jwa loapi/botala) le ka tlhamalalo (bontsho)]] Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di bonala mo [[:en:Sunlight|leseding la letsatsi]], mme ka jalo di letla gore le fete mo lefaufaung go gotetsa boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. Lefatshe le e [[:en:Radiative_cooling|ntsha e le mogote]], mme digase tsa di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di monya karolo ya yone. Go monyelwa mo go fokotsa selekanyo se mogote o tshabelang kwa lefaufaung ka sone, go tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe le go o thuthafatsa fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>NASA. [https://climate.nasa.gov/causes "The Causes of Climate Change".] ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</ref> Fa [[:en:Water_vapour|mouwane wa metsi]] (go lekana le karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong) le maru (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong) e le tsone tse di nang le seabe se segolo mo phelelong ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung, di fetoga thata jaaka tiro ya mogote mme ka jalo di tsewa thata jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_feedbacks|ditshwaelo]] tse di fetolang bosisi jwa seemo sa bosa. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, dilekanyo tsa digase tse di jaaka CO2 (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi mo lekgolong), gese ya ozone e e mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya lefaufau (troposphere),<ref>Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer). {{harvnb|Wang|Shugart|Lerdau|2017}}</ref> Di-[[:en:Chlorofluorocarbon|CFC]] le [[:en:Nitrous_oxide|nitrous oxide]] di okediwa kgotsa di tlosiwa di sa ikaega ka mogote, mme ka jalo di tsewa e le [[:en:Radiative_forcing|dikgatelelo tsa kwa ntle]] tse di fetolang megote ya lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidt|Ruedy|Miller|Lacis|2010}}; {{harvnb|USGCRP Climate Science Supplement|2014|p=742}}</ref> Pele ga Phetogo ya Madirelo, selekanyo sa digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago se ne sa dira gore mowa o o gaufi le boalogodimo o nne bothitho ka bokana ka selekanyo sa di Celcius tse masome a mararo le boraro (33&#x20;°C) go feta ka fa o ka bong o le ka teng fa di ne di seyo.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1|2007|loc=FAQ1.1}}: "To emit 240 W m⁻², a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19&#x20;°C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14&#x20;°C).</ref> <ref>[https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect.html ACS. "What Is the Greenhouse Effect?".] Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref>Tiro ya batho fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo, bogolo jang go ntsha le go fisa mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo (magala, [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]], le ghese ya tlholego),<ref>{{Harvnb|The Guardian, 19 February|2020}}.</ref> e okeditse selekanyo sa dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) , [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|dilekanyo tsa CO2]] le methane di ne di oketsegile ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong (50%) le karolo ya lekgolo le masome a borataro le bone mo lekgolon (164%), ka go latelana, fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano.(1750) <ref>{{Harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=2}}.</ref>Dilekanyo tse tsa {{CO2}} di kwa godimo go feta ka nako epe fela mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le lesome le bone tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFThe_Cenozoic_CO2_Proxy_Integration_Project_(CenCOPIP)_Consortium2023|The Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project (CenCOPIP) Consortium 2023.]]</ref> [[:en:Atmospheric_methane|Dilekanyo tsa methane]] di kwa godimo thata go feta ka fa di neng di le ka teng mo dingwageng di dikete tse borobabobedi tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021,]] p.&#x20;TS-35.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg|thumb|[[:en:Global_Carbon_Project|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Khabone]] e bontsha kafa ditlaleletso tsa CO2 di bakilweng ke metswedi e e farologaneng e e tlhatlogang ka go latelana<ref>References for Global Carbon Budget chart updated through 2024: For carbon entries: [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/datahub/the-latest-gcb-data-2025/# "Home ›The Data Hub 2025 ›The Latest GCB Data (2025)"]. Global Carbon Budget. Click "Global Carbon Budget v2025" to download Excel xlsx file. Multiply these carbon entries by 3.664 to arrive at carbon dioxide figures. Contains land use data only since 1959; see OWID references for complete data: For carbon dioxide entries for other industry, flaring, cement, gas, oil, and coal: Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (23 June 2020). [https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel "CO₂ emissions by fuel"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Download data from chosen chart, "CO₂ emissions by fuel or industry type, World". For carbon dioxide entries for land use: [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-land-use?tab=line&country=~OWID_WRL "Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Select "Line", choose "Download", select "Data", click "Download displayed data".</ref>]] Mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe ya digase tse di bakiwang ke batho ka ngwaga wa 2019 e ne e lekana le bokete jwa di ditone di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe tsa CO2. Mo mesing eno, karolo ya masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong (75%) e ne e le CO2, karolo ya lesome le borobabobedi mo lekgolong (18%) e ne e le methane, karolo ya bone mo lekgolong(4%) e ne e le nitrous oxide, mme karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e ne e le [[:en:Fluorinated_gases|digase tse di nang le fluorine]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG3_Summary_for_Policymakers2022|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers 2022,]] Figure SPM.1.</ref> Mesi ya CO2 e tswa thata mo go fiseng [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo]] go tlamela ka maatla a dipalangwa, go dira, [[:en:Heating#Energy_sources|go thuthafatsa]], le motlakase.<ref name=":8" />Mesi e mengwe ya CO2 e tswa mo go rengweng ga dikgwa le mo dithulaganyong tsa madirelo, tse di akaretsang CO2 e e gololwang ke diphetogo tsa dikhemikhale tsa [[:en:Cement#Chemistry|go dira semente]], [[:en:Blast_furnace#Process_engineering_and_chemistry|tshipi]], [[:en:Hall–Héroult_process|aluminiamo]], le [[:en:Haber_process|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2019|p=17}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}; {{harvnb|EPA|2020}}: "Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials."</ref><ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zv7f3k7/revision/2 Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals"]. Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kvande|2014}}: "Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al2O3). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because {{CO2}} is a greenhouse gas."</ref>Mesi ya methane [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|e tswa mo diruiweng]], motshotelong, [[:en:Environmental_impact_of_rice_cultivation|temong ya raese]], mafelo a go latlhela matlakala, metsi a a leswe, le [[:en:Coal_seam_gas|meepo ya magala]], mmogo le [[:en:Fugitive_gas_emissions|go ntsha mahura le ghese]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2020}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Global Methane Initiative|2020}}: "Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|Enteric fermentation]] (27%), [[:en:Municipal_Solid_Waste|Manure Managemen]]<nowiki/>t (3%), Coal Mining (9%), Municipal Solid Waste (11%), Oil & Gas (24%), [[:en:Wastewater|Wastewater]] (7%), Rice Cultivation (7%)."</ref>Mesi ya nitrous oxide e tswa thata mo go boleng ga ditshedinnye tsa [[:en:Fertilizer|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2019}}: "Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N2O emissions."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|2009}}: "2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period."</ref> Fa methane e nna fela mo lefaufaung ka palogare ya dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ,<ref>[https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions "Understanding methane emissions".] International Energy Agency.</ref>CO2 e nna lobaka lo loleele thata. Boalo jwa Lefatshe bo monya CO2 jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Carbon_cycle|modikologo wa khabone]]. Fa dimela tse di mo lefatsheng le mo lewatleng di monya bontsi jwa mesi e e feteletseng ya CO2 ngwaga le ngwaga, CO2 eo e busediwa mo lefaufaung fa dilo tsa ditshedi di silwa, di tuka, kgotsa di bola.<ref name=":2">Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011). [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/?src=eoa-features "The Carbon Cycle".] ''Earth Observatory''. NASA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa [[:en:Carbon_sink|lefelo le le bolokang khabone]] mo godimo ga lefatshe, jaaka go [[:en:Carbon_fixation|tlhomamisa carbon]] mo mmung le tsela e dimela di dirisang maatla a letsatsi go itirela dijo, di tlosa bokana jwa karolo ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mo lekgolong (29%) ya mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya lefatshe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=10}}</ref> Lewatle le monya karolo ya masome a mabedi go ya go masomeng a mararo mo lekgolong (20% to 30%) ya CO2 e e ntshiwang mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=450}}.</ref> CO2 e tlosiwa fela mo lefaufaung ka nako e telele fa e bolokwa mo legogong la Lefatshe, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tsayang didikadike tsa dingwaga go wediwa.<ref name=":2" /> === Diphetogo tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe === [[Setshwantsho:20210331 Global tree cover loss - World Resources Institute.svg|thumb|Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke ditlhare mo lefatsheng lotlhe se menagane gabedi fa e sa le ka 2001, go nna tatlhegelo ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e atamelang lefelo le le lekanang le bogolo jwa Italy .]] Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mararo ya lefatshe la Lefatshe ga le dirisiwe thata ke batho ([[:en:Glacier|dikgalase]], [[:en:Desert|dikaka]], jalo jalo.), karolo ya masome a mabedi le borataro mo lekgolong ke dikgwa, karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ke naga ya [[:en:Shrubland|ditlhatshana]] mme karolo ya masome a mararo le bone ke naga ya temothuo.<ref>{{harvnb|Ritchie|Roser|2018}}</ref> [[:en:Deforestation|Go rengwa ga dikgwa]] ke seabe se segolo sa [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> ka ditlhare tse di sentsweng di golola CO2, mme ga di emisediwe ke ditlhare tse dišwa, di tlosa sinki eo ya khabone.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), karolo ya masome a mabedi le bosupa mo lekgolong ya go rengwa ga dikgwa e ne e le go tswa mo go kgaoleng dikgwa tsa leruri go kgontsha katoloso ya temothuo ya dijalo le leruo. E nngwe ya karolo ya masome a mabedi le bone mo lekgolong e latlhegetswe ke go [[:en:Shifting_cultivation|phepafadiwa ga nakwana]] ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tsa temothuo ya temo e e fetogang. Karolo ya masome mabedi le borataro mo lekgolong e ne e le ka ntlha ya go rema dikgong go bona dikgong le ditlhagiswa tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme [[:en:Wildfire|melelo ya naga]] e dirile karolo ya masome a mabedi leboraro e e setseng.<ref>{{harvnb|Curtis|Slay|Harris|Tyukavina|2018}}</ref> Dikgwa dingwe ga di ise di tlosiwe ka botlalo, mme di ne di setse di sentswe ke ditlamorago tseno. Go busetsa dikgwa tse gape go busetsa bokgoni jwa tsona jaaka sinki ya khabone.<ref name=":9">Garrett, L.; Lévite, H.; Besacier, C.; Alekseeva, N.; Duchelle, M. (2022). ''The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action''. Rome: FAO. [[Doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN 978-92-5-137044-5.|doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-5-137044-5</bdi>.]]</ref> Dimela tse di khurumetsang lefatshe mo lefelong lengwe di ama gore bontsi jo bo kana kang jwa marang a letsatsi bo bonagadiwe bo boela kwa loaping (albedo), le gore [[:en:Evaporative_cooling|mogote o montsi go le kae o latlhega ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga metsi mouwane]].Sekao, fa naga e e nang le sekgwa se se kitlaneng e fetolwa go nna bojang, bokagodimo jwa lefatshe bo nna botala jo bo phatsimang go feta. Seno se dira gore bo bonagatse marang a letsatsi a mantsi go boela kwa loaping. Go rengwa ga dikgwa gape go ka fetola go gololwa ga dikhemikhale tse di amang popego ya maru, e bile go ka fetola popego le bogwata jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe ka tsela e e amang lobelo lwa phefo.<ref name=":10">{{harvnb|World Resources Institute, 8 December|2019}}</ref> Kwa mafelong a a mogote le a a mo seemong sa seemo sa bosa se se magareng, ditlamorago tsotlhe di felela ka go oketsa mogote ka selekanyo se segolo. <ref name=":9" />Ka jalo, go busetsa dikgwa kwa mafelong a di kileng tsa rengwa go ka dira gore mogote wa mo lefelong leo e fokotsege.Kwa mafelong a a gaufi le ntlha ya bokone kgotsa borwa jwa Lefatshe, go nna le ditlamorago tsa go tsidifala fa dikgwa di emisetswa ka mafelo a a khurumeditsweng ke kapoko, a a bonagatsang marang a letsatsi go feta. <ref name=":10" />Mo lefatsheng lotlhe, go oketsega gono ga bokgoni jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe jwa go bonagatsa marang a letsatsi go boela kwa loaping (albedo) e nnile yone selo se segolo se se amileng mogote ka tlhamalalo ka ntlha ya diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Ka jalo, go fopholediwa gore diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe tse di diragetseng go fitlha jaanong di bakile go tsidifala go go nnye ga lefatshe ka kakaretso.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019|IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019,]] p. 172: "The global biophysical cooling alone has been estimated by a larger range of climate models and is −0.10 ± 0.14 °C; it ranges from −0.57 °C to +0.06 °C ... This cooling is essentially dominated by increases in surface albedo: historical land cover changes have generally led to a dominant brightening of land."</ref> === Mabaka a mangwe === ==== Di-aerosol le maru ==== Kgotlelego ya mowa, ka sebopego sa di-aerosol, e ama seemo sa bosa ka selekanyo se segolo.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haywood|2016|p=456}}; {{harvnb|McNeill|2017}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref>Di-aerosol di gasaganya le go monya marang a letsatsi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, go ne ga lemogiwa go fokotsega ka iketlo ga [[:en:Irradiance|selekanyo sa lesedi la letsatsi le le fitlhang mo godimo ga Lefatshe]]. Tiragalo e e itsege thata jaaka go ''fifala ga lesedi mo lefatsheng'' lotlhe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2|2013|p=183}}.</ref>mme e amana le di-aerosol tsa sulfate tse di tlhagisiwang ke go tuka ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng tse di nang le dilekanyo tse di bokete tsa sebabole jaaka magala le [[:en:Bunker_fuel|ditukisi tsa di-bunker]].<ref name=":1" />Dikabelo tse dinnye di tswa mo khaboneng e ntsho (go tswa mo go fiseng ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le [[:en:Biomass|paloyotlhe ya bokete jwa ditshedi mo lefoleng]]), le go tswa mo leroleng.<ref>{{harvnb|He|Wang|Zhou|Wild|2018}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ "Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming"]. [[:en:American_Geophysical_Union|''American Geophysical Union''.]] 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref><ref>Monroe, Robert (20 January 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251011004520/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/increased-atmospheric-dust-has-masked-power-greenhouse-gases-warm-planet "Increased Atmospheric Dust has Masked Power of Greenhouse Gases to Warm Planet | Scripps Institution of Oceanography".] ''scripps.ucsd.edu''. Retrieved 8 November 2024.</ref>Lefatshe ka bophara, di-aerosol di ntse di fokotsega fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ka ntlha ya ditaolo tsa kgotlhelego, se se rayang gore ga di tlhole di bipa thuthafalo ya gase ya sethopo thata.<ref>{{harvnb|Wild|Gilgen|Roesch|Ohmura|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Di-aerosol le tsone di na le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang mo [[:en:Earth's_energy_budget|tekanyetsokabong ya maatla a Lefatshe]]. Di-aerosol tsa sulfate di dira jaaka dinyuklea tsa go tlhotlhorega ga maru mme di isa kwa marung a a nang le marothi a mantsi le a mannye a maru. Maru ao a bontsha marang a letsatsi ka tsela e e nang le matswela go feta maru a a nang le marothi a mannye le a magolo.<ref>{{harvnb|Albrecht|1989}}.</ref>Gape di fokotsa [[:en:Cloud_physics#Collision-coalescence|kgolo ya marothodi a pula]], se se dirang gore maru a bonatse sentle mo leseding la letsatsi le le tsenang.<ref>{{harvnb|Twomey|1977}}.</ref> Ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang tsa di-aerosol ke tsone tse di sa tlhomamang thata mo go pateletsang marang.<ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}.</ref> Le fa gone di-aerosol ka tlwaelo di fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi la letsatsi, khabone e ntsho e e mo [[:en:Soot|mosing]] e e welang mo kapokong kgotsa mo metsinga gatsetseng e ka dira gore lefatshe le thuthafale. Mogote o o feteletseng o o tlholang o akofisa go nyerologa ga aese le dikgapetla, mme seno se dira gore bogodimo jwa lewatle bo tlhatloge thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216194041/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220303925 "A review of black carbon in snow and ice and its impact on the cryosphere"]. ''Earth-Science Reviews''. '''210'''. 1 November 2020. [[doi:10.1016/j.ear]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252 ISSN&#x20;0012-8252]. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Ramanathan|Carmichael|2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|RIVM|2016}}.</ref><ref name=":12" />Go fokotsa dipeeletso tse dišwa tsa khabone e ntsho kwa Arctic go ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius lefela ntlha ya bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Sand|Berntsen|von Salzen|Flanner|2015}}</ref> Ditlamorago tsa go fokotsega ga diteng tsa sebabole tsa oli ya lookwane lwa dikepe fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi <ref>[https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Sulphur-2020.aspx "IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions"]. ''imo.org''.</ref> di fopholediwa go baka koketsego e nngwe ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius ya lefela ntlha yalefela botlhano (0.05 °C) mo mogoteng wa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 3 July|2023}}</ref> ==== Tiro ya letsatsi le lekgwamolelo ==== ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Solar_activity_and_climate|Tiro ya letsatsi le]] [[:en:Solar_activity_and_climate|seemo sa bosa]]''[[Setshwantsho:2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg|thumb|[[:en:Fourth_National_Climate_Assessment|Tshekatsheko ya Bone ya Seemo sa bosa sa Bosetšhaba]] ("NCA4", USGCRP, ngwaga wa 2017) e akaretsa ditšhate tse di bontshang gore ga go na tiro ya letsatsi kgotsa ya lekgwamolelo e e ka tlhalosang thuthafalo e e lemogilweng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190923190450/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/ "Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I – Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change"]. science2017.globalchange.gov. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): 1–470. 2017. Archived from [https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/ the original] on 23 September 2019. Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3.</ref><ref>Wuebbles, D. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Hibbard, K. A.; Deangelo, B.; Doherty, S.; Hayhoe, K.; Horton, R.; Kossin, J. P.; Taylor, P. C.; Waple, A. M.; Yohe, C. P. (23 November 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190614150544/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ "Climate Science Special Report / Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I /Executive Summary / Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report"]. ''globalchange.gov''. U.S. Global Change Research Program: 1–470. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG|10.7930/J0DJ5CTG]] (inactive 23 May 2026). Archived from [https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ the original] on 14 June 2019.</ref>]] Ka Letsatsi e le motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang di ama ka tlhamalalo thulaganyo ya go feteoga ga loapi.<ref name=":6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}</ref> [[:en:Solar_variation|Phatsimo ya letsatsi]] e lekantswe ka tlhamalalo ke [[:en:Satellite|sedirisiwa se se dikologang lefatshe]] ,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008]{{Harvnb|National Academies|2008|p=6}}</ref> mme ditekanyo tse di sa tlhamalalang di teng go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a marataro go ya pele.<ref name=":6" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi, ga go ise go nne le tlwaelo ya go tlhatloga ga selekanyo sa maatla a Letsatsi a a fitlhang kwa Lefatsheng, go farologana le go thuthafala ga lefaufau le le kwa tlase [[(troposphere)]].<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming "Is the Sun causing global warming?"]. ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. 18 September 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190505160051/https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming/ Archived] from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</ref> Lefaufau le le kwa godimo ([[stratosphere]]) le lone le ne le tla bo le thuthafala fa Letsatsi le ne le romela maatla a mantsi kwa Lefatsheng, mme boemong jwa seo, le ntse le tsidifala.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":13" />Se se tsamaelana le digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping tse di thibelang mogote go tswa mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch92007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9|2007|pp=702–703}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRandelShineAustinBarnett2009]{{harvnb|Randel|Shine|Austin|Barnett|2009}}.</ref> [[Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo]] go go thunyang go ka ntsha digase, lerole le molora tse di thibelang lesedi la letsatsi ka bontlhabongwe le go fokotsa megote, kgotsa di ka romela mouwane wa metsi mo lefaufaung, o o oketsang digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping le go oketsa mogote. Ditlamorago tse mo mogoteng di tsaya fela dingwaga di le mmalwa, ka gonne bobedi mouwane wa metsi le dilo tsa lekgwamolelo di na le go tswelela go go kwa tlase mo lefaufaung.<ref name=":7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#cite_note-USGCRP_Chapter_2_2017_79-156]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=79}}</ref> [[:en:Volcanic_gas|Mesi ya CO2 ya lekgwamolelo]] e nna e ntse e le teng, fela e lekana le kwa tlase ga karolo ya bongwe mo lekgolong ya mesi ya ga jaana ya [[CO2]] e e bakiwang ke batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFFischerAiuppa2020|Fischer &#x26; Aiuppa 2020.]]</ref> Tiro ya lekgwamolelo e sa ntse e emela tshusumetso e le nngwe e kgolo ya tlholego (go pateletsa) mo mogoteng mo motlheng wa madirelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, fela jaaka dikgatelelo tse dingwe tsa tlholego, e nnile le ditlamorago tse di sa reng sepe mo diphetogong tsa mogote ya lefatshe fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo.<ref name=":7" /> ==== Ditshwaelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ==== Diathikele tse dikgolo: [[:en:Climate_change_feedbacks|Ditshwaelo tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_feedbacks|seemo sa bosa]] le go nna [[:en:Climate_sensitivity|bosisi mo]] [[:en:Climate_sensitivity|seemo sa bosa]][[Setshwantsho:NORTH POLE Ice (19626661335).jpg|thumb|etsiya a gatsetseng lewatle ea ontsha karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong go ya ko karolong ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang, fa lewatle, ka le le lefifi, le bontsha fela karolo ya boratatro mo lekgolong Jaaka fa lefelo la aese ya lewatle le ntse le nyerologa le go senola lewatle le lentsi, mogote o montsi o monyelwa ke lewatle, mme se se tlhatlosa egotetE enyerolosang ametsiea gatsetseng anmatsi gape. Se ke thulaganyo ya ditshwaelo tse di siameng.<ref>"[https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/albedo.html Thermodynamics: Albedo]". NSIDC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021602/https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/processes/albedo.html Archived] from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.</ref>]] Tsibogo ya thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapi mo go patelediweng ga ntlha e bopiwa ke ditshwaelo, tse di ka godisang kgotsa tsa fokotsa phetogo. [[:en:Positive_feedback|Ditshwaelo tse di itlhomamisang]] kgotsa ''tse di siameng di oketsa tsibogo'', fa ditshwaelo tse di ''[[:en:Negative_feedback|lekalekanang]]'' kgotsa tse di sa siamang di e fokotsa.<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ "The study of Earth as an integrated system".] Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190226190002/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ Archived] from the original on 26 February 2019.</ref> Ditshwaelo tse ditona tse di nonotshang ke ditshwaelo tsa mouwane wa metsi, [[ditshwaelo tsa aese–albedo]], le [[:en:Cloud_feedback|ditshwaelo tsa maru]] a nete.<ref name=":14">[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–91</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=58}}: "The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence)"</ref> Mokgwa wa konokono wa go lekalekanya ke go tsidifatsa ka marang, ka gonne boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe bo ntsha mogote o montsi kwa lefaufaung go tsibogela themperetšha e e tlhatlogang.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–90.</ref>Mo godimo ga ditshwaelo tsa thempheretšha, go na le ditshwaelo mo modikologong wa khabone, jaaka phelelo ya go nontsha ya CO2 mo kgolong ya dimela.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013]{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013|p=14}}</ref>Ditshwaelo di solofetswe go ya kwa ntlheng e e siameng jaaka fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tswelela, go tlhatlosa bosisi jwa seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=93}}: "Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases."</ref> Dithulaganyo tseno tsa ditshwaelo di fetola lobelo lwa go thuthafala ga lefatshe. Ka sekai, mowa o o bothitho o ka kgona go tshwara bongola jo bontsi ka sebopego sa mouwane wa metsi, o ka boone e leng gase e e maatla ya sethopo.<ref name=":14" /> Mowa o o bothitho gape o ka dira gore maru a nne kwa godimo le go nna masesane, mme ka jalo a thibele thata, go oketsa thuthafalo ya seemosa bosa.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWilliamsCeppiKatavouta2020|Williams, Ceppi &#x26; Katavouta 2020]]</ref> Go fokotsega ga khurumetso ya kapoko le metsi a lekwete a lewatle kwa Arctic ke pegelo e nngwe e kgolo, seno se fokotsa go bonala ga boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe mo kgaolong le go itlhaganedisa thuthafalo ya Arctic.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_28_May2013|{{harvnb|NASA, 28 May|2013}}<nowiki>.]]</nowiki></ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFCohenScreenFurtadoBarlow2014|{{harvnb|Cohen|Screen|Furtado|Barlow|2014}}<nowiki>.]]</nowiki></ref>Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e gape e na le seabe mo go thapologeng ga [[:en:Permafrost|mmu o o naleng kgatsetse ka ntlha serame]], e e gololang methane le CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref name=":15">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFTuretskyAbbottJonesAnthony2019]{{harvnb|Turetsky|Abbott|Jones|Anthony|2019}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mesi ya CO2 e e bakiwang ke batho e monyetswe ke dimela tsa mo lefatsheng le ke mawatle.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFClimate.gov,_23_June2022]{{harvnb|Climate.gov, 23 June|2022}}: "Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade."</ref>Karolwana e ga e eme fela mme fa mesi ya CO2 ya isago e ka fokotsega, Lefatshe le tla kgona go monya go fitlha go bokana jwa karolo ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong . Fa di ka oketsega thata, e santse e tla monya khabone e ntsi go feta jaanong, mme karolwana yotlhe e tla fokotsega go ya kwa tlase ga karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=TS-122|loc=Box TS.5, Figure 1}}</ref>Se ke ka gonne phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e oketsa komelelo le makhubu a mogote a a felelang a thibela kgolo ya dimela mo lefatsheng, mme mebu e tla golola khabone e ntsi go tswa mo dimeleng tse di suleng fa di le bothitho.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMelilloFreyDeAngelisWerner2017]{{harvnb|Melillo|Frey|DeAngelis|Werner|2017}}: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning.</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Ch2|2019|pp=133, 144}}.</ref>Seelo se mawatle a monyang khabone ya lefaufau ka sona se tla fokotsega fa a ntse a nna le asiti e ntsi le go itemogela diphetogo mo go dikologeng ga motsamao wa metsi a lewatle ka ntlha ya mogote le letswai.le mo go anamisiweng ga dimela tse dinnye tse di phaphamalang mo metsing.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017]], pp.&#x20;93–95</ref><ref>Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''13''': 83–90. [[doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7]]. OSTI&#x20;2242376.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Go sa tlhomamisegeng ga ditshwaelo, bogolosegolo khurumetso ya maru,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=58, 59}}: "Clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks."</ref> ke lebaka le legolo la go bo dikai tse di farologaneng tsa seemo sa bosa di supa bogolo jo bo farologaneng jwa thuthafalo mo selekanyong se se rileng sa mesi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway."</ref> == Go dira mmotlolo == Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_model|Sekao sa]] [[:en:Climate_model|seemo sa bosa]] le [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|boemo jwa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|seemo sa bosa]][[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|Maatla a tsamaya fa gare ga loapi, sepakapaka le bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Bontsi jwa marang a letsatsi bo feta mo sepakapakeng mme bo futhumatse bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Morago ga moo, gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo di monya bontsi jwa mogote o Lefatshe bo o gololang morago ga go futhumadiwa ke letsatsi.Fa bontsi jwa gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo bo okediwa, phello eno ya go thibela mogote gore o se ka wa tswa e nonofa. Seno se baka go se [[:en:Earth's_energy_budget|lekalekane ga maatla]] , mo go rayang gore mogote o montsi o tsenngwa mo Lefatsheng go feta o o tswang mo go lone.]] [[:en:Climate_model|Mokgwa wa seemo]] sa loapi ke kemedi ya dithulaganyo tsa mmele, tsa motswako le tsa ditshedi tse di amang thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR_Glossary2014]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}.</ref> Dikai di akaretsa dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tse di tshwanang diphetogo mo modikologong wa Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa ditso mo tirong ya Letsatsi, le go pateletsa ga lekgwamolelo.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types "What are the different types of climate models?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo di dirisiwa go akanyetsa selekanyo sa thuthafalo ye mesi ya isago e ka bakang go akanyediwa thata ga ditshwaelo tsa seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who "Who does climate modelling around the world?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo gape di bonela pele go dikologa ga mawatle, modikologo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa dipaka, le go elela ga khabone fa gare ga boalo jwa lefatshe le lefaufau.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_15_January2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#what "What is a climate model?"]}}</ref> Boammaaruri jwa dikai bo lekwa ka go sekaseka bokgoni jwa tsone jwa go etsa seemo sa loapi sa gompieno kgotsa tsa nako e e fetileng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch82007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch8|2007}}, FAQ 8.1</ref> Dikai tse di fetileng di tseetse kwa tlase seelo sa go ngotlega ga Arctic<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFStroeveHollandMeierScambos2007]{{harvnb|Stroeve|Holland|Meier|Scambos|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Geographic,_13_August2019]{{harvnb|National Geographic, 13 August|2019}}</ref> ​​le go nyatsa seelo sa koketsego ya pula.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLiepertPrevidi2009]{{harvnb|Liepert|Previdi|2009}}</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe go ne go tseelwa kwa tlase mo dikaong tsa bogologolo, fela dikao tsa bošeng di dumalana sentle le ditebelelo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRahmstorfCazenaveChurchHansen2007]{{harvnb|Rahmstorf|Cazenave|Church|Hansen|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMitchumMastersHamlingtonFasullo2018]{{harvnb|Mitchum|Masters|Hamlington|Fasullo|2018}}</ref>Tshekatsheko ya Bosetšhaba ya seemo sa loapi e e gatisitsweng ke United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa e tshwaela gore "dikai tsa seemo sa bosa di ka tswa di santse di nyatsa kgotsa di tlhaela dithulaganyo tse di maleba tsa ditshwaelo".<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017}}.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, dikai tsa seemo sa loapi di ka nna tsa se ka tsa kgona go bonela pele ka botlalo diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi tsa kgaolo tsa nakwana.<ref>Hébert, R.; Herzschuh, U.; Laepple, T. (31 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614181 "Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations"]. ''Nature Geoscience''. '''15''' (1): 899–905. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatGe..15..899H 2022NatGe..15..899H.] [[Doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.|doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.]] PMC&#x20;7614181. PMID&#x20;36817575.</ref> Setlhotshwana sa dikai tsaseemo sa loapi se oketsa dintlha tsa loago mo sekaong sa seemo sa loapi sa mmele. Dikai tseno di etsisa kafa palo ya batho, kgolo ya itsholelo le tiriso ya maatla di amang—le go dirisana le—seemo sa bosa sa mmantota ka gone. Ka tshedimosetso eno, dikai tseno di ka tlhagisa ditiragalo tsa go ntsha gase ya sethopo mo isagweng. Se se dirisiwa jaaka tshedimosetso ya dikai tsa seemo sa bosa le dikai tsa modikologo wa khabone go bonela pele ka fao dilekanyo tsa digase tse di tswharang mogote wa loapi di ka fetogang ka teng mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout "What are the inputs and outputs for a climate model?"]}}</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMatthewsGillettStottZickfeld2009]{{harvnb|Matthews|Gillett|Stott|Zickfeld|2009}}</ref>Go ikaegile ka boemo jwa loago le ikonomi le boemo jwa phokotso, dikai di ntsha dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung tse di fa gare ga makgolo a mararo le masome a robabobedi le dikete di le nngwe le makgolo a manè tsa dikarolo mo go didikadike di le nngwe..<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_19_April2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 19 April|2018}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMeinshausen2019]{{harvnb|Meinshausen|2019|p=462}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == [[Setshwantsho:202505 Escalation of extreme heat - 247 countries - attribution to climate change.svg|thumb|Mo e ka nnang mo mafatsheng otlhe le mafelong otlhe a lefatshe, borasaense ba ba ithutang [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|mabaka le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa bosa]] ba fitlheletse tshwetso ya gore go gotela ga lefatshe mo go bakilweng ke ditiro tsa batho go okeditse palo ya malatsi a go nna le mogote o o feteletseng fa go bapisiwa le se se neng se tlwaelesegileng mo nakong e telele<ref>Giguere, Otto; Tanenenbaum, Vahlbert (30 May 2025). [https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf "Climate Change and the Escalation of Global Extreme Heat: Assessing and Addressing the Risks"] (PDF). Climate Central, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, and World Weather Attribution. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250531004758/https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2025. Click on "Download the data", and in spreadsheet choose "Countries and territories" tab at bottom to view raw data</ref>]] ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa loapi]]'' === Ditlamorago tsa tikologo === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans|seemo sa bosa mo mawatleng]] le [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle|seemo sa bosa mo modikologong wa metsi]]'' Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapo mo tikologong di aname e bile di ama kgakala, di ama mawatle, metsi a lekwete le maemo a bosa. Diphetogo di ka diragala ka iketlo kgotsa ka bonako. Bosupi jwa ditlamorago tse bo tswa mo go ithuteng phetog o ya seemo sa loapi mo nakong e e fetileng, mo go direng sekao, le mo ditebelelong tsa segompieno.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFHansenSatoHeartyRuedy2016]{{harvnb|Hansen|Sato|Hearty|Ruedy|2016}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithsonian,_26_June2016]{{harvnb|Smithsonian, 26 June|2016}}.</ref> Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano, komelelo le makhubu a mogote di tlhageletse ka nako e le nngwe ka makgetlo a a oketsegang.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017|p=415}}.</ref> Ditiragalo tse di metsi thata kgotsa tse di omileng mo pakeng ya dipula tsa monsoon di oketsegile kwa India le Asia Botlhaba.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFScientific_American,_29_April2014]{{harvnb|Scientific American, 29 April|2014}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFBurkeStott2017]{{harvnb|Burke|Stott|2017}}.</ref>Pula ya monsoon mo Sephatlo sa lefatshe ya Bokone e oketsegile fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi .Seelo sa pula le maatla a dikgwanyape le dikgwanyape di ka nna tsa oketsega,<ref>Liu, Fei; Wang, Bin; Ouyang, Yu; Wang, Hui; Qiao, Shaobo; Chen, Guosen; Dong, Wenjie (19 April 2022). [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|"Intraseasonal variability of global land monsoon precipitation and its recent trend".]] ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''5''' (1): 30. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022npCAS...5...30L Bibcode:2022npCAS...5...30L]. [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|doi:10.103812-022-00253-7.]] ISSN&#x20;2397-3722./s416</ref> mme lefelo le ka nna la atologa go ya kwa dipole go tsibogela thuthafalo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Studholme, Joshua; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Gulev, Sergey K.; Emanuel, Kerry; Hodges, Kevin (29 December 2021). [https://hal.science/hal-03560276 "Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates".] ''[[:en:Nature_Geoscience|Nature Geoscience]]''. '''15''': 14–28. [[doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1|doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1.]]</ref> Makgetlo a dikgwanyape tsa boboatsatsi ga a ise a oketsege ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ "Hurricanes and Climate Change"]. [[:en:Center_for_Climate_and_Energy_Solutions|''Center for Climate and Energy Solutions''.]] 10 July 2020.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sea level history and projections.svg|thumb|Kago sesha ya ditso ya selekanyo sa bogodimo jwa metsi a lewatle le diponelopele tsa gore bo tla fetoga jang go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2100, tse di phatlaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2017 ke Lenaneo la Dipatlisiso la Diphetogo tsa Lefatshe la United States.<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA|2017}}</ref>]] Bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa lefatshe lotlhe bo tlhatloga ka ntlha ya go atologa ga mogote le go nyerologa ga dikgapetla tsa metsi a lekwete le dithapo tsa teng. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, go fitlha go boleele jwa di centimetara di le bone ntlha borobabobei ka ngwagasome magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone le wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024a]{{harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=6}}.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe, IPCC e akantse kaboleele jwa di centimetara dile masome a mararo le bobedi go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa tlase, boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mane le bone go ya kwa masomeng a mane le borataro ka fa tlase ga se se magareng le boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a marataro le botlhano go ya kwa lekgolong le bongwe ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa godimo thata.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG22022]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|p=1302}}</ref> [[:en:Marine_ice_sheet_instability|Dithulaganyo tsa go sa tlhomamang ga metsi a a gatsetseng ya lewatle]] kwa Antarctica di ka oketsa thata mo ditekanyetsong tse,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeContoPollard2016]{{harvnb|DeConto|Pollard|2016}}</ref> go akaretsa le kgonagalo ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa dimitara di le pedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lekgolo ka fa tlase ga mesi e e kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFBamberOppenheimerKoppAspinall2019|Bamber et al. 2019.]]</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se dirile gore [[:en:Arctic_sea_ice_decline|metsi a lekwete a lewatle la Arctic a fokotsege le go nna masesane]] ka masomesome a dingwaga.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZhangLindsaySteeleSchweiger2008]{{harvnb|Zhang|Lindsay|Steele|Schweiger|2008}}</ref> Le fa selemo se se senang metsi a lekwete se solofetswe go nna sa sewelo ka didikirii tsa thuthafalo tsa selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius wa bongwe ntlha tlhano, di rulaganyeditswe go diragala gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo go ya go di le lesome ka selekanyo sa thuthafalo ya Celcius tse pedi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung di dira gore CO2 e ntsi e nyerologe mo mawatleng, mme [[:en:Ocean_acidification|seno se dira gore a nne asiti thata]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDoneyFabryFeelyKleypas2009]{{Harvnb|Doney|Fabry|Feely|Kleypas|2009}}.</ref> Ka ntlha ya fa okosejene e sa nwelelele thata mo metsing a a bothitho,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeutschBrixItoFrenzel2011]{{harvnb|Deutsch|Brix|Ito|Frenzel|2011}}</ref> selekanyo sa yone mo lewatleng se a fokotsega, mme dikgaolo tse di suleng di a atologa.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Ch52019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=510}}; </ref> === Dintlha tsa phetogo le ditlamorago tsa paka e telele === Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system|Dintlha tse di fetogang mo thulaganyong ya]] [[:en:Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system|seemo sa bosa]][[Setshwantsho:Tipping points 2022 list.jpeg|thumb|Maemo a a farologaneng a thuthafalo ya lefatshe a ka dira gore dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa sa Lefatshe di fitlhelele dintlha tsa go fetoga tse di bakang diphetogo go ya kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":16">"[https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/output/infodesk/tipping-elements Tipping Elements – big risks in the Earth System]". [[:en:Potsdam_Institute_for_Climate_Impact_Research|Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.]] Retrieved 31 January 2024.</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". [[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]. 377 (6611) eabn7950. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.abn7950|10.1126/science.abn7950.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10871/131584|10871/131584]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074831 36074831].</ref>]] Dikgato tse dikgolo tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe di oketsa kotsi ya go feta mo 'dintlheng tsa go fetoga'—dilo tse go fetang tsone ditlamorago dingwe tse dikgolo di ka se tlholeng di ka tilwa le fa megote e ka boela kwa seemong sa tsone sa pele.<ref name=":17">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=283}}</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_10_February2020]{{Harvnb|Carbon Brief, 10 February|2020}}</ref>Ka sekai, metsi a agatsetseng a Greenland e setse e nyerologa, mme fa mogote wa lefatshe o ka fitlha kwa selekanyong se se fa gare ga dikirii tsa Celsius di le nngwe ntlha supa le dikirii tsa Celsius di le pedi ntlha tharo go nyerologa ga yone go tla tswelela go fitlha e nyelela gotlhelele. Fa moragonyana thuthafalo e ka fokodiwa go nna selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius ya bongwe ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) kgotsa kwa tlase, e santse e tla latlhegelwa ke metsi a a gatsetseng e ntsi go feta fa thuthafalo e ne e sa letlelelwe go fitlha kwa molelwaneng kwa tshimologong.<ref>Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet".] ''Nature''. '''622''' (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. [[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 PMC&#x20;10584691]. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853149 PMID&#x20;37853149.]</ref>Le fa metsi a agatsetseng e ne e tla nyerologa mo dingwageng di le sekete, dintlha tse dingwe tsa go fetoga di ne di tla diragala ka bonako mme di neye merafe nako e nnye ya go tsiboga. Go phutlhama ga makhubu a magolo a lewatle jaaka go dikologa ga Atlantic meridional (AMOC), le tshenyo e e ka se busediweng morago mo dithulaganyong tsa botlhokwa tsa tikologo jaaka [[sekgwa sa pula sa Amazon]] le dikorale di ka diragala mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5&#x20;°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''377''' (6611) eabn7950. [[doi:10.1126/science.abn7950|doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.]] hdl:10871/131584. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074831 PMID&#x20;36074831.]</ref> [[Go phutlhama ga AMOC]] e tla nna masetlapelo a magolo a tlelaemete, a a tla felelang ka go tsidifala ga Hemisefere ya Bokone.<ref>Ditlevsen, Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 July 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 "Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation".] ''Nature Communications''. '''14''' (1): 4254. [[arXiv:2304.09160]]. