Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Basarwa 0 2280 53825 53420 2026-08-03T00:57:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:San_peoples|Basarwa]]''' [[:en:San_peoples|- Wikipedia]] {{Infobox Ethnic group|group=basarwa|image=[[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|frameless|upright=1.5]]|image_caption=[[ǃKung people|ǃKung]] children in [[Namibia]]|related_groups=[[Khoekhoe]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]], [[Basters]], [[Coloureds]]|religions=[[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]]|languages='''Native'''<br/>Languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] families <br/>'''Also'''<br/>[[Tswana language|Tswana]]{{•}} [[Kgalagadi language|Kgalagadi]]{{•}} [[Afrikaans]]{{•}} [[English language|English]]{{•}}[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|pop50=1,200|region50={{flag|Zimbabwe}}|pop40=ca. 16,000|region40={{flag|Angola}}|pop30=ca. 7,000|region30={{flag|South Africa}}|pop20=63,500|region20={{flag|Botswana}}|pop11=71,201 (2023 census)<ref name="Census2023"/>|region11={{flag|Namibia}}|population=ca. 160,000}} Batho ba letso la masarwa, kgotsa Batho ba ko sekgweng, ke maloko a ditso dipe tsa tlholego tsa batsomi-baphuthi ba Aforika e e kwa borwa, le ditso tsa bogologolo tse di setseng tsa kgaolo.<ref>"[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/foragers-first-peoples-kalahari-san-today Foragers to First Peoples: The Kalahari San Today | Cultural Survival]". ''www.culturalsurvival.org''. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref>[a] Ditlhaloso dingwe tsa tshekatsheko ya dijini di akantsha gore ba ne ba farologana le batho ba bangwe go tloga ka dingwaga di le 100 go ya go 220,000 tse di fetileng.<ref /> Dikgaolo tsa bone tsa bosheng tsa bagologolwane di akaretsa [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]],[3] le [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ba-Sarwa ba bua, kgotsa bagologolwane ba bone ba ne ba bua, dipuo tsa malapa a dipuo tsa [[:en:Khoe_languages|Khoe]], [[:en:Tuu_languages|Tuu]], le [[:en:Kxʼa_languages|Kxʼa]], mme di ka tlhalosiwa jaaka batho fela ka go farologana le badisa ba ba bapileng jaaka Ba-[[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le ditlogolwana tsa makhubu a bosheng a bofaladi jaaka [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Ba-Bantu]], [[:en:Europeans|Bayuropa]], le [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|Ba-Asia Borwa.]] Ka ngwaga wa 2017, lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le legae la Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse masome a marataro le boraro le makgolo a a matlhano, mme se sa dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha ya borobabobedi mo lekgolong.<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Sapignoli, Maria (8 May 2019). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800 The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana"]. In Fleming, Christopher; Manning, Matthew (eds.). ''Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Wellbeing'' (1st&#x20;ed.). [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp.&#x20;170–183. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781138909175|9781138909175]]</bdi> &#x2013; via [[:en:ResearchGate|ResearchGate.]]</ref>Batho ba Basarwa ba le dikete di le masome a supa le bongwe le makgolo mabedi le bongwe ba ne ba balelwa kwa lefatshe la Namibia ka ngwaga wa 2023, mme se se dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le karolo ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha nne mo lekgolong<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241110234059/https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report]" (PDF). Namibia Statistics Agency. Archived from [https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.</ref> Basarwa ke lereo la Khoekhoe le le nyatsang le le neng la amogelwa ke baithuta-loago ba Bophirima; baemedi ba merafe ya basarwa ba boletse gore ba rata go bidiwa merafe ya bone ka go farologana ka ngwaga wa 2003. == Tlhaloso == [[Setshwantsho:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa kabo ya segompieno ya dipuo tsa "Khoisan". Dikgaolo tse di nang le moriti wa botala jwa loapi le botala, mme tse di kwa botlhaba jwa tsone, ke tsa batho ba Basarwa.]] Basarwa kgotsa Ba-Bushmen ke batho ba borwa jwa Afrika ba ka setso ba neng ba tshela botshelo jwa [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|go tsoma]] [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|le go kokoanya]] mme ba ne ba bua dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu ka [[:en:Click_consonants|ditumammogo tsa click]] (ka jalo go sa akarediwe Ba-Twa, Ba-Kwisi le Ba-Cimba, mme gape le Ba-Kwadi le Ba-Damara). Ba ba akaretsa babui ba malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo ba ba nnang fa gare ga [[:en:Okavango_River|Noka ya Okavango]] kwa lefatsheng la Botswana le lefelo la [[:en:Etosha_National_Park|Bosetšhaba ya Etosha]] kwa bokonebophirima jwa lefatshe la Namibia, e e atologelang kwa godimo go ya kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Angola; batho ba bogare ba bontsi jwa mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana, go atologela kwa mafatsheng a Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]; le batho ba borwa kwa bogareng jwa Kalahari go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], ba mmogo le Khoekhoe e leng masalela a bofelo a batho ba tlholego ba ba neng ba le bantsi pele ba borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Barnard, Alan (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C Anthropology and the Bushman]''. Oxford: Berg. pp.&#x20;4–7. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781847883308|9781847883308]]</bdi>.</ref> == Maina == Maina a "Bushmen" le "San" ka bobedi ke mafoko a a farologaneng. Basarwa ga ba na lefoko le le kopanetsweng la bona ka dipuo tsa bona. "San" e tswa mo lefokong le le nyatsang la [[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le le dirisiwang go kaya batho ba ba batlang dijo ba ba senang dikgomo kgotsa khumo e nngwe, go tswa mo moding saa "go tsaya mo mmung" le bontsi -n mo [[:en:Haiǁom_dialect|puong ya Haiǁom]].[<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092420/http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05]". WIMSA. p.&#x20;58. Archived from [http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 the original] on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. <q>the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering'</q></ref><ref>"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, ''i.e.'' men ''par excellence''), they called those other tribes ''Sā'', the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term ''Hottentot'' to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the ''Khoikhoi'', the so-called ''Hottentot proper''; the other the ''San'' (''Sā'') or ''Bushmen''." – Theophilus Hahn, ''Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi'' (1881), p. 3.</ref> "Bushmen" ke lereo la bogologolo la khabara, fela "San" e ne ya amogelwa thata kwa Bophirima kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Lereo Bushmen, go tswa mo Dutch Bosjesmans ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bosupa, le santse le dirisiwa ke ba bangwe le go itshupa, fela jaanong le tsewa e le le nyatsang kgotsa le nyatsa ke Maaforika Borwa a le mantsi.<ref>Guenther, Mathias (2006). "Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse". In Solway, Jacqueline (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ovykFTcuPLMC The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice]''. New York: [[:en:Berghahn_Books|Berghahn Books]]. pp.&#x20;181–182. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781845451158|9781845451158]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Britten, Sarah (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C ''McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult''.] Johannesburg: 30° South. pp.&#x20;18–19. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781920143183|9781920143183]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community]''. Ohio University Press. p.&#x20;28. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781920143183|9780896804425]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2008, tiriso ya boesman (se e leng se [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] sa segompieno se se lekanang le "Bushman") mo pampiring ya dikgang ya [[:en:Die_Burger|''Die Burger'']] e ne ya tlisiwa fa pele ga [[:en:Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act,_2000|Kgotlatshekelo ya Tekatekano]]. Lekgotla la Basarwa le ne la neela bosupi jwa gore ga le na kganetso le tiriso ya yone mo maemong a a siameng, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola gore tiriso ya lereo le e ne e se ya lenyatso.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds "Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds]". [[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]. 11 April 2008. Schroeder, Fatima (14 April 2008). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/court-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406#.UtJP9NIW2yg "Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech"]. IOL."Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."</ref> Basarwa ba ipitsa merafe ya bona ka bongwe, jaaka [[:en:ǃKung_people|ǃkung]] (e gape e kwalwang ''ǃxuun'', go akaretsa le [[:en:Juǀʼhoansi|Juǀʼhoansi]]), [[:en:ǀXam_language|ǀxam]], [[:en:Nǁng_language|Nǁnǂe]] (karolo ya ǂKhomani), [[:en:Khwe_language|Kxoe]] (Khwe le ǁAni), [[:en:Haiǁom|Haiǁom]], [[:en:Ncoakhoe|Ncoakhoe]], [[:en:Tshwa_language|Tshuwau]], [[:en:Gǁana_language|Gǁana le Gǁwau]], jalo jalo.<ref>Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of -Hunters and Gatherers'', Cambridge University Press, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/052157109X|052157109X]]</bdi></ref><ref>Smith, Andrew Brown (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition]''. Cape Town: New Africa Books. p.&#x20;2. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780864864192|9780864864192]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge". In Smith, Claire; Wobst, H. Martin (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice]''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p.&#x20;209. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781134391554|9781134391554]]</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":2">"[http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name]?". ''[[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]''. 