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.4254D Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.4254D.] [[doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w|doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w.]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 PMC&#x20;10368695.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37491344 PMID&#x20;37491344.]</ref> Ditlamorago tsa paka e telele tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo mawatleng di akaretsa go nyerologa ga metsi a lekwete go ya pele, go thuthafala ga lewatle, go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, go nna asiti ga lewatle le go tlhoka phefo ya oxygen mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=21}}</ref> Nako ya ditlamorago tsa paka e telele ke makgolokgolo a dingwaga go ya go diketekete tsa dingwaga ka ntlha ya botshelo jo boleele jwa CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12|2013|pp=88–89|loc=FAQ 12.3}}</ref> Sephetho ke tlhatlogo yotlhe ya bogodimo jwa lewatle e e fopholediwang ya dimitara di le pedi ntlha tharo ka dikirii ya Celsius difaete di le nne ntlha pedi ka dikirii ya Fahrenheit morago ga dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi .<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithSchneiderOppenheimerYohe2009]{{harvnb|Smith|Schneider|Oppenheimer|Yohe|2009}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLevermannClarkMarzeionMilne2013]{{harvnb|Levermann|Clark|Marzeion|Milne|2013}}</ref> Go tsewa ga CO2 mo lewatleng go bonya mo e leng gore go nna asiti ga lewatle le gone go tla tswelela dingwaga di le makgolokgolo go ya go di le diketekete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013]], p.&#x20;1112</ref> Mawatle a a boteng (ka fa tlase ga dimitara di le dikete tse pedi (boleele jwa leotol bo le diketetse thataro)) le one a setse a itlamile go latlhegelwa ke go feta karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya phefo ya oxygen ya one e e tswakilweng ke thuthafalo e e diragetseng go fitlha ga jaana.<ref>Oschlies, Andreas (16 April 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 "A committed fourfold increase in ocean oxygen loss".] ''Nature Communications''. '''12''' (1) 2307. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.2307O Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2307O]. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22584-4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 PMC&#x20;8052459]. PMID&#x20;33863893.</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, metsi a a gatsetseng a Antarctica Bophirima e lebega e ineetse go nyerologa go go ka se busediweng morago, mo go neng go tla oketsa maemo a lewatle ka bonnye dimetara di le tharo ntlha tharo (difaete di le lesome le diintšhi di le lesome) mo dingwageng di ka nna ka dikete tse pedi.<ref name=":17" /><ref>Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''382''' (6677): 1384–1389. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382.1384L Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L]. [[doi:10.1126/science.ade0664|doi:10.1126/science.ade0664.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38127761 PMID&#x20;38127761].</ref><ref>Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Holland, Paul R.; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"]]. ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''13''' (11): 1222–1228. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13.1222N Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N.] [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x.]]</ref> === Tlhago le diphologolo tsa naga === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans|seemo sa bosa mo mawatleng]] le [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes|seemo sa bosa mo ditsheding]]'' Thuthafalo ya sešweng e kgweeditse mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi tsa lefatshe le tsa metsi a a phepa go ya kwa dipoleng le go ya kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=218}}.</ref>Ka sekai, mofuta wa makgolokgolo a dinonyane tsa Amerika Bokone o sutetse kwa bokone ka palogare ya dikilometara di le nngwe ntlha tlhano ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano le botlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (9 April 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11009622 "Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds".] [[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America|''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''.]] '''121''' (15) e2307525121. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12107525M Bibcode:2024PNAS..12107525M.] [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121|doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 ISSN&#x20;0027-8424]. PMC&#x20;11009622. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38557189 PMID&#x20;38557189.]</ref>Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung le paka e e atolositsweng ya go gola di dirile gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne tala. Le fa go ntse jalo, makhubu a mogote le komelelo di fokoditse ntshodikuno ya thulaganyo ya tikologo mo dikgaolong dingwe. Tekatekano ya isago ya ditlamorago tse di ganetsanang ga e tlhaloganyesege.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019|IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019,]] p.&#x20;133.</ref> Tiragalo e e amanang le seno e e kgweediwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke go tsenelela ga dimela tsa logong, go go amang diheketara di le didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>Deng, Yuanhong; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Hu, Xia (December 2021). "Woody plant encroachment enhanced global vegetation greening and ecosystem water-use efficiency". [[:en:Global_Ecology_and_Biogeography|''Global Ecology and Biogeography''.]] '''30''' (12): 2337–2353. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GloEB..30.2337D Bibcode:2021GloEB..30.2337D]. [[doi:10.1111/geb.13386|doi:10.1111/geb.13386.]]</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e nnile le seabe mo go atologa ga dikgaolo tsa seemo sa bosa tse di omileng, jaaka go atologa ga dikaka kwa mafelong a a boboatsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZengYoon2009]{{harvnb|Zeng|Yoon|2009}}.</ref> Bogolo le lebelo la thuthafalo ya lefatshe di dira gore go nne le diphetogo tse di tshoganyetso mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFTurnerCalderCummingHughes2020|Turner et al. 2020,]] p.&#x20;1.</ref>Ka kakaretso, go solofetswe gore phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se tla felela ka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUrban2015|Urban 2015.]]</ref> Mawatle a gotetse ka bonya go feta lefatshe, fela dimela le diphologolo mo lewatleng di fudugetse kwa dipoleleng tse di tsididi ka bonako go feta mefuta e e mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFPoloczanskaBrownSydemanKiessling2013|Poloczanska et al. 2013;]] [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFLenoirBertrandComteBourgeaud2020|Lenoir et al. 2020]]</ref> Fela jaaka mo lefatsheng, makhubu a mogote mo lewatleng a diragala kgapetsakgapetsa ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, a gobatsa ditshedi tse dintsi tse di jaaka dikorale, di-[[:en:Kelp|kelp]], le dinonyane tsa lewatle.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFSmaleWernbergOliverThomsen2019|Smale et al. 2019]]</ref> Go nna asiti ga lewatle go dira gore go nne thata gore ditshedi tsa lewatle tse di dirang calcium jaaka dikgopa tsa lewatle, dibarnacle le dikorale go dira dikgapetla le marapo a tsone; mme makhubu a mogote a sweufaditse mafika a dikorale.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Summary_for_Policymakers2019|IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers 2019,]] p.&#x20;13.</ref> Dithunya tse di kotsi tsa algal tse di tokafadiwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le go oketsega ga dikotla mo metsing go go bakang go gola thata ga dimela tsa metsi.di fokotsa selekanyo sa okosejene, di kgoreletsa diwebo tsa dijo mme di baka tatlhegelo e kgolo ya botshelo jwa lewatle.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Ch52019|IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019]], p. 510</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo di ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo e e kgethegileng. Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mafelo a a metsi a lefatshe a nyeletse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le ditlamorago tse dingwe tsa batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Ch52019|IPCC SROCC Ch5 2019]], p. 451.</ref> Dimela di nnile le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ka ntlha ya tshenyo ya ditshenekegi.[234]<gallery> Setshwantsho:Bleachedcoral.jpg|Go phutlhama ga ikholoji. Go sweufala ga dikorale ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya mogote go sentse Great Barrier Reef mme go tshosetsa dikorale lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>"[https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/coral-reef-risk-outlook/ Coral Reef Risk Outlook]". [[:en:National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.]] 2 January 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2020. At present, local human activities, coupled with past thermal stress, threaten an estimated 75 percent of the world's reefs. By 2030, estimates predict more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by local human activities, warming, and acidification, with nearly 60% facing high, very high, or critical threat levels.</ref> Setshwantsho:Orroral Valley Fire viewed from Tuggeranong January 2020.jpg|Setshwantsho sa maitseboa mo lefelong la bonno la mokgatšha. Loapi lo lo mo dithoteng tse di ka kwa ga lone lo bonesitswe ka bohibidu ka ntlha ya melelo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_7_January2020|Carbon Brief, 7 January 2020.]]</ref> Setshwantsho:National Park Service Thawing permafrost (27759123542).jpg|Go thuthafala ga Arctic. Dikgakologo tsa permafrost di nyatsa mafaratlhatlha le go golola methane, gase ya sethopo.<ref name=":15" /> Setshwantsho:Endangered arctic - starving polar bear.jpg|Go senngwa ga bonno. Diphologolo di le dintsi tsa kwa arctic di ikaegile ka aese ya lewatle, e e ntseng e nyelela mo Arctic e e gotelang.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch28|2014|p=1596}}: "Within 50 to 70 years, loss of hunting habitats may lead to elimination of polar bears from seasonally ice-covered areas, where two-thirds of their world population currently live."</ref> Setshwantsho:Mountain Pine Beetle damage in the Fraser Experimental Forest 2007.jpg|Go anama ga disenyi. Mariga a a bonolo a letla dikhukhwana tse dintsi tsa phaene go tshela go bolaya dikgwa tse dikgolo.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/climatechange.htm "What a changing climate means for Rocky Mountain National Park"]. [[:en:National_Park_Service|National Park Service]]. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</ref> </gallery> === Batho === ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]]''[[Setshwantsho:20211109 Frequency of extreme weather for different degrees of global warming - bar chart IPCC AR6 WG1 SPM.svg|thumb|Maemo a bosa a a feteletseng a tla nna a tlwaelegile ka iketlo fa Lefatshe le ntse le thuthafala.[239]]] Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ama batho gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[240] Ditlamorago di ka lemogwa mo dikarolong tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe tse di naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng tsotlhe le mo dikgaolong tsa lewatle,[241] ka sephatlo sa lefatshe se se kwa tlase, mafelo a a sa tlhabologang thata a a lebaneng le kotsi e kgolo.[242] Go tswelela ga thuthafalo go na le kgonagalo ya "ditlamorago tse di masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago" mo bathong le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[243] Dikotsi ga di a abiwa ka go lekalekana, fela ka kakaretso di dikgolo mo bathong ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang le tse di tlhabologileng.[244] ==== Boitekanelo le dijo ==== Dipego tse dikgolo: Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Pabalesego ya dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe le phepelotlase, le Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo o bitsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa nngwe ya matshosetsi a magolo mo boitekanelong jwa lefatshe lotlhe mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Borasaense ba tlhagisitse ka dikotsi tse di ka se busediweng morago tse e di bakang.[245] Ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di ama boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi.[246][247][248] Mogote o o feteletseng o baka go oketsega ga malwetse le dintsho.[246][247] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e oketsa maatla le makgetlo a ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa.[247][248] E ka ama phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang, jaaka letshoroma la dengue le malaria.[245][246] Go ya ka Foramo ya itsholelo ya Lefatshe, go solofetswe dintsho tse dingwe di le didikadike di le 14.5 ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ngwaga wa 2050.[249] Karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe ga jaana ba nna mo mafelong a mogote o o feteletseng le bongola di setseng di amana le dintsho tse di feteletseng.[250][251] Ka ngwaga wa 2100, karolo ya masome a mtlhano mo lekgolong go ya ko karolong ya masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe ba ne ba tla nna mo mafelong a a ntseng jalo.[250][252] Le fa palogotlhe ya thobo ya dijalo e ntse e oketsega mo dingwageng tse masome a matlhano tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya ditokafatso tsa temothuo, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e setse e fokoditse seelo sa kgolo ya thobo.[248] Botshwaraditlhapi bo amilwe bosula mo dikgaolong tse dintsi.[248] Le fa ntshodikuno ya temothuo e amilwe sentle mo dikgaolong dingwe tsa bokgala jwa lefelo go tswa kwa bogareng jwa lefatshe go ya bokone kgotsa kwa borwa e e kwa godimo, dikgaolo tsa bokgala jwa lefelo go tswa mo bogareng jwa lefatshe e e fa gare le e e kwa tlase di amilwe bosula.[248] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ama go tshwanelega ga lefatshe mo dijalong tse dintsi, ka mafelo a a siametseng dijalo tse di rileng gantsi a fudugela kwa bokgakaleng jwa lefatshe go tswa kwa bogareng jwa lefatshe tse di kwa godimo le bogodimo.[253] Go ya ka Foramo ya itsholelo ya Lefatshe, koketsego ya komelelo mo dikgaolong dingwe e ka baka dintsho di le didikadike di le tharo le dikete tse pedi ka ntlha ya phepelotlase ka ngwaga wa 2050 le go tlhoka go gola ga bana.[254] Ka thuthafalo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bobedi palo ya ditlhogo tsa leruo lefatshe ka bophara e ka fokotsega ka karolo ya bosupa go ya kwa lesomeng mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2050, ka ge dijo tse dinnye tsa diphologolo di tla nna teng.[255] Fa mesi e ka tswelela go oketsega mo lekgolong lotlhe la dingwaga, go tla nna le dintsho tse di fetang dimilione di le 9 tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa ngwaga le ngwaga ka 2100.[256] === Itsholelo, matshelo le go tlhoka tekatekano === Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Tshekatsheko ya itsholelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tshireletsego ya seemo sa bosa Ditshenyo tsa itsholelo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna maswe thata mme go na le kgonagalo ya ditlamorago tse di kotsi.[257] Go solofetswe ditlamorago tse di masisi kwa Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Asia le kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, kwa bontsi jwa baagi ba selegae ba ikaegileng ka metswedi ya tlholego le ya temothuo.[258][259] Kgatelelo ya mogote e ka thibela badiri ba ba kwa ntle go bereka. Fa thuthafalo e ka fitlha kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celciues tse nne gona bokgoni jwa badiri mo dikgaolong tseo bo ka fokodiwa ka karolo ya masome a mararo go ya go masomeng a matlhano mo lekgolong .[260] Banka ya Lefatshe e fopholetsa gore magareng ga ngwaga ya 2016 le 2030, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka kgweetsa batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le bobedi go nna mo lehumeng le le feteletseng kwantle ga go tlwaela.[261] Go tlhoka tekatekano go go ikaegileng ka khumo le maemo a loago go maswe le go feta ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[262] Mathata a magolo a go fokotsa, go tlwaela, le go boela mo mannong mo ditshupong tsa tlelaemete a lebane le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ba ba nang le taolo e nnye mo metsweding.[263][258] Batho ba tlholego, ba ba tshelang mo lefatsheng la bona le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, ba tla lebana le kotsi mo boitekanelong jwa bona le mekgwa ya bona ya matshelo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[264] Go tlhotlheletsa ga baitseanape go ne ga swetsa ka gore seabe sa phetogo ya tlelaemete mo dintweng tse di tlhometseng se nnile sennye fa se bapisiwa le mabaka a a jaaka go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago le ikonomi le bokgoni jwa puso.[265] Le fa basadi ba se mo kotsing e ntsi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le ditshupo, ditekanyetso tsa didirisiwa tsa basadi le ditlwaelo tsa bong tse di tlhaolang di thibela bokgoni jwa bone jwa go inaakanya le go itsetsepela.[266] Sekao, merwalo ya tiro ya basadi, go akaretsa diura tse di dirilweng mo temothuong, e na le go fokotsega go le gonnye go na le ya banna ka nako ya ditshupo tsa tlelaemete jaaka kgatelelo ya mogote.[266] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e tshosetsa ikonomi ya metshameko ka go kgoreletsa dipaka, go senya mafaratlhatlha le go fokotsa go nna le seabe ga balatedi, ka dikotsi tse di bonwang ka bonako mo kgweleng ya dinao, metshameko ya mariga le ditiragalo tsa kwa ntle.[267] ==== Go fuduga ga tlelaemete ==== Ditlhaketlhake tse di kwa tlase le baagi ba ba mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle ba tshosediwa ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, mme seno se dira gore merwalela ya ditoropo e tlwaelege. Ka dinako tse dingwe, lefatshe le latlhegelwa ke lewatle ruri.[268] Seno se ka dira gore batho ba ditšhaba tsa ditlhaketlhake ba se ka ba nna le naga, jaaka Maldives le Tuvalu.[269] Mo dikgaolong dingwe, go tlhatloga ga themperetšha le bongola go ka nna maswe thata mo batho ba ka se kgoneng go go tlwaela.[270] Ka phetogo e e maswe thata ya tlelaemete, dikai di supa gore mafelo a mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya batho ba nnang mo go one a ka nna ditlelaemete tse di sa agiweng tse di tshwanang le tsa Sahara le tse di mogote thata.[271] Dintlha tse di ka kgweetsa tlelaemete kgotsa go fuduga ga tikologo, mo teng le magareng ga dinaga.[272] Go solofetswe gore batho ba le bantsi ba tla fuduga ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le dikgotlhang tse di tswang mo kgaisanong e e oketsegileng ya ditsompelo tsa tlholego. Phetogo ya tlelaemete le yona e ka oketsa go nna mo kotsing, mme ya lebisa kwa "bathong ba ba tshwaregileng" ba ba sa kgoneng go tsamaya ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didirisiwa.[273] ==== Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ama batho ==== <gallery> Setshwantsho:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|Go fuduga ga tikologo. Pula e e nang ka bonnye e dira gore go nne le sekaka se se gobatsang temothuo mme se ka fudusa batho. E bontshitswe: Telly, Mali (2008). Setshwantsho:Corn shows the effect of drought.jpg|Diphetogo tsa temothuo. Dikomelelo, dithemphoritšhara tse di tlhatlogang le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng di ama temothuo ka tsela e e sa siamang. E bontshitswe: Texas, Amerika (2013). Setshwantsho:Acqua alta in Piazza San Marco-original.jpg|Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsa merwalela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa tlase tsa lebopo. E bontshitswe: Venise, Italy (2004). Setshwantsho:US Navy 071120-M-8966H-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg|Go gakala ga setsuatsue. Bangladesh morago ga Setsuatsue sa Sidr (2007) ke sekai sa morwalela wa masetlapelo go tswa mo koketsegong ya pula. Setshwantsho:Argentina geos5 202211.jpg|Go gagamatsa ga makhubu a mogote. Ditiragalo tse di jaaka lekhubu la mogote la 2022 la Khounu ya Borwa di ntse di tlwaelega thata.[278] </gallery> == Go fokotsa le go busetsa mesi == [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse gas emission scenarios 01.svg|thumb|Ditiragalo tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa go ntshiwa ga digase tsa greenhouse, tse di theilweng mo dipholising le mo ditsholofetsong go tloga ka Ngwanaitseele 2021]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka fokodiwa ka go fokotsa seelo se digase tsa sethopo di ntshiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung, le ka go oketsa seelo se khabonetaeokosaete e tlosiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung.[279] Go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C mesi ya digase tsa sethopo ya lefatshe e tlhoka go nna lefela ka 2070.[280] Seno se tlhoka diphetogo tse di tseneletseng, tse di rulagantsweng ka selekanyo se se iseng se ko se nne teng mo maatleng, lefatshe, ditoropo, dipalangwa, dikago, le intaseteri.[281] Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano le fopholetsa gore dinaga di tlhoka go menaganya ditsholofetso tsa tsone gararo ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C.[282] Ka ditsholofetso tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris go tloga ka 2024, go tla nna le kgonagalo ya 66% ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e bolokwe ka fa tlase ga 2.8 °C kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo (mofuta: 1.9–3.7 °C, go ikaegile ka tiragatso e e tlhomameng le kgatelopele ya thekenoloji). Fa go akanyediwa fela dipholisi tsa ga jaana, seno se tlhatlogela kwa go 3.1 °C.[283] Lefatshe ka bophara, go lekanyetsa mogote go 2 °C go ka feletsa ka dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tsa ikonomi go na le ditshenyegelo tsa ikonomi.[284] Le fa go se na tsela e le nngwe ya go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C,[285] bontsi jwa ditiragalo le ditogamaano di bona koketsego e kgolo ya tiriso ya maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang fa e kopanngwa le dikgato tse di oketsegileng tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go tlhagisa diphokotso tse di tlhokegang tsa gase ya sethopo.[286] Go fokotsa dikgatelelo mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo le go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa tsona jwa go tshwara khabone, diphetogo di tla tlhokega gape mo temothuong le dikgwa,[287] jaaka go thibela go rengwa ga dikgwa le go busetsa dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa tlholego ka go rema dikgwa gape.[288] Mekgwa e mengwe ya go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a kotsi. Ditiragalo tse di lekanyetsang thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 1.5 °C ka tlwaelo di supa tiriso e kgolo ya mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga.[289] Go na le matshwenyego, le fa go ntse jalo, ka ga go ikaega thata ka dithekenoloji tse, le ditlamorago tsa tikologo.[290] Phetolo ya marang a letsatsi (SRM) ke tshitshinyo ya go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi lengwe la letsatsi kgakala le Lefatshe le go boela kwa lefaufaung. Ka gonne e sa fokotse digase tsa sethopo, e ka se rarabolole go nna asiti ga lewatle[291] mme ga e tsewe e le phokotso.[292] SRM e tshwanetse go tsewa fela jaaka tlaleletso ya phokotso, e seng go e emisetsa,[293] ka ntlha ya dikotsi tse di jaaka go thuthafala ka bonako fa e ka emisiwa ka tshoganyetso mme ya se ka ya simololwa gape.[294] Mokgwa o o ithutilweng thata ke go tlhaba aerosol ya stratospheric.[295] SRM e ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago dingwe tsa yona, le fa e sa itekanela.[296] E tlisa dikotsi tsa tikologo, jaaka diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula,[297] mmogo le dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki, jaaka gore ke mang yo o tla tsayang tshwetso ya gore a e dirisiwe.[295] === Maatla a a phepa === [[Setshwantsho:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|Magala, leokwane le gase ya tlholego di santse e le metswedi ya konokono ya [[:en:World_energy_consumption|maatla mo lefatsheng]] [[:en:World_energy_consumption|ka bophara]] , le fa metswedi ya maatla a a [[:en:Renewable_energy|ntshafadiwang]] e simolotse go oketsega ka bonako<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 34: Global energy use by category"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang ke selotlolo sa go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[300] Ka dingwagasome, ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di dirile mo e ka nnang 80% ya tiriso ya maatla a lefatshe.[301] Kabo e e setseng e kgaogantswe magareng ga maatla a nyutlea le a a ntšhwafadiwang (go akaretsa maatla a metsi, maatla a ditshedi, maatla a phefo le a letsatsi le maatla a mogote wa lefatshe).[302] Tiriso ya ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng e solofetswe go fitlha kwa setlhoeng pele ga 2030 mme morago ga moo e fokotsege, mme tiriso ya magala e tla itemogela phokotsego e e bogale thata.[303] Ditšhwafatso di emetse 86% ya tlhagiso yotlhe e ntšhwa ya motlakase e e tsenngwang ka 2023.[304] Mefuta e mengwe ya maatla a a phepa, e e jaaka maatla a nyutlea le a metsi, ga jaanong jaana e na le karolo e kgolo ya tlamelo ya maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, diponelopele tsa bone tsa kgolo ya isago di lebega di lekanyeditswe fa di bapisiwa le tsone.[305] [[Setshwantsho:Lisberg Burg Windräder Solar power PC313027.jpg|thumb|Maatla a phefo le a letsatsi, Lefatshe la Germany]] Le fa diphanele tsa letsatsi le phefo ya mo lefatsheng jaanong di le gareng ga mefuta e e tlhwatlhwatlase ya go oketsa bokgoni jo bošwa jwa go tlhagisa maatla mo mafelong a le mantsi,[306] dipholisi tsa maatla a matala di a tlhokega go fitlhelela phetogo e e bonako go tswa mo ditukising tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go ya kwa go tse di ntšhwafadiwang.[307] Go fitlhelela go se tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang a tla nna mofuta o o laolang wa go tlhagisa motlakase, a tlhatlogela kwa go 85% kgotsa go feta ka 2050 mo maemong mangwe. Peeletso mo magaleng e ne e tla fedisiwa mme tiriso ya magala e ne e tla batla e fedisiwa ka 2050.[308][309] Motlakase o o tlhagisiwang go tswa mo metsweding e e ntšhwafadiwang le one o tla tlhoka go nna motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a go thuthafatsa le dipalangwa.[310] Dipalangwa di ka fetoga go tswa mo dikoloing tsa enjene ya go tuka ga ka fa gare le go ya kwa dikoloing tsa motlakase, dipalangwa tsa botlhe, le dipalangwa tse di matlhagatlhaga (go tsamaya ka baesekele le go tsamaya ka dinao).[311][312] Mo dikepeng le mo difofaneng, ditukisi tse di nang le khabone e e kwa tlase di tla fokotsa mesi.[311] Go thuthafatsa go ka nna ga fokodiwa khabone ka dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote.[313] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa kgolo e e tswelelang ka bonako ya maatla a a phepa, go akaretsa le a a ntšhwafadiwang.[314] Phefo le letsatsi di ntsha maatla ka dikgaotso le ka go fetogafetoga ga dipaka. Ka tlwaelo, matamo a metsi a a nang le matangwana le dipolante tsa maatla a ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a dirisitswe fa tlhagiso ya maatla a a farologaneng e le kwa tlase. Go ya pele, polokelo ya dibeteri e ka atolosiwa, tlhokego ya maatla le tlamelo di ka tshwantshanngwa, mme phetiso ya sekgala se seleele e ka dira gore go fetoga ga dipholo tse di ntšhwafadiwang go nne borethe.[300] Bioenergy gantsi ga e tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng mme e ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.[315] Kgolo ya maatla a nyutlea e thibelwa ke dikganetsano tse di amanang le matlakala a a nang le marang, go ata ga dibetsa tsa nyutlea, le dikotsi.[316][317] Kgolo ya maatla a metsi e lekanyeditswe ke ntlha ya gore go tlhamilwe mafelo a a gaisang, mme diporojeke tse dišwa di lebane le matshwenyego a a oketsegileng a loago le tikologo.[318] Maatla a khabone e e kwa tlase a tokafatsa boitekanelo jwa batho ka go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete mmogo le go fokotsa dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa,[319] tse di neng di fopholediwa go dimilione di le 7 ka ngwaga ka 2016.[320] Go fitlhelela maikaelelo a Tumalano ya Paris a a lekanyetsang thuthafalo go ya kwa koketsegong ya 2 °C go ka boloka matshelo a ka nna milione ao ka ngwaga ka 2050, fa go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go 1.5 °C go ka boloka dimilione mme ka nako e le nngwe go oketsa tshireletsego ya maatla le go fokotsa lehuma.[321] Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mowa gape go na le melemo ya ikonomi e e ka nnang kgolo go feta ditshenyegelo tsa phokotso.[322] === Tshomarelo ya maatla === Go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla ke karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya go fokotsa mesi.[323] Fa go tlhokega maatla a mannye, go na le go fetogafetoga go gontsi ga tlhabololo ya maatla a a phepa. Gape e dira gore go nne bonolo go laola keriti ya motlakase, le go fokotsa tlhabololo ya mafaratlhatlha a a dirisang khabone e ntsi.[324] Go tla tlhokega dikoketso tse dikgolo tsa dipeeletso tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go fitlhelela maikaelelo a tlelaemete, a a ka bapisiwang le maemo a dipeeletso mo maatleng a a ntšhwafadiwang.[325] Diphetogo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le COVID-19 mo mekgweng ya tiriso ya maatla, dipeeletso tsa go somarela maatla, le matlole di dirile gore diponelopele tsa ngwagasome ono di nne thata le go sa tlhomamisege.[326] Maano a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a farologana go ya ka lekala. Mo lephateng la dipalangwa, bapalami le dithoto ba ka fetogela kwa mekgweng e e nang le matswela ya mosepele, jaaka dibese le diterena, kgotsa ba dirisa dikoloi tsa motlakase.[327] Maano a madirelo a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a akaretsa go tokafatsa dithulaganyo tsa go thuthafatsa le dikoloi, go tlhama dikumo tse di sa diriseng maatla a mantsi, le go oketsa matshelo a dikumo.[328] Mo lephateng la kago go tlhomilwe mogopolo mo go tlhameng dikago tse dišwa botoka, le tiriso e e kwa godimo ya maatla mo go di tsenyeng sešwa.[329] Tiriso ya dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote le yone e ka oketsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla a kago.[330] === Temothuo le intaseteri === [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector.svg|thumb|Fa go akanyediwa mesi e e tlhamaletseng le e e sa tlhamalalang, intaseteri ke lekala le le nang le karolo e e kwa godimo ya mesi ya lefatshe. Tshedimosetso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019 go tswa kwa IPCC.]] Temothuo le dikgwa di lebane le kgwetlho e e menaganeng gararo ya go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo, go thibela go fetolelwa gape ga dikgwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo, le go fitlhelela koketsego ya tlhokego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.[331] Setlhopha sa dikgato se ka fokotsa mesi e e ikaegileng ka temothuo le dikgwa ka peditharong go tswa mo maemong a 2010. Tseno di akaretsa go fokotsa kgolo ya tlhokego ya dijo le ditlhagiswa tse dingwe tsa temothuo, go oketsa ntshodikuno ya lefatshe, go sireletsa le go busetsa dikgwa, le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go tswa mo tlhagisong ya temothuo.[332] Mo letlhakoreng la tlhokego, karolo ya botlhokwa ya go fokotsa mesi ke go sutisetsa batho kwa dijong tse di theilweng mo dimeleng.[333] Go fedisa tlhagiso ya leruo la nama le mašwi go tla fedisa mo e ka nnang dikotara di le tharo tsa mesi yotlhe e e tswang mo temothuong le mo tirisong e nngwe ya lefatshe.[334] Diruiwa gape di tsaya 37% ya lefatshe le le senang aese mo Lefatsheng mme di ja dijo go tswa mo 12% ya lefatshe le le dirisediwang dijalo, se se kgweetsang go rengwa ga dikgwa le go senyega ga lefatshe.[335] Tlhagiso ya tshipi le samente e na le maikarabelo a bokana ka 13% ya mesi ya CO2 ya madirelo. Mo madirelong ano, didirisiwa tse di dirisang khabone e ntsi jaaka coke le kalaka di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo tlhagisong, mo e leng gore go fokotsa mesi ya CO2 go tlhoka dipatlisiso ka dikhemikhale tse dingwe.[336] Moo tlhagiso ya maatla kgotsa madirelo a a bokete a a dirisang CO2 e ntsi a tswelelang go tlhagisa CO2 e e latlhilweng, ka dinako tse dingwe thekenoloji e ka dirisiwa go tshwara le go boloka bontsi jwa gase go na le go e gololela kwa lefaufaung.[337] Thekenoloji eno, ya go tshwara le go boloka khabone (CCS), e ka nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mme e le se se lekanyeditsweng mo go fokotseng mesi.[337] E tura thata[338] mme e dirisitswe fela go fitlha kwa selekanyong se se tlosang bokana ka 0.1% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga.[337] === Go tlosiwa ga phefo ya carbon dioxide === [[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide Partitioning.svg|thumb|Bontsi jwa mesi ya CO2 e monyetswe ke mafelo a a monang a khabone, go akaretsa le kgolo ya dimela, go tsewa ga mmu, le go tsewa ga lewatle [[:en:Global_Carbon_Project#Global_Carbon_Budget|(Tekanyetsokabo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Khabone ya ngwaga wa 2020]]).]] Disinki tsa khabone tsa tlhago di ka tokafadiwa go tshwara selekanyo se segolo thata sa CO2 go feta selekanyo se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago.[339] Go jala dikgwa sešwa le go jala dikgwa (go jala dikgwa kwa go neng go sena dikgwa teng pele) ke dingwe tsa mekgwa e e godileng thata ya go gapa dikgwa, le fa e le gore ya morago e tsosa matshwenyego a pabalesego ya dijo.[340] Balemirui ba ka rotloetsa go tshwara khabone mo mebung ka mekgwa e e jaaka tiriso ya dijalo tsa khurumetso ya mariga, go fokotsa maatla le makgetlo a go lema, le go dirisa manyoro le motshotelo jaaka diphetogo tsa mmu.[341] Go tsosolosa dikgwa le naga go ntsha melemo e mentsi mo tlelaemeteng, go akaretsa le go tshwara le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo.[133] Go busetsa/go itlosa bodutu ga mafelo a a metsi a a mo lebopong, ditsha tsa dithaba le makgwa a bojang jwa lewatle go oketsa go tsewa ga khabone go nna dibodi.[342][343] Fa khabone e tsenngwa mo mebung le mo dilong tse di tshelang jaaka ditlhare, go na le kotsi ya gore khabone e gololwe gape mo lefaufaung moragonyana ka diphetogo mo tirisong ya lefatshe, molelo, kgotsa diphetogo tse dingwe mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[344] Tiriso ya maatla a ditshedi mmogo le go tshwara le go boloka khabone (BECCS) e ka feletsa ka mesi e e sa siamang ka gonne CO2 e gogwa go tswa mo lefaufaung.[345] Go sa ntse go sa tlhomamisege thata gore a mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete e tla kgona go nna le seabe se segolo mo go fokotseng mogote go fitlha go 1.5 °C. Ditshwetso tsa pholisi tse di ikaegileng ka go tlosiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete di oketsa kotsi ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tlhatloge go feta maikaelelo a boditšhabatšhaba.[346] == Go tlwaela == Go tlwaela ke "thulaganyo ya go tlwaela diphetogo tsa ga jaana kgotsa tse di solofetsweng tsa tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[347]: 5 Kwa ntle ga phokotso e nngwe, go tlwaela ga go ka ke ga thibela kotsi ya ditlamorago tse di "masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago".[348] Phetogo e e masisi thata ya tlelaemete e tlhoka go tlwaela diphetogo tse dintsi, e e ka nnang tlhwatlhwagodimo thata.[349] Bokgoni le bokgoni jwa batho jwa go tlwaela ga bo abiwe ka go sa lekalekane mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng le mo bathong ba ba farologaneng, mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang ka kakaretso di na le tse dinnye.[350] Dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa ntlha tsa lekgolo la bo21 la dingwaga di bone koketsego ya bokgoni jwa go inaakanya le maemo mo dinageng di le dintsi tse di nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase le lo lo magareng tse di nang le phitlhelelo e e tokafaditsweng ya kgeleloleswe ya motheo le motlakase, fela kgatelopele e bonya. Dinaga di le dintsi di tsentse tirisong dipholisi tsa go tlwaela maemo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le phatlha e kgolo fa gare ga matlole a a tlhokegang le a a leng teng.[351] Go tlwaela go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go akaretsa go tila mafelo a a mo kotsing, go ithuta go tshela ka merwalela e e oketsegileng, le go aga ditaolo tsa morwalela. Fa seo se ka palelwa, go ka tlhokega go boela morago go go laolwang.[352] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa ikonomi tsa go samagana le ditlamorago tse di kotsi tsa mogote. Go tila tiro e e lapisang kgotsa go nna le ditsidifatsi ga go kgonege mo go mongwe le mongwe.[353] Mo temothuong, dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di akaretsa go fetogela kwa dijong tse di tswelelang, go farologanya, taolo ya kgogolego, le ditokafatso tsa dijini go oketsa itshokelano ya tlelaemete e e fetogang.[354] Inšorense e letla go abelana dikotsi, fela gantsi go thata go e bona mo bathong ba lotseno lo lo kwa tlase.[355] Thuto, go fuduga le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale di ka fokotsa go nna mo kotsing ya tlelaemete.[356] Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove kgotsa go rotloetsa dimela tse dingwe tsa lebopo go ka thibela ditsuatsue.[357][358] Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaela phetogo ya tlelaemete, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tshegediwang ke go tsereganya ga batho. Ka go oketsa kgolagano magareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, mefuta e ka fudugela kwa maemong a a siameng thata a tlelaemete. Mefuta e ka tsenngwa gape mo mafelong a a bonang tlelaemete e e siameng. Tshireletso le pusetso ya mafelo a tlhago le a seka-tlhago e thusa go aga nonofo, go dira gore go nne bonolo gore dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaele. Bontsi jwa ditiro tse di rotloetsang go tlwaela mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, gape di thusa batho go tlwaela ka tlwaelo e e ikaegileng ka thulaganyo ya tikologo. Ka sekai, go busetsa dipuso tsa molelo tsa tlholego go dira gore go se ka ga nna le kgonagalo ya melelo e e bakang masetlapelo, mme go fokotsa go tlhagelela ga batho mo go yone. Go fa dinoka sebaka se sentsi go letla polokelo e ntsi ya metsi mo thulaganyong ya tlholego, go fokotsa kotsi ya morwalela. Sekgwa se se tsosolositsweng se dira jaaka sinki ya khabone, fela go jala ditlhare mo dikgaolong tse di sa tshwanelang go ka gakatsa ditlamorago tsa tlelaemete.[359] Go na le tirisanommogo mme gape go na le dithekiso magareng ga go tlwaela le go fokotsa.[360] Sekao sa tirisanommogo ke go oketsa ntshodikuno ya dijo, e e nang le melemo e megolo mo go tlwaelaneng le go fokotsa.[361] Sekao sa kgwebisano ke gore tiriso e e oketsegileng ya ditsidifatsi e letla batho go lepalepana botoka le mogote, fela e oketsa tlhokego ya maatla. Sekao se sengwe sa kgwebisano ke gore tlhabololo e e kopaneng ya toropo e ka fokotsa mesi e e tswang mo dipalangweng le mo kagong, mme gape e ka oketsa ditlamorago tsa setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo, ya tsenya batho mo dikotsing tsa boitekanelo tse di amanang le mogote.[362] === Dikao tsa mekgwa ya go tlwaela === <gallery> Setshwantsho:FrontLines-EGAT 2011 Environment Photo Contest Top Entry (5842818280).jpg|Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove le tshomarelo e nngwe ya bonno go ka fokotsa merwalela ya mabopo. Setshwantsho:Seawallventnor.jpg|Mabota a lewatle a tla sireletsa kgatlhanong le ditsuatsue tse di gakadiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle Setshwantsho:20080708 Chicago City Hall Green Roof Edit1.jpg|Marulelo a matala go tlamela ka tsidifatso mo ditoropong Setshwantsho:2013.02-402-294a Pearl millet,breeding,selfing ICRISAT,Patancheru(Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh),IN wed20feb2013.jpg|Tsadiso e e tlhophilweng ya dijalo tse di kgonang go emelana le komelelo </gallery> == Dipholisi le dipolotiki == Dinaga tse di leng mo kotsing thata ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete ka tlwaelo di ile tsa nna le boikarabelo jwa karolo e nnye ya mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe. Se se tsosa dipotso ka ga tshiamiso le tshiamo.[363] Go fokotsa go gotela ga lefatshe go dira gore go nne motlhofo thata go fitlhelela Mekgele ya Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang Pele ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng, e e jaaka go fedisa lehuma le go fokotsa go sa lekalekane. Kgolagano e lemogwa mo Maikaelelong a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 13 e leng go "tsaya kgato e e potlakileng go lwantsha phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[364] Maikaelelo a dijo, metsi a a phepa le tshireletso ya tikologo a na le tirisanommogo le phokotso ya tlelaemete.[365] Dipolotiki tsa lefatshe tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di raraane. Gantsi e tlhamilwe jaaka bothata jwa batho ba ba palameng mahala, jo mo go jona dinaga tsotlhe di solegelwang ke phokotso e e dirwang ke dinaga tse dingwe, mme dinaga ka bongwe di ne di tla latlhegelwa ke go fetogela kwa ikonoming e e nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka botsone. Ka dinako tse dingwe phokotso le yona e na le melemo ya selegae le fa go ntse jalo. Ka sekai, melemo ya go tlosiwa ga magala mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba le mo ditikologong tsa selegae e feta ditshenyegelo mo e ka nnang mo dikgaolong tsotlhe.[366] Ho feta moo, barekisi ba nete ba mafura a mesaletsa ba hlola moruong ho tloha ho fetohela ho matla a hlwekileng, ho etsa hore baromelantle ba nete ba tobane le matlotlo a tshwarehileng: mafura a masaledi a ba sa kgoneng ho a rekisa.[367] === Ditlhopho tsa pholisi === Go dirisiwa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipholisi, melawana le melao go fokotsa digase tse di ntshiwang. Go tloga ka 2019, ditlhwatlhwa tsa khabone di akaretsa mo e ka nnang 20% ​​ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe.[368] Khabone e ka bewa tlhwatlhwa ka makgetho a khabone le dithulaganyo tsa kgwebisano ka mesi.[369] Dithuso tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di fitlheletse $319 bilione ka 2017, le $5.2 trillion fa ditshenyegelo tse di sa tlhamalalang tse di jaaka kgotlhelo ya mowa di bewa ditlhwatlhwa.[370] Go fedisa tseno go ka baka phokotsego ya 28% ya mesi ya khabone ya lefatshe le phokotsego ya 46% ya dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa.[371] Madi a a bolokilweng mo dithusong tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tshegetsa phetogelo go ya kwa maatleng a a phepa boemong jwa seo.[372] Mekgwa e e tlhamaletseng ya go fokotsa digase tsa sethopo e akaretsa maemo a bokgoni jwa dikoloi, maemo a lookwane lo lo ntšhwafadiwang, le melawana ya kgotlhelo ya mowa mo intasetering e e bokete.[373] Dinaga di le mmalwa di tlhoka gore ditirelo di oketse karolo ya dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang mo tlhagisong ya maatla.[374] Tirisanommogo e e Buletsweng ya Mebaraka ya Khabone ya Kobamelo ka maikaelelo a go tlhama thulaganyo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya kepisi le kgwebisano e ne ya tlhongwa kwa COP30 (2025). Go ya ka dipalopalo dingwe e ka oketsa phokotso ya mesi makgetlo a le supa go feta dipholisi tsa ga jaana, ya tlisa $200 bilione ka ngwaga ya mananeo a maatla a a phepa le a loago le go tswala phatlha fa gare ga tsela ya ga jaana ya mesi le maikaelelo a tumalano ya Paris.[375][376][377] ==== Tshiamiso ya tlelaemete ==== Pholisi e e tlhamilweng ka lense ya tshiamiso ya tlelaemete e leka go samagana le dintlha tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago. Go ya ka babueledi ba tshiamiso ya tlelaemete, ditshenyegelo tsa go tlwaela tlelaemete di tshwanetse go duelwa ke ba ba nang le maikarabelo a magolo a phetogo ya tlelaemete, fa bajaboswa ba dituelo e tshwanetse go nna bao ba bogang ka ditlamorago. Tsela nngwe e seno se ka rarabololwang ka yone mo tirisong ke go dira gore ditšhaba tse di humileng di duele dinaga tse di humanegileng go tlwaela.[378] Oxfam e fitlhetse gore ka 2023 10% ya batho ba ba humileng thata ba ne ba ikarabela ka 50% ya mesi ya lefatshe, fa 50% e e kwa tlase e ne e ikarabela ka 8% fela.[379] Tlhagiso ya mesi ke tsela e nngwe ya go leba maikarabelo: ka fa tlase ga mokgwa oo, dikhamphani tse di kwa godimo di le 21 tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di tla kolota dipusetso tsa tlelaemete tse di kokoantsweng tsa $5.4 trillion mo pakeng ya 2025–2050.[380] Go fitlhelela phetogo e e siameng, batho ba ba dirang mo lephateng la ditukisi le bona ba tla tlhoka ditiro tse dingwe, mme baagi ba bona ba tla tlhoka dipeeletso.[381] === Ditumelano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa tlelaemete === [[Setshwantsho:Total CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 2000, mesi e e tlhatlogang ya CO2 kwa lefatsheng la China le kwa lefatsheng lotlhe e fetile e e ntshiwang ke lefatshe la United States le karolo kgolo ya mafatshe ya Europe. <ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ "GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 73: Global CO2 emissions by region"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Mo e ka nnang dinaga tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ke dikarolo tsa Tumalano ya Letlhomeso la Ditšhabakopano ya 1994 ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (UNFCCC).[385] Maikaelelo a UNFCCC ke go thibela go tsenelela go go kotsi ga batho mo thulaganyong ya tlelaemete.[386] Jaaka go boletswe mo tumalanong, seno se tlhoka gore dilekanyo tsa digase tsa sethopo di tlhomama mo lefaufaung mo maemong a mo go one dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di ka tlwaelanang ka tlhago le phetogo ya tlelaemete, tlhagiso ya dijo e sa tshosediwe, le tlhabololo ya ikonomi e ka tswelela.[387] UNFCCC ka boyona ga e thibele mesi mme go na le moo e tlamela ka letlhomeso la diporothokholo tse di dirang jalo. Mesi ya lefatshe e tlhatlogile fa e sale UNFCCC e saeniwa.[388] Dikhonferense tsa yona tsa ngwaga le ngwaga ke kgato ya dipuisano tsa lefatshe ka bophara.[389] [[Setshwantsho:Per Capita CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Ka motho mongwe le mongwe, Lefatshe la United States le ntsha CO2 ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo thata go feta dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa konokono.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 74: Global CO2 emissions per capita]". CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Porothokholo ya Kyoto ya 1997 e ne ya atolosa UNFCCC mme ya akaretsa maitlamo a a tlamang semolao a bontsi jwa dinaga tse di tlhabologileng go fokotsa mesi ya tsone.[390] Ka nako ya dipuisano, G77 (e e emetseng dinaga tse di tlhabologang) e ne ya kgaratlhela taelo e e tlhokang gore dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di "[tseye] boeteledipele" mo go fokotseng mesi ya tsone,[391] ka gonne dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di ne tsa nna le seabe se segolo mo go kokoanyeng digase tsa sethopo mo lefaufaung. Mesi ya tlhogo le yona e ne e santse e le kwa tlase mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tla tlhoka go ntsha mesi e mentsi go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa tsona tsa tlhabololo.