5 September 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025938/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name Archived] from the original on 17 January 2012.</ref><ref>Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). "[http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782 The first people]". ''The Witness''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184714/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782 Archived] from the original on 14 October 2013.</ref> Baemedi ba batho ba ba basarwa ka ngwaga wa 2003 ba boletse gore ba rata tiriso ya maina a setlhopha ka bongwe, fa go kgonega, go na le tiriso ya lereo le le kopanetsweng la ''Basarwa''.<ref>Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in Stellenbosch. Schlebusch, Carina (25 March 2010). "[[doi:10.1038/464487a|Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study]]". ''[[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]]''. '''464''' (7288): 487. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464..487S 2010Natur.464..487S]. doi:[[doi:10.1038/464487a|10.1038/464487a]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20336115 20336115] </ref> Go amogelwa ga lereo la Khoekhoe la ''Basarwa'' mo thutong ya setho ya Bophirima go simolotse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, mme le le sa ntse le le lereo le le tlwaelesegileng mo dikwalong tsa setso tsa puo ya Seesemane, le fa moragonyana bakwadi bangwe ba ne ba boela kwa go diriseng leina la Bushmen.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Sailer, Steve (20 June 2002). "[http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/ Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo]'?". UPI. "The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist [[:en:Henry_Harpending|Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"</ref> Motswako wa batho ba [[:en:Khoisan|''Khoisan'']] o dirisiwa go kaya Khoi ya modisa le San e e batlang dijo mmogo. E tlhamilwe ke Leonhard Schulze ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920 mme ya tumisiwa ke [[:en:Isaac_Schapera|Isaac Schapera]] ka ngwaga wa 1930. Tiriso ya San mo thutong ya setho e ne ya kgaoganngwa le motswako wa ''Khoisan'',<ref>"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." [[:en:Joseph_Greenberg|Joseph Greenberg]], ''[[:en:The_Languages_of_Africa|The Languages of Africa]]'' (1963), p. 66.</ref> ka gonne go begilwe gore leina la ''San'' le tsewa jaaka go nyatsa mo dikarolong tsa Kalahari bogare<ref>Mountain, Alan (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2d1iJo6_UC First People of the Cape]''. Claremont: New Africa Books. pp.&#x20;23–24. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780864866233|9780864866233]]</bdi>.</ref>. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, lereo ''San'' le ne le dirisiwa ka kakaretso ke batho ba teng ka bobone.<ref>Lee, Richard B. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAKAAAAQBAJ The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi]'' (Fourth&#x20;ed.). [[:en:Cengage_Learning|Cengage Learning]]. p.&#x20;9. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781133713531|9781133713531]]</bdi>.</ref> Go amogelwa ga lereo go ne ga etelwa pele ke dikopano di le mmalwa tse di neng di tshwerwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990 kwa baemedi ba ba neng ba ngangisana ka go amogelwa ga lereo le le kopanetsweng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003084749/http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43 General Questions]". ''ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre''. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</ref><ref>Dieckmann, Ute (2007). "Shifting Identities". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ePQlF_x4vYC Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation]''. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp.&#x20;300–302. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783905758009|9783905758009]]</bdi>.</ref> Dikopano tse di ne di akaretsa Bokopano jwa Phitlhelelo e e Tlwaelegileng ya Tlhabololo e e neng e rulagantswe ke [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana]] e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa toropong ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] ka ngwaga wa 1993,<ref name=":2" /> Kopano ya kakaretso ya ntlha ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga ya Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Batho ba ba Tlholegileng mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA) e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa lefatsheng la Namibia le bokopano jwa ngwaga wa 1997 kwa toropong ya [[:en:Cape_Town|Cape Town]] e bua ka. "Boitshupo jwa Khoisan le Boswa jwa Setso" jo bo rulagantsweng ke [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|Mmadikolo wa Western Cape]].<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm "San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa"]. ''Kalahari Peoples Fund''. Archived from [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm the original] on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref> Lereo ''San'' jaanong ke tlwaelo mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa, mme le dirisiwa semmuso mo blazon ya [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa|sekano sa bosetšhaba]]. "Lekgotla la Ba-San la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa" le le emetseng merafe ya Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa le tlhomilwe jaaka karolo ya WIMSA ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref name=":16">Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030418003427/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret]". ''National Geographic News''. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html the original] on 18 April 2003.</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:Rachel_Wynberg|Wynberg, Rachel]]; Chennells, Roger (2009). "Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1yrvafKoV2UC Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case]''. Dordrecht: Springer. p.&#x20;102. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789048131235|9789048131235]]</bdi>.</ref> Lereo ''Basarwa'' (bongwe Mosarwa) le dirisediwa ke basarwa mmogo mo lefatsheng la Botswana.<ref>Suzman, James (2001). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260422044901/https://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/sanintro.pdf Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa]'' (PDF). Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. pp.&#x20;3–4. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/99916-765-3-8|<bdi>99916-765-3-8</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030418002510/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana"]. ''National Geographic News''. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html the original] on 18 April 2003.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060409191312/http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html Basarwa Relocation – Introduction]". Government of Botswana. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html the original] on 9 April 2006.</ref> Ditlhongwa tsa [[:en:Tswana_language#Nouns|setlhopha sa]] [[:en:Tswana_language#Nouns|leina]] sa mo-/ba- di dirisiwa mo bathong; mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Masarwa'', o o nang le ditlhongwa tsa ''le-/ma-'' tse di dirisiwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse di sa itsegeng, o a kgopisa mme o ne wa fetolwa ka nako ya boipuso.[<ref name=":3">Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa]". ''Kalahari Peoples Fund''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm the original] on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref><ref>Bennett, Bruce. "[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/plnam.htm Botswana historical place names and terminology]". ''Thuto.org''. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|University of Botswana]] History Department. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</ref> Kwa lefatsheng la Angola, ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa ''mucancalas'',<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250122184842/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/140/1403765149.pdf ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos]'' (PDF) (in Portuguese), Utrecht, Netherlands: Rhino Resource Center, 2013, retrieved 19 February 2016</ref> kgotsa ''bosquímanos'' (phetolelo ya [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]] ya lereo la [[:en:Dutch_language|Sedatšhe]] le le kayang "Ba-Bushmen"). Mareo ''Amasili'' le [[:en:Twa|Batwa]] ka dinako tse dingwe a dirisiwa mo go bone kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3" /> Basarwa gape ba bidiwa ''Batwa'' ke [[:en:Xhosa_people|batho ba]] [[:en:Xhosa_people|ba Xhosa]] le ''Baroa'' ke [[:en:Sotho_people|batho ba Sotho]].<ref>Moran, Shane (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1sSYP4g7MC Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language]''. Rochester, NY: [[:en:University_of_Rochester_Press|University of Rochester Press]]. p.&#x20;3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781580462945|9781580462945]]</bdi>.</ref> Lereo la Bantu Batwa le kaya batho ba merafe epe fela e e batlang dijo mme ka jalo le kopana le mareo a a dirisiwang go "[[:en:Pygmyism|Pygmoid]]" [[:en:Southern_Twa|Twa ya Borwa]] ya Aforika Borwa-Bogare. == Ditso == === Ditlholego === Le fa go na le kganetsano nngwe mo gare ga bo ra maranyane ba loago, go na le tumalano ka kakaretso mo go boleleng gore merafe ya segompieno e e tlhalosiwang jaaka Basarwa e tswa mo merafeng ya bogologolo ya Neolithic ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika. Dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome tse di fetileng, ditlhopha tse tsa loago di ne tsa anama go tswa kwa mafatsheng a Tanzania, Zambia le Angola go ya kwa tlase kwa Cape Agulhas.<ref name=":5">Mellet, Patric Tariq (2020). ''The lie of 1652: a decolonised history of land'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Tafelberg, an imprint of NB Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-624-08970-4|<bdi>978-0-624-08970-4</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":4" /> Ka jalo, Basarwa ba ka tsewa jaaka bangwe ba ditso tsa bogologolo mo Lefatsheng.<ref>Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_dFYq4oFeYC&q=san+kalahari Environmental Protection and Human Rights]''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. p.&#x20;640. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76638-8|<bdi>978-0-521-76638-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba ba amanang le kgotsa ba ba tshwanang le Basarwa ba ne ba nna mo mabopong a a kwa borwa go ralala naga yotlhe ya ditlhatshana ya botlhaba mme ba ka tswa ba bopile tsweletso ya [[:en:Sangoan|Sangoan]] go tswa kwa [[:en:Red_Sea|Lewatleng le Lehibidu]] go ya kwa [[:en:Cape_of_Good_Hope|Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo]].<ref>Smith, Malvern van Wyk (1 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world]''. [[:en:NYU_Press|NYU Press]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-834-9|<bdi>978-1-86814-834-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mileniamong wa ntlha B.C.E., Mellet o umaka ditlhopha tse pedi tse di neng di laola kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Ya ntlha e ne e le Ba-Tshua San, ba ba neng ba aname go kgabaganya se ga jaana e leng mafatshe a Botswana, Zimbabwe le Zambia, mme ka togamaano ba ne ba nna mo lefelong la [[:en:Shashe_River|Shashe]]-[[:en:Limpopo_River|Limpopo]]. Setlhopha sa bobedi, se se neng se le kwa Bophirima o ko pele, e ne e le Ba-Khwe San, ba kgaolo ya bone e neng e akaretsa lefatshe la Botswana wa gompieno, lefatshe la Namibia,lefatshe la Angola le lefatshe la Zambia.<ref name=":5" /> Go nna teng ga Basarwa mo lefatshen la Botswana mo ditsong go bonala thata mo kgaolong ya Lentswe la Tsodilo kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la Botswana. Ditlhopha tse pedi di ne tsa dirisana le merafe e mengwe e e neng e nna mo lefelong leno mo diphudugong tsa bona tsa go fuduga go ya kwa borwa, go akaretsa ditlhopha dingwe tsa badisa ba bafaladi, ba moragonyana ba neng ba fetoga go nna Khoekhoe, gammogo le badisa-balemirui ka nako ya [[:en:Bantu_expansion|katoloso ya Bantu]] ngwaga wa dikete di le pedi Pele ga Baebele go fitlha ngwaga wa sekete se le sengwe Morago ga Baebele. Mo thulaganyong e, Basarwa ba ne ba lelekwa ka bontlhabongwe mo mafatsheng a bone a bagologolwane kgotsa ba akarediwa ke ditlhopha tse di buang Se-Bantu.<ref name=":6">Mlambo, A. S. (2014). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam/mode/2up?view=theater A history of Zimbabwe]''. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02170-9|<bdi>978-1-107-02170-9</bdi>.]]</ref> (go tswa kwa lekwalong la lesome le bongwe go ya kwa lesomeng le bobedi) Basarwa ba ne ba dumelwa fa ba na le kgolagano e e gaufi le meya ya bogologolo ya naga, mme gantsi ba ne ba retologela kwa go bona ke merafe e mengwe go dira pula, jaaka go ne go ntse kwa [[:en:Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]]. [[:en:Shamanism|Dingaka]] tsa Basarwa di ne di tla tsena mo maibing mme di tsene mo lefatsheng la mewa ka botsone go tshwara diphologolo tse di amanang le pula.<ref>Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (1 October 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 ''Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State''.] Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-920655-06-8|<bdi>978-1-920655-06-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka jalo, Mellet o bolela gore Basarwa ba ka bo ba nnile le seabe mo metheong ya ntlha ya [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]] le go tsalwa morago ga moo ga mafatshe a [[:en:Thulamela|Thulamela]], [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe o]] [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|mogolo]], [[:en:Mutapa_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Mutapa]] le tse dingwe.<ref name=":5" />: (go tswa mo lekwalong la masome a mtlhano le bobedi go ya kwa lekwalong la masome a matlhano le bone) === Dinako tsa pele ga bokoloniale === [[Setshwantsho:Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png|thumb|Banna ba Sekgwa ba ba neng ba tlhometse go ya go tsaya loeto, ka ngwga wa 1804]] Ka ntlha ya mokgwa wa bone wa go itshidisa o o ikaegileng thata ka go tsoma le go batla dijo, Basarwa ba ne ba kgona go fuduga le go anama ka bonako go feta ditso tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemirui, mme go dumelwa fa ba ne ba anama go ya kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa ya gompieno, go akaretsa le lebopo la Borwa, pele ga batho ba [[:en:Khoekhoe_people|Khoe]] le [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu]]. Go a kgonega gore ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba disa dinku tse dinnye.<ref name=":5" />:lekwalo la masome a marataro le boraro) Morago ga makgolo a borataro le masome a matlhano morago ga baebele, jaaka fa BaKhoe le BaXhosa ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefelong la [[:en:Eastern_Cape|Eastern Cape]] ya gompieno mme morago ga sekete morago ga baebele, kwa lefelong la [[:en:Western_Cape|Western Cape]], bontsi jwa Basarwa ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa mafelong a mannye a a fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle, ba ne ba fudugela kwa mafelong a mannye fela a a kwa thoko ga lewatle.<ref name=":5" /> (lekwalo la masome a mane le borataro go fitlha lekwalo la masome a mane le bosupa) Ka tlwaelo e ne e le batho le go [[:en:Semi-nomadic|kgarakgatshega mme e seng thata]] , ba tsamaya ka dipaka mo mafelong a a rileng a a tlhalositsweng go ikaegilwe ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa tse di jaaka metsi, diphologolo tsa naga, le dimela tse di jewang.<ref name=":13">Anaya, James (2 June 2010). [http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana] (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2.</ref> Basarwa ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna makoko a go tsoma, mme ba ne ba sena dikgotla kgotsa dikgosi, ka ditshwetso di tsewa ke bagolwane.<ref name=":7">Ajayi, Ademola (2005). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&q=historiography Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Peoples]". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set''. Routledge. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2|<bdi>978-1-135-45670-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Ditšhaba tsa ntlha tsa San di tlogetse boswa jo bo humileng jwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng go ralala Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":6" />:(lekwalo la lesome le le bongwe go ya kwa lekwalong la lesome le bobedi) tse di bontshang go tsoma, dintwa, botshelo jwa selegae, le ditiragalo tsa diinane.<ref name=":7" /> === Go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le polao ya semorafe ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe === Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa ntlha morago ga gore Madatšhe a nne kwa Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo ka fa tlase ga ga Jan van Riebeeck ka ngwaga wa 1652, bogolo jwa baagi ba Kapa ya Basarwa bo ne bo fopholediwa go nna dikete dile tharo go ya go diketeng dile tlhano,<ref name=":0">Szalay, M. (1995). The San and the Colonization of the Cape, 1770–1879: Conflict, Incorporation, Acculturation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref>(tsebe ya lekgolo le borobabobedi)<ref name=":9">Adhikari, Mohamed (2014). The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San People. Cape Town: UCT Press.</ref> (tsebe ya masome a mabedi le bone): ba ne ba na le kgolagano le bakoloni ba ba amanang le bona ba lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe. Se se ne sa fetoga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, fa balemirui ba ne ba simolola go fudugela kwa mafelong a a kwa teng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1714, fa [[:en:Dutch_East_India_Company|Komopne ya Dutch East India]] (kgotsa VOC) e ne e simolola thulaganyo ya moraka wa kadimo, e e neng e tlamela balemirui ba diruiwa ba ba ratang ka ditshwanelo tsa go fula mo lefatsheng le le sa nonang thata mo bogare jwa Kapa jo bo omileng. Melawana e e ne ya tlhola setlhopha se sešwa sa loago, [[:en:Trekboers|balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga]], kgotsa badisa ba ba tsamayang ka bontlhabongwe, ba ba neng ba fuduga le leruo la bona kwa mafelong a go fitlha ga jaana a neng a agilwe ke ditlhopha tsa Basarwa.<ref name=":9" />: ( tsebe ya masome a mabedi le borobabobedi go fitlha kwa tsebeng ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe) Jaaka fa go nna teng ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga bao mo lefatsheng le le omileng go ne ga gakatsa maitemogelo a bone a tlholego a a neng a agilwe ke Basarwa, Basarwa ne ba tshela ka go idiwa ditsompelo tsa tlholego tse baneng ba tshela ka tsone (ebong lefatshe, metsi, diphologolo le dimela). Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa gore balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga ba ne ba nna mo dikhuting tsa metsi, ba thuntsha diphologolo tse Basarwa ba neng ba tshela ka tsone go dira digwapa, ba fula go feta selekanyo le go senya ditshedi le dimela le tikologo e di tshelang mo go yone.<ref name=":10">Newton-King, S. (1999). Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>( tsebe ya masome a borobabongwe go ya kwa lekgolong) <ref name=":11">Penn, S. (2005). The Forgotten Frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape's Northern Frontier in the 18th Century. Cape Town: Double Storey.</ref>( tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi go ya kwa makgolong a mabedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi) Mo bontsing jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi, go tsenelela ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga go ne ga nna kwa teng, ga dira gore Basarwa ba gane ka go tlhasela Maburu, ba tlhasela leruo la bona mme ka dinako tse dingwe ba bogisa kgotsa ba kgaola batswasetlhabelo ba bona ditokololo ..<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabobedi) Ditlhaselo tse tsa Basarwa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe di ne tsa rotloetsa balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fudugago dirisa ditlhopana tsa sesole tse di itsegeng jaaka di-''commando'' - pele go tlhatloga maeto a kotlhao, morago ga moo go oketsega go thibela ditlhaselo tse di ka nnang teng .<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe go ya kwa masome a mane le bongwe) Tiriso ya dikgoka kgatlhanong le San di ne tsa lemogwa mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1700, tsa bo 1730, le bogareng jwa bo dingwaga tsa bo 1750. Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1770 go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1790, tiriso ya dikgoka e e ne ya akaretsa go bapa le molelwane wa [[:en:Dutch_Cape_Colony|Koloni ya Kapa ya Dutch]]. Mo dingwageng tse tse di masome a mararo tsa bofelo tsa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi , tiro ya ditlhopha tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng e ne ya nna selo sa ka metlha sa bofelo jwa mariga, mme e ne e akaretsa go dikologa kampa ya Basarwa bosigo le go tlhasela ka mahube, go bolaya banna botlhe mo lefelong leo. Basadi le bana gantsi ba ne ba bolawa, mme gape ba ne ba ka tsewa botshwarwa.