[392] Tumalano ya Copenhagen ya ngwaga wa 2009 e tlhagisitswe thata jaaka e e swabisang ka ntlha ya maikaelelo a yona a a kwa tlase, mme e ne ya ganwa ke ditšhaba tse di humanegileng go akaretsa le G77.[393] Makoko a a amanang a ne a ikaeletse go fokotsa tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C.[394] Tumalano e beile maikaelelo a go romela $100 bilione ka ngwaga kwa dinageng tse di tlhabologang go fokotsa le go tlwaela ka 2020, mme ya tshitshinya go tlhongwa ga Letlole la Tlelaemete le le Tala.[395] Go tloga ka 2020, go ne ga gorosiwa fela diranta di le dibilione di le 83,3. Ke fela ka 2023 go solofetsweng gore seelo se tla fitlhelelwa.[396] Ka 2015 dinaga tsotlhe tsa UN di ne tsa buisana ka Tumalano ya Paris, e e ikaeletseng go boloka thuthafalo ya lefatshe e le kwa tlase thata ga 2.0 °C mme e na le mokgele wa keletso ya go boloka thuthafalo e le kwa tlase ga 1.5 °C.[397] Tumalano eno e ne ya tsaya sebaka sa Porothokholo ya Kyoto. Go farologana le Kyoto, ga go na dintlha tse di tlamang tsa go ntsha digase tse di neng tsa bewa mo Tumalanong ya Paris. Go na le moo, go ne ga dirwa gore ditsamaiso di tlame. Dinaga di tshwanetse go ipeela maikaelelo a a kwa godimo ka metlha le go sekaseka gape maikaelelo ano dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano.[398] Tumalano ya Paris e ne ya boeletsa gore dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tshwanetse go tshegediwa ka madi.[399] Go tloga ka Mopitlwe 2025, dinaga di le 194 le Kopano ya Yuropa di amogetse kgotsa di amogetse tumalano.[400] Porothokholo ya Montreal ya 1987, tumalano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go fedisa tlhagiso ya digase tse di senyang ozone, e nnile le melemo mo go fokotseng phetogo ya tlelaemete.[401] Digase di le mmalwa tse di senyang ozone jaaka di-chlorofluorocarbon ke digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo, ka jalo go thibela tlhagiso le tiriso ya tsona go ka tswa go ile ga tila tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya 0.5 °C–1.0 °C,[402] mmogo le thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ka go thibela tshenyo ya dimela go tswa mo marang a ultraviolet].[43] Go fopholediwa gore tumalano e nnile le matswela thata mo go fokotseng mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go feta Porothokholo ya Kyoto e e diretsweng go dira jalo ka tlhamalalo.[404] Phetolo ya bošeng ya Porothokholo ya Montreal, Phetolo ya Kigali ya 2016, e ne ya itlama go fokotsa mesi ya dikhabone tsa hydrofluoro, tse di neng tsa emisetsa digase tse di thibetsweng tse di senyang ozone mme gape e le digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo.[405] Fa dinaga di ka obamela paakanyo, go fopholediwa gore go tla tilwa thuthafalo ya 0.3 °C–0.5 °C.[406] === Ditsibogo tsa bosetšhaba === [[Setshwantsho:Global annual CO2 emissions by world region since 1750.svg|thumb|Mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga go ya ka kgaolo. Se se lekanya mafura a masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le mesi ya madirelo. [[:en:Land_use_change|Phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] ga e a akarediwa.<ref>"[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region Annual CO2 emissions by world region]" (chart). ourworldindata.org. [[:en:Our_World_in_Data|Our World in Data]]. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</ref>]] Ka 2019, palamente ya United Kingdom e ne ya nna puso ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete.[408] Dinaga tse dingwe le dipuso di ne tsa latela.[409] Ka one ngwaga oo, Palamente ya Yuropa e ne ya itsise "maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete le tikologo".[410] Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya tlhagisa Tumalano ya yone ya Botala ya Yuropa ka boikaelelo jwa go dira gore EU e se ka ya ntsha khabone ka 2050.[411] Ka 2021, Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya golola sephuthelwana sa yone sa melao ya "Fit for 55", e e nang le dikaelo tsa intaseteri ya dikoloi; dikoloi tsotlhe tse dišwa mo mmarakeng wa Yuropa di tshwanetse go nna dikoloi tse di sa ntsheng digase dipe go tloga ka 2035.[412] Dinaga tse dikgolo kwa Asia di dirile ditsholofetso tse di tshwanang: Korea Borwa le Japane di itlamile go nna tse di sa tseyeng letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, mme China ka 2060.[413] Le fa India e na le ditlhotlheletso tse di maatla tsa dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang, gape e rulaganya katoloso e e bonalang ya magala mo nageng.[414] Vietnam e gareng ga dinaga di le mmalwa fela tse di ikaegileng ka magala, tse di tlhabologang ka bonako tse di ikanneng go fedisa maatla a magala a a sa fokodiwang ka dingwaga tsa bo 2040 kgotsa ka bonako jo bo kgonegang morago ga moo.[415] Go tloga ka 2021, go ikaegilwe ka tshedimosetso go tswa mo maanong a bosetšhaba a le 48 a tlelaemete, a a emelang 40% ya makoko a Tumalano ya Paris, go fopholediwa gore palogotlhe ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tla nna kwa tlase ka 0.5% fa e bapisiwa le maemo a 2010, kwa tlase ga maikaelelo a phokotso ya 45% kgotsa 25% go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go °C kgotsa[6]. == Setšhaba le setso == [[Setshwantsho:20200327 Climate change deniers cherry picking time periods.gif|thumb|Tshedimosetso e [[:en:Cherry_picking|tlhophilwe ka boomo go tswa mo dipakeng]] tse dikhutshwane go dira polelo e e seng boammaaruri ya gore megote tsa lefatshe ga di tlhatloge. Mela ya tshekamelo e e botala jwa loapi e bontsha dipaka tse dikhutshwane tse di fitlhang kgotsa di bipang tshekamelo ya nako e telele ya go gotela ga lefatshe (mela ya tshekamelo e mehibidu). Khutlonne e e botala jwa loapi e e nang le matshwao a a botala jwa loapi e bontsha se se bidiwang nako ya [[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|go ema ga go gotela ga lefatshe]].]] Dingangisano tsa setšhaba ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete di amilwe thata ke go ganela phetogo ya tlelaemete le tshedimosetso e e fosagetseng, e e neng ya tlhagelela la ntlha kwa United States mme fa e sa le ka nako eo e aname le kwa dinageng tse dingwe, bogolosegolo kwa Canada le Australia. E simolotse go tswa mo dikhamphaning tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, ditlhopha tsa madirelo, ditheo tsa dikakanyo tse di sa fetogeng, le borasaense ba ba kgatlhanong.[418] Fela jaaka intaseteri ya motsoko, leano le legolo la ditlhopha tse e nnile go dira dipelaelo ka ga tshedimosetso le dipholo tsa saense tse di amanang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[419] Batho ba ba nang le pelaelo e e sa tshwanelang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa "babelaedi" ba phetogo ya tlelaemete, le fa "baganetsi" kgotsa "baganetsi" e le mareo a a maleba thata.[420] Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya go ganela tlelaemete: bangwe ba ganela gore thuthafalo e a diragala gotlhelele, bangwe ba amogela thuthafalo mme ba e amanya le ditlhotlheletso tsa tlholego, mme bangwe ba fokotsa ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[421] Go dira go sa tlhomamisegeng ga saense moragonyana go ne ga fetoga go nna kganetsano e e dirilweng: go tlhama tumelo ya gore go na le go sa tlhomamisegeng go go bonalang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete mo teng ga setšhaba sa saense go diegisa diphetogo tsa pholisi.[422] Maano a go rotloetsa dikgopolo tse a akaretsa go kgala ditheo tsa saense,[423] le go botsa maitlhomo a borasaense ka bongwe.[421] Phaposi ya echo ya di-blog le bobegakgang jo bo ganang tlelaemete e tlhotlheleditse gape go sa tlhaloganye phetogo ya tlelaemete.[424] === Temoso ya setšhaba le maikutlo === [[Setshwantsho:20220629 Public estimates of scientific consensus on climate change - horizontal bar chart.svg|thumb|Setšhaba se nyenyefatsa thata selekanyo sa kutlwano ya borasaense ya gore batho ke bone ba bakang phetogo ya seemo sa bosa (tshedimosetso ya ngwaga wa 2022). Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng magareng ga ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2021 di fitlheletse gore kutlwano ya borasaense e mo magareng ga karolo masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong (98.7) le lekgolo mo lekgolong (100%).]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ne ya tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980.[428] Ka ntlha ya go begwa ke bobegakgang mo masimologong a bo1990, gantsi batho ba ne ba tlhakanya phetogo ya tlelaemete le dintlha tse dingwe tsa tikologo tse di jaaka go fokotsega ga ozone.[429] Mo setsong se se tlwaelegileng, filimi ya tlhamane ya tlelaemete Letsatsi Morago ga Kamoso (2004) le tokomane ya ga Al Gore ya Boammaaruri jo bo sa Siamang (2006) di ne di tlhomile mogopolo mo phetogong ya tlelaemete.[428] Dipharologano tse di botlhokwa tsa kgaolo, bong, dingwaga le sepolotiki di teng mo go tshwenyegeng ga setšhaba ka bobedi, le go tlhaloganya, phetogo ya tlelaemete. Batho ba ba rutegileng thata, mme mo dinageng dingwe, basadi le batho ba ba botlana, ba ne ba na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya go bona phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka matshosetsi a magolo.[430] Dibukathuto tsa thutatshelo tsa kholetšhe go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 di ne di na le diteng tse dinnye ka phetogo ya tlelaemete fa di bapisiwa le tsa dingwaga di le lesome tse di fetileng, ka kgatelelo e e fokotsegang mo ditharabololo.[431] Diphatlha tsa lekoko le tsone di teng mo dinageng di le dintsi,[432] mme dinaga tse di nang le mesi e e kwa godimo ya CO2 di na le go sa tshwenyege thata.[433] Dikakanyo ka ga mabaka a phetogo ya tlelaemete di farologana thata go ya ka dinaga.[434] Kgaso ya bobegakgang e e golaganeng le ditshupetso e nnile le ditlamorago mo maikutlong a setšhaba mmogo le gore ke dintlha dife tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete tse di tsepamisitsweng mo go tsona.[435] Maemo a a kwa godimo a matshwenyego a amana le tshegetso e e maatla ya setšhaba ya dipholisi tse di samaganang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[436] Matshwenyego a oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya,[437] mme ka 2021 bontsi jwa baagi mo dinageng di le 30 ba tlhagisitse maemo a a kwa godimo a go tshwenyega ka phetogo ya tlelaemete, kgotsa ba e leba jaaka maemo a tshoganyetso a lefatshe lotlhe.[438] Patlisiso ya 2024 go ralala dinaga di le 125 e fitlhetse gore 89% ya baagi ba lefatshe ba batla kgato e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki, mme ka thulaganyo ba nyatsa go iketleeletsa ga batho ba bangwe go tsaya kgato.[25][26] ==== Motsamao wa tlelaemete ==== Ditshupetso tsa tlelaemete di batla gore baeteledipele ba dipolotiki ba tseye kgato go thibela phetogo ya tlelaemete. Di ka nna ka sebopego sa ditshupetso tsa phatlalatsa, go rekisa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, dikgetsi le ditiro tse dingwe.[439][440] Ditshupetso tse di tlhageletseng di akaretsa Seteraeke sa Dikolo sa Tlelaemete. Mo maitekong ano, bašwa go ralala lefatshe ba ntse ba ipelaetsa fa e sale ka 2018 ka go tlola sekolo ka Labotlhano, ba tlhotlheleditswe ke molweladitshwanelo tsa Sweden le mosha wa nako eo Greta Thunberg.[441] Dikgato tsa go tlhoka kutlo ga baagi ka bontsi ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka Extinction Rebellion di ipelaeditse ka go kgoreletsa ditsela le dipalangwa tsa botlhe.[442] Ditsheko di ntse di sebediswa ka ho eketsehileng e le sesebediswa sa ho matlafatsa kgato ya tlelaemete ho tswa ditheong tsa setjhaba le dikhamphani. Balweladitshwanelo gape ba simolola dikgetsi tse di lebaganeng le dipuso le go batla gore di tseye kgato e e nang le maikaelelo a magolo kgotsa di diragatse melao e e leng teng ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[443] Dikgetsi kgatlhanong le dikhamphani tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng ka kakaretso di batla pusetso ya tatlhegelo le tshenyo.[444] Ka di 23 Phukwi 2025, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Bosiamisi ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng e ne ya ntsha kgopolo ya yone ya kgakololo, e bolela ka tlhamalalo gore dinaga di tshwanetse go tsaya kgato go emisa phetogo ya tlelaemete, mme fa di palelwa ke go diragatsa tiro eo, dinaga tse dingwe di ka di sekisa. Tlamego e e akaretsa go diragatsa maitlamo a bona mo ditumalanong tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse ba leng karolo ya tsona, jaaka Tumalano ya Tlelaemete ya Paris ya 2015.[445][446][447] == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png|thumb|Eunice Newton Foote o bontshitse phelelo ya phefo ya carbon dioxide ya go tshwara mogote ka ngwaga wa 1856, a bonela pele ditlamorago tsa yone mo polaneteng.<ref>Foote, Eunice (November 1856). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382 Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays"]. The American Journal of Science and Arts. 22: 382–383. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382%2F Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</ref> (Carbon dioxide e ne e bidiwa "gase ya esiti ya carbon".)]] Borasaense ba ngwagakgolo wa bo 19 jaaka Alexander von Humboldt ba ne ba simolola go bonela pele ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820, Joseph Fourier o ne a tshitshinya phelelo ya greenhouse go tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa themperetšha ya Lefatshe e ne e le kwa godimo go feta maatla a Letsatsi a le nosi a ka a tlhalosang. Lefaufau la lefatshe le bonaletsang lesedi la letsatsi, ka jalo lesedi la letsatsi le fitlha kwa godimo ga lefatshe koo le fetolelwang go nna mogote gone. Le fa go ntse jalo, lefaufau ga le bonale mo mogoteng o o phatsimang go tswa kwa godimo, mme le tshwara mogote o mongwe, o o tla thuthafatsang polanete.[453] Ka 1856 Eunice Newton Foote o ne a bontsha gore phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya Letsatsi e kgolo mo moweng o o nang le mouwane wa metsi go na le mo moweng o o omileng, le gore phelelo e kgolo le go feta mo khabonetaeokosaeteng (CO2). Mo go "Maemo a a Amang Mogote wa Marang a Letsatsi" o ne a swetsa ka gore "[a] lefaufau la gase eo le tla naya lefatshe la rona themperetšha e e kwa godimo".[454][455] [[Setshwantsho:19120814 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate - Rodney and Otamatea Times.jpg|thumb|Pego e ya ngwaga wa 1912 e tlhalosa ka bokhutshwane phelelo ya ntlo ya mogote ye tshwarang mogote, kafa go fisiwa ga magala go dirang gore phefo ya carbondioxide e kgone go baka thuthafalo ya lefatshe le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ROTWKG19120814.2.56.5 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate]". Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. Text was earlier [[:en:File:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg|published in Popular Mechanics,]] March 1912, p. 341.</ref>]] Go simolola ka 1859,[457] John Tyndall o ne a tlhomamisa gore naeterojene le okosejene—mmogo di dira 99% ya mowa o o omileng—di bonala mo mogoteng o o phatsimang. Le fa go ntse jalo, mouwane wa metsi le digase tse di jaaka methane le khabonetaeokosaete di monya mogote o o phatsimang mme di phatlalatsa mogote oo gape mo lefaufaung. Tyndall o ne a tshitshinya gore diphetogo tsa dilekanyo tsa digase tseno di ka tswa di bakile diphetogo tsa tlelaemete mo nakong e e fetileng, go akaretsa le metlha ya aese.[458] Svante Arrhenius o lemogile gore mouwane wa metsi mo moweng o ne o tswelela o farologana, fela selekanyo sa CO2 mo moweng se ne se tlhotlhelediwa ke dithulaganyo tsa thutafatshe tsa nako e telele. Go thuthafala go tswa mo maemong a a oketsegileng a CO2 go ne go tla oketsa selekanyo sa mouwane wa metsi, go godisa thuthafalo mo lobelong lwa ditshwaelo tse di siameng. Ka 1896, o ne a gatisa sekai sa ntlha sa tlelaemete sa mofuta ono, a akanyetsa gore go fokotsa selekanyo sa CO2 ka halofo go ka bo go dirile gore themperetšha e wele tlase go simolola motlha wa aese. Arrhenius o ne a balela koketsego ya themperetšha e e solofetsweng go tswa mo go menaganeng ga CO2 gabedi go nna mo e ka nnang 5–6 °C.[459] Borasaense ba bangwe kwa tshimologong ba ne ba belaela mme ba dumela gore phelelo ya sethopo e ne e tletse gore go oketsa CO2 e ntsi go se ka ga dira pharologanyo epe, le gore tlelaemete e tla bo e itaola.[460] Go simolola ka 1938, Guy Stewart Callendar o ne a gatisa bosupi jwa gore tlelaemete e ne e thuthafala le gore selekanyo sa CO2 se ne se tlhatloga,[461] mme dipalelo tsa gagwe di ne tsa kopana le dikganetso tse di tshwanang.[460] === Go tlhamiwa ga tumalano ya saense === [[Setshwantsho:20211103 Academic studies of scientific consensus - global warming, climate change - vertical bar chart - en.svg|thumb|Tumelano ya saense ka go bakiwa ke : Dithuto tsa thuto tsa tumalano ya saense ka ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho mo gareng ga baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa( go simologa ka ngwaga wa 2010 go fitlha ko ngwageng wa 2015) di bontsha gore maemo a tumalano a tsamaisana le boitseanape mo saenseng ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; [[:en:William_Anderegg|Anderegg, William R. L.]]; et al. (2016). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|Environmental Research Letters.]] 11 (4) 048002. Bibcode:2016ERL....11d8002C. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.]] hdl:[[hdl:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6|1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6]].</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2019 e fitlhetse tumalano ya saense e le kwa go le la lekgolo kgolong,[426] mme thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2021 e ne ya swetsa ka gore tumalano e feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.[5] Patlisiso e nngwe ya ngwaga wa 2021 e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa ba bontshitse gore Lefatshe le thuthafala thata ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa batho.[]]Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, [[:en:Gilbert_Plass|Gilbert Plass]] o ne a tlhama sekai sa khomphiutha se se tletseng se se neng se akaretsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefaufau le sebopego sa infrared. Mokgwa o o ne wa bolelela pele gore go oketsa selekanyo sa pheho ya carbon dioxide (CO2) go ne go tla baka go thuthafala. Mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo, [[:en:Hans_Suess|Hans Suess]] o ne a bona bosupi jwa gore selekanyo sa phefo ya carbon dioxide (CO2) se ne se ntse se tlhatloga, mme [[:en:Roger_Revelle|Roger Revelle]] o ne a bontsha gore mawatle a ne a ka se amogele koketsego eo. Borasaense ba babedi morago ga moo ba ne ba thusa [[:en:Charles_David_Keeling|Charles Keeling]] go simolola palo ya koketsego e e tswelelang— ya [[:en:Keeling_Curve|"Keeling Curve]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect"}}; {{harvnb|Fleming|2008|loc=[https://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming/Article4.html Arrhenius]}}</ref>—e e neng e le karolo ya dipatlisiso tse di tswelelang tsa saense go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1960 ka ga se se ka nnang teng se se bakang thuthafalo ya lefatshe.[464] Dithutopatlisiso tse di jaaka Pegelo ya Charney ya 1979 ya Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Patlisiso di ne tsa tshegetsa go nepagala ga dikai tsa tlelaemete tse di bonelapele thuthafalo e e bonalang.[465] Dibako tsa batho tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e lemogilweng le dikotsi tsa thuthafalo e e sa fokodiwang di ne tsa tlhagisiwa phatlalatsa mo bopaking jwa ga James Hansen jwa ngwaga wa 1988 fa pele ga komiti ya [[:en:United_States_Senate|Senate ya lefatshe]] la Amerika.<ref>Shabecoff, Philip (24 June 1988). [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html "Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate"]. [[:en:New_York_Times|New York Times]]. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.</ref> [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Lekoko ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]](IPCC), e e tlhomilweng ka 1988 go tlamela ka kgakololo ya semmuso go dipuso tsa lefatshe, e ne ya tlhotlheletsa dipatlisiso tsa dirutwa tse di farologaneng.<ref>{{harvnb|Weart|2013|p=3567}}.</ref> Jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change#Assessment_reports|dipegelo tsa IPCC]], baitse ba saense ba sekaseka motlotlo wa saense o o diragalang mo di pego tsa [[:en:Scientific_journal|mekwalo]] tse di [[:en:Peer_review|sekasekiwang ke balekane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Royal Society|2005}}.</ref> Go na le tumalano e e batlang e dumalanwe ke saense ya gore seemo sa bosa se a thuthafala le gore seo se bakwa ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref name=":3" />Ga go na setlhopha sepe sa saense sa maemo a bosetšhaba kgotsa a boditšhabatšhaba se [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change#Opposing|se sa dumalaneng le kgang eo]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008|National Academies 2008]], p. 2; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFOreskes2007|Oreskes 2007]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXJIqCkb7YIC&pg=PA68 68]; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017]]</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019, tumalano mo dibukeng tsa bosheng e fitlheletse go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.<ref>Powell, James (20 November 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming". [[:en:Bulletin_of_Science,_Technology_&_Society|Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society]]. 37 (4): 183–184. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0270467619886266|10.1177/0270467619886266]].</ref><ref name=":3" />Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya IPCC ya ngwaga wa 2021 e boletse gore "ga go belaetse" gore phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e bakwa ke batho.<ref name=":3" /> Tumelano e tsweletse go tlhabolola gore go tshwanetse ga tsewa dikgato go sireletsa batho kgatlhanong le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dikolo tsa bosetšhaba tsa saense di kopile baeteledipele ba lefatshe go fokotsa mesi ya lefatshe.<ref>Joint statement of the [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFG8+5_Academies2009|G8+5 Academies (2009]]); [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017.]]</ref> === Ditiragalo tsa sešweng === Go [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|tlhagisa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng]] (EEA), mo go itsegeng gape jaaka saense ya go tlhagisa, go ne ga tlhamiwa mo masomeng a dingwaga a ntlha a lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective"]. American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> EEA e dirisa dikaelo tsa seemo sa bosa go tlhaola le go lekanya seabe se phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakilweng ke batho se se nang le sone mo go bonaleng gantsi, bogolo, boleele jwa nako, le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo dingwe tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa..<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21852/attribution-of-extreme-weather-events-in-the-context-of-climate-change Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change]. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2016. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016nap..book21852N 2016nap..book21852N]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/21852|10.17226/21852.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-38094-2|978-0-309-38094-2.]]</ref><ref>McSweeney, Robert; Tandon, Ayesha (18 November 2024). [https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html "Mapped: How climate change affects extreme weather around the world".] Climate Central. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250610154758/https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html Archived] from the original on 10 June 2025.</ref>Maduo a dithuto tsa go tlhalosa dilo di dira gore boradisanase le babegadikgang ba dire dipolelo tse di jaaka, "tiragalo e ya maemo a bosa e ne ya dirwa bonnye makgetlo a le ''n'' ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e bakilweng ke batho" kgotsa "lekhubu leno la mogote le ne la dirwa gore go nne mogote ka didikirii di le ''m'' go feta ka fa go neng go ntse ka gone mo lefatsheng le le neng le se na thuthafalo ya lefatshe" kgotsa "tiragalo e e ka bo e sa kgone go direga fa go ka bo go ne go se na phetogo ya seemo sa bosa". Maatla a magolo a dikhomphiutha ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000 le diphitlhelelo tsa dikgopolo mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 2010<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change"]. [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> di kgontshitse saense ya go tlhomamisa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo ditiragalong dingwe ka tshepo e e kwa godimo.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective]". American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> Borasaense ba dirisa mekgwa ya go tlhagisa le ditshwantsho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di setseng di sekasekilwe ke balekane, go letla "dithuto tsa go tlhagisa ka bonako" go gatisiwa mo nakong ya "[[:en:24-hour_news_cycle|modikologo wa dikgang]]" morago ga ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa.<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change".] [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] btx4fvrwuq8m6qe60nu5eqji3c5tl5k 0 14386 53739 53552 2026-07-31T15:00:20Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse difolaga tse dingwe #Wikipedia25BW 53739 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya tirisanommogo mo go tsa itsholelo le polotiki mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka tlhwaafalo. Le lekile go dira gore lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), le bereke mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo, gape le tokafaditse maiteko a go dira gore kgaolo e itirele melao fa go tsena mo go tsa tirisanommogo, go rarabolola tlhoka kutlwisisano, le boteledipele jo bo siameng. == Botsalano jwa polotiki == Mafatshe a a nang le botsalano le la Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |[[Setshwantsho:Diplomatic relations of Botswana.svg|center|frameless|350x350px]] |- |# |'''Lefatshe''' |'''Kgwedi'''<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Botswana%20and%20...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United%20Nations%20Digital%20Library%20System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0 "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and ..."] United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |1 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":1">''The Diplomatic Service List''. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp.&nbsp;136–149.</ref> |- |2 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Japan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Japan]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220801145836/https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations "Botswana And Japan Celebrate 50 Years of Diplomatic Relations".] [[Botswana Guardian|''Botswana Guardian''.]] 5 August 2016. Archived from [https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations the original] on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |3 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United States of America]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/all "All Countries".] ''Office of the Historian''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |4 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Germany.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Germany]] |Phalane a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/botsuana-node/botsuana-219506 "Botsuana: Steckbrief".] ''Auswärtiges Amt'' (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |5 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zambia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":0">''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. pp.&nbsp;82–87.</ref> |- |6 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of France.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[France]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945"] (PDF) (in French). p.&nbsp;44.</ref> |- |7 |[[Setshwantsho:War Flag of the Philippines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Philippines]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/DFAPHL/status/828400555722756096 "Today we celebrate 50 years of formal diplomatic relations with Botswana!".] 6 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |8 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ "Outspoken Botswana loses its voice on Israel".] ''Sunday Standard''. 3 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014414/https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ Archived] from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |9 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malawi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malawi]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Report''. Malawi. Police Force. 1968. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |10 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Netherlands]] |Phatwe a le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90'' (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p.&nbsp;152.</ref> |- |11 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Switzerland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Switzerland]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://dodis.ch/32532 "Ernennung eines schweizerischen Botschafters in Botswana und Lesotho. Sitz in Pretoria".] ''dodis.ch'' (in German). 22 August 1967. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |12 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ethiopia (1996–2009).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ethiopia]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |13 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a le marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |14 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Norway.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Norway]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater"] (PDF). ''regjeringen.no'' (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |15 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sweden.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sweden]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marararo le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/c2f5a602-de12-4d98-b2c4-11de6ac633b9/download "Sveriges statskalender 1969"] (in Swedish). p.&nbsp;46. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |16 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do "Countries & Regions"]. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |17 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Austria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Austria]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Capetown Volume 2''. 1970. p.&nbsp;458. <q>Austrian Ambassador , Paul Zedwitz , presenting his credentials to Sir Seretse Khama , 5 Dec. 1968 . at Gaberones</q></ref><ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;1. <q>5.12.68 His Excellency Dr. Paul Zedtwitz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Austria (Resident in Pretoria).</q></ref> |- |18 | [[Setshwantsho:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Canada]] |Morule a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). [https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |19 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Nigeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Nigeria]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Kutlwano, 9-10''. Bechuanaland Protectorate. Information Branch, Botswana. Information Services. 1974. p.&nbsp;4.</ref> |- |20 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Czech Republic]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref name=":0" /> |- |21 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Africa Quarterly''. Vol.&nbsp;10. Indian Centre for Africa. 1970. p.&nbsp;37.</ref> |- |22 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Denmark.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Denmark]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''[https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910992.pdf Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1971]'' (PDF) (in Danish). 1971. p.&nbsp;23.</ref> |- |23 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Serbia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Serbia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>Presse, Agence France (1970). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Muo0AQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Africa]''. Agence France-Presse. p.&nbsp;32.</ref> |- |24 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Italy.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Italia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/a.292204164145410/1151053924927092/?type=3&_rdr "Dr. Filippo Scammacca Del Murgo e Dell Agnone presented his credentials to Dr. Sertese Khama Ian Khama".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Botswana in Facebook''. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |25 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Romania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Romania]] |Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>[https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |26 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belgium]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |27 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tanzania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tanzania]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |- |28 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi<ref>''Asia & Africa Review''. Vol.&nbsp;12. Independent Publishing Company. 1972. p.&nbsp;15.</ref> |- |29 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Egypt.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Egypt]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''ARR, Arab Report and Record''. Vol.&nbsp;1–18, 21–24. 1973. p.&nbsp;7.</ref> |- |30 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lesotho.svg|frameless|30x30px]][[Lesotho]] |Moranang ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230623071827/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/55959/003_zarubezhnye_strany.pdf "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый: Зарубежные страны"] (PDF) (in Russian). p.&nbsp;322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |31 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Phukwi a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''Facts and Figures of Australia at War''. Vol.&nbsp;119. Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior. 1973. p.&nbsp;95.</ref> |- |32 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] (e seegetswe kwa thoko ka nakwana) |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone<ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2rX2V "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp.&nbsp;8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |33 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/system/index_17321.shtml "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana".] 25 April 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |34 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ghana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ghana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://gna.org.gh/2025/05/botswana-delegation-visits-ghana-to-study-transformative-tvet-framework-and-policies/ "Botswana Delegation Visits Ghana to Study Transformative TVET Framework and Policies".] 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |35 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Guyana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Guyana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073504/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ "Diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |36 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>''Informe de labores – Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores'' (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp.&nbsp;26 and 36–37.</ref> |- |37 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mozambique.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mozambique]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-high-commissioner-of-mozambique-his-excellency-domingos-fernades-presenting-/1125072150858603/ "The High Commissioner of Mozambique, His Excellency Domingos Fernades presenting his Letters of Credence to the President of Botswana, His Excellency Lt. Gen. Dr. Seretse Khama Ian Khama, on 2 February 2016"]. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026&#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |38 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Eswatini.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Eswatini]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro<ref>''Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations''. Botswana, Botswana. Office of the President. External Affairs. 1978. p.&nbsp;3.</ref> |- |39 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Libya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Libya]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>''ARR: Arab Report and Record''. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p.&nbsp;165.</ref> |- |40 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Luxemborg|Luxembourg]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://aei.pitt.edu/52731/1/B0795.pdf "CORPS DIPLOMATIQUE accrédité auprès des Communautés européennes"] (PDF) (in French). 30 September 1977. pp.&nbsp;1, 29. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref><ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.146909/page/n926/mode/1up|''The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey Vol.-i''. Europa]] Publication Limited. 1978.</ref> |- |41 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cuba.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cuba]] |Morule a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064931/https://www.minrex.gob.cu/es/node/1944 "Firman Cuba y Botswana acuerdo de cooperación en sector de Salud"] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |42 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Argentina.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Argentina]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |43 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |44 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Finland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Finland]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US "Countries and regions A–Z"]. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |45 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Poland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Poland]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |46 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe<ref>Slimane Chikh (1980). ''Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne'' (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p.&nbsp;10. <q>Botswana (30/11/79) Mohamed Chellali Khouri</q></ref> |- |47 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Angola]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Sub-Saharan Africa Report Issues 2243-2247''. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p.&nbsp;7. <q>7 Mar 80 ] ANGOLA - BOTSWANA DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS -- The governments of Botswana and Angola have decided to establish diplomatic relations .</q></ref> |- |48 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Portugal]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>[https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises "Países".] ''Portal Diplomático'' (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |49 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Hungary.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Hungary]] |Moranang a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Hungary – Page 170''. Pannonia Press, 1980</ref> |- |50 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso |- |51 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Spain]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa Sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Comunicacion/Paginas/Ficha.aspx "Ficha de paises y territorios"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |52 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Jamaica.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Jamaica]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi |- |53 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bulgaria]] |Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |54 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Albania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Albania]] |Phatwe a le masome a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |55 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robaongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103</ref> |- |56 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bangladesh]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean''. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses., 1983. p.&nbsp;442.</ref> |- |57 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Brazil.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Brazil]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano |- |58 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Thailand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Thailand]] |Ngwanatsele e a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240816013201/https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 "อเมริกาและแปซิฟิก"] (in Thai). Archived from [https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 the original] on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |59 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iraq (2008).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iraq]] |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ssa-86-086/page/n13/mode/1up?q=credentials Sub-Saharan Africa Report]''. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 18 August 1986. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |60 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Pakistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Pakistan]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''Pakistan Horizon – Volume 39''. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 1986. p.&nbsp;108.</ref> |- |61 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of New Zealand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[New Zealand]] |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004704/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Embassies/3-NZ-Ambassadors/countries-b.php "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions – B".] ''mfat.govt.nz''. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.</ref> |- |62 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Seychelles.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Seychelles]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |- |63 |[[Setshwantsho:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iran]] |Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>''Directory of Iranian Officials''. 1991. p.&nbsp;69.</ref> |- |64 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Vanuatu (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Vanuatu]] |Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925183844/https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). ''mfaicet.gov.vu''. p.&nbsp;50. Archived from [https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |65 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uganda]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe<ref name=":3">''Diplomatic List 1995''. Botswana, Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 1995. pp.&nbsp;xiii.</ref> |- |66 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gran Colombia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Colombia]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |- |67 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Somalia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Somalia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref name=":3" /> |- |68 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iceland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iceland]] |Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). ''Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit'' (in Icelandic). pp.&nbsp;1065–1066.</ref> |- |69 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). [https://uir.unisa.ac.za/service-interruption.html?sequence=4&isAllowed=y "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state"] (PDF). pp.&nbsp;254–259.</ref> |- |70 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malaysia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malaysia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&dq=26+Nov.+1990+Diplomatic+relations+are+established+with+Malaysia&pg=PA108&redir_esc=y ''Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''.] Greenwood Press. 1999. p.&nbsp;108. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313302473|<bdi>9780313302473</bdi>.]] Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |71 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tunisia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tunisia]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bobedi |- |72 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Singapore.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Singapore]] |Phatwe a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222839/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx "Diplomatic & consular list".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |73 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone<ref>[https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02168/05lv02169.htm "1994".] ''The O’Malley archive''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |74 |[[Setshwantsho:Kuwait flag 300.png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kuwait]] |Seetebosigo a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>''Daily Report: Africa (Sub-Sahara)''. Vol.&nbsp;96. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1996. <q>Botswana: Diplomatic Relations With Kuwait Established</q></ref> |- |75 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ireland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ireland]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-minister-of-international-affairs-and-cooperation-speaks-with-the-irish-mini/3338393609526435/ "The Minister of International Affairs And Cooperation Speaks with the Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs And Trade".] 1 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |76 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chile.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Chile]] |Phalane a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>"Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |77 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Trinidad and Tobago]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |- |78 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Slovakia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Slovakia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso<ref>[https://www.mzv.sk/staty "Štáty a teritóriá"] (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 July 2026</ref> |- |79 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mauritius.