<ref name=":9" />: (tsebe ya masome a mane le botlhano go ya kwa masomeng a mane le bosupa) Mo godimo ga dipolao tsa ka gale tsa ditlhopha tse dinnye, go ne go na le dipolao tse dikgolo tse mo go tsona makgolokgolo a Basarwa ba neng ba ka bolawa mo tlhaselong e le nngwe.,<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a mane le borobabobedi go ya kwa masomeng a mane le borobabongwe) <ref>Penn, S. (2005). The Forgotten Frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape's Northern Frontier in the 18th Century. Cape Town: Double Storey.</ref>(tsebe ya makgolo a le mabedi le masome a mabedi e borataro). Ditiro tse tsa bosetlhogo jo bo feteletseng gantsi di ne di siamisiwa ke kgopolo ya bosemorafe ya gore batsomi-baphuthi ba Basarwa e ne e se batho ka botlalo, kgotsa e ne e le ba setlhopha se se kwa tlase sa batho ba ba neng ba atlholetswe go nyelela .<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le bobedi go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano le botlhano) .Ka ngwaga wa 1777, morago ga masomesome a dingwaga a go phimola mo go sa atlegang go bitsa go ikgapa, kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) e ne ya tshegetsa semmuso melawana ya go fedisa Basarwa .<ref name=":12">Van der Merwe, P.J. (1937). Die Noordwaardse Beweging van die Boere Voor die Groot Trek, 1770–1842. The Hague: W.P. van Stockum. </ref>(tsebe ya masome a mane le bongwe) <ref>Smith A.; Malherbe C.; Guenther M.; Berens P. (2000). The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: David Philip. p. 47.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi, fa Maesemane a ne a tsaya taolo ya [[:en:Cape_colony|koloni ya Kapa]], ​​diketekete tsa Basarwa di ne di bolailwe mme di pateleditswe go direla batswakwa. [[:en:British_Empire|Makgowa]] [[:en:British_Empire|a ma British]] a ne a leka melawana ya go [[:en:Cultural_assimilation|tsena mo setsong sa ba bangwe]] go dira gore Basarwa ba amogele mokgwa wa botshelo wa temothuo,<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a marataro le bongwe go ya kwa tsebeng ya masomeng a marataro le bone) fela mokgwa o o ne wa palelwa thata. Gape ga ba a atlega mo go emiseng ditlhaselo tsa setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole tse di sa tlhomamang kgatlhanong le Basarwa, le fa palo ya dintsho e ne ya fokotsega thata fa e bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa paka ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC)- dipalo tsa semmuso tsa puso, tse ruri di sa felelang, di supa gore Basarwa ba le diketetse pedi, makgolo a le mane le masome a borobabobedi ba ne ba bolawa mme ba le makgolo a marataro le masome amatlhano le bone ba ne ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng tsa kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC), se se ne se farologane le batho ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bosupa ba ba neng ba bolawa le ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le bobedi ba ba neng ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa puso ya Borithane le Batavia.<ref name=":12" /> (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le boraro le tsebe ya masome borobabongwe le boraro) .Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850, go nna teng ga Basarwa mo go ikemetseng jaaka batsomi-baphuthi go ne go setse go sa tlhomama thata mme ka iketlo bontsi jwa Basarwa bo ne jwa golagana le balemirui, ka ntlha ya kopano ya matshosetsi, go tshola basadi le bana, le tlala .<ref name=":9" />: Gape go na le bosupi bongwe jwa go ananya ga bana ba Basarwa le dinku kgotsa dipodi, jo bo neng jwa thibelwa ka ngwaga wa 1817,<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a supa go ya kwa tsebeng ya masome a supa le bongwe) jo bo neng jwa lebisa kwa kgwebisanong ya bana mo sephiring ..<ref>Philip, J. (1828). Researches in South Africa, 2 vols. London: James Duncan. p. vol. II, 265–66.</ref> Go bapa le molelwane wa Bokone wa [[:en:Cape_Colony|Koloni ya Kapa]], ​​Basarwa le bone ba ne ba tlhaselwa le go bolawa ke ditlhopha tsa badisa tse di jaaka [[:en:Griqua_people|Griqua]], Korana le 'Bastard'.<ref name=":9" />: (tsebe ya masome a supa le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a supa le bone). Ka ngwaga wa 1863, [https://digitalbleeklloyd.uct.ac.za/louis-anthing.html Louis Anthing] o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne go se naBasarwa ba ba fetang makgolo a matlhano ba ba neng ba setse mo nageng yotlhe, le gore ne ba nale seemo se se maswe thata, ba lebaganwe ke tlala. Dintwa tsa Korana tsa dingwaga tsa 1868 go ya kwa 69, dingwaga tsa 1878 go ya kwa 79 le dingwaga tsa bo 1870s, tseo tse e leng gore batho bangwe ba |xam ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo letlhakoreng la Korana, di ne tsa baka polao, tlala kgotsa botshwarwa le bokgobeng jwa Basarwa ya bofelo ya Kapa.<ref name=":9" />( tsebe ya masome a supa le borataro) Kamogelo ya tiriso ya dikgoka, tshenyo ya mmele le ya setso ya Cape San jaaka polao ya semorafe ga e a nna ka bongwefela jwa pelo. Boraditso ba ba neng ba kwala pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lefoko polao ya batho ba ne ba kaya e le ''ntwa ya go fedisa'',<ref>''Stow, G. (1964). The Native Races of South Africa: A History of the Intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu Into the Hunting Grounds of the Bushmen, the Aborigines of the Country. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 233, 575.''</ref> ''go nyelela'',<ref>MacMillan, W.M. (1968). The Cape Colour Question: A Historical Survey. Cape Town: Balkema. p. 26.</ref>''go fedisa''.<ref>MacCrone, I.D. (1937). Race Attitudes in South Africa: Historical, Experimental and Psychological Studies. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 104–5.</ref> Bakwadi ba bošeng ba dirisitse lefoko polao ya semorafe.,<ref name=":10" /> (tsebe ya lekgolo le lesome le bobedi )<ref>Smith, A. (1991). "'On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in southern Africa',". African Studies. 50 (1): 510.</ref><ref>Skotnes, P. (1996). Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press. p. 17.</ref><ref>Morris A. (1996). 'Trophy skulls: museums and the San',. Cape Town: in Miscast, ed. Skotnes. </ref> ka N. Penn a rata go kaya ‘polao ya semorafe e e sa felelang’ kgotsa ‘ntwa e e neng e atamela polao ya semorafe’<ref name=":11" />: (tsebe ya lekgolo le masome a mabedi le boraro) ka gonne Basarwa ba ne ba sa dirise dipolao tsotlhe tse di rulagantsweng. Moithuta-batho Miklós Szalay e nnile lentswe le le tlhageletseng thata la barutegi le le ganetsang go dirisa letshwao la polao ya semorafe mo go senyeng setšhaba sa Cape San, a nganga gore setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole di ne di diretswe thata go batlela balemirui ba Maburu badiri le gore melawana ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) ya ngwaga wa 1777 e ne e le mokgwa o o neng o sa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":0" /> (tsebe ya lesome le bongwe le tsebe ya lesome le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a mararo le boraro), Le fa go ntse jalo, Adhikari <ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go yakwa masomeng a borobabobedi le bosupa) e bontsha gore mabaka a ga Szalay a ganediwa ke bosupi, bogolosegolo palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa e e bolailweng go ya go ba ba dirilweng batshwarwa mo pakeng ya dingwaga tsa 1770 go ya kwa go tsa 1795, le ntlha ya gore le go dira basadi le bana makgoba go nnile le seabe mo go phutlhameng ga setšhaba sa Basarwa. Mabapi le maitemogelo a batho ba Basarwa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika, go na le bosupi jwa gore le bone ba ne ba lebane le matshosetsi a a tswelelang a go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le tiriso ya dikgoka mo bokaong jwa go tsenelela ga karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a a mantsi ya Europe, le fa go ntse jalo ditlhopha dingwe di ne tsa kgona go tshela. Kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Borwa Bophirima jwa Aforika]], bogolosegolo mo kgaolong e e simololang kwa [[:en:Otavi|Otavi]] go ya kwa [[:en:Gobabis|Gobabis]], tiriso ya dikgoka e e maswe go gaisa ya polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tsa Basarwa e diragetse magareng ga ngwaga wa 1912 le ngwaga wa 1915.<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (2009). "Hiding in Full View: The "Forgotten" Bushman Genocides of Namibia". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 4 (1: Article 4).</ref> Morago ga taelo ya ga Mmusi wa lefatshe la Germany e e neng e tshegetsa go thuntshiwa ga batho ba Basarwa, go ne ga romelwa go feta dipatorolo di le makgolo a mane tse di neng di lwantsha Basarwa di ne tsa romelwa magareng ga ngwaga wa 1911 le 1913, mme palo ya Basarwa mo lefelong leo e ne ya wela tlase go tswa ko diketeng di le borobabobedi le diketeng tse lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1913 go ya ko diketeng di le tharo le makgolo a marataro ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (6 August 2025). [https://theconversation.com/namibias-forgotten-genocide-how-bushmen-were-hunted-and-killed-under-german-colonial-rule-261267#:~:text=Accordingly%2C%20the%20German%20governor%20ordered,known%20as%20South%20West%20Africa. "Namibia's forgotten genocide: how Bushmen were hunted and killed under German colonial rule]". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 February 2026.</ref>. Morago ga gore kgaolo e tsewe ke lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1915, go na le bosupi jwa gore puso ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa gape e ne ya ntsha di tetla tsa gore batho ba tsome Basarwa kwa Aforika wa Borwa Bophirima (lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno), mme ya bofelo go begwa e ne ya ntshiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314082909/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0102/feature6/ "More to explore", Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers seek a foothold"]. [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]. Archived from [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0102/feature6/ the original] on 14 March 2016.</ref> Mo koloning ya [[:en:Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland]], kgaolo ya Ghanzi, e e neng e tsewa jaaka kago ya phemelo ya merafe ya Basarwa, e ne ya kgaoganngwa mo gare ga balemirui ba dikgomo ba basweu mo sephatlong sa bobedi ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe, go pateletsa batho ba Basarwa go nna se se bidiwang "Ba-Bushmen ba polase", ba dira jaaka badisa ba dikgomo.