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mauritius]] |Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi<ref>''Diplomatic List''. Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2003. p.&nbsp;111.</ref> |- |80 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Latvia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Latvia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations".] ''mfa.gov.lv''. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |81 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Estonia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Estonia]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.vm.ee/suhted-teiste-riikide-ja-organisatsioonidega/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia"] (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |82 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lithuania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Lithuania]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |83 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ukraine.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ukraine]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/middle-east-and-africa "Middle East and Africa". ''M'']''inistry of Foreign Affairs''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |84 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Rwanda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Rwanda]] |Lwetse, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/81051 "Rwanda Botswana relations symbiotic".] 11 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |85 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malta.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malta]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125943/https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/Botswana---Agreement-on-the-establishment-of-Diplomatic-Relations-between-the-Republic-of-Malta-and-the-Republic-of-Botswan.aspx "Botswana – Agreement on the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Malta and the Republic of Botswana".] Archived from [https://foreign.gov.mt/ the original] on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |86 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cyprus]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |87 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Morocco.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Morocco]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |88 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Slovenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Slovenia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |89 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Madagascar.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Madagascar]] |Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île".] ''newsmada.com'' (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile the original] on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |90 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Croatia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Croatia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"]. ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |91 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belarus.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belarus]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |92 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Arab Emirates]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga w dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227642979 "UAE and Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] 29 April 2006.</ref> |- |93 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahamas]] |Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[http://www.bahamasuncensored.com/ConsCorpsXmas06_MFA.html "Mitchell addresses Diplomats Christmas Luncheon".] 13 December 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |94 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Dominican Republic]] |Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171004004739/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx "Establecimiento De Relaciones Diplomáticas"] (in Spanish). Archived from [http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx the original] on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |95 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Republic of the Congo]] |Ngwanatsele a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |96 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Qatar.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Qatar]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |97 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Equatorial Guinea]] |Morule a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://minexteriores.gob.gq/wp-content/uploads/ACUERDOS-GUINEA-ECUATORIAL-BOTSUANA.pdf "Acuerdos Firmados Entre Guinea Euatorial Y Botswana"] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |98 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Barbados.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Barbados]] |Morule a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |99 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gabon.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Gabon]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |100 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Niger.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Niger]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |101 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sudan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sudan]] |Firikgong a le lesome ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |102 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Burkina Faso]] |Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |103 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Benin]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |104 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |105 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saudi Arabia]] |Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230817201141/https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 "Saudi Arabia, Botswana Establish Diplomatic Relations".] 1 March 2007. Archived from [https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 the original] on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |106 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burundi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Burundi]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |107 |[[Djibouti]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 "Etat des relations".] ''Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti'' (in French). Archived from [http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 the original] on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |108 |[[Guinea]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |109 |[[Uruguay]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |110 |[[Guatemala]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |111 |[[Mauritania]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |112 |[[Ecuador]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |113 |[[Mali]] |Seetebosigo a le malatis a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |114 |[[Ivory Coast]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |115 |[[Venezuela]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |116 |[[Paraguay]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |117 |[[Honduras]] |Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |118 |[[Dominica]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |119 |[[Nicaragua]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |120 |[[Costa Rica]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/CRcancilleria/status/1304499050432135172 "Celebramos 13 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Botsuana y Costa rica"] (in Spanish). 11 September 2020.</ref> |- |121 |[[Antigua and Barbuda]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |122 |[[Suriname]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |123 |[[Belize]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161222155933/http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 "Bilateral Relations: B".] Botswana: Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Archived from [http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 the original] on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |124 |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |125 |[[Sri Lanka]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |126 |[[Holy See]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See"]. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |127 |[[Nepal]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |128 |[[Vietnam]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |129 |[[Saint Kitts and nevis]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |130 |[[North Macedonia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |131 |[[Panama]] |Morule a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |132 |[[Georgia]] |Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |133 |[[Samoa]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |134 |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |135 |[[Montenegro]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |136 |[[Liberia]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwagawa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |137 |[[Solomon Islands]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |138 |[[Papua New Guinea]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |139 |[[Monaco]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |140 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Fiji.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Fiji]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso |- |141 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Sudan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Sudan]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |142 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |- |143 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Chad]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |144 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sierra Leone]] |Tlhakole a le leome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |145 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Senegal.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Senegal]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |146 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Palestine.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[State of Palestine]] |Mopitlo a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |- |147 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi |- |148 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Comoros.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Comoros]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |- |149 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Togo]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso |- |150 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/lepotentielcentrafricain/posts/2944388082541603/?locale=hi_IN&_rdr "L'ambassadeur Nzapayeke est accredite aupres de la Republique du Botswana".] ''Le Potentiel Centrafricain.com'' (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |151 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/BWPresidency/videos/arrival-of-ambassador-designate-mrs-emillie-a-mushobekwa-of-the-democratic-repub/525396969660843/ "Arrival of Ambassador Designate Mrs Emillie A. Mushobekwa of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for Presentation of Letters of Credence at the Office of The President, Gaborone".] 9 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |152 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mongolia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mongolia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |153 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Lucia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |154 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tajikistan]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |155 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Laos.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Laos]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |156 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Maldives]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |157 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Armenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Armenia]] |Morule a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://armenpress.am/en/article/1126252 "Diplomatic relations established between Armenia and Botswana".] ''[[:en:Armenpress|Armenpress]]''. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |158 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of The Gambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[The Gambia]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/bwpresidency/p/C3S5SkFNZDZ/?img_index=1 "President Masisi recieves &#x5B;sic&#x5D; letters of credence from ambassador designates".] ''bwpresidency''. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |159 |[[Setshwantsho:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bolivia]] |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone |- |160 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uzbekistan]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.tengritimes.com/en/post/uzbekistan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-another-african-country-botswana "Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with another African country - Botswana".] ''Times Tenrgi''. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |161 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Liechtenstein]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.llv.li/serviceportal2/amtsstellen/stabstelle-regierungskanzlei/rechenschaftsbericht-2024.pdf "Landtag, Regierung und Gerichte 2024"] (PDF) (in German). 2025. p.&nbsp;153.</ref> |- |162 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kyrgyzstan]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1063928925778499&id=100064842032316&_rdr "Botswana and Kyrgyz Republic establish diplomatic relations".] ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana on Facebook''. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |163 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |164 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkmenistan]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |165 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kazakhstan]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano |- |166 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Azerbaijan]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |167 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cape Verde]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Presidencia.cv/posts/pfbid02pbCw2AhzDQwXmCuRaA6VwH5s23rDvgJ2B25jsnAdgBrWz7T1QYTJvxUVS3xvnjKyl "PR recebe Cartas Credenciais da nova Embaixadora de Botswana".] ''Presidência da República de Cabo Verde'' (in Portuguese). 25 February 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.</ref> |- |168 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of El Salvador.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[El Salvador]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |169 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Moldova.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Moldova]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |170 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bahrain.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahrain]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.bna.bh/en/BahrainBotswanaestablishdiplomaticrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2bDpZCGkNlmsjjveUvx%2fDgvs4%3d "Bahrain, Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] ''Bahrain News Agency''. 30 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |} == Botsalano gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !Tshimologo ya botsalano !Dintlha |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | *Lefatshe la [[Australia]] le amogetswe ke la Botswana go tswa kwa ofising ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], [[Aforika Borwa]], ka |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana (MFA People's Republic of China)".]</ref> Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le China]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Beijing * Lefatshe la China le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486125?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Greece and Botswana as of 10 Apr. 1978 (UN Digital Library)".] 10 April 1978.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Greece go dirisa diofisi kgolo tsa kemedi ya sennela ruri kwa Geneva, Switzerland * Lefatshe la Greece le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa kemedi kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/botswana/ "Greece's Bilateral Relations".]</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Firkgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le India]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[New Dehli]] * Lefatshe la India le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a tlhamile botsalano ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobaobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi * Leaftshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Indonesia go dirisia diofisi tse di kwa Canberra, Australia<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref> * Lefatshe al Indonesia le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa ofisi ya lne e e kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref><ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/pretoria/en "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Pretoria Accredited to the Republic of Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, and the Kingdom of Lesotho South Africa"].</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] | |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Israel]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Israel go nna le diofisi kwa London, United Kingdom * Lefatshe la Israel le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa lone kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;83.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Kenya]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya moemedi kwa [[Nairobi]] * Lefatshe la Kenya le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano jwa polotiki ka Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano.<ref>[https://centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx/docs/NI_Nombramientos_Senado_270218.pdf "Nombramientos Diplomáticos De Reciente Ingreso Al Senado De La Republica En Africa,el Caribe Y Europa Page 8]" (PDF). [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DgAjG Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Mexico kwa ofising ya lone kwa Washinton D.C kwa United States le na le ofisi kwa toropo ya Mexico City<ref>[https://www.botswanaembassy.org/ "Welcome to Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C."] ''botswanaembassy.org''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke ofisi ya lone kwa Pretoria Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ "Inicio".] ''embamex.sre.gob.mx''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia]] Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia ke jwa kutlwano, mafatshe a mabedi a a mabapi a, a dirisana mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo. Lefatshe la Botswana le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la Britain ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Lefatshe la Namibia le stere boipuso mo go la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe morago ga ntwa ya molelwane ya Aforika Borwa. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Windhoek]] * Lefatshe la Namibia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone, <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> mme ga emisiwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=586061304809865&id=148228411926492 "Botswana Severs Ties With Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)"] &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le North Korea]] |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |Bona Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MinistryofInternationalAffairsBW/posts/botswana-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-sultanate-of-oman-on-14th-oct/1246185160886207/ "Botswana establishes diplomatic relations with the Sultanate of Oman"]. ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana''. 16 October 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro, tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a sireletsa ditumalano le Oman tsa go sekaseka ditswammung, dikago tsa go baya lookwane, le kgothetso.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/botswana-signs-energy-mineral-exploration-deals-with-oman-2026-04-13/ "Botswana signs energy and mineral exploration deals with Oman"]. ''Reuters''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le itsisitse ka maano a lone a go bula ofisi ya boemedi kwa Muscat.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42099/ "Botswana confirms plans to open an embassy in Muscat".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Russia]] Lefatshe la Botswana le Soviet Union a ne a tlhama botsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa. Le ntswa le utlwana le mafatshe a bophirima, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya Olympics ya selemo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Botsalano jwa gompieno gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi bo supiwa bo le lorato ebile bo tswa bogologolong. Ka Mopitlo, mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ipelela dingwaga di le masome a mararo le botlhano a ntse a utlwana. Go ya ka tona wa mafatshe a sele, lefatshe la Russia ke lengwe la mafatshe a ntlha go nna le botsalano jo bo tletseng jwa sepolotiki le Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202131955/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html "We Must Exploit Russia's Potential".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html the original] on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Tirisanommogo ya kgwebo le itsholelo gareng ga mafatshe a Russia le Botswana e supiwa ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa le tumalano ya itsholelo le setegeniki ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi. Puso ya Russian Federation le puso ya Botswana di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano ya ngwao, maranyane le thuto ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. Mafatshe a Russia le Botswana a nnile le tirisanommogo e e duleng maduo mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, bogolojang mo go tlhabololeng babereki. Lefatshe la Russia le santse le e fa Batswana sebaka sa go ithutela kwa lefatsheng la bone mo dikarolong tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le botsogo, mohama o o itemogelang tlhaelo ya babereki e e kwa godimo. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a banni ba Russia ba sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele go ya kwa go lone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090329052738/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html "Botswana-Russia relations".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html the original] on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref>Lefatshe la Russia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone, fa la Botswana le le ka fa tlase ga ofisi e e kwa Stockholm (Sweden) le ofisi kwa Moscow. |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone |Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a dirile notsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone. Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]] le mookamedi wa kakaretso kwa [[Cape Town]] le [[Johannesburg]] * Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi |Go tlhamiwa ga botsalano jwa sepolotiki gareng ga Republic of Korea le Republic of Botswana go simologile ka Moranang a robabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=133 "Countries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea)".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso palo ya batho ba South korea ba ba neng ba nna kwa Botswana e ne e le lekgolo, masome a marataro le boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa"]. 4 September 2015. Archived from [http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, puso ya Botswana e ne e lemoga ROK e le yone puso ya Korea ya nnete.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150106001946/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ "Botswana Cuts Ties with North Korea".] ''gov.bw''. Ministry of [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]]. 20 February 2014. Archived from [https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ the original] on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1636698?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (UN Digital Library)".] 20 January 1981.</ref> | * Kemedi ya sennela ruri ya Botswana kwa ofising ya UN kwa Geneva e tlhomamisitswe ke Turkey. * Lefatshe la Turkey le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone<ref name=":2">[https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa Relations between Turkey and Botswana".]</ref> * Madi a kgwebo gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi e ne e le didikadike di le pedi ka ngwag wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe.<ref name=":2" /> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro |[[Setshwantsho:Foreign Secretary visits Botswana (6886371565).jpg|thumb|Mokwaledi wa mafatshe a sele William Hague kwa Botswana, Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi]]Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse botsalano le tirisanommogo le la [[United Kingdom]] ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":1" /> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Lontone.<ref>Diplomat Magazine (4 September 2017). "[https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/africa/botswana/ Botswana"]. ''Diplomat Magazine''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dirisana mmogo le la Botswana ka ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone "British High Commission Gaborone".] ''[[:en:Gov.uk|GOV.UK]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171421/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone Archived] from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe la UK le ne le eteletse pele la Botswana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro, fa le tsaya boipuso. Mafatshe a ka bobedi ke maloko a mafatshe a selekanye, kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya molao, le lekgotla la go gweba ga mafatshe, ga mmogo le tumalano ya kopano ya itsholelo ya SACUM-UK.<ref>Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5 Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa]". ''Reuters''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a na le bokopano jwa go kgetha gabedi.<ref>[[:en:HM_Revenue_and_Customs|HM Revenue and Customs]] (3 February 2014). "[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Botswana: tax treaties]". ''GOV.UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250408171729/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Archived] from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[USA]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a maratyaro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/botswana "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Botswana"].</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le United States]][[Setshwantsho:Embassy of Botswana, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|Ofisi ya Botswana kwa [[Washington, D.C.]]]]Lefatshe la United States le bona la Botswana e le mmueledi gape e le sekao sa go ritibala mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], le tswa kgakala le berekisana le la Botswana mo ditlhabololong fa e sale ka boipuso. U.S Peace corps ba ne ba boela Botswana ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka maikaelelo a go dira mananeo a a lebaganeng le HIV/AIDS morago ga go fetsa dingwaga tse di masome mararo a go thusa mo go tsepameng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa.Ka mo go tshwanang, USAID e ne ya emisa bokopano jwa sebaka se seleele le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borataro, morago ga mananeo a a atlegileng a thuto, katiso, kgwebo, go okamela tikologo, le botsogo jwa pelegi. Lefatshe la Botswana, le fa go ntse jalo, lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, le tswelela ka go anywa mo lenaneong la USAID la borwa jwa Aforika, le jaanong le leng kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], le ofisi ya go phadisana ga borwa jwa Aforika ya USAID e diofisikgolo tsa yone di leng kwa Gaborone. Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la United States la babega dikgang le na le setaitane sa Voice of America mo Botswana le le thusang bontsi jwa mafatshe a a mo Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, lekgotla le le laolang malwetsi la CDC le ne la simolola porojeke ya BOTUSA le kopane le lephata la [[botsogo mo Botswana]] go ntsha dintlha go tokafatsa maiteko a go laola kgotlholo e tona mo Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe ka nako ya fa kgotlholo e tona le HIV/AIDS di tlhasetse. Ka nako ya lenaneo la ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe la boeteledipele jwa U.S mo go lwantsheng segajaja, CDC ka BOTUSA e ne ya dira diporojeke tse dintsi gape e thusitse makgolta a mantsi mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a lesome le botlhano a lenaneo la ga tautona la tshoganyetso go lwantsha HIV, le amogetse didikadike tsa di dolara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo fa e sale lenaneo leo le simolola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone go tsena Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa. Thuso ya PEPFAR kwa Botswana, e e neng e le madi otlhe a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a supa le borataro kwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, le thusa go thibela, go alafa le go tlhokomela balwetse ba HIV/AIDS. Puso ya Botswana le ya United States ba stene mo tumalanong ka Phukwi ngwag wa dikete pedi go tlhama sekolo sa katisetso molao kwa Gaborone. Sekolo se, se dipuso tse di pataganetseng go ntsha madi a sone le go se okamela, se katisa mapodisi le matona a puso mo Aforika. Dikago tsa sekolo di kwa Otse, kwa ntle ga Gaborone, se bustwe ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. Batho ba molao ba ka nna dikete tharo mo Aforika ba katisitswe mo sekolong se fa se sale se simolola go ruta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Washington, D.C.]] * Lefatshe la United States le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a nnile le tirisanommogo ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro.<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le santse le sokola ka go tswala molelwane, le tswalela dikete tsa batho ba Zimbabwe ba ba tshabang go phutlhama ga itsholelo le pogiso ya sepolotiki. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano, batho ba Zimbabwe ba le dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa ba bo ba busediwa gae. Dipalo tsa batho ba ba buseditsweng gae di ne tsa oketsega go nna dikete di le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (14 August 2019). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-battles-influx-zimbabwean-illegal-immigrants/6173868.html "Botswana Battles Influx of Zimbabwean Illegal Immigrants"]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa [[Harare]] * Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] |} == Botswana le FOSS == Lefatshe la Botswana le sale le nna leloko la bokopano jwa mafatshe a mannye (Forum of Small States) fa setlhopha seo se tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a obabongwe le bobedi.<ref>''50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations''. World Scientific. 2015. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0|978-981-4713-03-0]]</bdi>.access-date=13 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki mo Botswana]] * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Metswedi == 1nmoz2y1m65cwpcks4qyd94x21fv02w 0 14424 53754 53697 2026-07-31T18:13:01Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> 0d6icxf4al0yj5bxhcxxec2pt13e79h 53758 53754 2026-07-31T18:45:12Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> djvqlktell6hsgw99zbhbh9ux144ugx 53760 53758 2026-07-31T19:02:46Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> jptevcv9h934seeksmigxldbg2q3zuh 53763 53760 2026-07-31T19:21:21Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> 1w93cfolgz3qv6iy1bsb9k9mvu6bzzq 53768 53763 2026-07-31T19:56:56Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> rabmyrhqbyccvtz5lxvmm2aqt7c8xix 53772 53768 2026-07-31T20:10:06Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> hyyagh4allvx18zgp38kd2mk05zfxeb 53774 53772 2026-07-31T20:16:01Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> jipyndtpbl83c7so7wqro9pv94m8q7v 53781 53774 2026-07-31T20:42:58Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> s4gqxlxuobsi8jamt206ev6hdzmo6wo 53786 53781 2026-07-31T21:04:14Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> ci1jkjwfb7z312o3lw0eg99rzuamc19 53788 53786 2026-07-31T21:09:46Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> [[Kgosi Sebele II|Sebele II]] o ne a nna kgosi ya BaKwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, Sechele II . Sechele II o ne a tsile a tlhoka kutlwisisano le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula, le ''[[Bogwera le bojale|bogwera]]'' . Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka teko ya ga rraagwe mo Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa Lonton go fitlhelela phelo ya puso ya Boritane.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 78</ref></ref> 2lqlxn4njecl8mgcm5mw061x99dvoko 53795 53788 2026-07-31T21:32:22Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Bechuanaland Protectorate" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> [[Kgosi Sebele II|Sebele II]] o ne a nna kgosi ya BaKwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, Sechele II . Sechele II o ne a tsile a tlhoka kutlwisisano le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula, le ''[[Bogwera le bojale|bogwera]]'' . Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka teko ya ga rraagwe mo Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa Lonton go fitlhelela phelo ya puso ya Boritane.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 78</ref></ref> == Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland == === Go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya lefatshe === Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e neng e oketsega ya Majeremane mo kgaolong e o, mme le ne la dumalana go tlhama [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Batho-basweu ba ne ba na le keletso ya go somarela tlhotlheletso ya bone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka gore a ne a neelana kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aferika.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 44</ref></ref> Dikgosi tsa merafe ya Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Aferika yo o kwa Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maburu]],<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ntle le ya taolo ke lefatshe la Borithane e ne e le [[Settler colonialism|go nna ka fa tlase ga taolo]] ya Jeremane e e botoka.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref> Mo godimo ga moo ba ne ba batla go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lefatshe la Aferikaborwa kgotsa mogwebi wa meepo e bong [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le, le ne la iphitlhela le ikaegile ka Aferikaborwa mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Rotberg 2023, p. 197</ref></ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe gabedi, go ne go na le lefatshe la merafe le le neng le busiwa ke dikgosi le [[Crown land|lefatshe la serwalatlhogo]] le le neng le laolwa ke lefatshe la United Kingdom.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref> Merafe e le borobabobedi e ne ya lemogiwa ke batho ba letso la Seboritheini fa go tlhomiwa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland. Merafe e le mene e e neng e le metona e ne ya fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe go akaretsa Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Go ne ga lemogiwa gape e e potlana e le tharo e bong Bakgatla, [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Batlokwa]] le [[Malete people|Balete]]. Ba borobabobedi, ba ga [[Tshidi people|Tshidi]], ba ne ba neelwa lefelo la polokelo le le neng le kgabaganya molelwane fa gare ga naga e e sireleditsweng ya Bechuanaland le Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 30n1</ref></ref> Le fa maloko a merafe e e potlana e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa neelwa dipolokelo dipe tse e leng tsa merafe ya bone. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref></ref>Go tlhamiwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola motheo wa puso ya Batswana, ka gore merafe e ne e sa itshupe sentle mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka jaanong mafelo a ne a kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagedi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo fela. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 46–47</ref></ref><ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 27</ref></ref>Lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland kwa tshimologong le ne le atologela kwa kgaolong ya ga mma Ngwato, le fitlhelela go tswa didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa jwa [[Noka ya Molopo]], mme le ne la atolosiwa go tshwara didikirii di le lesome le boferabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhelela kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref><ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> . Seo se ne sa dira gore Maborithane a nne le babereki ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone mme se se ne sa dira sekgoreletsi se segolo mo Majeremaneng sa go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go tsaya taolo mo lefatsheng le o ke lefatshe la Jeremane. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Merafe e mengwe ya Batswana e ne e nna kwa borwa ba lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland mme moragonyana e ne ya felela e le ya Aferika Borwa.<ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 23</ref></ref> Morafe wa ga Kgafela o ne wa thibelela kwa [[Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna lekaelagongwe le la Kgatla.<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, p. 53</ref></ref> Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabongwe le bongwe go tla go tlhoma puso ya tshireletso ya lefatshe semmuso. <ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 161</ref></ref>Puso ya lone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa molaodi go nna tlhogo ya lone. Molaodi o ne a neelwa dithata tse dintsi go anama lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland, sebe sa phiri e le gore a tlotle molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele. <ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 45</ref></ref>Motsemogolo wa lone e ne e le toropokgolo ya Aferikaborwa ya [[Vryburg]], se se kaya gore babusi ba puso ya batho-basweu ba ne ba sa nne mo lefatsheng le mme ba ne ba sena seabe se se rileng mo mererong ya lone. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref>Go na le moo, molaodi-mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusi ba le babedi, mme molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a dira gore go nne motlhofo go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Go kopanya puso ya Borithane mo Aferika Borwa go ne go raya gore lefatshe-tshireletso la Bechuanaland le ne le ikaegile ka lone mo go tsa itsholelo.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, p. 162</ref></ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe la Bechuanaland e ne e le motheo wa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore le tlaa tsena ka fa tlase ga lengwe la mafatshe a a neng a ikgapetswe ke Borithane.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 115</ref></ref> Mo nakong e o, puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore lefatshe le le sireleditsweng le le kgonang go itlhokomela le ne le sa tlhoke madi a mantsi go le tlhokomela.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 694</ref></ref><ref><ref>Beaulier & Subrick 2006, p. 108</ref></ref>Ka ntlha ya mabaka a o, puso ya bokoloniale e ne e na le taolo e e tlhamaletseng e le nnye thata mo lefatsheng-tshireletso la Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref> Dikgosi di ne di akola mo dikgangnyeng tse mme ba ne kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jwa bone, mme fela tshegetso ya puso ya batho-basweu e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka kakgelo ya merafe go busa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 41–42</ref></ref><ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, pp. 66–67</ref></ref> Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya bobusaesi, mme se se ne sa dira gore go gatakiwe ditshwanelo tsa batho le tlhaolo ya basadi le merafe e e potlana.<ref><ref>Molutsi 2004, pp. 161–162</ref></ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe-tshireletso ===   Batho-basweu ba ne ba rulagantse gore kwa bofelelong ba tsenye Bechuanaland mo kopanong ya Aferika Borwa. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 24</ref></ref> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tsenela dipuisano le Cecil Rhodes go tsenya Bechuanaland mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aferikaborwa le Borithane]]. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 40</ref></ref>Go araba se, dikgosi tse tharo tse di neng di na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ebong kgosi Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, kgosi [[Kgosi Sebele I|Sebele wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Kwena le kgosi [[Bathoen I|Bathoen wa ntlha]] wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano mme ba buisana le puso gore e seka ya wetsa tumalano e.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di neng di dirisana le batho-basweu e le setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 704</ref></ref> mme sa tlhomamisa batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka e le setšhaba se le sengwe. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 29</ref></ref>Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[Jameson Raid]] e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba Maborithane marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 30–31</ref></ref> Go galaletswa ga dikgosi tseo go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga mokwalo wa '<nowiki/>''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aferika: Khama, Sebéle le Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni ka one ngwaga yo o. Mokwalo o o tlhagisitsweng o ne wa baka [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhamane e e seng nnete]] ya gore merafe ya dikgosi tse tharo ka go farologana ga yone e tlhodilwe ke motho le bo monnawe.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> Fa godimo ga moo ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropokgolong e nngwe ya Aferika Borwa ya [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]],<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref> mme [[Ancient Ruins Company|Kompone ya Marupi a Bogologolo]] e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marupi a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go tsoma gauta.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 30</ref></ref> Lefatshe le ne la amiwa thata ke [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|bolwetse jwa leruo jwa rinderpest mo Aferika ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe]], le ne la latlhegelwa ke dipalo tse dintsi tsa leruo le diphologolo tsa naga. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Seporo sa Bechuanaland se agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le bosupa gore e nne sone mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 226</ref></ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le tsosa Pioneer Column go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[Khama III]] wa Bangwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole. <ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref>Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la tlhaselo ya ga Jameson ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>Morafe wa Bakgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya Ntwa ya Maburu, o lwa ga mmogo le sesole sa Borithane.<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe tshireletso la Bechuanaland ka nako ya puso ya batho basweu e ne e tshwana thata fela le itsholelo ya pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e neela Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka kwa meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 42</ref></ref> Makgetho le one a na simololwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la matlo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe, le morago ga moo le neng la emisediwa ka [[Poll tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 43</ref></ref> Moragonyana go ne ga tsenngwa lekgetho la selegae ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Makgetho a puso ya batho-basweu mo Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme seo sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagedi go ba rotloetsa go nna mo merafeng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>United Kingdom e ne ya akanyetsa go kopanya Bechuanaland le Aferikaborwa ka e ne [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|e kopanya dikoloni tsa yone tse di mo borwa jwa Aferika,]] mme kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama [[Southern African Customs Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aferikaborwa]], <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xvii</ref></ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le lesome.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 137</ref></ref> Go nna leloko go ne go o a Bechuanaland tshwanelo ya go bona fela selekanyo sa bobedi mo lekgolong sa letseno la mokgatlho.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse tumelo ya Bokeresete.<ref name=":0">Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 41</ref> Bechuanaland e rometse masole a ka tshwara makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[World War I|Ntwa ya ntlha lefatshe ka bophara]] .<ref><ref>Jackson 1999, p. 32</ref></ref> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako e o, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong ya Bechuanaland.