<ref>Hermans, J. (1977). "Official Policy Towards the Bushmen of Botswana: A Review, Part 1". Botswana Notes & Records. 9: 55–67.</ref> Mo pakeng yotlhe ya bokoloniale, ba ne ba itemogela go fudusiwa le go kgaphelwa thoko gape.<ref>Kelso, C. (1993). "The Landless Bushmen". Africa Report. 38 (2): 51–54.</ref> === Baagi ba San mo dinageng tsa Aforika tse di tlositsweng mo bokoloniale === Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, merafe ya Basarwa e ne ya fetogela kwa temothuong ka ntlha ya mananeo a segompieno a a neng a laetswe ke puso. Le fa tsela ya botshelo e fetogile, di ile tsa re fa tshedimosetso e ntsi mo thutong ya batho le ya digotso. Thutopatlisiso nngwe e e anameng ya mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Aforika, e e weditsweng ka ngwaga wa 2009, e fitlhetse gore mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Basarwa e ne e le mo gare ga tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo tsa dipalopalo tsotlhe di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bongwe tse di tserweng disampole.<ref>Connor, Steve (1 May 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html "World's most ancient race traced in DNA study"]. [[:en:The_Independent|''The Independent'']].</ref><ref name=":14">Gill, Victoria (1 May 2009). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm Africa's genetic secrets unlocked]" (online edition). [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm Archived] from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</ref><ref>Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. -M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357 "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"]. [[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]. 324 (5930): 1035–1044. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T 2009Sci...324.1035T.] doi:[[doi:10.1126/science.1172257|10.1126/science.1172257]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357 2947357]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144 19407144].</ref> Ditlhopha dingwe tsa Basarwa ke nngwe ya "ditlhopha tsa baagi ba bagologolwane" di le lesome le bone tse di itsegeng tse di setseng di le teng; ke gore, "ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang lwa digotso, ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang le go tshwana mo setsong sa bone le mo dipharologanong tsa dipuo tsa bone".<ref name=":14" /> Le fa go na le dintlha dingwe tse di siameng tsa mananeo a tlhabololo a puso tse di begilweng ke maloko a merafe ya Basarwa le [[:en:Bakgalagadi|Bakgalagadi]] mo lefatsheng la Botswana, bontsi bo buile ka maikutlo a a tlhomameng a go kgaphelwa thoko mo dithulaganyong tsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa puso, mme bontsi jwa Basarwa le Bakgalagadi ba latofaditswe ka go itemogela kgethololo ya lotso mo karolong ya puso.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya borobabobedi go ya kwa tsebeng ya borobabongwe). [[:en:United_States_Department_of_State|Lephata la Merero ya Lefatshe la United States]] le tlhalositse kgethololo e e tswelelang kgatlhanong le batho ba Basarwa, kgotsa ''Basarwa'', mo lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2013 jaaka "tlhobaelo e kgolo ya ditshwanelo tsa batho" ya lefatshe leo .<ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report] (PDF). [[:en:United_States_Department_of_State|United States Department of State.]]</ref> (tsebe ya ntlha) == Loago == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:San_healing_practices|Mekgwa ya go fodisa ya Ba]]''[[:en:San_healing_practices|''sarwa'']]'', [[:en:San_rock_art|botaki jwa matlapa jwa Ba]]''[[:en:San_rock_art|''sarwa'']]'', le [[:en:San_religion|bodumedi jwa Basarwa]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Naro Bushmen drinking water from the bi bulb plant, Botswana 2008.jpg|thumb|Go nwa metsi go tswa mo sejalong sa bi bulb]] [[Setshwantsho:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|Go tshuba molelo ka diatla]] [[:en:Kinship_system|Thulaganyo ya losika]] lwa Basarwa e bontsha ditso tsa bone jaaka ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di tsamayang tsa go batla dijo ka tlwaelo. Bolosika jwa Basarwa bo tshwana le jwa [[:en:Inuit_kinship|losika lwa Inuit]], jo bo dirisang setlhopha se se tshwanang sa mareo jaaka mo ditsong tsa lefatshekgolo le le na leng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe mme bo oketsa ka molao wa leina le molao wa dingwaga tsa go tlhomamisa gore ke mareo afe a a tshwanetseng go dirisiwa. Molao wa dingwaga o rarabolola tlhakatlhakano nngwe le nngwe e e tlhagelelang ka ntlha ya mareo a losika, ka gonne yo mogolo mo bathong ba babedi ka metlha o swetsa gore o bitse yo mmotlana eng. Go na le maina a le mmalwa fela a a tsamayang (mo e ka nnang maina a le masome a mararo le botlhano ka bong), mme ngwana mongwe le mongwe o bidiwa ka rremogolo le mmèmogolo kgotsa wa losika yo mongwe, mme ga a ise a ko a bidiwe ka batsadi ba gagwe.[citation needed] [[Setshwantsho:San-man preparing poison arrows, using roasted seeds of Bobgunnia madagascariensis and innards of Diamphidia nigroornata, Namibia 2007-3.jpg|thumb|Go baakanyetsa metswi ya botlhole]] [[Setshwantsho:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|Monna wa Mosarwa]] Bana ga ba na ditiro tsa loago kwa ntle ga go tshameka, mme boitapoloso bo botlhokwa thata mo Basan ba dingwaga tsotlhe. Go dirisiwa nako e ntsi mo motlotlong, mo metlaeng, mo mminong le mo metantshong e e boitshepo. Basadi e ka nna baeteledipele ba ditlhopha tsa malapa a bone. Gape di ka dira ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa lelapa le tsa setlhopha mme tsa bolela gore ke tsa tsone tsa dikhuti tsa metsi le mafelo a go batla dijo. Basadi ba amega thata mo go phutheng dijo, mme ka dinako tse dingwe gape ba nna le seabe mo go tsomeng.<ref name=":8">"[https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_bushmen.html San - Bushmen - Kalahari, South Africa]..." www.krugerpark.co.za. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref> Metsi a botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa Basarwa. Ka nako ya komelelo e telele, ba dirisa didiba tsa go nwa metsi gore di kgone go tsaya metsi. Go dira mekoti ya go kgobokanya metsi sentle, Basarwa ba gotlha mosima o o boteng fa motlhaba o leng metsi teng, mme ba tsenye kutu e telele ya bojang jo bo khuti mo mosimeng. Go dirisiwa [[:en:Ostrich_egg|lee la mpšhe]] le le senang sepe go tsaya metsi. Metsi a gogelwa mo lotlhakeng go tswa mo motlhabeng, go tsena mo molomong, mme morago a tsamaye go fologa lotlhaka lo longwe go tsena mo leeng la mpshe.<ref name=":8" /> Ka tlwaelo, Basarwa e ne e le setšhaba se se lekalekanang.<ref>Marjorie Shostak, 1983, ''Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman''. New York: [[:en:Vintage_Books|Vintage Books]]. Page 10.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba na le [[:en:Tribal_chief|dikgosi]] tsa boswa, taolo ya bone e ne e lekanyeditswe. Basarwa ba ne ba tsaya ditshwetso mo gare ga bona ka [[:en:Consensus_decision-making|tumalano]], ka basadi ba tshwarwa jaaka ba ba lekanang mo go tseyeng ditshwetso.<ref>Shostak 1983: 13</ref> Itsholelo ya Basarwa e ne e le [[:en:Gift_economy|itsholelo ya dimpho]], e e neng e ikaegile ka go naana dimpho ka metlha go na le go gweba kgotsa go reka dithoto le ditirelo.<ref>Shostak 1983: 9, 25</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1994, bokana ka karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano ya dikamano tsa San e ne e le tsa [[:en:Monogamy|mosadi a le mongwe]].<ref>Goldsmith, Timothy H. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=93Q8DwAAQBAJ&dq=san+people+are+a+monogamous&pg=PA61 The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links Between Evolution and Behavior.] [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. pp. 61–62. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509393-3|978-0-19-509393-3.]] Retrieved 18 March 2025.</ref> === Go itshidisa === Metse e farologana ka go nna thata go tswa mo mafelong a tshireletso ya pula ya bosigo mo dikgakologong tse di bothitho (fa batho ba tsamaya ka nako tsotlhe go batla botala jo bo tlhogang), go ya kwa mekgwatlheng e e rulagantsweng semmuso, tse mo go tsone batho ba phuthegelang mo pakeng ya komelelo go dikologa dikhutsi tsa metsi tsa se nnela ruri. Tshimologo ya dikgakologo ke paka e e thata go gaisa: paka e e mogote ya komelelo e e latelang mariga a a tsidifetseng, a a omileng, fa bontsi jwa dijalo di santse di sule kgotsa di sa dire sepe, mme ditlamelo tsa manoko a letlhafula di fedile. Nama e botlhokwa thata mo dikgweding tsa komelelo fa diphologolo tsa naga di sa kgone go nna kgakala le metsi a a boelang morago.[citation needed] Basadi ba phutha maungo, dithlowana, dituber, di kwii tsa sekgwa le dilo tse dingwe tsa dimela gore setlhopha se di je. Mae a [[:en:Ostrich|ntšhe]] a a kgobokanngwa, mme dikgapetla tsa one tse di senang sepe di dirisiwa jaaka ditshodi tsa metsi. Ditshidinyana di tlamela ka gongwe karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya dikotla ​​tsa diphologolo tse di jewang, gantsi ka paka ya komelelo. Go ikaegile ka lefelo, Basarwa ba ja mefuta e le lesme le borobabobedi go ya go e le lekgolong le bone, go akaretsa ditsie, dikhukhwane, diboko, dirurubele, dirurubele, le metlhwa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA39 Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40]. See page 19: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&q=san&pg=PA19https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&q=san&pg=PA19 for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon] More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: Mathias [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtyI0b1CiDkC&pg=PA111 Georg Guenther (1999). Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society. p111.]</ref> Didirisiwa tsa basadi tsa setso tsa go phutha di le motlhofo go dirisiwa e bile dira tiro ka botlalo: setlhako sa letlalo, kobo, kobo e e bidiwang ''kaross'' go rwala dijo, dikgong tsa molelo, dikgetsi tse dinnye, thobane ya go epa, mme gongwe, mofuta o monnye wa kaross go belega lesea.[citation needed][[Image:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|300px|1000- to 2000-year-old San-paintings near [[Murewa]] [[Zimbabwe]] ]] Banna, mme go akanngwa gore ke basadi fa ba tsamaya le bone, ba tsoma mo maetong a maleele a a lapisang a go latedisa. Di bolaya diphologolo tsa tsona di dirisa [[:en:Bow_and_arrow|bora le metswi]] le [[:en:Spear|marumo]] a a tlhomilweng mo [[:en:Diamphotoxin|diamphotoxin]], [[:en:Arrow_poison|botlhole jwa motsu]] jo bo dirang ka iketlo jo bo tlhagisiwang ke [[:en:Larva|dibokwana]] tsa khukhwana tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Diamphidia|''Diamphidia'']]. === Ditso tsa bogologolo === [[Setshwantsho:Wandering hunters (Masarwa bushmen), North Kalahari Desert.jpg|thumb|Batsomi ba ba kgarakgatshegang (Batlhaba ba Masarwa), sekake sa Kalahari Bokone, se se gatisitsweng ka ngwaga 1892 (go tswa mo setshwantshong sa ga H. A. Bryden)]] Setlhopha sa didiriswa tse di batlang di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang ke Basarwa ba segompieno mme di simolotse ka dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a manè le bobedi Pele ga Baebele di ribolotswe kwa [[:en:Border_Cave|Logageng lwa Molelwane]] kwa [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal]] ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>Crumpton [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]], Nick (31 July 2012). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19069560 Earliest evidence of modern human culture found]".</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, se go akanngwang gore ke ngwao ya bogologolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng se ranolwa jaaka bosupi jo bo tla dirang gore setso sa Basarwa e nne setso sa bogologolo go gaisa se se santseng se dirisiwa gompieno.<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061130081347.htm "World's Oldest Ritual Discovered -- Worshipped the Python 70,000 Years Ago"]</ref><ref>[https://www.world-archaeology.com/world/africa/botswana/ritual-organised-activity-identified-as-worlds-oldest/ "Ritual: Organised Activity Identified as World's Oldest"]6 March 2007</ref><ref>[http://afrol.com/articles/23093 "Afrol News - World's oldest religion discovered in Botswana"]</ref><ref>[https://damienmarieathope.com/2017/03/stone-snake-of-south-africa-first-human-worship-70000/ "Stone Snake of South Africa: "first human worship" 70,000 years ago | Damien Marie AtHope"] </ref> [<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Disputed_statement|go ganetsanwa]] (ka ntlha ya: Bosupi ga bo ise bo ke bo gatisiwe) – [[:en:Talk:San_peoples#World's_oldest_ritual_claim|''buisana'']]]. Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore merafe mengwe ya Basarwa e ntse e nna mo dikgaolong tsa sekaka tsa Kalahari; le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bofelong mo e ka nnang merafe e mengwe yotlhe ya San kwa borwa jwa Aforika e ne ya patelesega go tsena mo kgaolong e. Basarwa ba Kalahari ba ne ba sala mo lehumeng fa baagisani ba bona ba ba humileng ba ne ba ba ganela ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe. Go ise go ye kae, kwa lefatshe la Botswana le lefatshe la Namibia, ba ne ba fitlhela kgaolo ya bone e fokoditswe thata.<ref>"The modern day Bushmen / San" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618001626/http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp|date=18 June 2011}}. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref> === Segotso === Dithuto tse di farologaneng tsa di chromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng di bontsha gore Basarwa ba rwele dingwe tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ya Y ya batho tsa dichromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng tsa batho tse di farologaneng thata (tse di nang le dikala tsa ntlha). Ditlhopha tse tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ke ditlhotshwana tse di rileng tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome tsa [[:en:Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)|A]] le [[:en:Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)|B]], e leng dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo [[:en:Phylogenetic_tree|setlhareng]] sa chromosome ya bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng ya Y sa motho.<ref name=":15">Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). [[doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|"African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages]]". ''[[:en:Current_Biology|Current Biology]]''. '''13''' (6): 464–73. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CBio...13..464K 2003CBio...13..464K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646128 12646128]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52862939 52862939].</ref><ref>Hammer, MF; Karafet, TM; Redd, AJ; Jarjanazi, H; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Soodyall, H; Zegura, SL (2001). [http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdfhttp://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdf "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity]" (PDF). [[:en:Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution|''Molecular Biology and Evolution''.]] '''18''' (7): 1189–203. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906|10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420360 11420360].</ref><ref>Naidoo, Thijessen; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Makkan, Heeran; Patel, Pareen; Mahabeer, Rajeshree; Erasmus, Johannes C.; Soodyall, Himla (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483 "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations".] ''Investigative Genetics''. '''1''' (1): 6. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6|10.1186/2041-2223-1-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483 2988483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21092339 21092339].</ref> Dithuto tsa [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial]] gape di neelana ka bosupi jwa gore Basarwa e rwele makgetlo a a kwa godimo a dikala tsa ntlha tsa [[:en:Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup|setlhopa sa dijini tse di tshwanang mo setlhareng]] tsa sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial ya motho. Sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang (DNA) e e motho a e tsayang fela mo go mmaagwe. Setlhopha sa di-mitochondria se se farologaneng thata (se se nang le dikala tsa ntlha), [[:en:Haplogroup_L0|L0d]], se supilwe ka makgetlo a sone a a kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Basarwa tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa.<ref name=":15" /><ref>Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288201 "MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations"]. [[:en:The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics|''The American Journal of Human Genetics''.]] '''66''' (4): 1362–83. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/302848|10.1086/302848]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288201 1288201]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10739760 10739760].</ref><ref>Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T. B.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Reed, F. A.; Mountain, J. L. (2007). [[doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155|"History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation"]]. [[:en:Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution|''Molecular Biology and Evolution''.]] '''24''' (10): 2180–95. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155|10.1093/molbev/msm155]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656633 17656633].</ref><ref>Schlebusch, Carina M.; Naidoo, Thijessen; Soodyall, Himla (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". ''Electrophoresis''. '''30''' (21): 3657–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/elps.200900197|10.1002/elps.200900197]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19810027 19810027]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19515426 19515426].</ref> Mo patlisisong e e gatisitsweng ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2011, Brenna Henn le badirammogo ba gagwe ba fitlhetse gore Ba-ǂKhomani San, mmogo le batho ba [[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] le [[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] ba [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], e ne e le batho ba ba farologaneng thata ka dijini go gaisa batho bape ba ba tshelang ba ba neng ba ithutiwa. Tekanyo e e kwa godimo e ya pharologano ya dijini e supa tshimologo ya batho ba segompieno ka mmele.<ref>Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). [https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44431/1/1017511108.full.pdf "Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans"] (PDF). ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]''. '''108''' (13). [[:en:National_Academy_of_Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]: 5154–62. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108|10.1073/pnas.1017511108]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069156 3069156]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383195 21383195].</ref><ref>Kaplan, Matt (2011). [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/ "Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]''. [[:en:Nature_Publishing_Group|Nature Publishing Group]]. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2008 e ne ya akantsha gore Basarwa ba ka tswa ba ne ba kgaogantswe le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa bagologolwane dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le matlhano go ya go diketeng tse lekgolo mme moragonyana ba kopana gape, ba kopana gape le setlhopha sotlhe sa dijini tsa batho.<ref>Rincon, Paul (24 April 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7358868.stm "Human line 'nearly split in two'"]. ''[[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]''. Retrieved 31 December 2009.