<ref><ref>Parsons 2006, p. 670</ref></ref> [[Kgosi Sebele II|Sebele II]] o ne a nna kgosi ya BaKwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, Sechele II . Sechele II o ne a tsile a tlhoka kutlwisisano le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Lontoni o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula, le ''[[Bogwera le bojale|bogwera]]'' . Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka teko ya ga rraagwe mo Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa Lontoni go fitlhelela phelo ya puso ya Boritane.<ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 78</ref></ref> Puso e e gabedi ya go akaretsa puso ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo go ne ga tlhamiwa makgotla a mabedi a kgakololo go lekalekanya balaodi ba. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 31</ref></ref>Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la batho ba lefatshe (le moragonyana le neng la nna Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aferika) le ne la tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a ferabongwe le lesome le boferabongwe. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 229</ref></ref>Kopano eno ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng la Bechuanaland e ne ya dira gore puso ya Borithane e utlwe e bo e laole merafe mmogo go na le go e laola ka bongwe.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, pp. 47–49</ref></ref> Kgosi Khama wa boraro wa ga mma Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Kgosi Khama wa boraro o tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 230</ref></ref>mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[Sekgoma II|Sekgoma wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro. <ref><ref>Makgala 2009, p. 230</ref></ref>Morwa Sekgoma e bong [[Seretse Khama]] o ne a santse a le lesea, ka jalo [[Tshekedi Khama]] a nna moeteledipele. <ref><ref>Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 87</ref></ref>Tshekedi o ne a lemogiwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana. <ref><ref>Leith 2005, p. 25</ref></ref>Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa thuto e e gololesegileng a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref><ref>Samatar 1999, p. 179</ref></ref> rhch7mgwbfl5af4dzitnro68c681cc4 3 14563 53806 53681 2026-08-01T07:32:52Z Mothusi Sekhomba 9433 /* Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page */ Reply 53806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page == Hello Amire, I hope you are doing well. I am currently working to strengthen the [[Tsebe ya konokono|Setswana Wikipedia]]. I am reaching out to request your guidance and technical support in improving the landing page (''Tsebe ya konokono''). Specifically, I would like help with: * Building some important templates that can make the page more engaging and user-friendly. * Setting up protections for the landing page to prevent accidental or disruptive edits. Our goal is to create a welcoming and stable entry point for new contributors, while ensuring the page reflects the importance of Setswana knowledge. Your experience would be invaluable in helping us achieve this. [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 11:59, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :Hi! :There's this new tool: [[:mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit]] :Can you maybe try that? Some people who are in a similar situation to you tried and liked it. Maybe it will work for you, too. If not, please tell me. [[Modirisi:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni ]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80|talk]]) 12:06, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) ::@[[Modirisi:Amire80|Amire80]]Thanks for the suggestion. It seems more like a content page. How do i start? [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 14:56, 25 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :::Thanks. Please check again. There is now a link to the tool near the top. [[Modirisi:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni ]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80|talk]]) 22:31, 30 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) ::::Alright thanks. [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 09:32, 1 Phatwe 2026 (CAT) gx74iiq63656iaoxostst0ipqklxmru 0 14817 53734 2026-07-31T12:04:01Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Conservation International Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Conservation International Botswana|logo=CIlogo.svg|abbreviation=CI Botswana|formation=ngwaga wa 1993|type=lenaneo la lefatshe|headquarters=[[Gaborone]] [[Botswana]]|region_served=[[Botswana]]|fields=Tshomarelo tikologo; mafelo a a sireleditsweng; go tshela mmogo ga batho le diphologolo; go emelelana le seemo sa loapi|parent_organization=Conservation International|website=https://botswana.conservation.org/}} '''Conservation International Botswana (CI Botswana)''' ke lenaneo la lefatshe la [[Botswana]] la tshomarelo la mafatshefatshe. Conservation International e simolotse go bereka mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro ka lenaneo la bone la CI-Okavango.<ref name=":0">[https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us "About Conservation International Botswana"]. ''Conservation International Botswana''.</ref> CI Botswana e dirile mananeo kwa kgaolong ya [[makgobokgobo a Okavango]], a akaretsa thuto ka tikologo, dipuisano tsa melao, go tlhama dikgwebo le itsholelo ya bojanala, ditshekatsheko tsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tlhokomela ga tshekatsheko ya diphologolo tsa naga ka maranyane le tiro ya go paka e e diregang ka bofefo.<ref name=":1">[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725891468153271873/pdf/313330Delivering0Global0Public0Goods.pdf Delivering Global Public Goods Locally: Lessons Learned and Successful Approaches] (PDF) (Report). World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF). February 2003. p.&nbsp;8.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/897991468780552755/pdf/313310Good0Practices0DGF01Dec020001.pdf Good Practice in Global and Regional Programs: Engaging the Poor and Civil Society, Building Inclusion, Harnessing Markets, Working with the Private Sector, and Managing Donor Relationships] (PDF) (Report). World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF). December 2000. pp.&nbsp;20–24.</ref> E tsere karolo mo mananeong a go tshela mmogo ga batho le diphologolo tsa naga le mekgatsha ya pabalelo kwa bokone le bophirima jwa Botswana.<ref name=":3">[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/140361468200945356/pdf/499530PAD0P095101Official0Use0Only1.pdf Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Grant from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund to the Republic of Botswana for a Northern Botswana Human Wildlife Coexistence Project] (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 26 October 2009. pp.&nbsp;23–24, 62.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, lenaneo la yone la tiro le ne le akaretsa porojeke ya go tlwaela le go rarabolola tikologo mo lefatsheng la masimo la Botswana le engwe nokeng ke letlole la Green Climate.<ref name=":4">[https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp158 "Ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation in Botswana's communal rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''.</ref><ref name=":5">[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/ecosystem-based-adaptation-and-mitigation-botswana-s-communal-rangelands "Ecosystem-Based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 6 April 2021.</ref> == Dintlhakaretso == CI Botswana e na le diofisikgolo kwa [[Gaborone]], mme gape e na le diofisi kwa [[Maun]] le [[Bobonong]].<ref name=":6">[https://botswana.conservation.org/contact "Contact".] ''Conservation International Botswana''.</ref> Lenaneo la letsha la Okavango le tlhalositswe e le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a akaretsang thuto, molao, dipuisano, go tlhabolola dikgwebo le itsholelo ya bojanala, dipatlisiso le go tlhokomela, e bereka le puso ya mo gae e engwe nokeng ke khansele ya bogakolodi e modulasetilo wa yone e leng tona wa [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|khuduthamaga ya Botswana]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> CI Botswana gape e tsere karolo mo diporojekeng tsa go tshela mmogo ga diphologolo tsa naga le batho le go dira mekgatsha ya tshomarelo kwa bokone le bophirima jwa Botswana.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditso == Conservation International e simolotse go bereka mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro, e butse ofisi kwa [[Maun]] e le bontlha jwa lenaneo la yone la CI.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa, lefatshe la [[Namibia]] le ne la ntsha kakanyo ya go fefosa nako ya go fepa Windhoek ka metsi ka metsi a a tswang kwa nokeng ya Okavango. Conservation International e ne ya re nako e fefositswe ya bo ya ema nokeng dikopo tsa gore komiti ya metsi a kgampu ya [[noka ya Okavango]] (OKACOM) go dira dithuto tse di tseneletseng tsa ditlamorago mo tikologong le matshelo a batho pele ga porojeke e simologa.<ref name=":7">[https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1997-02-07-good-rains-save-delta-for-now/ "Good rains save delta - for now".] ''Mail & Guardian''. 7 February 1997.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi di santse di simologa, lenaneo la CI-Okavangi le ne la amogela madi a ditlhabololo (ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi go tsena dikete pedi le boraro) go re tiro e diriwe mo kgaolong ya makgobokgobo a Okavango, fa godimo ga madi a mangwe a a neng a abetswe lenaneo.<ref name=":4" /> Tiro e e amanang le lenaneo la makgobokgobo a Okavango morago e ne ya akaretsa go tsaya karolo mo mananeong a go tshela mmogo ga diphologolo tsa naga le batho le go aga mekgatsha ya tshireletso ya diphologolo, ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi masome a mabedi e ne e akaretsa lenaneo la masimo a setshaba le engwe nokeng ke letlole la Green Climate.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi di ya fifing, CI Botswana e ne ya tsaya karolo mo go rulaganyeng le go neelana dintlha mo go amanang ke porojeke ya go tshedisana mmogo ga diphologolo le batho kwa bokone le bophirima jwa Botswana, ya bereka le lephata la diphologolo tsa naga le mafelo a itloso bodtu (DWNP) kwa porojekeng ya bophirima jwa Kgalagadi.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, letlole la Green Climate le ne la tlhomamisa porojeke thulaganyo e e ikaegileng ka tikologo le go fokotsa ditlamorago mo mafudisong a setshaba sa Botswana, Conservation International Foundation ke yone e okametseng; go diragadiwa go simolotse ka Morule a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, porojeke e simolotswe semmuso kwa [[Tsabong]] ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">[https://dailynews.gov.bw/common_up/dailynews/dailynews_pdf/13-05-2025_08-27-52_1747117672_dailynews_pdf.pdf "Govt mitigates climate change effects"] (PDF). ''Daily News (Botswana)''. 13 May 2025. p.&nbsp;3.</ref><ref name=":9">[https://thevoicebw.com/adapt-or-die/ "Adapt or Die".] ''The Voice (Botswana)''. 19 May 2025.</ref> == Mananeo le ditsamaiso == === Mo lefatsheng === Lenaneo la lefatshe la CI Botswana le akaretsa go bereka mo porojekeng ya thulaganyo e e ikaegileng ka tikologo le go fokotsa ditlamorago mo mafulong a Botswana, e le lenaneo le le itebagantseng le busetseng le go tlhokomela mafulo go tokafatsa diruiwa le go emelelana le komelelo ya mafulo fa go okediwa carbon mo mmung le go fokotsa go ntsha gase.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Ditirelo kwa mafudisetsong a kwa [[Ngamiland]], [[Bobirwa(Kgaolo ya Botlhophi)|Bobirwa]] le [[Kgalagadi Borwa (Kgaolo ya Botlhophi)|Kgalagadi]] di akaretsa o fudisa ka go fapaana le methale e mengwe ya go tsosolosa mafulo jaaka go baakanya didiba le go lema.<ref name=":10">[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/2024-annual-performance-report-fp158-ecosystem-based-adaptation-and-mitigation-botswana-s "2024 Annual Performance Report for FP158: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 15 August 2025.</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Porojeke e ne ya simololwa semmuso phatlalatsa kwa [[Tsabong]] ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> === Kgaolo ya Makgobokgobo a Okavango === Lenaneo la CI Botswana la makgobokgobo a Okavango le akareditse thuto ka tikologo, dipuisano tsa melao, kemo nokeng ya dikgwebo le itsholelo ya bojanala, le tshekatsheko le ditirelo tsa go okamela go nna le dintlha ka tikologo le metsamao ya diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Lenaneo le tlhalositswe le okametswe ke babereki ba lefatshe le batsaya karolo ba kaelwa ke khansele ya bogakolodi modulasetilo wa yone e le tona o o mo khuduthamageng, batsaya karolo e le matona a puso le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa batsaya karolo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mananeo a thuto le a setshaba a a amantsweng le lenaneo a akaretsa lefelo la go ithuta kwa Maun Wildlife Educational Park, didirisiwa tsa thuto di dirilwe ke lephata la thuto go tsenya thuto ya tikologo mo dikolong, dikampa tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa bana go tswa kwa metseng go bapa le kwa makgobokgobong, le kemo nokeng ya dikgwebo tsa go dira ditlatlana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> CI Botswana le yone e ne ya tsaya karolo mo go rulaganyeng le go abelana dintlha tse di amanang le porojeke ya go tshela le diphologolo tsa naga ga batho kwa bokone jwa Botswana.<ref name=":3" /> === Makgadikgadi Pans === CI Botswana e eme nokeng ditshekatsheko tsa diphologolo tsa naga le go di tlhokomela kwa tikologong ya Makgadikgadi Pans.<ref name=":0" /> go sekaseka le go tlhokomela kgaolo ya Makgadikgadi go akareditse ditshekatsheko tsa diphologolo tsa naga le go ithuta go anama ga dipitse tsa naga le metsamao e e farologaneng ka dipaka, go akaretsa phudugo ya tsone ya sebaka se seleele gareng ga makgobokgobo a Okavango le Makgadikgadi.<ref>[https://www.car.org.bw/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MFMP-Vol-2-Chapter-5-wildlife.pdf Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan 2010: Volume 2 – Chapter 5: Wildlife Resources and Human Wildlife Conflict (PDF) (Report).] Centre for Applied Research; Department of Environmental Affairs (Botswana). 2010. pp.&nbsp;ii, 35, 38–39.</ref><ref>Bartlam-Brooks, H. L. A.; Bonyongo, M. C.; Harris, Stephen (April 2011). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/will-reconnecting-ecosystems-allow-longdistance-mammal-migrations-to-resume-a-case-study-of-a-zebra-equus-burchelli-migration-in-botswana/6AB4B216E2B4CCC49F7CD3B990354DC1 "Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume? A case study of a zebra ''Equus burchelli'' migration in Botswana".] ''Oryx''. '''45''' (2): 210–216. doi:10.1017/S0030605310000414.</ref> === Mosepele wa noka ya Cuando === Diterata tsa molelwane le tsa go laola mesepele ya diruiwqa di dirisiwa go farologanya diphologolo tsa naga le diruiwa go thibela go tshelana malwetsi.<ref name=":11">Naidoo, Robin; Beytell, Piet; Brennan, Angela; Kilian, Werner; McCulloch, Graham; Stronza, Amanda; Taylor, Russell; Tsholofelo, Chief; Songhurst, Anna (17 February 2022). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/conservation-science/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2022.788133/full "Challenges to Elephant Connectivity From Border Fences in the World's Largest Transfrontier Conservation Area"]. ''Frontiers in Conservation Science''. '''3''' 788133. doi:[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/conservation-science/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2022.788133/full 10.3389/fcosc.2022.788133.]</ref> Kwa go nna diphologolo teng gaufi le noka ya Cuando, terata ya diruiwa e tona e e kgaoganynag Namibia le Botswana gape e iletsa mesepele ya diphologolo tsa naga mo molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia.<ref>[https://tfcaportal.org/repository/kaza-tfca-master-integrated-development-plan KAZA TFCA – Master Integrated Development Plan, 2015–2020 (Report). Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) Secretariat.] 29 January 2016. pp.&nbsp;20–21.</ref> Go sekaseka dintlha tse di tserweng ke GPS go tswa mo ditloung tse di tsentsweng maranyane a GPS di feta lekgolo kwa lefelong la pabalelo ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa Okavango le Zambezi go ne ga supa fa terata ya molelwane e e kgaoganyang mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia e ne e esa kgongwe go tlolwa ke ditlou tsa basadi ebile e fokotsa metsamao mo dikgaolong dingwe, fa ditlou tsa banna tsone di tlola gangwe le gape.<ref name=":11" /> CI Botswana e ikgolagantse le puso ka diterata tsa diruiwa le ka fa di amanang ka teng le diphologolo tsa naga, go akaretsa tiro e e amanang le mosele wa dikhilomithara di le masome mane kwa nokeng ya Cuando.<ref name=":0" /> Lenaneo le amantswe le dipuisano le batsaya karolo le dikgakololo tsa go aga diterata tsa diruiwa kwa bokone jwa Botswana, mo go akaretsang go kopa tshekatsheko ya tikologo e e amanang le go aga diterata kwa kgaolong ya Okavango.<ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/897991468780552755/pdf/313310Good0Practices0DGF01Dec020001.pdf Good Practice in Global and Regional Programs: Engaging the Poor and Civil Society, Building Inclusion, Harnessing Markets, Working with the Private Sector, and Managing Donor Relationships (PDF) (Report).] World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF). December 2000. pp.&nbsp;136–138.</ref><ref>Ferguson, K.; Hanks, J., eds. (2010). [https://www.wcs-ahead.org/gltfca_grants/pdfs/ferguson_final_2010.pdf Fencing impacts: A review of the environmental, social and economic impacts of game and veterinary fencing in Africa with particular reference to the Great Limpopo and Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Areas] (PDF) (Report).</ref> === Mosele wa pabalelo ya diphologolo wa Kgalagadi Bophirima === CI Botswana e berekile le DWNP mo porojekeng ya mosele wa tshomarelo diphologolo tsa naga kwa bophirima jwa Kgalagadi, o o tlhalosiwang e le mosele o o amanyang [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park]] le [[Lefelo la diphologolo la Central Kalahari|Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] o o amanang le go ditlamelo tsa diphologolo tsa naga, go tlhabolola setshaba le bojanala mo kgaolong ya mosele.<ref name=":3" /> Porojeke ya mosele wa pabalelo ya diphologolo kwa bophirima jwa Kgalagadi e ne e supa mebepe ya mafelo a diphologolo di nnang kwa go one, ditsela tse di tsamayang ka tsone le mesele e e mo tikologong ya Klahari e e amanyang Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park le [[lefelo la diphologolo la Central Kalahari]], e ne gape ya leka go tlhopha le go ema nokeng diporojeke tsa setshaba tse di amanang le go tlhokomela mosele; porojeke e ne ya tswalwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome.<ref>[https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/bw/bw-nbsap-powpa-en.pdf Action Plan for Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity's Programme of Work on Protected Areas] (PDF) (Report). Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism (Botswana). pp.&nbsp;13–14 &#x2013; via Convention on Biological Diversity.</ref> '''Makgabisa naga a lenaneo la Conservation International Botswana''' [[Setshwantsho:Baobab (Adansonia digitata), parque nacional Makgadikgadi Pans, Botsuana, 2018-07-30, DD 03-08 PAN.jpg|left|thumb|[[Makgadikgadi pans]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (6516556673).jpg|center|thumb|Bophirima jwa Kgalagadi]] [[Setshwantsho:Okavango Delta, Botswana.jpg|thumb|Mkagobokgobo a Okavango]] [[Setshwantsho:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 30.jpg|left|thumb|[[Makgobokgobo a Okavango]]]] == Ditirisanommogo == Mananeo a CI Botswana a akareditse tirisanommogo le makgotla a puso ya Botswana le batsaya karolo ba bangwe. Kwa kgaolong ya makgobokgobo a Okavango, go okamela lenaneo go akareditse khansele ya bogakolodi e modulasetilo wa yone e leng tona wa khuduthamaga ya Botswana le go tsaya karolo ga puso le baemedi ba setshaba, thuto ya tikologo e akareditse didirisiwa tsa thuto tse di dirilweng ke lephata la thuto la Botswana.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mo legatong la lefatshe, tiro ya go tsosolosa mafulo e akareditse letlole la Green Climate le lephata la temothuo la Botswana, ga mmogo le go simolodisa semmuso kwa Tsabong ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> CI Botswana le yone e ne ya tsaya karolo mo go rulaganyeng le go go abelana dintlha mo go amanang le porojeke ya go tshela le diphologolo kwa bokone jwa Botswana, ba bereka le lephata la diphologolo tsa naga mo porojekeng ya mosele wa bophirima jwa Kgalagadi.<ref name=":3" /> Ka nako ya dingangisano tsa kgaolo ka nako e e tlhokegang go goga metsi kwa nokeng ya Okavango ga Namibia, e ne ya ema nokeng dikopo tsa gore thomo ya kgampu ya noka ya Okavango e dire dipatlisiso tse di tseneletseng tsa tikologo le ditlamorago pele ga porojeke e tswelela.<ref name=":7" /> == Madi a go somarela diphologolo == Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi go tsena dikete pedi le boraro, lenaneo la CI la Okavango le ne la amogela madi a ditlhabololo a dikete di le makgolo a supa, a tiro e ba e dirang kwa makgobokgobong a Okavango, ga mmogo le madi a mangwe a dithuso.<ref name=":1" /> Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, Conservation International Foundation e ne ya nna lekgotla le le tlhomamisitsweng la letlole la Green Climate la bojanala jwa tikologo le go tlwaela kgotsa go femela tshenyego ya mafulo mo Botswana.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Porojeke e ne ya dumelwa ka Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, ya simolola go diragatsa ka Morule a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, ka kakanyetso ya gore e tlaa fediwa ka Seetebosigo a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mararo; madi a akaretsa madi a didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro le a didikadike di le masome a marataro a a kopanetsweng.<ref name=":4" /> Porojeke e akaretsa pego ya tikologo le selegae le leano la go diragatsa mo go tsa bong.<ref>[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/environmental-and-social-safeguards-ess-report-programme-ecosystem-based-adaptation-and "Environmental and social safeguards (ESS) report for the programme - Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 23 February 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/gender-action-plan-fp158-ecosystem-based-adaptation-and-mitigation-botswana-s-communal "Gender action plan - FP158: Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 23 February 2021.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Conservation International, letlole la Green Climate le lephata la temothuo di ne tsa simolodisa lenaneo la go busetsa mafudiso la didikadike di le masome a robabaongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>Tabane, Tshiamo (13 December 2022). [https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/africa/us98-million-initiative-to-restore-rangelands-in-botswana/ "US$98 million initiative to restore rangelands in Botswana]". ''Farmers Weekly''.</ref> == Ditlamorago le tshekatsheko == Go tlhokomela le go sekaseka dintlha tsa tiro ya CI Botswana go gatisitswe mo mafaratlhatlhaeng a go bega a bathusi ba madi.<ref name=":12">[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/635071468199150551/pdf/ISR-Disclosable-P095617-06-12-2015-1434127452230.pdf Implementation Status & Results Report (ISR) – Northern Botswana Human Wildlife Coexistence Project (P095617) (PDF) (Report). World Bank.] 12 June 2015.</ref><ref name=":10" /> Mo porojekeng ya bokone jwa Botswana ya go tshela le diphologolo ga batho, pego ya nwgaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano e ne ya bega fa go na le ba ba anywileng mo porojekeng ba le sekete, lekgolo masome a mane le borataro, ba ne ba akaretsa le pego ya batho ba ba thapilweng go tlatsa le ba ba dirang ditiro tsa go leka go thibela, malwapa a le makgolo mabedi masome a robabaongwe le bosupa a dirisa ditsela tsa go thibela (di akaretsa dintsa tse di disang, go aga masaka le go nna le dinotshi), le maloko a le masome a marataro le bosupa a a thapilweng mo dikgwebong tsa mo gae tsa tlholego; e ne gape ya supa maano a go sekaseka ditsela tsa go simolola go thibela ka ngwaga wa bofelo wa tshimolodiso porojeke e le tsela ya go ithuta mo go oketseng.<ref name=":12" /> Mo porojekeng ya mafudiso e e engweng nokeng ke letlole la Green Climate, dipego tsa ka fa e dirang ka teng tsa ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone di ne di kgobokanya tswelelo pele, maduo kgatlhanong le tsela ya go beeletsa le ditshupo tsa porojeke, dintlha tsa madi, le dintlha tse disha tsa tikologo le go somarela, beng gae le dikgang tsa bong, gammogo le dikgwetlho le ditsela tsa go thibela; dipego di neelwa mokwaledi wa letlole go di sekaseka, ke lekgotla le le tlhomamisitsweng.<ref name=":10" /><ref>[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/2023-annual-performance-report-fp158-ecosystem-based-adaptation-and-mitigation-botswana-s "2023 Annual Performance Report for FP158: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 30 April 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/2022-annual-performance-report-fp158ecosystem-based-adaptation-and-mitigation-botswana-s "2022 Annual Performance Report for FP158: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation and Mitigation in Botswana's Communal Rangelands".] ''Green Climate Fund''. Green Climate Fund. 1 June 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == c8dtdipa9mk69jyr8mda8ne6l6lqst3 0 14818 53735 2026-07-31T12:19:25Z Sgadle 12480 ke tsentse ditshupiso le ditshwantsho 53735 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe''' == [[Setshwantsho:British wounded Bernafay Wood 19 July 1916.jpg|thumb]] == '''Matseno''' == Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe, e gape e itsegeng e le Ntwa e Kgolo, e ne e le ntwa ya lefatshe lotlhe e e neng ya nna teng fa gareng ga 28 Phukwi 1914 le 11 Ngwanaitseele 1918. E ne e akaretsa dinaga di feta 30 mme e ne e le nngwe ya dintwa tse di bolaileng batho ba le bantsi thata mo hisitoring ya segompieno. Ntwa e ne ya lwa thata fa gare ga Dinaga tse di Kopaneng, go akaretsa le United Kingdom, Fora, Russia, Italy mme moragonyana United States, le Dinaga tse di Bogare, tse di neng di na le Jeremane, Austria-Hungary, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman le Bulgaria. Ntwa e nnile le ditlamorago tse di botlhokwa tsa sepolotiki, ikonomi le loago tse di bopileng ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le go tlhotlheletsa dikamano tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka dingwagasome (History.com Editors, 2025).<ref name=":0">[https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i World War I: Causes and Timeline | HISTORY]</ref> == '''Lemorago''' == Pele ga Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e runya, Yuropa e ne ya nna le dikgotlhang tse di oketsegang tsa sepolotiki ka ntlha ya kgaisano fa gare ga dinaga tse dikgolo tse di maatla. Dinaga di ne di batla go atolosa mebusomegolo ya tsone, go nonotsha masole a tsone le go dira dikgolagano tsa go itshireletsa. Go dira madirelo go ne ga dira gore ditšhaba di kgone go dira dibetsa tsa segompieno, fa bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo ntse bo gola bo ne bo kgothaletsa baagi go ema nokeng dikeletso tsa dinaga tsa bone tsa sepolotiki. . Ditiragalo tseno di dirile gore go nne le maemo a a sa iketlang a mo go one dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo di neng di ka nna tsa fetoga ntwa ya lefatshe lotlhe ka bonako (Clark, 2012).<ref name=":1">[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/19/sleepwalkers-christopher-clark-review The Sleepwalkers by Christopher Clark – review | History books | The Guardian]</ref> == '''Dibakwa tsa Ntwa''' == Borahisitori ka tlwaelo ba supa dilo tse nne tse dikgolo tse di bakileng Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe ka nako e telele:ntwa ya sesole, dikgolagano, boitaolo le bosetšhaba. Go rata ntwa go ne ga kgothaletsa dipuso go oketsa madi a di a dirisang mo bosoleng le go ipaakanyetsa dintwa. Dikgolagano di ne tsa kgaoganya Yuropa go nna ditlhopha tse pedi tse di ganetsanang tse di neng di solofetsa gore di tla sireletsana. Boipuso bo ne jwa dira gore batho ba gaisane thata ka dikolone le dilo tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, fa bosetšhaba jone bo ne bo dira gore batho ba rate naga ya bone le go gaisana. Selo se se neng sa baka ntwa eo ka bonako e ne e le go bolawa ga Archduke Franz Ferdinand wa Austria-Hungary le mosadi wa gagwe, Sophie, ke Gavrilo Princip kwa Sarajevo ka June 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary e ne ya bolela ntwa kgatlhanong le Serbia kgwedi e le nngwe morago ga moo, e leng se se neng sa dira gore go nne le tlhakatlhakano ya dikitsiso tsa ntwa mo gare ga mebuso ya Yuropa (Clark, 2012; National Geographic, 2019).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/franz-ferdinand-assassination-world-war-i?utm_source</ref> == '''Makoko a a Botlhokwa.''' == Ntwa e ne e lwa thata fa gare ga dikgolagano tse pedi. Dinaga tse di Kopaneng di ne tsa simolola ka go akaretsa Fora, United Kingdom le Russia pele di atolosa go akaretsa Italy, Japane, United States le dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa. Mebuso e Megolo e ne e akaretsa Jeremane, Austria-Hungary, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman le Bulgaria. Thulaganyo ya kgolagano e ne e raya gore fa ntwa e setse e simolotse, ditšhaba di le dintsi di ne di nna le seabe ka ntlha ya ditumalano tsa tsone (National Geographic, 2019).<ref name=":2" /> == '''Dintwa tse Dikgolo''' == [[Setshwantsho:General gouraud french army world war i machinegun marne 1918.JPEG|thumb|General Gouraud le masole a Fora kwa Ntwang ya Ntlha ya Marne]] Go ne ga nna le dintwa di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa ama tsela e ntwa e neng e tla tsamaya ka yone. Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Marne ka 1914 e ne ya thibela Jeremane go gapa Paris mme ya tshwaya tshimologo ya ntwa ya mesima e e neng ya tsaya lobaka lo loleele kwa Letlhakoreng la Bophirima. Letsholo la Gallipoli (1915–1916) e ne e le maiteko a a sa atlegang a Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng a go gapa Dardanelles go tswa mo Pusong ya Ottoman. Ntwa ya kwa Verdun le ya kwa Somme, tse ka bobedi jwa tsone di neng tsa lowa ka 1916, di ne tsa baka dintsho tse dintsi mme tsa bontsha maatla a a senyang a dibetsa tsa segompieno. Ntwa ya Boraro ya Ypres, e e itsegeng gape jaaka Passchendaele, e ne ya itsege ka maemo a yone a seretse le tatlhegelo e kgolo ya matshelo (Winter, 2001; National World War I Museum and Memorial, 2025).<ref>https://academic.oup.com/book/44495?utm</ref><ref>[https://www.theworldwar.org/all-about-wwi About WWI | National WWI Museum and Memorial]</ref> == '''Ntwa ya Mesima''' == [[Setshwantsho:Israel in World War I - Soldiers in the trenches H OP 038.JPG|thumb]] Ntwa ya mesima e ne ya nna nngwe ya dikarolo tse di tlhalosang Ntwa ya Lefatshe I. Masole a ne a nna mo mafaratlhatlheng a maleele a mesima a a neng a kgabaganya Letlhakore la Bophirima. . Maemo a ne a le boima thata ka gonne gantsi mesima e ne e le seretse, e tletse batho e bile e tletse magotlo. Gape masole a ne a tlhaselwa ke malwetse, go se nne le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse le ke ditlhaselo tse di sa feleng tsa ditlhobolo. Le fa go ne go na le ditlhaselo tse dintsi, matlhakore oomabedi a ne a kgaratlhela go nna le naga e ntsi, mme seo sa felela ka gore go nne le dingwaga tse dintsi tsa go sa dirisaneng (Imperial War Museums, 2024).<ref>[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war/western-front/trenches Life In The trenches Of The First World War]</ref> == '''Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa''' == [[Setshwantsho:Treaty of Versailles, English version.jpg|thumb|Tumelano ya Versailles]] Ka 1918, Jeremane le ditsala tsa yone di ne di koafaditswe ke go fenngwa mo ntweng, go tlhaela ga dilwana le dikhuduego tsa sepolotiki. Go goroga ga masole a masha a Amerika go ne ga nonotsha masole a Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng, fa Jeremane yone e ne e lebane le kganetso e e neng e oketsega mo teng ga naga. Ka November 11, 1918, Jeremane e ne ya saena tumalano ya go emisa ntwa. Tumalano ya Versailles, e e neng ya saenwa ka June 28, 1919, e ne ya fedisa ntwa fa gare ga Jeremane le Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng. Tumalano eno e ne ya dira gore Jeremane e latlhegelwe ke mafelo a yone, e direlwe dithibelo tsa sesole le go duedisiwa ditshenyegelo tsa madi (History.com Editors, 2025).<ref name=":0" /> == '''Ditlamorago''' == Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e ne ya bolaya batho ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le 20 mme ya tlogela ba bangwe ba le dimilione ba gobetse kana ba se na magae. Ntwa e ne ya dira gore Mmusomogolo wa Jeremane, wa Austria-Hungary, wa Ottoman le wa Russia di phutlhame, mme seo sa dira gore go bopiwe dinaga di le mmalwa tse disha. Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba le ne la tlhomiwa go rotloetsa kagiso le tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba. Gape ntwa e ne ya oketsa tlhabololo ya thekenoloji, ya fetola dipolotiki tsa boditšhabatšhaba mme ya tlhotlheletsa mekgatlho ya loago le ya dipolotiki mo lefatsheng lotlhe (National Geographic, 2019; History.com Editors, 2025).<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/world-war-i?utm_source</ref> <ref name=":0" /> == '''Boswa''' == Ntwa ya ntlha ya Lefatshe e sa ntse e le nngwe ya ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa thata mo hisitoring ya gompieno. E fetotse leano la sesole, dipolotiki tsa boditšhabatšhaba le bodipolomate jwa lefatshe lotlhe. Ntwa eno gape e ne ya tlhomolola ditshenyegelo tsa batho le tsa ikonomi tsa ntwa ya madirelo. Gompieno, dinaga di le dintsi di gopola ba ba neng ba direla le go swa ka nako ya ntwa ka meletlo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya segopotso e e neng e tshwarwa ka la bo 11 Ngwanaitseele (Imperial War Museums, 2024).<ref>[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war/continuing-conflict-europe Europe After The First World War: Continuing Conflict | IWM]</ref> == Lenaane la Ditshupiso == <references /> ny0etkjcm2qzil07g8uhpxmxdmdkn8x 53808 53735 2026-08-01T10:34:58Z Sgadle 12480 53808 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe''' == [[Setshwantsho:British wounded Bernafay Wood 19 July 1916.jpg|thumb]] == '''Matseno''' == Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe, e gape e itsegeng e le Ntwa e Kgolo, e ne e le ntwa ya lefatshe lotlhe e e neng ya nna teng fa gareng ga 28 Phukwi 1914 le 11 Ngwanaitseele 1918. E ne e akaretsa dinaga di feta 30 mme e ne e le nngwe ya dintwa tse di bolaileng batho ba le bantsi thata mo hisitoring ya segompieno. Ntwa e ne ya lwa thata fa gare ga Dinaga tse di Kopaneng, go akaretsa le United Kingdom, Fora, Russia, Italy mme moragonyana United States, le Dinaga tse di Bogare, tse di neng di na le Jeremane, Austria-Hungary, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman le Bulgaria. Ntwa e nnile le ditlamorago tse di botlhokwa tsa sepolotiki, ikonomi le loago tse di bopileng ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le go tlhotlheletsa dikamano tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka dingwagasome .<ref name=":0">[https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i World War I: Causes and Timeline | HISTORY]</ref> == '''Lemorago''' == Pele ga Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e runya, Yuropa e ne ya nna le dikgotlhang tse di oketsegang tsa sepolotiki ka ntlha ya kgaisano fa gare ga dinaga tse dikgolo tse di maatla. Dinaga di ne di batla go atolosa mebusomegolo ya tsone, go nonotsha masole a tsone le go dira dikgolagano tsa go itshireletsa. Go dira madirelo go ne ga dira gore ditšhaba di kgone go dira dibetsa tsa segompieno, fa bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo ntse bo gola bo ne bo kgothaletsa baagi go ema nokeng dikeletso tsa dinaga tsa bone tsa sepolotiki. . Ditiragalo tseno di dirile gore go nne le maemo a a sa iketlang a mo go one dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo di neng di ka nna tsa fetoga ntwa ya lefatshe lotlhe ka bonako.<ref name=":1">[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/19/sleepwalkers-christopher-clark-review The Sleepwalkers by Christopher Clark – review | History books | The Guardian]</ref> == '''Dibakwa tsa Ntwa''' == Borahisitori ka tlwaelo ba supa dilo tse nne tse dikgolo tse di bakileng Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe ka nako e telele:ntwa ya sesole, dikgolagano, boitaolo le bosetšhaba. Go rata ntwa go ne ga kgothaletsa dipuso go oketsa madi a di a dirisang mo bosoleng le go ipaakanyetsa dintwa. Dikgolagano di ne tsa kgaoganya Yuropa go nna ditlhopha tse pedi tse di ganetsanang tse di neng di solofetsa gore di tla sireletsana. Boipuso bo ne jwa dira gore batho ba gaisane thata ka dikolone le dilo tse dingwe tsa lefatshe, fa bosetšhaba jone bo ne bo dira gore batho ba rate naga ya bone le go gaisana. Selo se se neng sa baka ntwa eo ka bonako e ne e le go bolawa ga Archduke Franz Ferdinand wa Austria-Hungary le mosadi wa gagwe, Sophie, ke Gavrilo Princip kwa Sarajevo ka June 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary e ne ya bolela ntwa kgatlhanong le Serbia kgwedi e le nngwe morago ga moo, e leng se se neng sa dira gore go nne le tlhakatlhakano ya dikitsiso tsa ntwa mo gare ga mebuso ya Yuropa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/franz-ferdinand-assassination-world-war-i?utm_source</ref> == '''Makoko a a Botlhokwa.''' == Ntwa e ne e lwa thata fa gare ga dikgolagano tse pedi. Dinaga tse di Kopaneng di ne tsa simolola ka go akaretsa Fora, United Kingdom le Russia pele di atolosa go akaretsa Italy, Japane, United States le dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa. Mebuso e Megolo e ne e akaretsa Jeremane, Austria-Hungary, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman le Bulgaria. Thulaganyo ya kgolagano e ne e raya gore fa ntwa e setse e simolotse, ditšhaba di le dintsi di ne di nna le seabe ka ntlha ya ditumalano tsa tsone.<ref name=":2" /> == '''Dintwa tse Dikgolo''' == [[Setshwantsho:General gouraud french army world war i machinegun marne 1918.JPEG|thumb|General Gouraud le masole a Fora kwa Ntwang ya Ntlha ya Marne]] Go ne ga nna le dintwa di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa ama tsela e ntwa e neng e tla tsamaya ka yone. Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Marne ka 1914 e ne ya thibela Jeremane go gapa Paris mme ya tshwaya tshimologo ya ntwa ya mesima e e neng ya tsaya lobaka lo loleele kwa Letlhakoreng la Bophirima. Letsholo la Gallipoli (1915–1916) e ne e le maiteko a a sa atlegang a Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng a go gapa Dardanelles go tswa mo Pusong ya Ottoman. Ntwa ya kwa Verdun le ya kwa Somme, tse ka bobedi jwa tsone di neng tsa lowa ka 1916, di ne tsa baka dintsho tse dintsi mme tsa bontsha maatla a a senyang a dibetsa tsa segompieno. Ntwa ya Boraro ya Ypres, e e itsegeng gape jaaka Passchendaele, e ne ya itsege ka maemo a yone a seretse le tatlhegelo e kgolo ya matshelo.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/book/44495?utm</ref><ref>[https://www.theworldwar.org/all-about-wwi About WWI | National WWI Museum and Memorial]</ref> == '''Ntwa ya Mesima''' == [[Setshwantsho:Israel in World War I - Soldiers in the trenches H OP 038.JPG|thumb]] Ntwa ya mesima e ne ya nna nngwe ya dikarolo tse di tlhalosang Ntwa ya Lefatshe I. Masole a ne a nna mo mafaratlhatlheng a maleele a mesima a a neng a kgabaganya Letlhakore la Bophirima. . Maemo a ne a le boima thata ka gonne gantsi mesima e ne e le seretse, e tletse batho e bile e tletse magotlo. Gape masole a ne a tlhaselwa ke malwetse, go se nne le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse le ke ditlhaselo tse di sa feleng tsa ditlhobolo. Le fa go ne go na le ditlhaselo tse dintsi, matlhakore oomabedi a ne a kgaratlhela go nna le naga e ntsi, mme seo sa felela ka gore go nne le dingwaga tse dintsi tsa go sa dirisaneng.<ref>[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war/western-front/trenches Life In The trenches Of The First World War]</ref> == '''Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa''' == [[Setshwantsho:Treaty of Versailles, English version.jpg|thumb|Tumelano ya Versailles]] Ka 1918, Jeremane le ditsala tsa yone di ne di koafaditswe ke go fenngwa mo ntweng, go tlhaela ga dilwana le dikhuduego tsa sepolotiki. Go goroga ga masole a masha a Amerika go ne ga nonotsha masole a Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng, fa Jeremane yone e ne e lebane le kganetso e e neng e oketsega mo teng ga naga. Ka November 11, 1918, Jeremane e ne ya saena tumalano ya go emisa ntwa. Tumalano ya Versailles, e e neng ya saenwa ka June 28, 1919, e ne ya fedisa ntwa fa gare ga Jeremane le Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng. Tumalano eno e ne ya dira gore Jeremane e latlhegelwe ke mafelo a yone, e direlwe dithibelo tsa sesole le go duedisiwa ditshenyegelo tsa madi.<ref name=":0" /> == '''Ditlamorago''' == Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e ne ya bolaya batho ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le 20 mme ya tlogela ba bangwe ba le dimilione ba gobetse kana ba se na magae. Ntwa e ne ya dira gore Mmusomogolo wa Jeremane, wa Austria-Hungary, wa Ottoman le wa Russia di phutlhame, mme seo sa dira gore go bopiwe dinaga di le mmalwa tse disha. Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba le ne la tlhomiwa go rotloetsa kagiso le tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba. Gape ntwa e ne ya oketsa tlhabololo ya thekenoloji, ya fetola dipolotiki tsa boditšhabatšhaba mme ya tlhotlheletsa mekgatlho ya loago le ya dipolotiki mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/world-war-i?utm_source</ref> <ref name=":0" /> == '''Boswa''' == Ntwa ya ntlha ya Lefatshe e sa ntse e le nngwe ya ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa thata mo hisitoring ya gompieno. E fetotse leano la sesole, dipolotiki tsa boditšhabatšhaba le bodipolomate jwa lefatshe lotlhe. Ntwa eno gape e ne ya tlhomolola ditshenyegelo tsa batho le tsa ikonomi tsa ntwa ya madirelo. Gompieno, dinaga di le dintsi di gopola ba ba neng ba direla le go swa ka nako ya ntwa ka meletlo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya segopotso e e neng e tshwarwa ka la bo 11 Ngwanaitseele.<ref>[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war/continuing-conflict-europe Europe After The First World War: Continuing Conflict | IWM]</ref> == Lenaane la Ditshupiso == <references /> 05w3pu07ek8pwu1zo3tsq837lh9pttd 0 14819 53736 2026-07-31T12:35:52Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278874713|Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area]]" 53736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi''' ( KAZA TFCA ) ke lefelo la bobedi ka botona la tshomarelo ya tlholego le naga mo lefatsheng, le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya mafatshefatshe ya mafatshe a le matlhano mo borwa jwa Aforika . E akaretsa karolo e tona ya [[Zambesi|Noka ya Zambezi]] godimo le dikgampu tsa Okavango le makgobokgobo, Caprivi Strip ya [[Namibia]], bontlha jo bo kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa [[Angola]], borwa-bophirima jwa [[Zambia]], naga e e kwa bokone jwa [[Botswana]] le bophirima jwa [[Zimbabwe]] . Legare la kgaolo e, ke kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|noka ya Zambezi le Chobe]] di kopanelang teng, kwa melelwane ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe di kopanang teng. E akaretsa mafelo a boiketlo a le mmalwa ga mmogo le mafelo a tlholego, a akaretsa [[Chobe National Park]], Hwange National Park, le [[Diphororo tsa Victoria]]. Kgaolo e, e na le Ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, e le palo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka bophara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-19 |title=Southern African Peace Parks - Peace Parks Foundation - The Global Solution |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219160424/http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-date=2009-12-19 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> == Ditso == Kakanyo e e simolotswe ke mokgatlho kgaolo ya botlhophi ya Shoshong le letlole la lefatshe lotlhe la tlholego . E tlhotlheleditswe ke lenaneo la bojanala jwa kwa godimo ga noka ya Zambezi le ya Okavango ga mmogo le batsamaisi ba ditswammung tsa melelwane e mene . Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, matona a a nang le maikarabelo a bojanala kwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe a ne a kopana kwa Katima Mulilo, kwa Namibia, go buisana ka porojeke eo. <ref name="peaceparks">{{Cite web |title=Kavango Zambezi Park Development |url=http://peaceparks.com/Stories_1022100000_8_0_0_0_672_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Park+Development.htm |access-date=2010-09-07 |publisher=Peace Parks Foundation}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) le ne la ema nokeng KAZA TFCA jaaka porojeke ya SADC, mme moragonyana ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro mafatshe a matlhano a a dirisanang mmogo a ne a baya monwana tumalano kwa Victoria Falls, kwa Zimbabwe. <ref name="peaceparks" /> Go agiwa ga lefelo le go ne ga tlhomamisiwa ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, ka tumalano e e neng ya bewa monwana ke baeteledipele ba dipuso tsa mafatshe a matlhano a a neng a tsaya karolo. <ref name="Zeitung">{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Allgemeine |date=2012-03-16 |title=KAZA: Größtes Naturschutzgebiet in Afrika eröffnet |url=https://www.az.com.na/nachrichten/kaza-grsstes-naturschutzgebiet-in-afrika-erffnet |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Pulo semmuso ya lefelo le e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, kwa Katima Mulilo. <ref name="Zeitung" /> Dithuso tsa madi di tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng. Metswedi e, e akaretsa banka ya Tlhabololo ya KfW, puso ya Jeremane, Banka ya Lefatshe (World Bank), lefatshe la the Netherlands, le la Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donors |url=https://kavangozambezi.org/en/about/donors |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=kavangozambezi.