</ref> Patlisiso ya ka ga sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 ya tatelano e e feletseng ya tshedimosetso yotlhe ya dijini ya batho (genome) e bontshitse gore bagologolwane ba Basarwa ba gompieno ba ba neng ba tshela ka go tsoma le go kokoanya dijo ba simolotse go kgaogana le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa batho mo Aforika mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng (200 000), mme ba ne ba setse ba kgaogane ka botlalo mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le lekgolo tse di fetileng (100 000). === Kgotlhang ya lefatshe la borraetsho mo Botswana === [[Setshwantsho:Bosquimanos-Grassland Bushmen Lodge, Botswana 09.jpg|thumb|Lelwapa la Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana]] Go ya ka baporofesara Robert K. Hitchcock, le Wayne A. Babchuk, "Ka ngwaga wa 1652, fa batho ba batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe ba ne ba tlhoma go nna teng ga bone ka nako e e tletseng kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, go ne go na le Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mararo (300 000) le Ba-Khoekhoe ba le dikete tse makgolo a borataro(600 000) kwa Borwa jwa Ba-Khoekhoe. Ka nako ya dikgato tsa ntlha tsa bokoloniale bo bo neng bo dirwa ke batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe mo bathong ba [[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le Basarwa ba le diketekete ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo ka ntlha ya polao ya semorafe, polao, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mo mmeleng, le malwetse. Go ne go na le dikgetse tsa "go tsoma ga Bushman" mo ditlhopheng tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole ([[:en:Paramilitary|ditlhotswana tse di tsamayang tsa sesole]] kgotsa di-posses) di neng di batla go romela Basarwa le Khoekhoe kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Babchuk, Wayne A. (2017), "Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa", [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203790830-7/genocide-khoekhoe-san-peoples-southern-africa-robert-hitchcock-wayne-babchuk ''Genocide of Indigenous Peoples'',] pp.&#x20;143–171, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780203790830-7|10.4324/9780203790830-7,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780203790830|9780203790830]]</bdi>, retrieved 25 March 2023</ref> Bontsi jwa [[:en:Aboriginal_people|naga ya batho ba tlholego]] mo lefatsheng la Botswana, go akaretsa le naga e e neng e nnilwe ke batho ba Basarwa (kgotsa Basarwa), e ne ya gapiwa ka nako ya bokoloniale. Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe le go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa tlholego go ne ga tswelela morago ga boipuso jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya boraro) Basarwa ba amilwe thata ke go tsenelela ga batho ba le bantsi le balemirui ba e seng ba tlholego mo lefatsheng la bone la setso. Melawana ya puso go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 di ne tsa fetisetsa kgaolo e e botlhokwa ya lefatshe le ka tlwaelo e neng e le la Basarwa go merafe e mentsi ya [[:en:Agro-pastoralist|badisa-temothuo]] le baagi ba basweu.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya lesomele botlhano) Bontsi jwa melawana ya puso mabapi le lefatshe e ne e na le tshekamelo ya go rata batho ba ba laolang ba Tswana le Bakgaladi ba bannye.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya bobedi) Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe ke seabe se segolo mo mathateng a a lebaganeng le batho ba tlholego ba lefatshe la Botswana, go akaretsa segolobogolo go lelekwa ga Basarwa mo Lefelo la Pabalesego ya Diphologolo la Bogare jwa Kalahari.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya bobedi) Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e ne ya swetsa ka gore botlhe ba ba nnang mo teng ga lefelo leo ba fudusediwe kwa mafelong a bonno a a kwa ntle ga lone. Go tshwenngwa ga baagi, go tlhatlhamololwa ga mafaratlhatlha, le go thibelwa ga go tsoma go lebega go dirisitswe go tlhotlheletsa baagi go tsamaya.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya lesome le borataro) Puso e ganne gore go fuduga gope go ne ga patelediwa.[90] Go ne ga latela ntwa ya semolao.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20061220110621/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back]". ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. 13 December 2006. Archived from [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html the original] on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2006.</ref> Melawana ya go fudusiwa e ka tswa e ne e ikaeletse go tlhofofatsa meepo ya diteemane ke [[:en:Gem_Diamonds|Gem Diamonds]] mo teng ga lefelo la polokelo.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi) == Tumalano ya kitso ya setso ya Hoodia == [[:en:Hoodia_gordonii|Hoodia gordonii]], e e dirisiwang ke Basarwa, e ne ya fiwa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi ke [[:en:Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research|Lekgotla la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense le Madirelo]] (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 1998, ka ntlha ya boleng jwa yone jo bo akanngwang jwa go gatelela keletso ya dijo, le fa, go ya ka tshekatsheko ya ngwaga wa 2006, go se na bosupi jo bo gatisitsweng jwa saense jo bo neng bo tshegetsa semela sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa hoodia e fokotsa tlala mo bathung.<ref>Kathleen Doheney, [http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/hoodia-lots-of-hoopla-little-science?page=1 "Hoodia: Lots of Hoopla, Little Science; Few studies support the promise of the South African appetite suppressant, but believers abound]", WebMD, September 6, 2006, Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Retrieved March 24, 2007</ref> Tetla e ne ya fiwa kompone ya [[:en:Phytopharm|Phytopharm]], ya tlhabololo ya motswako wa khemikhale o o dirang mo sejalong sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa Hoodia, wa P57 (mofuta wa motswako wa khemikhale o o nang le karolo ya sukiri mo sebopegong sa one), go dirisiwa jaaka seritibatsi sa melemo sa go ja dijo tse di rileng. Fa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi e e sena go itsisiwe kwa Basarweng, go ne ga fitlhelelwa tumalano ya go abelana dipoelo magareng ga bona le Lekgotla la Patlisiso ya Saense le Madirelo (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 2003. Se se ne se tla abela Basarwa dituelo tsa dipoelo tsa kitso ya bona ya tlholego.<ref>Wynberg, R. (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030858/http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248 Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing]". ''The Journal of World Intellectual Property''. '''7''' (6): 851–876. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x|10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x]]. Archived from [http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref> Ka nako ya kgang ya semolao, batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba emetswe le go thusiwa ke Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Ditlhophapotlana tsa Naga mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA), Lekgotla la Basarwa la lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le Setheo sa Basarwa sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":4" /> Tumalano e ya go abelana dipoelo ke nngwe ya tsa ntlha go fa batshodi ba kitso ya setso e e dirisediwang go rekisa diritibatsi go nna le dituelo.Dipeelo tsa tumalano e di a ganediwa, ka ntlha ya go bonala fa di sa latele ka botlalo Melawana ya Bonn ya go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa dijini le go abelana dipoelo, jaaka go tlhalositswe mo Tumalanong ya Lefatshe ka Bophara ka ga Pharologano ya Ditshedi ([[:en:Convention_on_Biological_Diversity|Convention on Biological Diversity]] – CBD).<ref>Tully, S. (2003). "[https://www.cbd.int/doc/articles/2003/A-00457.pdf The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing"] (PDF). ''Review of European Community and International Environmental Law''. '''12''': 84–98. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/1467-9388.00346.</ref> Basarwa ga ba ise ba bone dipoelo dipe go tswa mo tumalanong e, ka gonne motswako wa metlhakanyo o o bopilweng ka dikarolwana tsa dilo (chemical) o o ntshitsweng mo Hoodia wa P57 ga o ise o tlhabololwe semolao le go rekisiwa jaaka sehlahisoa sa kalafi. [[Setshwantsho:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa, kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe]] == Boemedi mo metsweding ya dikgang == === Dieemedi tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Southafrica468bushman.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng kwa Cederberg, kwa lefelong la Western Cape]] Basarwa ba [[:en:Kalahari|Kalahari]] ba ne ba tlisiwa lantlha mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe le le kopaneng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 ke mokwadi wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa [[:en:Laurens_van_der_Post|Laurens van der Post]]. Van der Post o goletse mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa, mme o ne a na le kgatlhego e e tlotlegang ya botshelo jotlhe ya ditso tsa batho ba naga ya Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1955, o ne a laelwa ke [[:en:BBC|Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC)]] go ya kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari le setlhopha sa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso go batla Basarwa. Dintlha tse di neng di tsewa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang e e gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso di ne tsa fetolwa go nna ditshwantsho tse di ratiwang thata tsa sesupa ditshwantso tsa dikarolo di le thataro ngwaga moragonyana. E kgweediwa ke kgatlhego ya botshelo jotlhe ya "morafe o o nyeletseng" ono, Van der Post o ne a gatisa buka ya ngwaga wa 1958 ka ga leeto leo, e e bidiwang ''Lefatshe le le Latlhegileng la Kalahari''. E ne e tshwanetse go nna buka ya gagwe e e tumileng thata. [[Setshwantsho:San-Elephant Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa]] Ka ngwaga wa 1961, o ne a gatisa ''Pelo ya Motsomi'', kanelo e a e dumelang mo matsenong e dirisa dibuka tse pedi tse di fetileng tsa dikgang le diiinane jaaka "mofuta wa Baebele ya Motlha wa Matlapa", e leng [[:en:Specimens_of_Bushman_Folklore|Dikao tsa Diiinane tsa Basarwa']] ( ngwaga wa 1911), tse di [[:en:Folkloristics|kokoantsweng]] ke [[:en:Wilhelm_Bleek|Wilhelm H. I. Bleek]] and [[:en:Lucy_Lloyd|Lucy C. Lloyd]], and [[:en:Dorothea_Bleek|Dorothea Bleek's]] ''Seleetswane le Tsala ya gagwe.'' Tiro ya ga Van der Post e ne ya tlisa dingwao tsa tlholego tsa Aforika kwa didikadikeng tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara e le lekgetlo la ntlha, mme batho bangwe ba ne ba e nyatsa jaaka karolo ya pono ya motho wa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le bo 1960, ba bolela gore o ne a tlhalosa Basarwa jaaka fela "bana ba Tlholego" kgotsa le e leng "baitseanape ba masaitsiweng ba tikologo". Ka ngwaga wa 1992, John Perrot le setlhopha sa gagwe ba ne ba gatisa buka e e bidiwang ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220401015629/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/sites/book-site.htm Bush for the Bushman]'' — e e neng e tlhalosiwa jaaka "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220129141019/http://www.savethesan.org/ boikuelo jo bo tswang mo seemong se se maswe]" mo boemong jwa Basarwa ba tlholego, e e neng e lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng sa boditšhabatšhaba mme e bile e kopa dipuso go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika go tlotla le go busetsa ditshwanelo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe tsa Basarwa botlhe. == Ditokomane le tshedimosetso tsa boammaruri == John Marshall, morwa wa moithuta-loago wa [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard]] e bong [[:en:Lorna_Marshall|Lorna Marshall]], o kwadile matshelo a Basarwa kwa kgaolong ya Nyae Nyae kwa lefatsheng la Namibia mo pakeng e e tsayang dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa gagwe sa ntlha sa ''The Hunters'', se bontsha go tsoma ga thutlwa. ''Lelapa la Kalahari'' (ngwaga wa 2002) ke motseletsele o o kwalang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano mo matshelong a ''Juǀʼhoansi'' a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1951 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2000. Marshall e ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhagafetseng wa lebaka la Basarwa mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref>Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rtHR8_gK_WwC The Old Way: A Story of the First People]''. Macmillan. pp.