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Go ne ga ithutiwa ka di[[tau]] mo lefelong le lotlhe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliot, N.B. |last2=Cushman, S.A. |last3=Macdonald, D.W. |last4=Loveridge, A.J. |year=2014 |title=The devil is in the dispersers: predictions of landscape connectivity change with demography |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1169–1178 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikeet pedi lesome le bone, dipuso tsa mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe di ne tsa simolodisa teseletso mesepele e e tshwanang le ya KAZA, e e letlang ba ba e tshotseng go tsamaya ka tshosologo go kgabaganya melelwane mo teng ga lefelo la tshomarelo. == Dikarolo == [[Setshwantsho:Kavango-Zambezi_Transfrontier_Conservation_map_de.png|right|thumb| Mmepe wa puo ya Sejeremane wa lefelo la tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi]] Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi le botona jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Kavango Zambezi .:. Peace Parks Foundation |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002224/http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mo lefatsheng le, lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong le kwa Angola, masome a mararo mo lekgolong kwa Botswana, lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Namibia,masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong kwa Zambia, le lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Zimbabwe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">go tlhokega nopolo</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dikhilomithara di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabobedi le bosupa le lekgolo masome a mararo le bobedi tsa lefatshe le le akareditsweng ke [[Protected area|mafelo a a sireleditsweng]] a a setseng a le teng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=KAZA-TFCA |url=http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508162547/http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a akareditsweng ke a a latelang: '''kwa Zambia:''' * Kafue National Park * Liuwa Plain National Park * Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park * Sioma Ngwezi National Park * Zambezi National Park kwa tlase '''kwa Namibia:''' * Bwabwata National Park * Khaudum National Park * Mangetti National Park * Mudumu National Park * Nkasa Rupara National Park '''mo Botswana:''' * [[Chobe National Park]] * [[Makgadikgadi pans|Makgadikgadi Pan]] * [[Nxai Pan National Park]] * [[Moremi Game Reserve|Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi]] '''kwa Zimbabwe:''' * Chizarira National Park * Hwange National Park * Kazuma Pan National Park * Mana Pools National Park * Matusadona National Park * Lefelo la itloso bodutu la Diphororo tsa Victoria * Zambezi National Park '''kwa Angola:''' * Luengue-luiana national Park * Longa-Mavinga National Park == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Diphologolo tsa naga tsa Zambia == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} nourbeiqs3jbzo5ea8fc4w94aoc24qz 53737 53736 2026-07-31T12:46:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke baakantse tsebe e ka go golaganya ditSebe tse dingwe #Wikipedia25BW 53737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi''' ( KAZA TFCA ) ke lefelo la bobedi ka botona la tshomarelo ya tlholego le naga mo lefatsheng, le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya mafatshefatshe ya mafatshe a le matlhano mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] . E akaretsa karolo e tona ya [[Zambesi|Noka ya Zambezi]] godimo le dikgampu tsa Okavango le makgobokgobo, Caprivi Strip ya [[Namibia]], bontlha jo bo kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa [[Angola]], borwa-bophirima jwa [[Zambia]], naga e e kwa bokone jwa [[Botswana]] le bophirima jwa [[Zimbabwe]] . Legare la kgaolo e, ke kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|noka ya Zambezi le Chobe]] di kopanelang teng, kwa melelwane ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe di kopanang teng. E akaretsa mafelo a boiketlo a le mmalwa ga mmogo le mafelo a tlholego, a akaretsa [[Chobe National Park]], Hwange National Park, le [[Diphororo tsa Victoria]]. Kgaolo e, e na le Ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, e le palo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka bophara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-19 |title=Southern African Peace Parks - Peace Parks Foundation - The Global Solution |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219160424/http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-date=2009-12-19 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> == Ditso == Kakanyo e e simolotswe ke mokgatlho kgaolo ya botlhophi ya Shoshong le letlole la lefatshe lotlhe la tlholego . E tlhotlheleditswe ke lenaneo la bojanala jwa kwa godimo ga noka ya Zambezi le ya Okavango ga mmogo le batsamaisi ba ditswammung tsa melelwane e mene. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, matona a a nang le maikarabelo a bojanala kwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe a ne a kopana kwa Katima Mulilo, kwa Namibia, go buisana ka porojeke eo. <ref name="peaceparks">{{Cite web |title=Kavango Zambezi Park Development |url=http://peaceparks.com/Stories_1022100000_8_0_0_0_672_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Park+Development.htm |access-date=2010-09-07 |publisher=Peace Parks Foundation}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) le ne la ema nokeng KAZA TFCA jaaka porojeke ya SADC, mme moragonyana ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro mafatshe a matlhano a a dirisanang mmogo a ne a baya monwana tumalano kwa Victoria Falls, kwa Zimbabwe. <ref name="peaceparks" /> Go agiwa ga lefelo le go ne ga tlhomamisiwa ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, ka tumalano e e neng ya bewa monwana ke baeteledipele ba dipuso tsa mafatshe a matlhano a a neng a tsaya karolo. <ref name="Zeitung">{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Allgemeine |date=2012-03-16 |title=KAZA: Größtes Naturschutzgebiet in Afrika eröffnet |url=https://www.az.com.na/nachrichten/kaza-grsstes-naturschutzgebiet-in-afrika-erffnet |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Pulo semmuso ya lefelo le e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, kwa Katima Mulilo. <ref name="Zeitung" /> Dithuso tsa madi di tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng. Metswedi e, e akaretsa banka ya Tlhabololo ya KfW, puso ya Jeremane, Banka ya Lefatshe (World Bank), lefatshe la the Netherlands, le la Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donors |url=https://kavangozambezi.org/en/about/donors |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=kavangozambezi.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Go ne ga ithutiwa ka di[[tau]] mo lefelong le lotlhe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliot, N.B. |last2=Cushman, S.A. |last3=Macdonald, D.W. |last4=Loveridge, A.J. |year=2014 |title=The devil is in the dispersers: predictions of landscape connectivity change with demography |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1169–1178 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, dipuso tsa mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe di ne tsa simolodisa teseletso mesepele e e tshwanang le ya KAZA, e e letlang ba ba e tshotseng go tsamaya ka tshosologo go kgabaganya melelwane mo teng ga lefelo la tshomarelo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170721140724/http://www.kazavisa.info/index.php/about/zambia-zimbabwe-visa-info "KAZA Visa for Zambia and Zimbabwe".] Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Dikarolo == [[Setshwantsho:Kavango-Zambezi_Transfrontier_Conservation_map_de.png|right|thumb| Mmepe wa puo ya Sejeremane wa lefelo la tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi]] Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi le botona jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Kavango Zambezi .:. Peace Parks Foundation |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002224/http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mo lefatsheng le, lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong le kwa Angola, masome a mararo mo lekgolong kwa Botswana, lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Namibia,masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong kwa Zambia, le lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Zimbabwe.  Dikhilomithara di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabobedi le bosupa le lekgolo masome a mararo le bobedi tsa lefatshe le le akareditsweng ke [[Protected area|mafelo a a sireleditsweng]] a a setseng a le teng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=KAZA-TFCA |url=http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508162547/http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a akareditsweng ke a a latelang: '''kwa Zambia:''' * [[Kafue National Park]] * [[Liuwa Plain National Park]] * [[Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park]] * [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] * [[Zambezi National Park]] kwa tlase '''kwa Namibia:''' * [[Bwabwata National Park]] * [[Khaudum National Park]] * [[Mangetti National Park]] * [[Mudumu National Park]] * [[Nkasa Rupara National Park]] '''mo Botswana:''' * [[Chobe National Park]] * [[Makgadikgadi pans|Makgadikgadi Pan]] * [[Nxai Pan National Park]] * [[Moremi Game Reserve|Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi]] '''kwa Zimbabwe:''' * [[Chizarira National Park]] * [[Hwange National Park Airport|Hwange National Park]] * [[Kazuma Pan National Park]] * [[Mana Pools National Park]] * [[Matusadona National Park]] * Lefelo la itloso bodutu la [[Diphororo tsa Victoria]] * [[Zambezi National Park]] '''kwa Angola:''' * [[Luengue-luiana National Park]] * [[Longa-Mavinga National Park]] == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Diphologolo tsa naga tsa Zambia]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} jgw55ekw3bpwdiscxvc7b46s4tg2gwy 0 14820 53738 2026-07-31T14:46:38Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364600358|Commander of the Defence Force (Botswana)]]" 53738 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Molaodi wa sesole sa Botswana''' ke lesole la maemo a a kwa godimo mo [[Botswana Defence Force|sesoleng sa Botswana]] mme o rwele maikarabelo a go netefatsa gore go na le taolo le thokgamo mo makalaneng a ditirelo. == Lenaane la babereki ba diofisi == Baeteledipele ba Sesole sa Botswana ba ne ba kaiwa fa ba le mo maemong a bone e le babereki ba kakaretso ba ba laolang kgotsa molaodi wa Sesole sa Botswana. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |No. ! rowspan="2" |Senepe ! rowspan="2" |Leina<br /><br />(matsalo–letsatsi le a tlhokafetse ka lone) ! colspan="3" |Sebaka sa ofisi ! rowspan="2" |Ref. |- !letsatsi le a tseneng mo ofising !letsatsi le a duleng mo ofising !Nako e a e nnileng mo ofising |- |1 |[[Setshwantsho:Mr_Sebogodi_Mompati_Merafhe,_Major_general_of_the_national_defence_forc_(Source_Kutlwano_1977).jpg|79x79px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''[[Mompati Merafhe]]'''<br /><br />(ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borataro–dikete pedi lesome le botlhano) |sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa |sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |dingwaga di le lesome le motso go tsena di le lesome le bobedi | |- |2 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped).jpg|60x60px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''[[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]]'''<br /><br />(o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le boraro) |ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaobedi le borobabongwe |ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |dingwaga di robabobedi go tsena borobabongwe | |- |3 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|60x60px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''Louis Matshwenyego Fisher''' |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabobedi |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |dingwaga di supa go tsena borobabobedi |<ref name="Mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Masire appointed BDF commander|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/2006/October/Friday27/9976358941912.html|access-date=12 October 2021|work=mmegi.bw|date=27 October 2006}}</ref> |- |4 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|60x60px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''Tebogo Masire''' |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome le bobedi |dingwaga di le tlhano, malatsi a le makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le bone |<ref name="Mmegi" /><ref name="sundaystandard">{{Cite news|title=Galebotswe appointed BDF Commander|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/galebotswe-appointed-bdf-commander/|access-date=24 August 2021|work=sundaystandard.info|date=9 July 2012}}</ref> |- |5 |[[Setshwantsho:Gaolatlhe_Galebotswe_(7691737692)_(cropped).jpg|66x66px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''[[Gaolatlhe Galebotswe]]''' |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi |Lwetse a le malatsi a robabaobedi nagwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro |dingwaga di le nne, malatsi a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi |<ref name="sundaystandard" /><ref name="Bagwasi">{{Cite news|title=Incoming BDF Commander could leave in two years|url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/21966/news/incoming-bdf-commander-could-leave-in-two-years/|access-date=24 August 2021|work=weekendpost.co.bw|date=12 September 2016}}</ref> |- |6 |[[Setshwantsho:Placid_Diratsagae_Segokgo_121031-F-ZI558-021_(cropped).jpg|60x60px]] |Lieutenant general<br /><br />'''[[Placid Diratsagae Segokgo]]''' |Lwetse a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |dingwaga di robabongwe malatsi a le makgolo a mararo masome a mabedi le borataro |<ref name="Bagwasi" /> |} == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} 6vqfhbbgv77s7yjwrmrjkw4lajug6ne 0 14821 53742 2026-07-31T15:31:24Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Anthony Pesela 53742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Pesela''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) ke motshameki wa Botswana yo o itsegeng ka go taboga sekgala sa dimetara di le makgolo a mane (400). O ne a gapa sekgele sa gouta kwa [[World Athletics U20 Championships]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe(2021)<ref>[https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/athletics/sa-claim-4-more-medals-at-u20-world-champs-20210821 "SA claim 4 more medals at U20 World Champs]". Sport. Retrieved 21 August 2021</ref><ref>Philémon (21 August 2021)[https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/athletics-world-u20-africa-takes-all-the-medals-in-the-200m/ . "Athletics - World U20: Africa takes all the medals in the 200m". Sport News Africa]. Retrieved 21 August 2021</ref> == Metswedi == n1k2mdp9cpysp7pthcb4f64qk5cgozr 0 14822 53743 2026-07-31T15:59:38Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Brandon Wilson (Motshamiki wa kgwele ya Dinao wa Botswana) 53743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brandon James Wilson''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa moitsanape yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa mo gare wa tshireletso mo setlhopheng sa Super League Bali United. Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa Australia a sa le mmotlana mme moragonyana a fudugela kwa England go tshamekela Burnley pele a tshamekela Stockport County. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), o ne a boela kwa Australia go tshamekela Perth Glory. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Wilson o tsholetswe kwa Gaborone, Botswana ke batsadi ba Maesemane mme o goletse kwa Doncaster, England go tloga a le dingwaga di le pedi. O ne a fudugela kwa Western Australia a le dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160911202330/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/burnleys-boys-down-under Burnley's boys from Down Under".] FourFourTwo. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016</ref> == Tiro ya go tshameka == Wilson o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa Burnley ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013).<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160911220044/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/burnleys-brandon-wilson-keeping-options-open Burnley's Brandon Wilson keeping options open".] FourFourTwo. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> O ne a adimelwa kwa Stockport County ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref>[http://www.clitheroeadvertiser.co.uk/sport/burnley-fc/latest-news/aussie-wilson-links-up-with-stockport-1-7820530 Aussie Wilson links up with Stockport]". Clitheroe Advertiser and Times. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), Wilson o ne a boela kwa Western Australia a baya monwana tumelano le setlhopha sa Perth Glory go tshameka mo A-League. <ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/football/a-league/teams/perth/perth-glory-signs-wabred-midfielder-brandon-wilson-with-english-side-burnley/news-story/90536d9c0c082844544b80038920131b Perth Glory signs WA-bred midfielder Brandon Wilson with English side Burnley".] The Sunday Times. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref>O ne a simolola go tshamekela Perth Glory ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e thola lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) fa ba ne ba fenya Brisbane Roar 2-0 mo Sejaneng sa FFA sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref>"[http://www.theffacup.com.au/matchcentre/Brisbane-Roar-FC-v-Perth-Glory/862148 Brisbane Roar FC vs Perth Glory, FFA Cup, Round of 32, 10th Aug 2016".] 31 July 2017</ref>Wilson o ne a tshameka jaaka motshameki wa kwa bogareng, mme a supa fa a kgona go dira dilo tse dintsi ka go tshameka jaaka motshameki wa kwa morago wa kwa Melbourne Victory ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Newcastle Jets e ne ya itsise gore Wilson o beile monwana tumelano le setlhopha ka tumalano ya nakwana go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) mo A-League Men.<ref>Gardiner, James (28 February 2022). [https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7636972/former-olyroo-to-add-starch-to-jets-midfield/ "Former Olyroo to add starch to Jets midfield".] The Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Wilson o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng sa Australia sa ba baya ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi (20) go ya kwa Laos go tsenela dikgaisano tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) AFC U-19 Championship. <ref>[http://www.foxsports.com.au/breaking-news/young-socceroos-squad-named-for-upcoming-afc-u19-championship-qualifiers-in-laos/news-story/67f30a9fd8dd95835e3d1fee11a84475 Young Socceroos squad named for upcoming AFC U19 Championship Qualifiers in Laos".] Fox Sports. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016</ref>O ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa gagwe sa ntlha ka go fenya Laos.<ref>"[http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=9672&stageid=374&tMode=C&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Laos 0–2 Australia".] Asian Football Confederation. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> 9Gape o na le tshwanelo ya go emela Botswana le Engelane kwa maemong a maemo a a kwa godimo.<ref>[http://www.thegazette.news/?p=16105 "I would love to play for the Zebras – Wilson]". 25 August 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boferabongwe (2019), e ne e le mongwe wa batshameki ba le bane ba ba neng ba kgaotswe ke Australia U23 ka ntlha ya "boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50471012 Four Australia Under-23 players banned after complaint from woman"]. BBC Sport. 19 November 2019.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), o ne a bitswa go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa bo setšhaba sa Botswana mme ga a ise a kgone go tshameka ka ntlha ya mathata a go bona boagi jwa Botswana le go amogela phaseporoto ya Botswana jaaka moagi wa Australia, ka Botswana ga jaana e sa letlelele boagi jwa bobedi. Le fa go ntse jalo, Wilson o tsere karolo mo dikampeng tsa katiso le setlhopha.<ref>Mosekiemang, Kenneth (5 December 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231214120806/https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/38979/sport/immigration-law-delays-wilsons-zebras-debut/ "Immigration Law Delays Wilson's Zebras Debut".] Weekend Post. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</ref><ref>Dube, Mqondisi (10 February 2024). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/no-progress-in-wilsons-citizenship-push/news No progress in Wilson's citizenship push"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</ref> == Ditlotla == Perth Glory A-League: Ditona 2018-2019 == Metswedi == el0nc79fbswv0qvb7y25jdunbk6xf1x 0 14823 53744 2026-07-31T16:05:45Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Oteng Oteng 53744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oteng Oteng''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola borobongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990) ke motshameki wa mabokose wa Botswana yo o neng a tsenela metshameko ya Olimpiki wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418062527/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ot/oteng-oteng-1.html Oteng Oteng Bio, Stats, and Results"]. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2018</ref>O tsholetswe kwa Mookane. Kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) kwa Delhi o ne a fenngwa ke Benson Gicharu Njangiru kwa makgaolakgannyeng mme a gapa boronse. Kwa All-Africa Games ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011) o ne a fenya kgaisano ya pusetso le serwalo sa Flyweight mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011) [[World Amateur Boxing Championships]] o ne a latlhegelwa ke ntwa ya gagwe ya bobedi go fenngwa ke Misha Aloyan. O ne gape a fenya kgaisano ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) ya African Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament. Kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki ya Selemo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), Oteng o ne a fenngwa ke Puerto Rican Jeyvier Cintrón mo motshamekong wa ntlha ka maduo a 14-12.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120801210957/http://www.primerahora.com/jeyviercintronadelantaaoctavosdefinalenlos52kg-677901.html Jeyvier Cintrón adelanta a octavos de final en los 52 kg"]. Primera Hora. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> Kwa Metshamekong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) ya Commonwealth, o ne a fenngwa ke Reece McFadden ka 0-3 mo makgaolakgannyeng a banna a flyweight.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233704/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1033847/oteng_oteng.html Glasgow 2014 - Oteng Oteng Profile]". g2014results.thecgf.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</ref> == Metswedi == 6b4rqrostlzzezp25ao5fxxgv46bkvy 0 14824 53746 2026-07-31T17:00:56Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area 53746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:LSConfluence.jpg|thumb|Go kopana ga dinoka tsa Shashe le Limpopo]] '''Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area''' (GMTFCA) ke lefelola ngwao la [[Transfrontier Conservation Area]] (TFCA), eo pele e neng e tsejwa e le [[Limpopo -Shashe|Limpopo]] [[Limpopo -Shashe|-Shashe]] Transfrontier Conservation Area. == Ditso == === Go tlhomiwa === Ka thuso ya [[Peace Parks Foundation,]] [[De Beers]], National Parks Trust le WWF-SA, SANParks e kopantse karolo e e botlhokwa ya seabe sa Aforika Borwa mo TFCA e e tshisintsweng. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro lefelo la setso la Mapungubwe le ne la begwa fa ele Lefelo la Ngwao-Boswa jwa Lefatshe la UNESCO. [[Mapungubwe National Park]] e ne ya bulwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bone ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170822133657/http://mopanebushlodge.co.za/attractions/mapungubwe-national-park/ "Attractions – Mapungubwe National Park".] ''Mopane Bush Lodge''. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.</ref>Ditumelano tsa go tlhaloganya ka ga go tlhomiwa ga TFCA o di ne tsa bewa menawna ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro mme go ne ga tlhomiwa mogokaganyi wa boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180831133648/http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=19&mid=1003 "Greater Mapungubwe".] ''[[:en:Peace_Parks_Foundation|Peace Parks Foundation]]''. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2016-06-19.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ele lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe, Limpopo/Shashe TFCA e ne ya fetolwa leina go nna Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160630072729/http://www.peaceparks.org/news.php?pid=1096&mid=801&lid=1003 Limpopo/Shashe renamed Greater Mapungubwe TFCA".] ''[[:en:Peace_Parks_Foundation|Peace Parks Foundation]]''. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi go ne ga bonwa dilo tsa bogologolo mo polaseng ya Klein Bolayi, kwa botlhaba jwa Mapungubwe National Park, go netefatsa gore Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape e atologa go ya kwa botlhaba kgotsa kwa tlase ga noka go bapa le Limpopo Valley, le go netefatsa bonno jwa batho mo kgaolong eo dingwaga tse di fetang sekete le makgolo a matlhano<ref name=":0" /> Lefelo le Legolo la Tshomarelo la Mapungubwe le le kgabaganyang melelwane, le gone jaanong le ntseng le tlhabololwa, le tla akaretsa kgaolo ya 4 872 km2 mme 28% (1 350 km2) ya lone e tla nna kwa Botswana mme 53% e nngwe (2 561 km2) e tla nna kwa Afrika Borwa mme 19% e e setseng (960 km2) e tla nna kwa Zimbabwe. Lefelo leno le botlhokwa thata ka ntlha ya mabaka a go le sireletsa. Go na le mefuta ya ditshedi jaaka tlou, tau, nkwe, cheetah, ntša e e tlhaga; mmogo le diamudi di le lesome le borobabongwe, mefuta ya dimela e le masome a mabedi le borataro le palo e e lekaneng ya mefuta ya dinonyane e e kwadisitsweng mo bukeng e khibidu ya tshedimosetso.<ref name=":0" /> Go okediwa ga lefelo, tshireletso le maiteko a a kopaneng a a tlametsweng ka go tlhomiwa ga GMTFCA go thusa thata mo tshireletsong ya mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno. Dipopego tsa naga tse di kgatlhisang le dipharologano mo teng ga GMTFCA di dira gore e nne lefelo le lentle thata la tlholego la Borwa jwa Aforika, mme se se oketsang seno ke mafelo a ngwao-boswa, a a oketsang bokgoni jwa GMTFCA jwa go ngoka palo e kgolo ya bajanala ba selegae le ba boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":1">[http://www.notugre.com/home/gmtfca "Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area (GMTFCA)".] ''Northern Tuli Game Reserve''. Archived from the original on 7 December 2025.</ref> == Aforika Borwa == [[Setshwantsho:Mapungubwe, Limpopo, South Africa (20543994385).jpg|thumb|Lefelo le le tletseng makhubu la Mapungubwe National Park]] Seabe sa Aforika Borwa mo kgaolong ya tshomarelo ya molelwane se akaretsa kgaolo ya konokono ya Mapungubwe National Park mmogo le Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve. Kgato ya bobedi ya porojeke e ikaelela go akaretsa palo e e okeditsweng ya ditsha go akaretsa Limpopo Valley Conservancy e e tshisintsweng, [[Mapesu Private Game Reserve,]] Mogalakwena Game Reserve e e tshisintsweng, Vhembe Game Reserve gammogo le dipolase tse di potlana tsa poraefete. Sebaka se se atlanegisitsweng ke diheketara di le 256,100 kgotsa 53% ya kgaolo yotlhe ya Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. <ref name=":1" /> == Botswana == Seabe sa Botswana mo Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area se akaretsa Northern Tuli Game Reserve, e e nang le ditsha di le masome a mararo le boratarotse di nang le beng ba tsone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161218194514/http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-greater-mapungubwe-transfrontier-conservation-area "Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area"]. ''South African Tourism''. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016.</ref> tse di akaretsang kgaolo ya diheketara di le 71,173. Mo kgatong ya bobedi, go solofetswe gore kgaolo eno e oketsege ka bogolo ka go akaretsa Central Tuli Farms le Shashe CCA e e solofetsweng. Mo godimo ga moo, kgaolo e e simololang kwa toropong ya Mathathane North go ya kwa Kobojango le go ya kwa Nokeng ya Shashe le yone e tla nna karolo ya GMTFCA. Ka kakaretso go solofetswe gore seabe sa Botswana mo TFCA e tla nna 135,000 ha, e e ka nnang 28% ya kgaolo yotlhe ya Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. <ref name=":1" /> == Zimbabwe == Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate le Tuli Circle Safari Area di dira seabe sa [[Zimbabwe]] mo GMTFCA. Mo kgatong ya bobedi, Maramani, Machuchuta mmogo le Hwali Wildlife Management Areas le tsona di ka akarediwa, go atolosa bogolo jwa seabe sa Zimbabwe mo Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area go fitlha go diheketara di le dikete tse masome a robabongwe le borataro kgotsa bokana ka 19% ya kgaolo yotlhe ya phaka. <ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == d2787afrksuke7uwyy3rq02pnhth1om 0 14825 53748 2026-07-31T17:12:28Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya John Kamyuka 53748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Kamyuka''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola lesome le bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) ke motshameki wa Botswana wa go thuma, yo o itsegeng thata ka go thuma ka mokgwa wa go thuma o le nosi. <ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et&#x20;al. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094723/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/john-kamyuka-1.html John Kamyuka".] ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref>O ne a nna mongwe wa baithuting ba ntlha ba Botswana, mmogo le Samantha Paxinos go gaisana mo metshamekong ya Di-Olimpiki tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) tsa Selemo, a feleletsa a le mo gare ga ba ba masome a supa le botlhano (75) ba maemo a a kwa godimo mo metshamekong ya banna ya 50m freestyle . [2] 2] Kamyuka o ne a amogela taletso ya FINA go tsenela dikgaisano tsa go thuma a le nosi mo setlhopheng sa Botswana sa 50 m freestyle kwa Metshamekong ya Di-Olimpiki tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) kwa Beijing. <ref>[http://www.sundaystandard.info/news/news_item.php?NewsID=3563&GroupID=6 Botswana's first ever strong Olympic medal hopefuls"]. Sunday Standard. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2016.[permanent dead link]</ref>Kamyuka o ne a thuma mo heat 5 mme a fitlha mo maemong a borataro ka go taboga ka lobelo lwa metsotswana e 25,54. Kamyuka o ne a retelelwa ke go tsenela makgaolakgang, ka a ne a beilwe mo maemong a bosupa le bobedi mo go ba le masome a robongwe le bosupa ba ba neng ba thuma mo dikgaisanong tsa makgaolakgang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120821063145/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DSWM010900/index.html Swimming: Men's 50m Freestyle Heat 5".] Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012</ref> == Metswedi == s1aha8y7zud1vtgjhwb0b3kr5qe7312 0 14826 53749 2026-07-31T17:33:47Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358617048|Helmet]]" 53749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helmete''' ke mofuta wa didiriswa tsa tshireletso tse apariwang go sireletsa tlhogo . Ka tlwaelo, helemete e thusa go sireletsa legata le boboko jwa motho . Dihelemete dingwe di apariwa fela mo meletlong kgotsa e le matshwao a seriti (sekao, helemete ya lepodise kwa [[United Kingdom]] ) tse di senang tiro ya tshireletso ka dinako tse dingwe di a aparwa. Masole a rwala dihelemete tsa ntwa, tse gantsi di dirilweng ka Kevlar kgotsa ditlhale tse dingwe tse di botlhofo tsa maitirelo . Lefoko ''helmet'' le tswa mo go ''helm'', lefoko la Seesemane sa bogologolo le le kayang seaparo sa tshireletso ya tlhogo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=helmet (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/helmet |publisher=etymonline.com}}</ref> Dihelemete di dirisiwa mo metshamekong e le mentsi ( sekao, bapagami ba dipitse, kgwele ya dinao ya Amerika, hoki ya aese, kirikete, baseball, go relela mo dithabeng, go latlhela le go palama matlapa ) ; ditiro tse di kotsi tsa tiro jaaka kago, meepo, mapodisi a a thibelang dikhuduego, difofane tsa sesole, le mo dilong tsa dipalangwa ( sekao , dihelemete tsa dithuthuthu le dihelemete tsa dibaesekele ) . Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, bontsi jwa dihelemete di dirilwe ka resini kgotsa polasetiki, e e ka nonotshiwang ka ditlhale tse di jaaka aramiti . Bangwe ba batlhokomedi ba diphologolo tsa naga ba kwa Borithane ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 18 le wa bo 19 ba ne ba rwele dihelemete tse di dirilweng ka lotlhaka lo lo bofilweng mmogo ka tlhaka e e segilweng . <ref name="TLA">{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Harry |year=1985 |title=The Long Affray |publisher=[[Secker & Warburg]] |isbn=0-436-20102-X |location=London}}</ref> Bayuropa kwa boboatsatsi gantsi ba ne ba rwala helemete ya pith, e e tlhabolotsweng mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 19 mme e dirilwe ka pith kgotsa cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pith Helmet {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2020/the-pith-helmet |website=Historians.org}}</ref> Mo tirisong ya sesole mo makgolong a dingwaga a bo 19–20 di ne tsa bona dihelemete di le mmalwa tsa letlalo, bogolosegolo mo gare ga bafofisi le badiri ba ditanka mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 20. Mo malatsing a ntlha a koloi, bakgweetsi bangwe le bone ba ne ba dirisa mofuta ono wa go rwala ditlhogo, mme dihelemete tsa ntlha tsa kgwele ya dinao le tsone di ne di dirilwe ka letlalo. Mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II, badiri ba difofane ba Amerika, Soviet, Jeremane, Italy le Fora ba ne ba rwala dihelemete tsa letlalo, bakgweetsi ba difofane ba Jeremane ba ne ba itira tsa bone ka fa tlase ga beret pele ga ba di latlha ka bobedi mme ba fetogela kwa dihelemete tsa letsela. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">leng?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Motlha wa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha le ya Bobedi le one o ne wa bona go tsoga gape ga dihelemete tsa sesole tsa tshipi, segolobogolo helemete ya Brodie le ya Stahlhelm . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2019 |title=Why were WWII helmet designs so different by country & which design was the most effective? |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/why-were-wwii-helmet-designs.html |website=War History Online}}</ref> Dihelmete tsa segompieno di na le ditiriso tse dintsi thata, go akaretsa le dihelmete tse di fetotsweng go tsamaisana le ditlhokego tse di rileng tsa ditiro tse dintsi tsa diatleletiki le mafelo a tiro, mme dihelmete tseno gantsi di akaretsa dipolasetiki le dilo tse dingwe tsa maitirelo ka ntlha ya bokete jwa tsone jo bo botlhofo le bokgoni jwa go monya go tshoga. Mengwe ya mefuta ya mafaratlhatlha a matirelo a a dirisiwang go dira dihelemete mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga e akaretsa mafaratlhatlha a aramide, tse di jaaka Kevlar le Twaron . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Materials of Motorcycle Helmets |url=https://thedrivebook.com/most-common-materials-of-motorcycle-helmets/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Dihelemete tsa dikoloi tsa mabelo di akaretsa thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa tlhogo le molala e e dirang gore helemete (le tlhogo) e nne e gokeletswe mo mmeleng fa di thulana thata. 0bciqeuyseqbj8vj9eu8y88mg511umk 0 14827 53750 2026-07-31T17:50:51Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Gable Garenamotse 53750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gable Garenamotse''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) ke motloledi wa pele wa Motswana yo o kileng a gapa dimetale di le pedi tsa selefera kwa metshamekong ya Kgweranoditšhaba le go gaisana kwa metshamekong e le mebedi ya Diolimpiki ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004)le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). == Ditso == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999)Garenamotse o ne a fenya kgaisano ya go tlola ga gararo mo kgaisanong ya Aforika Borwa, mme a nna le seabe mo kgaisanong ya go tlola sekgala le go tlola ga gararo mo kgaisanong ya Lefatshe. Morago ga go fitlha kwa setlhoeng ka go tlola dimetara di le 16,66 mo ngwageng oo, e leng rekoto ya bosetšhaba, o ne a swetsa go tlhoma mogopolo mo go tloleleng kgakala go tloga foo. Methalele ya gagwe ya ntlha ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne e le ya boronse kwa Universiade ya bo masome a mabedi le motso ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001). Kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002)kwa [[Manchester,]] Garenamotse o ne a nna wa bobedi. O ne a tsenela metshameko ya Diolimpiki ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), mme a se ka a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng. O ne a boeletsa maemo a bobedi dingwaga di le nne moragonyana kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya 2006, a tlhoma rekoto ya bosetšhaba ya dimetara di le 8,17. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe wa ngwaga oo o ne a tokafatsa go nna 8,27 metres. <ref>[http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/AFRIQUE/PLEINAIR/BOT.htm Botswana athletics records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225211/http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/AFRIQUE/PLEINAIR/BOT.htm|date=26 September 2007}}</ref>O ne a gapa sekgele sa gouta kwa [[All-Africa Game]]<nowiki/>s ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007). Gable Garenamotse o ne a se ka a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007 )[[World Championships]], mme o ne a fetsa a le mo maemong a bone kwa [[2008 World Indoor Championships]], a le mo maemong a bosupa kwa 2008 African Championships<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006063403/http://www.addis2008.org/Results/Data/at/asm/031/004/cgcgr3atasm031c004001.html 2008 African Championships results, men's long jump final]". Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008</ref> le a borobongwe kwa [[2008 Olympic Games]] == Metswedi == 8u0bjvh8joa01wa0id7eu3x8bnlgcgv 0 14828 53755 2026-07-31T18:18:31Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365996845|Robot]]" 53755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roboto''' ke motšhini, segolobogolo o o kgonang go rulaganngwa ka khomputara, o o kgonang go dira ditiro tse di raraaneng ka go itirisa . Roboto e ka kaelwa ke sedirisiwa sa taolo sa kwa ntle kgotsa sa ka fa teng. Diroboto dingwe di tshwana le batho ka popego,mme bontsi jwa tsone ke metshine e e direlang ditiro tse di rileng, e e etelelang pele bokgoni jwa tiro go na le ponalo . Diroboto di ka kgona go ikemela kgotsa di kgona go ikemela go sekae mme di simolola ka diroboto tse di tshwanang le batho tse di jaaka ''Kgato e e Gatetseng Pele ya go Tsamaya ga Boitshimololedi'' ya Honda ( ASIMO ) le ''Roboto ya go Tshameka Ping Pong'' ya TOSY ya TOSY ( TOPIO ) go ya go diroboto tsa madirelo, diroboto tse di dirisang di-drone tsa kalafi, diroboto tse di thusang <nowiki><i id="mwKg">molwetse</i></nowiki>, porokeramo ya kalafi ya dintša, jaaka Diatomo tsa Kakaretso tsa MQ-1 Predator, le diroboto tsa nano tse dinnye . Ka go etsa ponalo kgotsa metsamo ya setshedi se se tshelang,roboto e ka dira gore go bonale e kete e ne le botlhale kgotsa e a akanya . Dilo tse di ikemetseng di solofetswe go ata mo isagweng, ka diroboto tsa mo gae le koloi e e ikemetseng e le dingwe tsa bakgweetsi ba bagolo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forecasts – Driverless car market watch |url=https://www.driverless-future.com/?page_id=384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925132826/https://www.driverless-future.com/?page_id=384 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=driverless-future.com}}</ref> Lekala la thekenoloji le le dirang ka go tlhama, go aga, go dirisa le go dirisa diroboto, <ref name="OED">{{Cite web |title=robotics |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0714530#m_en_gb0714530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518152729/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0714530#m_en_gb0714530 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> mmogo le ditsamaiso tsa khomphiutha tsa go di laola, go ntsha ditshwaelo tsa dikutlo le go dirisa tshedimosetso ke diroboto . Dithekenoloji tseno di dirisana le metšhini e e itirisang e e ka tsayang sebaka sa batho mo ditikologong tse di kotsi kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa go dira dilo, kgotsa e e tshwanang le batho ka tebego, boitshwaro kgotsa tlhaloganyo. Bontsi jwa diroboto tsa gompieno di tlhotlhelediwa ke tlholego, mme seno se tlhotlheleditse lekala le le bidiwang '''robotiki e e tlhotlheditsweng ke tlholego'''.Gape, diroboto tseno di tlhodile lekala le lesha la robotiki le le bidiwang '''robotiki e e bonolo (soft robotics)''' . Fa e sa le mo metlheng ya ditso tsa bogologolo, go ile ga nna le dipego tse dintsi tsa didirisiwa tse di itirisang tse di ka rulaganngwang ke badirisi tota le di- automata, tse di tshwanang le batho le diphologolo tse dingwe, tse di jaaka di- animatronics, tse di diretsweng thata go itlosa bodutu.Fa mekgwa ya metshine e ntse e gola ka nako ya phetogo ya diintaseteri, go ne ga tlhagelela ditiriso tse di nang le mosola tse di jaaka metshine e e ikdirang,talo ya kgaka le taola ya kgakala e e dirisang megala e e se nang megala . Didirisiwa tsa eketeroniki di ne tsa fetoga go nna maatla a magolo a tlhabololo fa go ne go nna le diroboto tsa ntlha tsa eleketeroniki tse di ikemetseng tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa ke William Gray Walter kwa Bristol, kwa Engelane, ka 1948, mmogo le didirisiwa tsa metšhini tsa Taolo ya Dipalo tsa Khomphiutha ( CNC ) kwa bofelong jwa bo1940 ke John T. Parsons le Frank L. Stulen . Roboto ya ntlha ya kgwebo e e neng e le ya dijithale le e e kgonang go rulaganngwa e ne ya agiwa ke George Devol ka 1954 mme ya bidiwa Unimate . E ne ya rekisediwa General Motors ka 1961, koo e neng ya dirisiwa go tsholetsa dikarolwana tsa tshipi e e molelo mo metšhineng e e latlhelang ditlhapi kwa Lefelong la Kaedi la Batshwaraditlhapi kwa karolong ya West Trenton ya Motsesetoropo wa Ewing, kwa New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Pearce|first=Jeremy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/business/george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99.html|title=George C. Devol, Inventor of Robot Arm, Dies at 99|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 August 2011|access-date=7 February 2012|quote=In 1961, General Motors put the first Unimate arm on an assembly line at the company's plant in Ewing Township, N.J., a suburb of Trenton. The device was used to lift and stack die-cast metal parts taken hot from their molds.}}</ref> Diroboto di tsere sebaka sa batho <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akins |first=Crystal |title=5 jobs being replaced by robots |url=http://excelle.monster.com/benefits/articles/4983-5-jobs-being-replaced-by-robots?page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424145057/http://excelle.monster.com/benefits/articles/4983-5-jobs-being-replaced-by-robots?page=1 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 |website=Excelle |publisher=Monster}}</ref> mo go direng ditiro tse di boaboelediwang le tse di kotsi tse batho ba ratang go se di dire, kgotsa ba sa kgone go di dira ka ntlha ya go lekanyediwa ga bogolo, kgotsa tse di diragalang mo ditikologong tse di feteletseng jaaka lefaufau kgotsa kwa tlase ga lewatle. Go na le matshwenyego ka tiriso e e ntseng e oketsega ya diroboto le seabe sa tsone mo setšhabeng. Diroboto di bonwa molato wa go tlhatloga ga botlhokatiro jwa thekenoloji jaaka di tsaya sebaka sa badiri mo palong e e oketsegang ya ditiro. <ref name="ABCau-2014-05">{{Cite news|last=Hoy|first=Greg|title=Robots could cost Australian economy 5 million jobs, experts warn, as companies look to cut costs|work=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=28 May 2014|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-28/robots-could-cost-australian-economy-5-million-jobs-expert-says/5484740|access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Go dirisa diroboto mo ntweng ya sesole go tsosa matshwenyego tsa maitsholo.Bokgoni jwa diroboto jwa go ikemela ka botsonale ditlamorago tsa jone bo ntse bo sekaskwa mo dipading tsa boitlhamedi, mme bo ka nna jwa nna bothata jwa nnete mo isagong. ql9zziret0vjeeoabcuplpw3w812ksg 0 14829 53756 2026-07-31T18:21:42Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Christine Botlogetswe 53756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Ayanda Botlogetswe''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Diphalane thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) ke motshameki wa Botswana yo o tabogang ka lobelo lwa 400 metres.<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14472776</ref> O ne a gaisana kwa Diolimpiking tsa ngwaga dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), o ne a taboga nako ya 52.37 mo motshamekong wa ntlha.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160821005948/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-400m "Rio 2016"]. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016.</ref>O tabogela Orapa Athletics Club mme o katisiwa ke Justice Dipeba,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151647/http://olympics-philly.stats.com/olympics/summer/2016/at/bios/countries/9458/players/926438 Olympics | Philly"]. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016</ref> yo gape a katisang Isaac Makwala, monna wa bosupa yo o lebelo go gaisa mo ditsong O ne a kgona go hetela mo legatong le lengwe la go emela Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki ya Selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020).<ref>Sib, Anastacia; a (16 June 2021). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202106160445.html "Botswana: Women Prove Point]". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2021</ref> == Metswedi == bp9ippke82wqpr9xnrky9gn0jpdlmou 0 14830 53757 2026-07-31T18:39:42Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Kethobogile Haingura 53757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kethobogile Haingur'''a (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e thola lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) ke motabogi wa Botswana wa sekgala se se fa gare. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a nna mmampodi wa bo setšhaba wa dimetara tsa sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1500).<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/kethobogile-haingura-15015852 Kethobogile Haingura"]. World Athletics. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> == Ditso == E ne e le leloko la Maun Track and Field Club,<ref>Bontsi, Kgosietsile (19 February 2024)[https://www.ngamitimes.co.bw/six-maun-athletes-for-all-africa-games/ . "Six Maun Athletes For All Africa Games"]. ''Ngami Times''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref>o ne a feletsa a le mo maemong a bobedi kwa Botswana National championships ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) ka 800 metres kwa [[Francistown]].<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7186598?eventId=10229501 Botswana Championships"]. World Athletics. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), o ne a fetsa a le wa boraro mo dimetareng tse makgolo a robabobedi (800) kwa Botswana Golden Grand Prix. <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/72258 ANTHONY PESELA SHAPING WELL"]. Dailynews.gov.bw. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), o ne a nna mmampodi mo metshamekong ya dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi (800) le tse sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1500) kwa Botswana kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7195408?eventId=10229501 Botswana Championships"]. World Athletics. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref><ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7195408?eventId=10229502 Botswana Championships".] World Athletics. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref> O ne a fokotsa rekoto ya gagwe ya 800 metres go nna 1:45.53 kwa Tshwane ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://supersport.com/athletics/general/news/0e6ccee3-be47-4bd3-b9c7-390a214a9523/jingqi-to-set-track-alight-at-asa-grand-prix Jingqi to set track alight at ASA Grand Prix"]. Supersport. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref>O ne a fenya lebelo la 800m kwa kgaisanong ya Athletics South Africa grand prix kwa Pretoria ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) ka nako ya 1:43.94 <ref>Isaacson, David (19 March 2024). "[https://www.heraldlive.co.za/sport/2024-03-19-victorious-prudence-targets-casters-sa-records-starting-with-the-1500m/ Victorious Prudence targets Caster's SA records, starting with the 1,500m".] Heraldlive.co.za. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref> Nako e e ne ya fitlhelela maemo a go tsenela metshameko ya Diolimpiki tsa Paris ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/78608 "BNOC HAPPY WITH ATHLETES PERFORMANCE IN GHANA"]. Dailynews.gov.bw. 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/haingura-tebogo-qualify-for-olympics/news Haingura, Tebogo qualify for Olympics]". mmegi.bw. March 18, 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024</ref>mme e ne e le lebelo le le kwa godimo go gaisa la 800m le le kileng la tshwarwa mo Aforika Borwa. <ref>Xabanisa, Simnikiwe (18 March 2024). "[https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/athletics/tebogo-confirms-star-billing-with-400m-personal-best-a-few-no-shows-by-sas-prominent-athletes-20240318 Tebogo confirms star billing with 400m personal best, a few no-shows by SA's prominent athletes"]. News24.com</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a fenya [[Botswana National Championships]] ka 1500 metres kwa Gabarone.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7207133?eventId=10229502 Botswana Championships]". World Athletics. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a gapa selefera mo metshamekong ya dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi (800) kwa African Championships kwa Douala, Cameroon. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/african-championships-douala-2024-brume-bass-bittaye-moraa Brume sails to fourth title as Bass Bittaye and Moraa win at African Championships in Douala".] World Athletics. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref>O ne a gaisana mo metshamekong ya di-Olympic tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) kwa Paris ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) mo kgaisanong ya dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi (800). <ref>[https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5856/men-s-800m-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics Men's 800m Results - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics".] ''Watch Athletics''. 10 August 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitloka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), o ne a tlhoma nako e ntšha ya gagwe ya 1:43.88 kwa Johannesburg. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) kwa Gaborone, Haingura o ne a dira 1:44.18 go fenya mo kgaisanong ya World Athletics Continental a le kwa pele ga moagi-ka-ena [[Tshepiso Masalela]]. <ref>"[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/botswana-grand-prix-gaborone-2025-tebogo-simbine-muhammad Tebogo, Simbine and Muhammad impress in Gaborone"]. World Athletics. 12 April 2025. Retrieved 13 April 2025</ref>O ne a feletsa a le wa botlhano mo metshamekong ya 800 metres ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat, karolo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) Diamond League, ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025). <ref>[https://www.watchathletics.com/page/6666/results-rabat-diamond-league-2025 Results - Rabat Diamond League 2025".] Watch Athletics. 25 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.</ref>E ne e le mongwe wa ba ba neng ba le mo makgaolakgannyeng a Metshameko ya Lefatshe ya Athletics ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) kwa Tokyo, Japan, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) mo metshamekong ya banna ya dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi (800).<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7190593?eventId=10229501 World Athletics Championships, Tokyo 2025".] World Athletics. 21 September 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), Haingura o ne a le wa bobedi ka 1:43.89 kwa [[Shanghai Diamond League]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), a tshwarwa ke Mo-Ireland Mark English morago ga go keteka phenyo pele ga nako. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/schilder-diamond-league-record-shanghai Schilder breaks Diamond League record with 21.09m in Shanghai".] World Athletics. 16 May 2026. Retrieved 16 May 2026.</ref><ref>[https://athleticsweekly.com/news/shericka-jackson-lays-down-marker-with-200m-win-in-shanghai-1040011201/ SHERICKA JACKSON LAYS DOWN MARKER WITH 200M WIN IN SHANGHAI]". Athletics Weekly. 16 May 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == 2jg32q6nuqu3wixqtedhbgqcja1vmpc 0 14831 53759 2026-07-31T18:49:22Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 53759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lioness (Panthera leo) (6871765268).jpg|thumb|Kalahari Gemsbok National Park]] '''Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park''' ke lefelo le legolo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga le lefelo la tshomarelo kwa [[borwa jwa Afrika]]. Phaka e e mo molelwaneng wa [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] le [[Botswana]] mme se na le diphaka tsa bosetšhaba tse pedi tse di bapileng: * Kalahari Gemsbok National Park kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] * Gemsbok National Park kwa [[Botswana]] Lefelo lotlhe la phaka ke 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). Mo e ka nnang dikwatara di le tharo tsa paraka eno di kwa [[Botswana]] mme kwatara e le nngwe e kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. Kgalagadi e raya "lefelo la lenyora".<ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/kgalagadi/tourism/history.php "Natural & Cultural History".] ''South African National Parks''. SANParks. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), dipegelo tsa metswedi ya dikgang di ne tsa bolela gore ditshwanelo tsa go dirisa gase mo go fetang halofo ya karolo ya Botswana ya phaka di rekisitswe. <ref>Barbee, Jeffrey. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/02/botswana-sells-fracking-rights-in-national-park "Botswana sells fracking rights in national park"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref>Puso ya [[Botswana]] e ne ya ganetsa dipego tseno moragonyana. <ref name=":0">African News Agency: [https://www.miningweekly.com/article/botswana-dismisses-reports-of-fracking-rights-in-pristine-kgalagadi-transfrontier-park-2016-02-16/rep_id:3650 Botswana dismisses reports of fracking rights in pristine Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park] Mining Weekly</ref> == Lefelo == Phaka eno e fitlhelwa thata kwa borwa jwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]]. Lefelo leno le na le dithabana tse dikhibidu, dimela tse dinnye, [[ditlhare]] tse di tlhaelang fela ka sewelo, le dinoka tse di omileng tsa [[Nossob le Auob]]. Go bolelwa gore dinoka tseno di elela gangwe fela mo lekgolong lengwe le lengwe la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a elela kafa tlase ga lefatshe, a naya bojang botshelo le ditlhare tsa ''[[Vachellia erioloba]]'' tse di golang mo dinokeng. Dinoka di ka nna tsa elela ka bokhutshwane morago ga diphefo tse dikgolo tsa maru. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Kgalagadi-Transfrontier-Park Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park | nature conservation area, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-05-20.</ref> == Diphologolo tsa naga == E na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mane le masome a supa e e kwadilweng, phaka e na le diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga, go akaretsa tau, cheetah, nkwe ya Aforika, tshukudu e e nang le matlhaka le tshukudu e e borokwa. <ref name=":1">[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=69021&view=species "Observations - iNaturalist (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park)".] ''iNaturalist.org''. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</ref> Dinama tse dinnye di akaretsa katse ya naga ya Afrika, phokojwe e e nang le ditsebe tse di tshwanang le tsa bommamathwane le phokojwe ya Kapa, phokojwe e e nang le mokwatla o montsho, phokojwe e e nang le mokwatla o montsho, phokojwe e e nang le mokwatla o montsho, phokojwe e e nang le mokwatla o montsho le phokojwe e e nang le dinotshe, mmogo le diphokojwe tse di nang le ditsebe tse di tshwanang le tsa bommamathwane le diphokojwe. <ref name=":1" />Dipeo tse di fudugang tsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di nang le diphuka, tse di jaaka blue wildebeest, gemsbok, springbok, steenbok, southern giraffe, common eland, greater kudu, warthog, klipspringer le red hartebeest le tsone di nna le go fuduga ka setlha mo phakeng, di tlamela dibatana ka dijo. Go na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi ya dinonyane tse di nnang mo parakeng, go akaretsa dinonyane tsa naga, dinonyane tsa metsi, dinonyane tsa metsi, dinonyane tsa naga le dinonyane tse di fofang tse di ka nnang masome a mararo.<ref name=":1" />Go na le mefuta e e fetang masome a mararo ya digagabi le di-amphibian mo phakeng, go akaretsa dinoga tse di botlhole jaaka Cape cobra, horned adder, puff adder le black mamba; Cape terrapins, leopard tortoise le serrated tortoise, agama e e farologaneng, gecko, le mefuta ya skink; di-amphibian di akaretsa sand frog le African bullfrog.<ref name=":1" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano, lefelo le le sireleditsweng le ntse le tsewa jaaka Yuniti ya Tshomarelo ya Ditau le lefelo le le sireleditsweng la ditau mo Borwa jwa Aforika. <ref>IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> == Tlhokomelo == Thulaganyo ya tshomarelo go dikologa phaka e akareditse tiro mo porojekeng ya Western Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor, e e ikaeletsweng go tshola le go busetsa phologolo ya naga kwa metsweding le go tshegetsa tlhabololo ya setšhaba le bojanala mo phakeng e e golaganyang Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park le [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]]. [[Conservation International Botswana]] e ne ya tsaya karolo mo thulaganyong e e amanang le se mme ya dira le Lefapha la Botswana la Diphologolo tsa Naga le Dipaka tsa Bosetšhaba mo tirong ya tsela ya go tsamaisa diphologolo. <ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/140361468200945356/pdf/499530PAD0P095101Official0Use0Only1.pdf Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Grant from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund to the Republic of Botswana for a Northern Botswana Human Wildlife Coexistence Project] (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 26 October 2009. pp.&#x20;23–24, 62.</ref> == Maemo a Bosa == Maemo a bosa kwa Kalahari a ka nna maswe thata. January ke paka ya selemo mo borwa jwa Afrika, mme gantsi dithemperetšha tsa motshegare di feta 40 °C (104 °F). Maitseboa a mariga a ka nna tsididi thata, ka dithemperetšha tse di kwa tlase ga boswakgapetla. Go ile ga begwa dithemperetšha tse di feteletseng tsa -11 °C (12 °F) le go fitlha go 45 °C (113 °F). Pula ga e ne thata mo lefelong leno la sekaka. <ref>[https://animamundimag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/AM-Issue39-96ppi.pdf Adventures in Wildlife Photography"] (PDF). ''Anima Mundi'' (39). 10 July 2020.</ref> == Dikago == [[Setshwantsho:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Twee Rivieren Camp.jpeg|thumb|Kampa ya Twee Rivieren ]] Phaka eno sa diphologolo se na le mafelo a mararo a bajanala ba a tlwaetseng a a bidiwang "dikampa tsa boikhutso". Tseno ke dihotele tse di nang le dilo tsotlhe tse di tlhokegang mme di na le dilo tse di jaaka setsidifatsi, mabenkele le matamo a go thuma. Gape go na le dikampa di le thataro tsa naga mo parakeng eno. Dikampa tsa kwa sekakeng di tlamela fela ka bonno le metsi a go tlhapa; baeti ba tshwanetse go ba tlamela ka dijo, metsi a go nwa le dikgong. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/kgalagadi/tourism/accommodation.php#wilderness Wilderness camps".] ''South African National Parks''. SANParks. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref> == Baeng == Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ele masome a mararo le bongwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), phaka e amogetse baeng ba le 52 463, go tswa go 48 221 mo ngwageng o o fetileng. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221101091508/https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2018.pdf "South African National Parks - Annual Report 2017/2018"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2019-02-20.</ref> == Ditso == Kalahari Gemsbok National Park mo [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] e ne ya tlhomiwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe ngwaga wa selete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bongwe (1931)segolo go sireletsa diphologolo tse di fudugang, segolo [[gemsbok]], go tswa go tsomeng ka bokukuntshwane. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948) go ne ga dirwa tumalano e e seng ya semolao ya molomo fa gare ga Puso ya ka nako eo ya Bechuanaland le Union of South Africa ya go tlhoma lefelo la tshireletso mo mafelong a a bapileng a dinaga tseno tse pedi. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi ( 1992), baemedi ba South African National Parks Board (e jaanong e leng SANParks) le Lephata la diphologolo le makgabisa naga la Botswana ba ne ba tlhoma komiti e e kopanetsweng ya botsamaisi go laola lefelo leno jaaka lefelo le le lengwe fela la tikologo. Go ne ga kwalwa leano la tsamaiso, la sekasekwa le go amogelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997). Matlhakore ano a ne a dumalana go dirisana mmogo mo go tsa bojanala le go abelana ka go lekana madi a go tsena mo parakeng. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola ga supa,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe( 1999), Botswana le Aforika Borwa ba ne ba saena tumalano ya histori ya dinaga tse pedi e mo go yone dinaga tseno ka bobedi di neng tsa ikana go laola diphaka tsa tsone tsa bosetšhaba tse di bapileng, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Gemsbok kwa Botswana le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Kalahari Gemsbok kwa Aforika Borwa e le karolo e le nngwe ya tikologo. Molelwane o o fa gare ga diparaka tseno tse pedi o ne o se na dikgoreletsi tsa mmatota, le fa gone e le molelwane wa boditšhabatšhaba fa gare gamafatshe a mabedi . Seno se ne sa dira gore diphologolo di kgone go tsamaya ka kgololesego. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi , Tautona [[Festus Mogae]] wa [[Botswana]] leTautina [[Thabo Mbeki]] wa [[Aforika Borwa]] ba ne ba simolola semmuso phaka ya ntlha ya kagiso ya Aforika Borwa, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.<ref>[https://www.peaceparks.org/tfcas/kgalagadi/ "About Kgalagadi".] ''Peace Parks Foundation''. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref> == Tshomarelo ya setso le go tlhomiwa ga ! Ntlo ya Baeng ya Xaus == Ka Diphalane 2002, dipuso di ne tsa beela thoko 580 km2 (224 mi2) gore di dirisiwe ke batho ba ba tlholegileng koo, e leng Ba-Khomani ba Ba-San le Ba-Mier. Seno se ne se kgaogantswe magareng ga 277.69 km2 ya San Heritage Land le 301.34 km2 ya Mier Heritage Land. South African National Parks (SANParks) e tsamaisa lefatshe ka konteraka. Lefelo leno le na la bidiwa ! Ee! Serapa sa Ngwao-Boswa sa Hai. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032644/http://www.xauslodge.co.za/about-us Cultural Village"]. ''Xaus Lodge''. Transfrontier Parks Destinations. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref>Tumelano ya tharabololo gape e ne e tlamela gore baagi ba amogele madi ka maikaelelo a a rileng a go aga lefelo la bojanala. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220628223849/https://www.xauslodge.co.za/about-us/aehai-heritage-park-agreement "AeHai Heritage park agreement"]. ''Xaus Lodge''. Transfrontier Parks Destinations. Archived from [https://www.xauslodge.co.za/about-us/aehai-heritage-park-agreement the original] on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref>Ntlo ya baeng e ne ya bidiwa! Xaus Lodge (e e rayang 'pelo' ka puo ya selegae) e tsamaisiwa ka kgwebo mo boemong jwa baagi ba ‡Khomani San le Mier ke Transfrontier Parks Destinations. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032644/http://www.xauslodge.co.za/about-us "Cultural Village"]. ''www.xauslodge.co.za''. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2017-05-26.</ref> ! Go nna teng ga Xaus Lodge go letla ditlwaelo tsa setso sa Ba-Khomani San go tswelela ka ditsela di le mmalwa. Motsana wa setso gaufi le Lodge o letla batho ba selegae go dira le go rekisa ditiro tsa diatla tsa bone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200319153639/https://www.xauslodge.co.za/activities/cultural-village Cultural Village"]. ''Xaus Lodge''. Transfrontier Parks Destinations. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref>Se ke tsela ya bone ya go etsa le go gakologelwa ngwao ya setso sa bogologolo sa Ba-Khomani, le tsela ya bone ya go tlhalosa diphetogo mo ngwaong eo. Go ! Ee! Hai Heritage Park gape e ne ya bidiwa International Dark Sky Sanctuary ya ntlha mo Afrika ke [[International Dark Sky Association.]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230504075431/https://www.darksky.org/our-work/conservation/idsp/sanctuaries/aehai-kalahari-heritage-park-south-africa/ "Aehai Kalahari Heritage Park South Africa"]. ''International Dark Sky Association''. IDA. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2019.</ref> == Fracking == Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano2, go ne ga begwa mo metsweding ya tshedimosetso gore puso ya Botswana e rekisitse ditshwanelo tsa go epa gase ya shale mo Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park ka tidimalo. Dipegelo di ne tsa re e ne ya rebola dilaesense tsa go epa tsa disekwerekilometara di le 29,291 (2,929,100 ha), disekwerekilometara di le 34,435 (3,443,500 ha) le disekwerekilometara di le 23,980 (2,398,000 ha)  ⁇  go feta halofo ya karolo ya Botswana ya phaka  ⁇  go khampani e e kwadisitsweng kwa United Kingdom e e bidiwang "Nodding Donkey". Ka nako eo go ne go se na pego epe e e neng e bontsha gore go rekisiwa dilo tseno. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), kompone e ne ya fetola leina la yona go nna "Karoo Energy".<ref>Jeff Barbee: [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/02/botswana-sells-fracking-rights-in-national-park Botswana sells fracking rights in national park] Guardian, 2&#x20;December 2015.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), Lefapha la Tikologo, Diphologolo tsa Naga le Bojanala la Botswana le ne la ganetsa dipego tseno ka go re, "Ga go na dilaesense tsa go epa mo KTP" mme "ga go na maikaelelo a go ntsha ditetla dipe tsa go epa mo KTP kgotsa kwa parakeng epe ya bosetšhaba kgotsa kwa lefelong la bosetšhaba la diphologolo gongwe le gongwe mo Botswana". <ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == kusngzosg737g08ppjv1tyd4ne1701x 0 14832 53761 2026-07-31T19:16:13Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366881282|Podcast]]" 53761 wikitext text/x-wiki Podikhasete ke lenaneo le le dirwang gore le nne teng ka sebopego sa dijithale gore le kgone go laolwa mo inthaneteng . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Podcast |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/podcast |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Podcast |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/podcast |website=Britannica Dictionary}}</ref> Di-podokhasete ke sedirisiwa sa modumo, se se bonalang mo lereong ka bolone, e leng " iPod " le " kgaso " tse di tlhamilweng ka 2004. Lereo le le dirisiwang go kaya motseletsele wa difaele tsa modumo wa dijithale tse badirisi ba ka di laisololang mo sedirisweng tsa bone kgotsa mo molapong go di reetsa ka nako e ba e tlhophang. Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 2020, le fa go ntse jalo, di-podikhasete tsa bidio, e ka tswa e le diteng tsa konokono tse di akareditsweng mo phepong, kgotsa jaaka tlaleletso ya kwa ntle ya modumo, di ile tsa tuma. Ka 2025, Bloomberg e ne ya bega gore batho ba le dibilione ba ne ba lebelela di-podikhasete mo polatefomong ya dibidio ya YouTube kgwedi le kgwedi. Seno se ka baka mathata a mo go one maitemogelo a modumo fela a bogang fa sengwe se bontshiwa babogedi ka tsela e e sa bonaleng mo bareetsing ba modumo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sturges |first=Fiona |date=December 27, 2025 |title='Painful to hear!' How podcasts' rush to video is turning them into dreadful listens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/dec/27/podcasts-rush-to-video-turning-them-into-dreadful-listens |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Motseletsele wa podikhasete gantsi o nna le motshwari a le mongwe kgotsa go feta ba ba buang ka setlhogo sengwe kgotsa go feta ba ba buang ka setlhogo sengwe kgotsa tiragalo ya jaanong. Diteng tsa podcast di farologana thata ka popego, go simolola ka ditlhagiso tse di kwadilweng ka kelotlhoko go ya go metlotlo e e itiretsweng. Dipodcast di kopanya tlhagiso ya modumo o o raraaneng le wa botsweretshi le matshwenyego a setlhogo go simolola ka patlisiso ya saense go ya go bobegadikgang jwa botshelo . Metseletsele e mentsi ya dipodikhasete e na le weposaete kgotsa tsebe e e amanang le yone, e e nang le dikgokagano,dintlha tsa lenaneo,matshelo a baeng,dikwalo tsotlhe tsa se se builweng,didiriswa tse dingwe le foramo ya setshaba ya go buisana ka diteng tsa lenaneo . Ditshenyegelo go moreki di kwa tlase, mme di-podikhasete tse dintsi di ka laololwa mahala. Dipodikhasete dingwe di kwadisitswe ke dikoporase kgotsa di tshegediwa ka madi, mme go akaretsa le dipapatso tsa kgwebo . Mo maemong a mangwe, podikhasete e ka nna kgwebo e e tshegediwang ke motswako mongwe wa sekao sa peeletso e e duelwang, papatso kgotsa setlhagiswa se se gorosiwang morago ga thekiso. Ka gonne diteng tsa podcast gantsi ga di duelelwe, podikhaseteng gantsi e tsewa e le selo se se kgoreletsang, se se sa siamang mo go tlhokomeleng mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya lotseno . Podikhaseteng ke thulaganyo ya go baakanya le go anamisa difaele tsa modumo kgotsa bidio ka go dirisa RSS feeds mo didirisweng tsa badirisi ba ba ikwadisitseng. Motho yo o dirang di-podikhasete gantsi o reka tirelo eno mo setlamong se se amogelang di-podikhaseste se se jaaka SoundCloud kgotsa Libsyn . Ditlamo tse di amogelang baeng di bo di anamisa difaele tseno tsa mmedia mo dikaeding tsa di-podikhaseste le mo ditirelong tsa go elela, tse di jaaka Apple, Spotify, le YouTube, tse badirisi ba ka di reetsang le go di lebelela mo tsa bone kgotsa mo di-smartphone kgotsa mo mminong wa dijithale le mo ditshamekising tsa bobegakgang kgotsa mo dithelebišeneng tse di botlhale . As of 2024 , go ne go na le di-podikhasete tse di fetang dimilione di le tharo tse di neng di na le dikarolo di ka nna dimilione di le 200. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Podcast Stats: How many podcasts are there? |url=https://www.listennotes.com/podcast-stats/ |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=Listen Notes |language=en}}</ref> k92a5nyirec1hp44w4wdb85n9luy6md 0 14833 53764 2026-07-31T19:28:12Z Atsile Edith 11759 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366889994|Section 230]]" 53764 wikitext text/x-wiki Kwa lefatsheng la United States, '''Karolo 230''' ke karolo ya Molao wa Ditlhaeletsano wa ngwaga wa 1934 o o neng wa tsenngwa tirisong jaaka karolo ya Molao wa Maitseo a Ditlhaeletsano wa ngwaga wa 1996, e leng Setlhogo sa bone sa Molao wa Ditlhaeletsano ka Megala wa ngwaga wa 1996, mme ka kakaretso e tlamela ka tshireletso ya ditirelo tsa sespa ditlhaka tsa mo maranyaneng tse di tlhagisiwang ke karolo ya boraro ya diteng tsa bone tsa sesupa ditlhaka . 698hrlioehx4finf4i92w31o978uxod 0 14834 53766 2026-07-31T19:30:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Aggripa Matshameko 53766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aggripa Matshameko''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e thola masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) ke motshameki wa Botswana. O ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya 4 × 400 metres relay kwa Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) le Diolimpiking tsa Selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le (2000), a nna leloko la setlhopha sa ntlha sa Botswana go tsenela makgaolakgang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000).<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100026/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/aggripa-matshameko-1.html Aggripa Matshameko Olympic Results".] Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.olympic.org/aggripa-matshameko Aggripa MATSHAMEKO - Olympic Athletics | Botswana"]. ''International Olympic Committee''. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2017</ref> == Tiro == Matshameko o ne a tsenngwa mo setlhopheng sa botlhano sa 4 × 400 m kwa Diolimpiking tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996). O ne a etelela pele setlhopha sa gagwe se se neng sa fetsa mo maemong a botlhano ka 3:06.62.<ref name=":0">[https://www.tilastopaja.info/db/at.php?Sex=1&ID=593 Aggripa Matshameko] at Tilastopaja (subscription required</ref><ref name=":1">[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14176322 Aggripa Matshameko] at World Athletics</ref> Matshameko o ne a ya kwa Diolimpiking tsa 2000 ka 3 Lwetse. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200008290318.html</ref> O ne a taboga mabelo a mabedi kwa Australia pele ga Diolimpiki, go akaretsa go taboga sekgala sa metsotswana e le 34.29 mo metareng e le makgolo a mararo (300) le go taboga sekgala sa metsotswana e le makgolo a mane (400) kwa Newcastle, New South Wales.<ref name=":1" />O ne a tshegetsa setlhopha sa gagwe mo kgaisanong ya bone ya 5th Olympic 4 × 400 m heat, ba ne ba taboga ka 3:04.19 go ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng ka nako. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha mo botshelong gore setlhopha sa Botswana se tsenele makgaolakgang. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200102120390.html</ref>Matshameko o ne a emisediwa ke Glody Dube mo kgaisanong e e latelang, mme setlhopha sa Botswana ga se a ka sa tsenela makgaolakgang.<ref name=":0" /> Matshameko o ne a tlotliwa kwa moletlong wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001) kwa Botswana morago ga go dira ga gagwe mo metshamekong ya Diolimpiki<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200103030037.html</ref>. O ne a gaisana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001) Engen Summer Series meet kwa Roodepoort, Afrika Borwa. <ref name=":0" />O ne a tsenela setlhopha sa katiso go ipaakanyetsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001) World Championships in Athletics, mme kwa bofelong ga a ka a tsenela kgaisano. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200102230463.html</ref>O ne a tlhoma rekoto ya gagwe e e gaisang ya 400 m ya metsotswana e le 47.1 mo ngwageng oo.<ref>https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65475</ref> Matshameko o ne a gaisana kwa kgaisanong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2002) ABSA Series e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Port Elizabeth, Afrika Borwa. O ne a tsenela ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2002) African Military Games mo metshamekong ya 400 m, kwa a fentseng mo maemong a boraro mo semi-final ka metsotswana e le 47.4, a palelwa ke go tsenela makgaolakgang ka sebaka se le sengwe. <ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == nla0w9uf0eeo1euwh1mu3b60ngfa1b7 0 14835 53767 2026-07-31T19:40:05Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Benjamin Keleketu 53767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Keleketu''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) ke motabogi wa Botswana yo o kileng a taboga sekgala se seleele le go taboga sekgala se seleele. O ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya marathone ya banna kwa metshamekong ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) Summer Olympics le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) Summer Olympics.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080914/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/benjamin-keleketu-1.html Benjamin Keleketu Olympic Results".] Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</ref><ref>Dube, Mqondisi (23 July 2021). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/100065 Botswana's long Olympics journey".] Mmegi (Botswana news media). Retrieved 8 June 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Jaaka motabogi wa cross country o ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya banna kwa IAAF World Cross Country Championships ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991)kwa Antwerp, Belgium. <ref>Magnusson, Tomas (24 March 2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016110537/http://mypage.bluewin.ch/tomtytom/iccu/wxc_iaaf/wxc_SM1991S.html ''IAAF World Cross Country Championships - 11.8km CC Men - Antwerpen Linkerover Date: Sunday, March 24, 1991'',] Athchamps (archived), archived from the original on 16 October 2007, retrieved 24 October 2013</ref> Pele ga Diolimpiki tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) o ne a ikatisa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano (55) ka beke. O ne a taboga marathone wa gagwe wa ntlha ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992). <ref name=":0">[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes19920811-1 "Last into stadium, 'I'll win next time'"]. The Straits Times. 11 August 1992 – via eresources.nlb.gov.sg</ref> Kgaisano ya marathone kwa Diolimpiking tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) e ne e le marathone wa bobedi o a kileng a o taboga. 4] Ka nako ya marathone o ne a "tshwenngwa ke botlhoko le go boga" mme a fitlhela "thaba ya dihele" go fitlha kwa lebaleng la metshameko e e itshekileng mme o ne a ineetse go fitlha kwa moleng wa phitlhelelo.[ O ne a fetsa marathone e le mongwe wa bafenyi ba bofelo, metsotso e le masome a mararo le bobedi (32) morago ga mofenyi wa kwa Korea Borwa. O ne a tshwanelwa ke go wetsa lobelo mo tseleng ya go thutafatsa mmele, ka gonne go ne go tlhokega Setadiamo sa Diolimpiki sa Barcelona gore go tshwarwe moletlo wa go tswala Diolimpiki tsa Selemo sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992). Keleketu o rile morago ga go fetsa a bua thata gore go ne go le thata jang mme a re o tla fenya mo nakong e e tlang.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920811-1.2.50.3 "One-eyed Tuul cheated of glory]". The Straits Times: 33. 11 August 1992 – via eresources.nlb.gov.sg. 'Towards the end, it was very, very bad. From the start, it was tough, humid, windy, sunny, all those things. "The hill was very bad. Oh how I just wanted to stop and rest.'</ref> O ne gape a emela naga ya gagwe kwa IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) kwa France. <ref>[http://dt9guucc6nuua.cloudfront.net/competitioninfo/4338c03a-914e-4df3-ac47-68e78067142c.pdf IAAF WORLD HALF MARATHON CHAMPIONSHIPS - KAVARNA 2012 - FACTS & FIGURES - Incorporating the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships (1992-2005/2008-2010)] & the IAAF World Road Running Championships 20</ref> == Metswedi == 58oipot32bh9fpn7djpxvz12q2dgo7q 0 14836 53770 2026-07-31T20:01:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Norman Molomo 53770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Norman Molomo''' ke radipolotiki wa Botswana. E ne e le mongwe wa bathei ba lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP). O ne a tlhophiwa go emela kgaolo ya [[Gaborone - Ramotswa|Gaborone]] [[Gaborone - Ramotswa|- Ramotswa]] ka ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a maratro le botlhano jaaka leloko la BDP, a amogela ditalama di le dikete tse nne le masome a marataro le borobabongwe fa go bapisiwa le ditalama di le makgolo a marataro le masome a marataro le boraro tsa moganetsi wa gagwe. <ref name=":0">[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/80844 "Rethinking Kgosi Linchwe And The Extraordinary 1965 Election Result"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 2016-05-08.</ref>Molomo o ne a direla mo Palamenteng ya ntlha ya Botswana mme morago a tsenela ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe(1969) tsa kgaolo ya [[Mochudi]], mme o ne a fenngwa ke [[Thari Motlhagodi]] wa [[Botswana People's Party]].<ref>Makgala, Christian John (2025). "Electoral History and Turnover Tradition in Botswana's Outlier Constituency of Kgatleng West". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''57''' (Special Issue on Botswana's 2024 General Election): 310.</ref> O ne a amogela ditalama di le makgolo a marataro le masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":0" /> Molomo ke kgaitsadie [[Matlapeng Ray Molomo]] yo o nang le rre a le mongwe, mme bobedi jwa bone e ne e le maloko a mephato Mafiri. <ref>Mosothwane, Morongwa Nancy (2001). [https://d.lib.msu.edu/pula/322 "An ethnographic study of initiation schools among the Bakgatla ba ga Kgafela at Mochudi (1874-1988)".] ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''15''' (1): 148.</ref> == Metswedi == pkvrmg10n3h1s50kix94whjtyhtds4p 0 14837 53777 2026-07-31T20:24:36Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362795322|Video game]]" 53777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Motshameko wa bidio''', [ a ] '''motshameko wa khomphiutha''', [ b ] kgotsa '''motshameko''' fela ke motshameko wa eleketeroniki o o akaretsang tirisanommogo le segokaganyi sa modirisi kgotsa sedirisiwa sa go tsenya ( se se jaaka joystick, molaodi, khiiboto, kgotsa sedirisiwa se se kgonang go lemoga motsamao ) gore go tlhagisiwe setshwantsho seno se bontshiwa ka sebopego sa bidio mo thelebisheneng, sekirining sa khomputara, sekirining se se bataletseng, sekirining se se amegang sa didirisweng sa virtual reality. Metshameko e mentsi ya segompieno e na le ditshwantsho le modumo, mme modumo o utlwala ka dibui kgotsa di-earphone.Mengwe gape e dirisa mekgwa e mengwe ya go naya modirisi maikutlo (sekao, thekenoloji ya haptic e e nayang maikutlo a go ama ). Metshameko mengwe ya bidio gape e letla gore go tsenngwe maekerofouno le khemera ya webo go tlotla mo motshamekong le go o elela ka tlhamalalo . Metshameko ya bidio gantsi e aroganngwa go ya ka serweboleta sa yone, se gantsi se akaretsang metshameko ya bidio ya arcade, metshameko ya khonsole, le metshameko ya khomphiutha ( e e akaretsang metshameko ya LAN, metshameko ya mo inthaneteng, le metshameko ya sebatli ) . Bošeng jaana, intaseteri ya metshameko ya bidio e atologetse mo metshamekong ya selulafouno ka didirisiwa tsa selulafouno ( tse di jaaka di-smartphone le dikhomphiutha tsa dithebolete ), ditsamaiso tsa mmatota le tse di okeditsweng, le metshameko ya kwa marung e e kgakala .Gape metshameko ya bidio e aroganngwa ka mefuta e e farologaneng go ya ka mokgwa wa go tshameka le mofuta wa batshmeki ba e diretsweng. Diporototaepe tsa ntlha tsa metshameko ya bidio ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le bo 1960 e ne e le dikatoloso tse di bonolo tsa metshameko ya eleketeroniki e e dirisang dipholo tse di tshwanang le tsa bidio go tswa mo dikhomputareng tse dikgolo tsa bogolo jwa phaposi . Motshameko wa ntlha wa bidio wa bareki e ne e le motshameko wa bidio wa arcade ''wa Computer Space'' ka 1971, o o neng wa tlhotlhelediwa ke motshameko wa khomputara wa pelenyana wa 1962 ''wa Spacewar!'' . Ka 1972 go ne ga nna le motshameko wa bidio ''wa Pong'' o o tumileng jaanong le khonsole ya ntlha ya mo gae, e leng Magnavox Odyssey . Intaseteri e ne ya gola ka bonako ka nako ya "motlha wa gauta" wa metshameko ya bidio ya arcade go tloga kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 mme e ne ya boga ka ntlha ya go phutlhama ga mmaraka wa metshameko ya bidio ya Amerika Bokone ka 1983 ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke taolo ya go gatisa le go tlala ga mmaraka. Morago ga go thula, intaseteri e ne ya gola, e ne ya laolwa ke dikhamphani tsa Japane tse di jaaka Nintendo, Sega, le Sony, mme ya tlhoma mekgwa le mekgwa e e dikologang go tlhama le go anamisa metshameko ya bidio go thibela go thula go go tshwanang mo isagweng, e bontsi jwa yone e tswelelang go latelwa. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, intaseteri ya konokono e ne e ikaegile ka metshameko ya " AAA ", mme ya tlogela sebaka se sennye sa metshameko ya ditekelelo e e kotsi. Fa go kopanngwa le go nna teng ga Inthanete le kabo ya dijithale, seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le sebaka sa go tlhama metshameko ya bidio e e ikemetseng ( kgotsa " metshameko ya indie " ) gore e nne le maemo a a kwa godimo mo dingwageng tsa bo 2010 . Fa e sa le ka nako eo, botlhokwa jwa kgwebo jwa intaseteri ya metshameko ya bidio bo ntse bo oketsega.Go gola ga mebaraka ya Asia le go ata ga metshameko ya difouno tsotlhe go fetotse mefuta ya batshameki,mme ga dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba rate metshameko ya boitlosobodutu.gape dikgwebo di okeditse ditsela tsa go dira ka go dira metshameko e nne tirelo. Gompieno,tlhabololo ya motshameko wa bidio e tlhoka bokgoni jo bo farologaneng, pono, go dira mmogo ka setlhopha, le dikgolagano fa gare ga batho ba ba farologaneng, go akaretsa le batlhami, bagatisi, baphatlalatsi, barekisi, batlhagisi ba didirisiwa tsa khomphiutha le barekisi ba bangwe, gore motshameko o kgone go tlisa bareki ba one ka katlego. Go fitlha ka 2020 , mmaraka wa lefatshe lotlhe wa metshameko ya bidio o ne o lekanyediwa go dira letseno la ngwaga le ngwaga le didolara tsa Amerika di ka nna dimilione tse dikete di le 159 go tswa mo didirisweng, mananeong le ditirelong.Seno se ne se feta intaseteri ya difilimi makgetlo a le manè ka 2019, <ref name="vg industry size 2020">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Stefan |date=15 May 2020 |title=How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505214601/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> mme seno se dira gore e nne bokete jo bo boitshegang mo intasetering yotlhe ya boitlosobodutu ya segompieno . Mmaraka wa metshameko ya bidio gape ke tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo intasetering ya didirisiwa tsa ileketeroniki, koo karolo ya khomphiutha ya motho ka namana, diconsole, le thekiso ya didirisiwa tse di kwa ntle, mmogo le ditlhokego tsa bareki tsa go dira botoka ga metshameko, e nnile dilo tse di maatla tse di tlhotlheletsang go tlhama le go tlhama didirisiwa tsa thekenoloji. [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] 503xgrbwqotd8vz6cxr9zhhmbalq40h 0 14838 53780 2026-07-31T20:35:15Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Obed Chilume 53780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Obed Chilume|image=Obed Chilume.jpg|successor=[[Ambrose Masalila]]|predecessor=''Position established''|termstart2=1965|term_end2=1999}} '''Obed Itani Chilume''' (8 Phatwe 1933 - 30 Phatwe 2020) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Botswana. O ne a emela [[Nkange]] mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano(1965) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe( 1999). O ne a dira jaaka moeteledipele wa sekolo pele a tsenela dipolotiki mme a nna mongwe wa maloko a ntlha a palamente. O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke Ambrose Masalila. Lebala la sechaba la Obed Itani Chilume se ne sa reelelwa ka ene ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le le lesome le borobabongwe 2019.<ref>Williams, Goitsemodimo (2019-10-10). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241031103913/https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/52287 "Nkange welcomes honouring of Obed Chilume".] ''[[:en:Daily_News_Botswana|Daily News Botswana]]''. Archived from the original on 2024-10-31</ref>Chilume o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi( 2020).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241031202759/https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/58162 Chilume icon]". ''[[:en:Daily_News_Botswana|Daily News Botswana]]''. Archived from the original on 2024-10-31.</ref> == Metswedi == 6ci43xq8efij9nkjmfmj6cilul8smd9 0 14839 53784 2026-07-31T21:01:17Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Goareng Mosinyi 53784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Goareng Mosinyi''' (1915 -2012) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Botswana. Goareng Mosinyi o belegetswe kwa [[Shoshong]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le botlhano (1915) jaaka leloko la malapa a segosi a batho ba Kaa le batho ba Ngwato. Mosinyi o ne a tsena Tiger Kloof Educational Institute fa a ne a sa le ngwana. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241031102936/https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/54156 "Historical perspective of Shoshong".] ''DailyNews Botswana''. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-10-31.</ref>E ne e le motshwaramatlotlo wa morafe wa Ngwato go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le boraro (1943) go ya go sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948).<ref name=":1">[https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaGovernment/posts/short-profile-of-the-late-goareng-segotso-mosinyi-1915-2012the-late-goareng-mosi/385704711512193/ Short Profile of the Late Goareng Segotso Mosinyi (1915-2012)".] ''Facebook''. Government of Botswana. 3 December 2012.</ref> Mosinyi o ne a tshegetsa [[Seretse Khama]] mo lenyalong la ga Khama le mosadi wa mosweu, [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams Khama.]]<ref name=":0" />O ne a tshegetsa Khama go nna moeteledipele kgatlhanong le [[Tshekedi Khama]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948) mme a ya go nna le ene kwa botshwarong kwa [[Lobatse]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano ( 1950). <ref name=":1" /> Mosinyi o ne a nna le seabe mo go kgaoleng puso ya bokoloniale ya Boritane magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950) le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro (1956).<ref name=":0" />E ne e le mongwe wa bathei ba Botswana Democratic Party ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961). <ref name=":0" />O ne a nna leloko la Palamente ya Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano( 1965) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe ( 1989). O ne a nna leloko la [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007). Mosinyi o tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012).<ref name=":1" /> fun1n4l6xlpskamgckpiud3b9hxt5ox 0 14840 53793 2026-07-31T21:26:38Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Golekane Mosweu 53793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Golekane Mosweu''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948) ke motabogi wa sekgala se seleele wa Motswana. Kwa tshimologong o ne a bereka mo moepong kwa Afrika Borwa, mme o ne a thapiwa mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana sa diatleletiki ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa gagwe. O ne a gaisana mo dikgaisanong tsa Afrika Borwa le Rhodesia, mmogo le mo Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974) le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro (1986.) O ne a lalediwa go gaisana le Botswana kwa metshamekong ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) ya Di-Olympic tsa Selemo mo metshamekong ya banna ya dimetara di le dikete tse lesome (10 000,) mme a nna mongwe wa batshameki ba ntlha ba Motswana kwa metshamekong ya Di-Olympic. Fa a le koo, o ne a nna wa bolesome le bobedi mo kgaisanong ya gagwe mme a se ka a gatela pele. Morago ga tiro ya gagwe ya metshameko, o ne a boela kwa tirong ya kwa meepong. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a le mongwe wa ba le babedi ba ba neng ba le mo kgaisanong ya Botswana ka [[1980 Summer Olympics]] ba ba neng ba santse ba tshela. == Ditso == Golekane "George" Mosweu o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948). Mosweu kwa tshimologong e ne e le modiri yo o neng a dira mo moepong wa polatinamo mo Afrika Borwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe (1971).Moragonyana o ne a fudugela kwa Gauteng go ya go dira kwa moepong wa Kloof (e jaanong e leng moepong wa KDC), koo a neng a lemogiwa ka ntlha ya boitekanelo jwa gagwe mme a thapiwa go nna leloko la setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa metshameko ya diatleletiki sa Motswana. O ne a gaisana mo dikgaisanong go kgabaganya Rhodesia le Afrika Borwa, <ref name=":0">[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65479 Golekane Mosweu Biographical Information".] Olympedia. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2025.</ref>mme gape a gaisana mo Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974) kwa Christchurch, New Zealand. Fa a le koo, o ne a gaisana mo metshamekong ya banna ya dimetara di le dikete tse tlhano (5000) ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi le bosupa mme a feleletsa e le wa bolesome mo kgaisanong ya gagwe ka nako ya 14:46.14.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=lL5f5cZgq8MC&dat=19740128&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Athletics".] [[:en:The_Sydney_Morning_Herald|The Sydney Morning Herald.]] 28 January 1974. p. 19. Retrieved 21 June 2025 – via Google News.</ref> Mo kgaisanong ya kwa Cape Town, o ne a tlhoma rekoto ya gagwe e e gaisang mo dimetareng di le dikete tse lesome (10 000) ka nako ya 28:41.4 ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975). Mo kgaisanong e e neng ya latela mo ngwageng o o latelang, o ne a rekota nako ya 13:47.4 mo dimetareng di le dikete tse tlhano (5,000), a roba rekoto e nngwe ya gagwe. <ref name=":1">[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/george-mosweu-14343265 George Mosweu".] Archived from the original on 21 June 2025. Retrieved 21 June 2025</ref><ref name=":0" /> O ne a lalediwa go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa ntlha sa Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki, a tshameka kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980). <ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/countries/BOT Botswana Overview"]. Olympedia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 21 June 2025.</ref> O ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya boraro ya ditlhopho tsa banna ya dimetara di le dikete tse lesome (10 000) ka kgwedi phukwi e thola masome a mabedi le bone (24).O ne a dira nako ya 30:38.8 mme a nna wa bo lesome le bobedi (12) mo gare ga bagaka ba le lesome le botlhano (15) mo kgaisanong ya gagwe. O ne a seka a ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng, fa mofenyi wa makgaolakgannyeng e ne e le Miruts Yifter wa Ethiopia.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/results/62252 10,000 metres, Men]". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2025.</ref> Morago ga Metshameko ya Selemo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1980), o ne a gaisana kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro (1986).<ref name=":0" />O ne gape a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano (15) kwa Cape Town, a nna wa bo masome a matlhano le bongwe (51) ka nako ya 45:48.<ref name=":1" />Morago o ne a boela gape go dira mo meepong, a dira mo moepong go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). <ref name=":0" /> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), e ne e le mongwe wa bakgathatema ba le babedi fela ba Botswana kwa Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) ba ba neng ba santse ba tshela ka nako eo, yo mongwe e ne e le motshameki wa lebelo Joseph Ramotshabe.<ref>Kolanyane-Kesupile, Katlego (14 September 2024). [https://businessweekly.co.bw/lifestyle/creatives-get-presidential-affirmation "Creatives Get Presidential Affirmation".] The Business Weekly & Review. Archived from the original on 12 May 2025. Retrieved 21 June 2025.</ref> glys6t2xptmlq2he7mctuik7sx4a5ly 0 14841 53797 2026-07-31T21:39:35Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365746520|Password]]" 53797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefokophiri''', leo ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwang '''khoutu ya sephiri''', ke tshedimosetso ya sephiri, gantsi e le motseletsele wa ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao,e e diriswang go netefatsa boitshupo jwa modirisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- no specified --> |title=password |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Password |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Ka tlwaelo, go ne go solofetswe gore mafokophiri di tshwa ka tlhogo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Pratik |last2=Om |first2=Hari |date=6 May 2016 |title=An Efficient Remote User Password Authentication Scheme based on Rabin's Cryptosystem |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |journal=[[Wireless Personal Communications]] |language=en |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=217–244 |doi=10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |issn=0929-6212 |s2cid=21912076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mme palo e kgolo ya ditirelo tse di sireleditsweng ka mafokophiri tse motho yo o tlwaelegileng a di fitlhelelang e ka dira gore go tshwara mafokophiri tse di kgethegileng tsa tirelo nngwe le nngwe go se ka ga nna mosola. <ref name="nordpass100">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannon |date=21 October 2020 |title=Average person has 100 passwords - study |url=https://securitybrief.co.nz/story/average-person-has-100-passwords-study |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=SecurityBrief New Zealand |publisher=TechDay}}</ref> Ka go dirisa mareo a Dikaelo tsa Boitshupo jwa Dijithale tsa NIST, sephiri se tshwarwa ke mongwe yo o bidiwang ''mokopi(claimant)'' fa motho kgotsa mokgatlho o o netefatsang boitshupo jwa mokopi o bidiwa '''mmoledi(verifier)''' . Fa mokopi a bontsha ka katlego kitso ya nomoro ya sephiri go motlhomamisi ka porothokholo e e tlhomilweng ya netefatso, <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=authentication protocol |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication_protocol |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> mmoledi a ka swetsa ka gore mokopi ke mang. Ka kakaretso,lefokophiri ke tatelano ya ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao a mangwe. Fa ditlhaka tsotlhe tse di letleletsweng di lekanyeditswe go nna dinomoro fela, sephiri seo gantsi se bidiwa nomoro ya boitshupo ya motho (PIN). Le fa e na le leina, lefokophiri ga e tlhoke go nna lefoko la mmatota; eleruri, lefoko le le seng (ka tlhaloganyo ya bukantswe) le ka nna thata go le fopholetsa, e leng selo se se eletsegang sa lefokophiri. Sephiri se se tshwarwang ka tlhogo se se nang le tatelano ya mafoko kgotsa mokwalo o mongwe o o kgaogantsweng ka diphatlha ka dinako tse dingwe se bidiwa polelwana ya sephiri . Polelwana ya sephiri e tshwana le lefokophiri mo tirisong, fela ya ntlha ka kakaretso e telele go bona tshireletsego e e oketsegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=Passphrase |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Passphrase |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Mafokophiri di ntse di dirisiwa go tloga bogologolo tala. Badisa ba ne ba laela batho ba ba neng ba batla go tsena mo lefelong le le rileng gore ba neele '''lefokophiri''' kgotsa '''lefoko la tebelo''', mme ba ne ba tla letla fela motho kgotsa setlhopha go feta fa ba itse nomoro ya sephiri . Polybius o tlhalosa tsamaiso ya go anamisa mafoko a go tlhokomela mo sesoleng sa Roma ka tsela e e latelang:<blockquote>Tsela e ba tlhomamisang tikologo e e fetang ya lefoko la tebelo la bosigo ka yone e ka tsela e e latelang: go tswa mo setlhopheng sa bolesome sa mophato mongwe le mongwe wa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao le a a palameng dipitse, setlhopha se se thibeletseng kwa ntlheng e e kwa tlase ya mmila, go tlhophiwa monna yo o gololwang mo tirong ya go disa, mme o nna teng letsatsi le letsatsi fa letsatsi le phirima, o ya kwa tanteng ya molaodi wa sesole,mme o amogela lefoko la tebelo go tswa kwa go ene.Lefoko leo le kwalwa mo letlapang la logong le le kwadilweng lefoko mo go lone – o a tsamaya, mme fa a boela kwa a nnang teng o fetisetsa lefoko la tebelo le letlapana fa pele ga basupi kwa molaoding wa maniple e e latelang, yo le ene a le fetisetsang kwa go yo o bapileng le ene. Botlhe ba dira jalo go fitlha e fitlha kwa di- maniple tsa ntlha, tse di neng di thibeletse gaufi le ditante tsa di-tribune. Bano ba morago ba patelesega go isa letlapa leno kwa dikgotlatshekelong pele ga go nna lefifi. Gore fa botlhe ba ba ntshitsweng ba ka busiwa, tribune e itse gore lefoko la tebelo le neetswe di-maniple tsotlhe, mme le fetile mo go botlhe mo tseleng ya lone ya go boela kwa go ene. Fa go na le nngwe ya tsone e e tlhaelang, o dira dipatlisiso ka nako e le nngwe, ka a itse ka matshwao gore letlapa le sa boa le tswa kwa letlhakoreng lefe, mme ope fela yo o ikarabelang ka go emisa o kopana le kotlhao e e mo tshwanetseng. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Roman Military System|url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm|access-date=2026-05-27|work=[[About.com]]}}</ref></blockquote>Mafokophiri a a neng a dirisiwa mo sesoleng a ne fetoga gore a se ka a akaretsa lefokophiri le karabo ya lefokophiri; ka sekai mo malatsing a ntlha a Ntwa ya Normandy, masole a a fofang ka diparachute a U.S. 101st Airborne Division a ne a dirisa lefokophiri le le reng flash, le le neng le buiwa jaaka potso ya netefatso, mme karabo e e siameng e ne e le "thunder" . Kgwetlho le karabo di ne di fetolwa malatsi mangwe le mangwe a le mararo. Batlhabani ba difofane ba Amerika le bone ba ne ba dirisa sedirisiwa se se bidiwang "kirikete" ka D-Day ka tsela e e tumileng mo boemong jwa thulaganyo ya di-password jaaka mokgwa o o kgethegileng wa go itshupa ka nakwana; tobetsa e le nngwe ya tshipi e e neng e neelwa ke sedirisiwa boemong jwa nomoro ya sephiri e ne e tshwanetse go kopana le go tobetsa ga bobedi go araba. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark Bando |year=2007 |title=101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |publisher=Mbi Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7603-2984-9 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602083437/http://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mafokophiri a ntse a dirisiwa mo dikhomputareng fa e sa le ka malatsing a ntlha a khomphiutha. Tsamaiso ya go Abelana Nako e e Tshwaraganang (CTSS), e leng tsamaiso e e neng ya tlhagisiwa kwa MIT ka 1961, e ne e le tsamaiso ya ntlha ya khomputara go dirisa go tsena ka lefokophiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Troy |date=26 July 2017 |title=Passwords Evolved: Authentication Guidance for the Modern Era |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/passwords-evolved-authentication-guidance-for-the-modern-era/ |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> CTSS e ne e na le taelo ya LOGIN e e neng e kopa nomoro ya sephiri sa modirisi. "Morago ga go thaepa LEFOKOPHIRI, tsamaiso e tima mokgwa wa go gatisa, fa go kgonega, gore modirisi a kgone go thaepa nomoro ya gagwe ya sephiri." <ref>{{Cite book |last=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |author-link=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1965 |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System |url=https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/CTSS-Documents/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide_1966.pdf |edition=2nd |pages=282}}</ref> Mo masimologong a bo1970, Robert Morris o ne a tlhama thulaganyo ya go boloka dikhunololamoraba tsa go tsena ka sebopego sa hashed jaaka karolo ya tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Unix . Tsamaiso eno e ne e theilwe mo motšhineng o o etsisitsweng wa Hagelin rotor crypto, mme e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo Kgatisong ya bo6 ya Unix ka 1974. Mofuta wa moragonyana wa dikgatotharabololo tsa gagwe, tse di bidiwang crypt(3), di ne tsa dirisa letswai la dintlhanyana di le 12 mme tsa dirisa mofuta o o fetotsweng wa dikgatotharabololo tsa DES makgetlo a le 25 go fokotsa kotsi ya go tlhaselwa ga bukantswe e e dirilweng pele ga nako . <ref name="cm.bell-labs.com">{{Cite journal |last=Morris, Robert |last2=Thompson, Ken |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=Password Security: A Case History |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359168.359172 |url-status=live |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=594–597 |citeseerx=10.1.1.135.2097 |doi=10.1145/359168.359172 |s2cid=207656012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322053727/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/passwd.ps |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, maina a badirisi le dikhunololamoraba di dirisiwa thata ke batho ka nako ya go tsena mo webosaeteng e e laolang go tsena mo ditsamaisong tsa khomphutha tse di sireleditsweng, [[Founo ya selula|difouno tsa selula]], dikhoutara tsa TV ya kheibole, metšhini e e itirisang ya go ntsha madi (di - ATM), jj. le eleng go bala lekwalodikgang la mo mosong mo Internet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tariq |first=Muneeb |date=2025-03-26 |title=10 Uses of Passwords |url=https://educatecomputer.com/uses-of-passwords/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Educate Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> gd5egl24g263p7p2qwfz7n29f8ppur5 0 14842 53798 2026-07-31T21:40:08Z Nqobile Kefentse Mahlangu 12503 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365746520|Password]]" 53798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefokophiri''', leo ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwang '''khoutu ya sephiri''', ke tshedimosetso ya sephiri, gantsi e le motseletsele wa ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao,e e diriswang go netefatsa boitshupo jwa modirisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- no specified --> |title=password |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Password |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Ka tlwaelo, go ne go solofetswe gore mafokophiri di tshwa ka tlhogo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Pratik |last2=Om |first2=Hari |date=6 May 2016 |title=An Efficient Remote User Password Authentication Scheme based on Rabin's Cryptosystem |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |journal=[[Wireless Personal Communications]] |language=en |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=217–244 |doi=10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |issn=0929-6212 |s2cid=21912076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mme palo e kgolo ya ditirelo tse di sireleditsweng ka mafokophiri tse motho yo o tlwaelegileng a di fitlhelelang e ka dira gore go tshwara mafokophiri tse di kgethegileng tsa tirelo nngwe le nngwe go se ka ga nna mosola. <ref name="nordpass100">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannon |date=21 October 2020 |title=Average person has 100 passwords - study |url=https://securitybrief.co.nz/story/average-person-has-100-passwords-study |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=SecurityBrief New Zealand |publisher=TechDay}}</ref> Ka go dirisa mareo a Dikaelo tsa Boitshupo jwa Dijithale tsa NIST, sephiri se tshwarwa ke mongwe yo o bidiwang ''mokopi(claimant)'' fa motho kgotsa mokgatlho o o netefatsang boitshupo jwa mokopi o bidiwa '''mmoledi(verifier)''' . Fa mokopi a bontsha ka katlego kitso ya nomoro ya sephiri go motlhomamisi ka porothokholo e e tlhomilweng ya netefatso, <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=authentication protocol |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication_protocol |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> mmoledi a ka swetsa ka gore mokopi ke mang. Ka kakaretso,lefokophiri ke tatelano ya ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao a mangwe. Fa ditlhaka tsotlhe tse di letleletsweng di lekanyeditswe go nna dinomoro fela, sephiri seo gantsi se bidiwa nomoro ya boitshupo ya motho (PIN). Le fa e na le leina, lefokophiri ga e tlhoke go nna lefoko la mmatota; eleruri, lefoko le le seng (ka tlhaloganyo ya bukantswe) le ka nna thata go le fopholetsa, e leng selo se se eletsegang sa lefokophiri. Sephiri se se tshwarwang ka tlhogo se se nang le tatelano ya mafoko kgotsa mokwalo o mongwe o o kgaogantsweng ka diphatlha ka dinako tse dingwe se bidiwa polelwana ya sephiri . Polelwana ya sephiri e tshwana le lefokophiri mo tirisong, fela ya ntlha ka kakaretso e telele go bona tshireletsego e e oketsegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=Passphrase |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Passphrase |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Mafokophiri di ntse di dirisiwa go tloga bogologolo tala. Badisa ba ne ba laela batho ba ba neng ba batla go tsena mo lefelong le le rileng gore ba neele '''lefokophiri''' kgotsa '''lefoko la tebelo''', mme ba ne ba tla letla fela motho kgotsa setlhopha go feta fa ba itse nomoro ya sephiri . Polybius o tlhalosa tsamaiso ya go anamisa mafoko a go tlhokomela mo sesoleng sa Roma ka tsela e e latelang:<blockquote>Tsela e ba tlhomamisang tikologo e e fetang ya lefoko la tebelo la bosigo ka yone e ka tsela e e latelang: go tswa mo setlhopheng sa bolesome sa mophato mongwe le mongwe wa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao le a a palameng dipitse, setlhopha se se thibeletseng kwa ntlheng e e kwa tlase ya mmila, go tlhophiwa monna yo o gololwang mo tirong ya go disa, mme o nna teng letsatsi le letsatsi fa letsatsi le phirima, o ya kwa tanteng ya molaodi wa sesole,mme o amogela lefoko la tebelo go tswa kwa go ene.Lefoko leo le kwalwa mo letlapang la logong le le kwadilweng lefoko mo go lone – o a tsamaya, mme fa a boela kwa a nnang teng o fetisetsa lefoko la tebelo le letlapana fa pele ga basupi kwa molaoding wa maniple e e latelang, yo le ene a le fetisetsang kwa go yo o bapileng le ene. Botlhe ba dira jalo go fitlha e fitlha kwa di- maniple tsa ntlha, tse di neng di thibeletse gaufi le ditante tsa di-tribune. Bano ba morago ba patelesega go isa letlapa leno kwa dikgotlatshekelong pele ga go nna lefifi. Gore fa botlhe ba ba ntshitsweng ba ka busiwa, tribune e itse gore lefoko la tebelo le neetswe di-maniple tsotlhe, mme le fetile mo go botlhe mo tseleng ya lone ya go boela kwa go ene. Fa go na le nngwe ya tsone e e tlhaelang, o dira dipatlisiso ka nako e le nngwe, ka a itse ka matshwao gore letlapa le sa boa le tswa kwa letlhakoreng lefe, mme ope fela yo o ikarabelang ka go emisa o kopana le kotlhao e e mo tshwanetseng. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Roman Military System|url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm|access-date=2026-05-27|work=[[About.com]]}}</ref></blockquote>Mafokophiri a a neng a dirisiwa mo sesoleng a ne fetoga gore a se ka a akaretsa lefokophiri le karabo ya lefokophiri; ka sekai mo malatsing a ntlha a Ntwa ya Normandy, masole a a fofang ka diparachute a U.S. 101st Airborne Division a ne a dirisa lefokophiri le le reng flash, le le neng le buiwa jaaka potso ya netefatso, mme karabo e e siameng e ne e le "thunder" . Kgwetlho le karabo di ne di fetolwa malatsi mangwe le mangwe a le mararo. Batlhabani ba difofane ba Amerika le bone ba ne ba dirisa sedirisiwa se se bidiwang "kirikete" ka D-Day ka tsela e e tumileng mo boemong jwa thulaganyo ya di-password jaaka mokgwa o o kgethegileng wa go itshupa ka nakwana; tobetsa e le nngwe ya tshipi e e neng e neelwa ke sedirisiwa boemong jwa nomoro ya sephiri e ne e tshwanetse go kopana le go tobetsa ga bobedi go araba. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark Bando |year=2007 |title=101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |publisher=Mbi Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7603-2984-9 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602083437/http://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mafokophiri a ntse a dirisiwa mo dikhomputareng fa e sa le ka malatsing a ntlha a khomphiutha. Tsamaiso ya go Abelana Nako e e Tshwaraganang (CTSS), e leng tsamaiso e e neng ya tlhagisiwa kwa MIT ka 1961, e ne e le tsamaiso ya ntlha ya khomputara go dirisa go tsena ka lefokophiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Troy |date=26 July 2017 |title=Passwords Evolved: Authentication Guidance for the Modern Era |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/passwords-evolved-authentication-guidance-for-the-modern-era/ |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> CTSS e ne e na le taelo ya LOGIN e e neng e kopa nomoro ya sephiri sa modirisi. "Morago ga go thaepa LEFOKOPHIRI, tsamaiso e tima mokgwa wa go gatisa, fa go kgonega, gore modirisi a kgone go thaepa nomoro ya gagwe ya sephiri." <ref>{{Cite book |last=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |author-link=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1965 |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System |url=https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/CTSS-Documents/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide_1966.pdf |edition=2nd |pages=282}}</ref> Mo masimologong a bo1970, Robert Morris o ne a tlhama thulaganyo ya go boloka dikhunololamoraba tsa go tsena ka sebopego sa hashed jaaka karolo ya tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Unix . Tsamaiso eno e ne e theilwe mo motšhineng o o etsisitsweng wa Hagelin rotor crypto, mme e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo Kgatisong ya bo6 ya Unix ka 1974. Mofuta wa moragonyana wa dikgatotharabololo tsa gagwe, tse di bidiwang crypt(3), di ne tsa dirisa letswai la dintlhanyana di le 12 mme tsa dirisa mofuta o o fetotsweng wa dikgatotharabololo tsa DES makgetlo a le 25 go fokotsa kotsi ya go tlhaselwa ga bukantswe e e dirilweng pele ga nako . <ref name="cm.bell-labs.com">{{Cite journal |last=Morris, Robert |last2=Thompson, Ken |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=Password Security: A Case History |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359168.359172 |url-status=live |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=594–597 |citeseerx=10.1.1.135.2097 |doi=10.1145/359168.359172 |s2cid=207656012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322053727/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/passwd.ps |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, maina a badirisi le dikhunololamoraba di dirisiwa thata ke batho ka nako ya go tsena mo webosaeteng e e laolang go tsena mo ditsamaisong tsa khomphutha tse di sireleditsweng, [[Founo ya selula|difouno tsa selula]], dikhoutara tsa TV ya kheibole, metšhini e e itirisang ya go ntsha madi (di - ATM), jj. le eleng go bala lekwalodikgang la mo mosong mo Internet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tariq |first=Muneeb |date=2025-03-26 |title=10 Uses of Passwords |url=https://educatecomputer.com/uses-of-passwords/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Educate Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> gd5egl24g263p7p2qwfz7n29f8ppur5 0 14843 53800 2026-07-31T21:50:33Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Keletso Rakhudu 53800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keletso Joseph Rakhudu'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312084541/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx "PAP Member Countries"]. Archived from [http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx the original] on 2008-03-12. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</ref>ke radipolotiki wa Motswana yo o neng a direla Palamente ya Pan-African e e emetseng [[Botswana]] le [[Palamente ya Botswana]] ya [[Gaborone]] jaaka Mothusa Tona ya Lefapha la Kgwebo, Mothusa Tona ya Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni, le Mothusa Tona ya Madi leTlhabololo ya Leano ka dinako tse di farologaneng go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone ( 2004) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone ( 2014). E ne e le leloko la [[Botswana Democratic Party|Botswana Democratic Party.]] <ref>Pelontle, Kedirebofe. [https://allafrica.com/stories/201505041112.html "Botswana: Govt Keen to Develop Arts".] ''Botswana Daily News''. allAfrica. Retrieved February 10, 2023.</ref> Rakhudu o simolotse dipolotiki ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe ( 1999 )morago ga go tlhophiwa go nna leloko la Khansele ya Toropokgolo ya Gaborone. Pele ga tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, o ne a dira kwa Kgosi Kgari Sechele II Secondary School kwa [[Molepolole]] go tloga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1979) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le boraro(1983), koo a neng a ruta Seesimane le Thutafatshe. Rakhudu o ne gape a dira jaaka motlhankedi-mogolo wa Longman Botswana, jaaka motshameki wa katara wa setswana-style le motshameki wa alto saxophone ka leina la  ⁇ Kaizur ⁇ , modiri wa tlhabololo ya Botswana Music Union, motshegetsi wa Notwane F.C., mothei/motsamaisi wa Funeral Services Group, khampani e e tsayang dišere e e nang le dipolase kwa Serokolwane, le jaaka molemirui yo o godisang dikgomo, dikgomo tse dinnye, dikoko le dikgala. <ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (May 23, 2014). [https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/169148 "Rakhudu, a man of many talents".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved February 10, 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == nj3mjngyhqz6wgokvufe7jkhd6iz0lh 0 14844 53801 2026-07-31T21:56:43Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke Ranotse tsebe ya Victor Ntweng 53801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor Bonnye Ntweng''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) ke moatlelete wa sekgatshi. Ke motho yo a kileng a nna mmamoratwa wa bosetšhaba wa go feta dimetara di le makgolo a mane (400 )tsa Botswana.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/victor-ntweng-14824532 Victor Ntweng]". ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> == Ditso == Ke leloko la setlhopha sa diatleletiki sa Maun BDF mme o katisiwa ke Kebonyemodisa Mosimanyane<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202012030306.html Botswana: Mosimanyane - Man On Golden Mission]". ''All.Africa''. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> <ref>Ramono, Kitso (1 February 2024). [https://thevoicebw.com/a-star-is-born-2/ "A star is born"]. The Voice BW. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref>. Ntweng e ne e le motabogi wa dimetara di le makgolo a mane (400) pele a fetogela mo go 400m hurdles. O ne a tlhoma rekoto e ntšhwa ya bosetšhaba ya 49.80 ya metsotswana ya 400m hurdles ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022).<ref>"[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147626?eventId=10229612 African Athletics Championships".] World Athletics. 8 June 2022.</ref>O ne a fetsa a le bosupa kwa Dikgaisanyong tsa Aforika tsa Athletics kwa Saint Pierre, Mauritius ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). <ref>"[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/65990 NTWENG SETS 400M HURDLES NATIONAL RECORD"]. Daily News. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref>O ne a tlhophiwa go emela Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) kwa Birmingham. <ref>Sekgweng, Baitshepi (3 August 2022). "[https://thevoicebw.com/redemption-time/ Redemption time". ''The Voice BW''.] Retrieved 22 March 2024</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024)'o ne a fokotsa rekoto ya gagwe e e gaisang le ya bosetšhaba go nna 49.14 ya metsotswana.<ref>"[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7208067?eventId=10229612 Invitational Track and Field Event"]. World Athletics. 17 February 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> O ne a gapa sekgele sa selefera kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya 2023 kwa Accra ka metsotswana e le 49.38. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/chepkoech-zango-african-games-accra Chepkoech sets championship record and Zango retains title at African Games]". World Athletics. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o ne a gapa gouta mo metshamekong ya 400 metres hurdles kwa African Championships kwa Douala, Cameroon. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/african-championships-douala-2024-brume-bass-bittaye-moraa Brume sails to fourth title as Bass Bittaye and Moraa win at African Championships in Douala"]. World Athletics. 24 June 2024</ref>O ne a gaisana kwa Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 2024 kwa Paris ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), mo metshamekong ya 400 metres hurdles.<ref>[https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5842/men-s-400m-hurdles-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics Men's 400m Hurdles Results - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics]". Watch Athletics. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</ref> O ne a gaisana kwa [[2025 World Athletics Relays]] kwa China mo go Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025).<ref>Mixed 4x400 Metres Relay - World Athletics Relays Championships 2025[https://www.watchathletics.com/page/6607/mixed-4x400-metres-relay-world-athletics-relays-championships-2025 ". ''Watch''] ''Athletics''. 11 May 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa go tsenela dikgaisano tsa bommampodi tsa lefatshe tsa metshameko ya diatleletiki kwa Tokyo, Japan, ka kgwedi Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), mme o ne a le mo semi-finalling mo metshamekong ya banna ya 400 metres hurdles, o ne a dira rekoto ya gagwe ya metsotso e le 48.54 mo kgaisanong ya ntlha. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7190593?eventId=10229612&gender=M "World Athletics Championships, Tokyo 2025".] World Athletics. 16 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026)' o ne a gapa sekgele sa selefera mo metshamekong ya go taboga ka dikgoreletsi ya dimetara di le 400 kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026 )kwa Accra, Ghana. <ref>[https://www.olympics.com/en/news/african-athletics-championships-2026-lee-eppie-botswana-charge-day-3 African Athletics Championships 2026: Lee Eppie leads Botswana charge as Day 3 delivers first medals for hosts Ghana"]. Olympics. 14 May 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == amug0ohi3ghrdo0ovlrjykku583jehl 0 14845 53802 2026-07-31T21:58:40Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Olebile Gaborone 53802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olebile Marakadu Gaborone''' (o belegwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bosupa (1947) ke radipolotiki wa Motswana yo o neng a dira jaaka Mokomišenara yo Mogolo wa [[Botswana]] kwa [[Mozambique]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro go fitlha ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi(2016-2018), mme a direla pele mo Palamenteng ya Botswana a emela [[Tlokweng]] jaaka karolo ya [[Botswana National Front]] (2004-2009) le [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (2010-2014). Gaborone o ne gape a direla jaaka Mothusa Tona ya Puso ya Selegae le Tlhabololo ya Metsemagae go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro ( 2013) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone ( 2014). <ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/mps-question-the-appointment-of-olebile-gaborone-to-senior-civil-service-position/?amp "MPs question the appointment of Olebile Gaborone to senior civil service position".] ''Sunday Standard''. March 26, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</ref>Gaborone o ne a aloga ka dikirii ya Bachelor of Arts mo Humanities kwa [[sekolong se setona sa Botswana,]] [[Lesotho]] le [[Swaziland]], le dikirii ya Master in Education kwa Yunibesithing ya Manchester. Pele ga tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, Gaborone o ne a dira jaaka Mookamedi-Mogolo wa Botswana Telecommunications Corporation, jaaka motsamaisi-mogolo wa [[Longman]] Botswana, le jaaka motlhatlheledi le mokwadisi wa akhaonto ya sekolong se setona sa Botswana. <ref>[https://m.facebook.com/BotswanaGovernment/photos/a.336021353147196/936265446456114/?type=3 MR. OLEBILE MARAKADU GABORONE APPOINTED HIGH COMMISSIONER TO THE REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE".] ''Facebook''. BWgovernment. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == 421wn3y0phg8w1i9ajdnven3gm8l4ac 0 14846 53803 2026-08-01T06:01:43Z Coolgirlvibes 12520 Ke kwadile article ka Mogalathekeng 53803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mogalathekeng''' ke sedirisiwa sa elektroniki se o ka se tsholetsang ka seatla wa tsamaya le sone gongwe le gongwe go buisana le batho ba bangwe.<ref>https://setswana.co.za/</ref> O ka dirisa mogalathekeng go:<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&oq=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRiPAjIHCAIQIRiPAtIBCTIxNzU4ajBqN6gCCLACAfEF-1f0AtK2NhXxBftX9ALStjYV&sourceid=chrome&source=chrome.ob&ie=UTF-8</ref> * '''letsetsa batho:''' O ka bua le ba masika le ditsala ba le kgakala. * '''romela melaetsa:''' O ka kwala melaetsa ya mokwalo (SMS) kgotsa wa dirisa maranyane a a jaaka ka WhatsApp. * '''Inthanete:''' O ka batla kitso, wa leba ditshwantsho, le go dira ditiro tsa banka. Mogalathekeng o na le melemo le mathata a magolo a yona a eleng gore re a bona letsatsi ka letsatsi. Melemo e Megolo<ref name=":0">https://www.google.com/search?q=the+advantages+and+disadvantages+of+cell+phones&sca_esv=8f46d310ac2e2e4a&sxsrf=APpeQnurD7Vio9cf-gwu1MkuI1uPqeqoFg%3A1785562461540&ei=XYVtatXSIMKFhbIPo-qWoQM&biw=776&bih=586&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&udm=50&fbs=ABfTbFVyMZGZf1hfvX9uKjN_-G8c4u0nXx4bEIpwm1lnNH832VTJOOCxW_fyN-Q_ezyf8gKjm3rhh_G8jdZ2Q6tji4z8Mva6cfvBj5rpPch2IC955HC4dEhTD85WaiWkSD5EjFm0h60zgQX7I9j71AeHFsZVI8Mqp1SC1ZddMdW0D-EkKiNEI_yD8cI00GbnprnmNBGYR2Yb5fJtEKoXJY3_zwJoYUlMYQ&aep=10&ntc=1&mstk=AUtExfC5ZFg0vOdbn3PWMik1Z8e_EdFMX-31Ru44eWFiRWRgsiao7EAZjJ2SZ74ClS9nTZ-5YxDr37ylm1dP8JgY1BYdZE3h7jP9-grzvbLFfpslAjnCn-OOblx4MGLrbeBc_LzsXmOeRNNhkntA5_9ZFJuxej52lXXv9bjYfYCepEPFi1oQDAeqS-wpdYGo55A62J9F_lEuTlezHWUVWI-0nEFGa3Y6LdDxBj-pLMnVBNXHmwTj4jf09YZVZ2nsu-06ZSFR680U_4bc30fY3acg4lA8CnpPSod9CYaYYZ9KIB6J8TES4n0tPoTev2bKWBj8xv29P-Y2GIKDAQ&aioh=3&csuir=1&cs=0&atvm=2&mtid=-oVtatjiBvWohbIP3MqMyAo</ref> * '''Thaeletsano e e Tswelelang:''' o romela melaetsa go balosika le ditsala khutlo nngwe le nngwe. * '''Kitso ya ka Bonako:''' o ka batla dintlha, dikgang, le mmapa mo inthaneteng ka ponyo ya leitlho. * '''Sedirisiwa sa Ditiro Tsotlhe:''' ditshwantsho, mmino, le GPS ka sedirisiwa se le sengwe sa mo kgetsing. * '''Thuso ya Tshoganyetso:''' Letsetsa mapodisi kgotsa ba tsa bongaka ka bonako ka nako ya tlalelo. Mathata a Megolo<ref name=":0" /> * '''Go Iteoga Tsebe:''' o kaa baka dikotsi tse di ntsi fa di ka dirisiwa ka nako ya go kgweetsa kgotsa go tsamaya ka dinao. * '''Mathata a Boitekanelo:''' o baka go tlhoka boroko jo bo siameng, go lapa ga matlho, le go ikgokgela mo sekrineng. * '''Dikotsi tsa Sephiri:''' o bontsha dintlha tsa gago tsa sephiri mo kotsing fa e latlhegile kgotsa e thubilwe ke ditsenela-maranyane. * '''Thaeletsano e e Fokotsegileng:''' o fokotsa go buisana le go tlhama matlho sefatlhego le sefatlhego. Go i tlhokomela o se dirisi mogalathekeng nakong e ntsi. O tlhokomele seabe se e leng gore se na le sona mo matshelong a rona ka matsatsi otlhe. LENANE LA DITSHUPISO https://setswana.co.za/ https://www.google.com/search?q=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&oq=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRiPAjIHCAIQIRiPAtIBCTIxNzU4ajBqN6gCCLACAfEF-1f0AtK2NhXxBftX9ALStjYV&sourceid=chrome&source=chrome.ob&ie=UTF-8 https://www.google.com/search?q=the+advantages+and+disadvantages+of+cell+phones&sca_esv=8f46d310ac2e2e4a&sxsrf=APpeQnurD7Vio9cf-gwu1MkuI1uPqeqoFg%3A1785562461540&ei=XYVtatXSIMKFhbIPo-qWoQM&biw=776&bih=586&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&udm=50&fbs=ABfTbFVyMZGZf1hfvX9uKjN_-G8c4u0nXx4bEIpwm1lnNH832VTJOOCxW_fyN-Q_ezyf8gKjm3rhh_G8jdZ2Q6tji4z8Mva6cfvBj5rpPch2IC955HC4dEhTD85WaiWkSD5EjFm0h60zgQX7I9j71AeHFsZVI8Mqp1SC1ZddMdW0D-EkKiNEI_yD8cI00GbnprnmNBGYR2Yb5fJtEKoXJY3_zwJoYUlMYQ&aep=10&ntc=1&mstk=AUtExfBOqpJEW5yn0R_AYyyX-M0a_9ztG6Nx7TqP39ObJ186PNLNGcjasz-6WIPeZdSwiAgm2MwshjkXY2_cApnkbJo46gU8JZj_sIaF2hWXFOI5zZ9RqoiRuM_ZMqxE1zWGDtduxi1X3HlKJwDU0JHWI8M4jcDDYKKJ5ob57bSSpR1hOCTiuxwXgGfuEEILega_U8JdzcQaq1nLEEaT5kY_defCcMgNqd-V3g1KTCmeLZNfXWBJAwfG2XD5l03I38vPsO_pzbb93Y0b20aW8uL7SPNy-LK2KRWYsu14kKfBIv3EIx7PEVaZuf8AJl4dETsmGtx0gNH1jZ_J7g&aioh=3&csuir=1&cs=0&atvm=2&mtid=-oVtatjiBvWohbIP3MqMyAo [[Setshwantsho:Cell phones 2005.jpg|thumb|Se ke setshwantsho sa megalathekeng]] 2fv25hifdpzqg98kawwx7i1v6t94uns 53805 53803 2026-08-01T06:25:47Z Coolgirlvibes 12520 Ke kwadile article ka Mogalathekeng 53805 wikitext text/x-wiki Coolgirlvibes '''Mogalathekeng''' ke sedirisiwa sa elektroniki se o ka se tsholetsang ka seatla wa tsamaya le sone gongwe le gongwe go buisana le batho ba bangwe.<ref>https://setswana.co.za/</ref> O ka dirisa mogalathekeng go:<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&oq=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRiPAjIHCAIQIRiPAtIBCTIxNzU4ajBqN6gCCLACAfEF-1f0AtK2NhXxBftX9ALStjYV&sourceid=chrome&source=chrome.ob&ie=UTF-8</ref> * '''letsetsa batho:''' O ka bua le ba masika le ditsala ba le kgakala. * '''romela melaetsa:''' O ka kwala melaetsa ya mokwalo (SMS) kgotsa wa dirisa maranyane a a jaaka ka WhatsApp. * '''Inthanete:''' O ka batla kitso, wa leba ditshwantsho, le go dira ditiro tsa banka. Mogalathekeng o na le melemo le mathata a magolo a yona a eleng gore re a bona letsatsi ka letsatsi. Melemo e Megolo<ref name=":0">https://www.google.com/search?q=the+advantages+and+disadvantages+of+cell+phones&sca_esv=8f46d310ac2e2e4a&sxsrf=APpeQnurD7Vio9cf-gwu1MkuI1uPqeqoFg%3A1785562461540&ei=XYVtatXSIMKFhbIPo-qWoQM&biw=776&bih=586&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&udm=50&fbs=ABfTbFVyMZGZf1hfvX9uKjN_-G8c4u0nXx4bEIpwm1lnNH832VTJOOCxW_fyN-Q_ezyf8gKjm3rhh_G8jdZ2Q6tji4z8Mva6cfvBj5rpPch2IC955HC4dEhTD85WaiWkSD5EjFm0h60zgQX7I9j71AeHFsZVI8Mqp1SC1ZddMdW0D-EkKiNEI_yD8cI00GbnprnmNBGYR2Yb5fJtEKoXJY3_zwJoYUlMYQ&aep=10&ntc=1&mstk=AUtExfC5ZFg0vOdbn3PWMik1Z8e_EdFMX-31Ru44eWFiRWRgsiao7EAZjJ2SZ74ClS9nTZ-5YxDr37ylm1dP8JgY1BYdZE3h7jP9-grzvbLFfpslAjnCn-OOblx4MGLrbeBc_LzsXmOeRNNhkntA5_9ZFJuxej52lXXv9bjYfYCepEPFi1oQDAeqS-wpdYGo55A62J9F_lEuTlezHWUVWI-0nEFGa3Y6LdDxBj-pLMnVBNXHmwTj4jf09YZVZ2nsu-06ZSFR680U_4bc30fY3acg4lA8CnpPSod9CYaYYZ9KIB6J8TES4n0tPoTev2bKWBj8xv29P-Y2GIKDAQ&aioh=3&csuir=1&cs=0&atvm=2&mtid=-oVtatjiBvWohbIP3MqMyAo</ref> * '''Thaeletsano e e Tswelelang:''' o romela melaetsa go balosika le ditsala khutlo nngwe le nngwe. * '''Kitso ya ka Bonako:''' o ka batla dintlha, dikgang, le mmapa mo inthaneteng ka ponyo ya leitlho. * '''Sedirisiwa sa Ditiro Tsotlhe:''' ditshwantsho, mmino, le GPS ka sedirisiwa se le sengwe sa mo kgetsing. * '''Thuso ya Tshoganyetso:''' Letsetsa mapodisi kgotsa ba tsa bongaka ka bonako ka nako ya tlalelo. Mathata a Megolo<ref name=":0" /> * '''Go Iteoga Tsebe:''' o kaa baka dikotsi tse di ntsi fa di ka dirisiwa ka nako ya go kgweetsa kgotsa go tsamaya ka dinao. * '''Mathata a Boitekanelo:''' o baka go tlhoka boroko jo bo siameng, go lapa ga matlho, le go ikgokgela mo sekrineng. * '''Dikotsi tsa Sephiri:''' o bontsha dintlha tsa gago tsa sephiri mo kotsing fa e latlhegile kgotsa e thubilwe ke ditsenela-maranyane. * '''Thaeletsano e e Fokotsegileng:''' o fokotsa go buisana le go tlhama matlho sefatlhego le sefatlhego. Go i tlhokomela o se dirisi mogalathekeng nakong e ntsi. O tlhokomele seabe se e leng gore se na le sona mo matshelong a rona ka matsatsi otlhe. LENANE LA DITSHUPISO https://setswana.co.za/ https://www.google.com/search?q=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&oq=You+can+use+a+cell+phone+for%3F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRiPAjIHCAIQIRiPAtIBCTIxNzU4ajBqN6gCCLACAfEF-1f0AtK2NhXxBftX9ALStjYV&sourceid=chrome&source=chrome.ob&ie=UTF-8 https://www.google.com/search?q=the+advantages+and+disadvantages+of+cell+phones&sca_esv=8f46d310ac2e2e4a&sxsrf=APpeQnurD7Vio9cf-gwu1MkuI1uPqeqoFg%3A1785562461540&ei=XYVtatXSIMKFhbIPo-qWoQM&biw=776&bih=586&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&udm=50&fbs=ABfTbFVyMZGZf1hfvX9uKjN_-G8c4u0nXx4bEIpwm1lnNH832VTJOOCxW_fyN-Q_ezyf8gKjm3rhh_G8jdZ2Q6tji4z8Mva6cfvBj5rpPch2IC955HC4dEhTD85WaiWkSD5EjFm0h60zgQX7I9j71AeHFsZVI8Mqp1SC1ZddMdW0D-EkKiNEI_yD8cI00GbnprnmNBGYR2Yb5fJtEKoXJY3_zwJoYUlMYQ&aep=10&ntc=1&mstk=AUtExfBOqpJEW5yn0R_AYyyX-M0a_9ztG6Nx7TqP39ObJ186PNLNGcjasz-6WIPeZdSwiAgm2MwshjkXY2_cApnkbJo46gU8JZj_sIaF2hWXFOI5zZ9RqoiRuM_ZMqxE1zWGDtduxi1X3HlKJwDU0JHWI8M4jcDDYKKJ5ob57bSSpR1hOCTiuxwXgGfuEEILega_U8JdzcQaq1nLEEaT5kY_defCcMgNqd-V3g1KTCmeLZNfXWBJAwfG2XD5l03I38vPsO_pzbb93Y0b20aW8uL7SPNy-LK2KRWYsu14kKfBIv3EIx7PEVaZuf8AJl4dETsmGtx0gNH1jZ_J7g&aioh=3&csuir=1&cs=0&atvm=2&mtid=-oVtatjiBvWohbIP3MqMyAo [[Setshwantsho:Cell phones 2005.jpg|thumb|Se ke setshwantsho sa megalathekeng]] a3jsc8bzqnlleroc2yzxanuee7vwibx 0 14847 53807 2026-08-01T07:43:32Z Coolgirlvibes 12520 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350959836|Nail file]]" 53807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faele ya dinala''' ke sediriswa se se ka dirisiwang go sila bonolo le go bopa dintlha tsa dinala . Gantsi di dirisiwa mo go direng diatla le dinao morago ga go kumolwa ga lenala go dirisiwa dikumo tsa manala tse di maleba . Difaele tsa dinala e ka nna diboto tsa emery, seramiki, galase, kirisetale, difaele tsa tshipi e e tlwaelegileng kgotsa difaele tsa tshipi tse di apesitsweng ka khorantamo . '''Bori jwa manala''' ke sedirisiwa se se dikologang se se nang le maatla, se se dirisiwang ke motegeniki wa manala go faela manala ka bonako, ka tsela e e nepagetseng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marci Robin |date=December 19, 2017 |title=How to Remove Acrylic Nails Without Wrecking Your Real Nails |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/beauty/nails/a47362/how-to-remove-acrylic-nails/ |access-date=October 12, 2018 |publisher=Good Housekeeping}}</ref> '''Diboto tsa emery''' ke tse dinnye, tse di sephaphathi, tse ditelele tse di nang le [[emery]] kgotsa pampiri ya [[Emery paper|emery]] e e kgomareditsweng mo go tsona, go dira gore di kgone go kgotlha le go fetofetoga, e dirisediwa go tlhokomela manala a menwana le a maoto.Di dirisiwa ke batho ba ba dirang lenala go bopa le go dira gore dinala di nne borethe ka nako ya go dira manala. Diboto tsa Emery ga di ture e bile di a latlhiwa, mme seno se dira gore di nne dilo tse se ka dirisiwang ka bophepa go na le difaele tsa manala a tshipi. Boto ya emeri e ne ya kwalwa la ntlha ke J. Parker Pray wa kwa New York ka 1883 .<ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/USD15041</ref> Diboto tsa emery ga di kgotlhe go le kalo go feta difaele tsa manala a tshipi, diboto tsa emery di ka tsaya lobaka le le telele go faela manala go na le difaele tshipi. Diboto tsa Emery di tlhwatlhwa e kwa tlase go feta difaele tsa manala a tshipi, di ka latlhiwa morago ga go dirisiwa mo mothong a le mongwe. Lenala le ka nolofadiwa le go bopiwa ka go tshwara laete, le go o e tshwara ka tsela e safetogeng godimo ga lenala. Ditlhaba tse di bonolo di le masome a mabedi go ya go di le masome a mararo gantsi di ka khutshwafatsa manala a menwana a maleele thata, fa ditlhase di le tlhano go ya go di le lesome di lekane go bopa lenala.  * [[Go tlhotlhora manala]] == Ditshupiso == 9osmlfixpkl7st2w6lp0q82i0k91iqp 0 14848 53809 2026-08-01T11:39:03Z Sgadle 12480 Created page with "[[Setshwantsho:IJA Infantry in Manchuria.jpg|thumb|'''Masole a Japane a a tsamayang ka dinao a gatela pele kwa Manchuria morago ga Tiragalo ya kwa Mukden''']] = '''Tsela e e Yang Kwa Ntweng ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe (1931–1934)''' = == Matseno == Dingwaga tse di fa gare ga 1931 le 1934 di ne tsa tshwaya kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditiragalong tse kgabagare di neng tsa baka go runya ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi. Mo nakong eno, go atolosa naga ka bogale ga Japane, go nna le m..." 53809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:IJA Infantry in Manchuria.jpg|thumb|'''Masole a Japane a a tsamayang ka dinao a gatela pele kwa Manchuria morago ga Tiragalo ya kwa Mukden''']] = '''Tsela e e Yang Kwa Ntweng ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe (1931–1934)''' = == Matseno == Dingwaga tse di fa gare ga 1931 le 1934 di ne tsa tshwaya kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditiragalong tse kgabagare di neng tsa baka go runya ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi. Mo nakong eno, go atolosa naga ka bogale ga Japane, go nna le maemo a a kwa godimo ga ga Adolf Hitler kwa Jeremane, le go palelwa ga Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba go emisa ditiro tsa go tlhasela go ne ga koafatsa kagiso le polokesego ya boditšhabatšhaba. Ditiragalo tse di ne tsa rotloetsa dinaga tse di ratang ntwa go gwetlha thulaganyo e e leng teng ya boditšhabatšhaba, go oketsa dikgotlhang lefatshe.<ref name=":0">https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-rise-to-power</ref> <ref name=":1">[https://www.cfr.org/education/learn/resource-collections/contemporary-history-world-war/why-did-world-war-ii-happen Why Did World War II Happen? | Contemporary History: World at War]</ref> == Bajapane ba Tlhasela Manchuria (1931) == [[Setshwantsho:Mass grave or pile of war casualties, during the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.tif|thumb|'''Batho ba ba bolailweng mo ntweng, ka nako ya fa Bajapane ba ne ba tlhasela Manchuria''']] Nngwe ya ditshupo tsa pele tsa go se tlhomame ga boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya nna ka Lwetse 1931 fa Japane e ne e tlhasela Manchuria, kgaolo e e kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa China e e humileng ka dikungo tsa tlholego.<ref name=":1" /> Sesole sa Japane se dirisitse Tiragalo ya Mukden jaaka lebaka la go tsereganya ga sesole mme sa gapa kgaolo ka bonako.<ref name=":2">[https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war Second World War | Imperial War Museums]</ref> Ka 1932, Japane e ne ya tlhoma puso ya mmamoratwa ya Manchukuo e eteletswe pele ke mmusimogolo wa pele wa China, Puyi.<ref name=":1" /> Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba le ne la kgala ditiro tsa Japane mme le ne la palelwa ke go tsaya dikgato tse di mosola tsa go fedisa tlhaselo eo. Japane e ne ya tsibogela seo ka go tlogela Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba ka 1933, e leng se se neng se bontsha gore lekgotla leno ga le kgone go diragatsa molao wa boditšhabatšhaba.<ref name=":2" /> == Hitler o Nna Mokanselara wa Jeremane (1933) == [[Setshwantsho:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S38324, Tag von Potsdam, Adolf Hitler, Paul v. Hindenburg.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler le Moporesitente, Paul von Hindenburg]] Ka January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mokanselara wa Jeremane<ref name=":3">[https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home - The National Archives]</ref> Lekoko la Nazi le ne la solofetsa go busetsa maatla a ikonomi ya Jeremane, go fokotsa botlhokatiro le go tlosa Tumalano ya Versailles.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga go nna Chancellor, Hitler o ne a gagamatsa maatla ka bonako ka go fokotsa kganetso ya sepolotiki, go thibela makoko a sepolotiki a a gaisanang le ene le go tlhoma puso ya bompuso-mogolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditiro tseno di ne tsa tshwaya tshimologo ya puso ya Lekoko la Nazi mme tsa thaya motheo wa go atolosiwa ga sesole sa Jeremane mo isagweng.<ref name=":4">https://www.history.com/articles/adolf-hitler</ref> == Jeremane e Tlogela Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba (1933) == Ka October 1933, Jeremane e ne ya tswa mo Lekgotlang la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba le mo Khonferenseng ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya go Lwantsha Dibetsa.<ref name=":4" /> Hitler o ne a re Jeremane e tshwanetse go nna le ditshwanelo tse di lekanang tsa sesole le mebuso e mengwe e megolo mme a gana dithibelo tse di neng di beilwe ke Tumalano ya Versailles.<ref name=":1" /> Go ikgogela morago ga Jeremane go ne go supa maikaelelo a yone a go tswelela ka dipholisi tsa sesole tse di ikemetseng ntle le go laolwa ke boditšhabatšhaba, go oketsa matshwenyego a dinaga tse dingwe tsa Yuropa.<ref name=":2" /> == Bosigo jwa Dithipa Tse Ditelele (1934) == Magareng ga 30 Seetebosigo le 2 Phukwi 1934, Hitler o ne a laela gore go tlosiwe baganetsi ba sepolotiki le baeteledipele ba Sturmabteilung (SA), mokgatlho wa sesole wa Nazi.<ref name=":0" /> Tiragalo e, e e neng e itsege jaaka Bosigo jwa Dithipa Tse Ditelele, e ne ya nonotsha taolo ya ga Hitler mo Mokgatlhong wa Bonasi mme ya tlhomamisetsa sesole sa Jeremane gore puso ya gagwe e tla sireletsa dikgatlhego tsa yona.<ref name=":3" /> Go phepafadiwa gono go ne ga fedisa bontsi jwa baganetsi ba ga Hitler mme ga nonotsha puso ya gagwe ya bobusaesi le go feta.<ref name=":4" /> == Hitler o Nna Molaodi wa Kgosi (1934) == [[Setshwantsho:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H12705, Bad Godesberg, Vorbereitung Münchener Abkommen.jpg|thumb]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Moporesitente Paul von Hindenburg ka 2 Phatwe 1934, Hitler o ne a kopanya dikantoro tsa Moporesitente le Chancellor, a ipitsa Führer wa Jeremane. Maloko a masole a Jeremane a ne a patelediwa go ikana gore ba tla ikanyega mo go Hitler go na le mo nageng ya Jeremane.<ref name=":4" /> Kgatelopele eno e ne ya naya Hitler taolo e e feletseng mo ditheong tsa sepolotiki le tsa sesole tsa Jeremane, e mo letla go simolola go latelela dikeletso tsa gagwe tsa go atolosa dinaga tsa gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> == Konelo == Mo lobakeng lwa go tloga ka 1931 go ya go 1934 go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa botlhokwa tse di neng tsa koafatsa kagiso ya boditšhabatšhaba le go oketsa kgonagalo ya gore go nne le ntwa e nngwe e kgolo. Tlhaselo ya Japane kwa Manchuria e ne ya supa bokoa jwa Lekgotla la Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba, fa go tlhatloga ga ga Hitler mo pusong go fetotse Jeremane go nna puso e e gatelelang thata.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa 1934, tsamaiso ya boditšhabatšhaba e e neng ya tlhongwa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha e ne e setse e koafetse thata, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne le maemo a a neng a dira gore Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi e simolole ka 1939.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4" /> == Lenaane la Ditshupiso == <references /> emrg5iczu3jwahnn1bg3psninsq8qzl