&#x20;xiii, 45–47. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781429954518|9781429954518]]</bdi>.</ref> Kgaitsadie [[:en:Elizabeth_Marshall_Thomas|Elizabeth Marshall Thomas]] o ne a kwala dibuka di le mmalwa le di pego di le mmalwa ka ga Basarwa, a ikaegile ka bontlhabongwe mo maitemogelong a gagwe a go nna le batho ba fa setso sa bone se ne se santse se le teng. ''Batho ba ba Senang Kotsi,'' e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959, le ''Tsela ya Bogologolo'': ''Kgang ya Batho ba Ntlha'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2006, ke tse pedi tsa tsone. John Marshall le Adrienne Miesmer ba kwadile matshelo a batho ba ǃKung ba Basarwa magareng ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le 1978 kwa ''Nǃai'', Kgang ya ''Mosadi wa ǃKung''.<ref>N!ai; Marshall, John; Marshall-Cabezas, Sue; Miesner, Adrienne; Mbulu, Letta (2004), [http://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?ANTH;763708 ''N!ai: the story of a !Kung woman'',] Documentary Educational Resources (Firm), Public Broadcasting Associates, Documentary Educational Resources, retrieved 30 March 2024</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260208235437/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/reflecting-nai-story-kung-woman "Reflecting on N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman".] ''africa.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref>Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se, se e leng pego ya mosadi yo o goletseng fa Basarwa ba neng ba tshela jaaka batsomi-baphuthi ba ba ikemetseng, mme moragonyana a patelesega go tshela botshelo jwa go ikaega ka ba bangwe mo setšhabeng se se tlhomilweng ke puso kwa Tsumkwe, e bontsha ka fa matshelo a [[:en:ǃKung_people|batho ba ǃKung]], ba ba neng ba tshela dingwaga di le sekete jaaka batsomi ba ba kokoanyang, a neng a fetolelwa ruri ka tshegetso e nnye thata fa ba ne ba tshegediwa.<ref>Kray, C. (1978) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman]'" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html|date=14 July 2008}}. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013.</ref> Modiri wa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa Richard Wicksteed o tlhagisitse ditokomane di le mmalwa ka ga setso sa Basarwa, ditso le maemo a gone jaana; tse di akaretsa ''Mo Mafelong a Modimo / Iindawo ZikaThixo'' (ngwaga wa 1995) ka ga boswa jwa setso jwa Basarwa kwa borwa jwa Drakensberg; ''Loso lwa Mobushman'' (ngwaga wa 2002) ka polao ya molatedi wa Mosarwa Optel Rooi ke mapodisi a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa; ''The Will To Survive'' (ngwaga wa 2009), e e akaretsang ditso le maemo a merafe ya Basarwa mo borwa jwa Aforika gompieno; le ''Lefatshe la Me ke Seriti sa Me'' (ngwaga wa 2009) ka ga kgaratlho ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe ya Basarwa kwa [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari Bogare la Lefatshe la Botswana]].[citation needed] Tokomane ka ga go tsoma ga Basarwa e e bidiwang, ''Mmino o o Mogolo'': ''Kgang ya Motsomi'' (ngwaga wa 2000), e e kaetsweng ke Damon le [[:en:Craig_Foster_(filmmaker)|Craig Foster]]. Se se ne sa sekasekwa ke [[:en:Lawrence_Van_Gelder|Lawrence Van Gelder]] wa [[:en:New_York_Times|New York Times]], yo o neng a re setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se "se nale tiro ya go somarela le go tlhoma loso."<ref>Van Gelder, Lawrence (29 September 2000). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/movies/film-in-review-the-great-dance.html?pagewanted=print&src=p A Hunter's Story]". ''T[[:en:The_New_York_Times|he New York Times]]''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|.]]</ref> Buka ya ga [[:en:Spencer_Wells|Spencer Wells]] ya ngwaga wa 2003 ya ''[[:en:The_Journey_of_Man|The Journey of Man]]''—e e amanang le lenaneo la Dijini ya National Geographic—e tlotla ka tshekatsheko ya [[:en:Genetics|dijini]] tsa Basarwa mme e bolela gore [[:en:Genetic_markers|matshwao a bone a dijini]] e ne e le one a ntlha go kgaogana le a bagologolwane ba bontsi jwa batho ba bangwe ba segompieno (''Homo sapiens sapiens''). Tokomane ya [[:en:PBS|Tirelo ya Phatlalatso ya Setšhaba (PBS)]] e e theilweng mo bukeng e latela matshwao ano go ralala lefatshe lotlhe, e bontsha gore batho botlhe ba ka latedisiwa go boela kwa [[:en:African_continent|karolong e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Aforika]] (bona [[:en:Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans|Tshimologo ya bosheng ya Aforika ya batho ba segompieno]], se se bidiwang "go tswa mo Aforika" kakanyo).[citation needed] Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa [[:en:The_Life_of_Mammals#10._.22Food_for_Thought.22|''The Life of Mammals'']] ( ngwaga wa 2003) o akaretsa ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tsa Basarwa ya tlholego ya sekaka sa Kalahari e [[:en:Persistence_hunt|tsoma mo go sa kgaotseng]] ga [[:en:Kudu|kudu]] mo maemong a a bogale a sekaka.<ref>[[:en:David_Attenborough|Attenborough, David]] (5 February 2003). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o "Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)"]. ''[[:en:The_Life_of_Mammals|The Life of Mammals]]''. BBC. [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/826HMLoiE_o Archived] from the original on 4 November 2021.</ref> E fa setshwantsho sa kafa motho wa bogologolo a ka tswang a ne a latelela le go tshwara diphologolo ka gone a sa dirise dibetsa tse dintsi. Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa [[:en:How_Art_Made_the_World|Kafa Botaki bo Dirileng Lefatshe ka Gone (''How Art Made the World)'']] (wa ngwaga ya 2005) o bapisa [[:en:Rock_art_of_the_Bushmen|ditshwantsho tsa logaga tsa Basarwa]] tsa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng le [[:en:Ice_Age_art|ditshwantsho tsa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Europe tsa Paleolithic]] tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bone.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/pictures/san/ "How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa"]. ''www.pbs.org''. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga tsone, ditiro tsa Basarwa di ka bontsha mabaka a ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo tsa magaga. Mogasi [[:en:Nigel_Spivey|Nigel Spivey]] o dirisa thata tiro ya ga Moporofesara [[:en:David_Lewis-Williams|David Lewis-Williams]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155006/http://6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br/ "Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR".] ''6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br''. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</ref> yo maemo a a kwa godimo a thuto ya Mmadikolo ya PhD ya gagwe e neng e na le setlhogo se se reng "Go Dumela le go Bona (Believing and Seeing): Bokao jwa tshwantshetso mo ditshwantshong tsa matlapa tsa kwa borwa jwa Basarwa". Lewis-Williams o tshwantsha dikamano magareng ga botaki jwa pele ga ditso mo lefatsheng lotlhe, a bo a bo golaganya le dingwao tsa shaman le maemo a go tsenwa ke tlhaloganyo (trance). == Ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso le mmino == [[Setshwantsho:Rock painting in Twyfelfontein3.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se takilweng mo lefikeng sa monna mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein]] Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1969, [[:en:Lost_in_the_Desert|Go latlhega mo sekakeng (Lost in the Desert)]], se bontsha mosimane yo monnye, yo o latlhegileng mo sekakeng, yo o kopanang le setlhopha sa Basarwa ba ba kgarakgatshegang. Ba mo thusa mme morago ba mo latlhe ka ntlha ya go sa tlhaloganye mo go bakilweng ke go tlhoka puo le setso se se tshwanang. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se ne se laolwa ke [[:en:Jamie_Uys|Jamie Uys]], yo o neng a boela kwa Basarweng morago ga dingwaga di le lesome ka [[:en:The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy|Medimo e tshwanetse ya bo e dira dilo tse di sa tlwaelegang (The Gods Must Be Crazy)]], e e neng ya itshupa e le katlego ya boditšhabatšhaba. Metlae e e bontsha kopano ya ntlha ya setlhopha sa Basarwa ba Kalahari le [[:en:Cultural_artifact|sediriswa]] se se dirilweng ka diatla go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le kwa ntle (lebotlolo la [[:en:Coca-Cola|Coca-Cola]]). Ka nako ya fa setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se e ne se dirwa, ba ǃKung ba ne ba sa tswa go patelediwa go tsena mo metseng e e sa direng sepe, mme Basarwa ba ba neng ba thapilwe jaaka badiragatsi ba ne ba tlhakantswe tlhogo ke ditaelo tsa go diragatsa dipheteletso tse di sa nepagalang tsa botshelo jwa bone jwa go tsoma le go phutha jo bo batlileng bo tlogetswe.<ref>''[[:en:Nǃai,_the_Story_of_a_ǃKung_Woman|Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]].'' Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.</ref> "[[:en:Eh_Hee|Eh Hee]]" ka [[:en:Dave_Matthews_Band|Dave Matthews Band]] e kwadilwe jaaka go tsosa mmino le setso sa Basarwa. Mo kgannyeng e e neng ya bolelelwa bareetsi ba [[:en:Radio_City_Music_Hall|Radio City]] (mofuta o o rulagantsweng wa yone o tlhagelela mo mofuteng wa sedirisiwa sa polokelo ya tshedimosetso sa DVD wa [[:en:Live_at_Radio_City|Live at Radio City]]), Matthews o gakologelwa a utlwa mmino wa Basarwa mme, fa a botsa mokaedi wa gagwe gore mafoko a dipina tsa bone ke afe, o ne a bolelelwa gore "ga go na mafoko a dipina tseo, ka gonne dipina tseo, re ne re ntse re di opela pele ha batho ba nna le mafoko." O tswelela ka go tlhalosa pina eo e le "tlotlo ya gagwe ya go kopana le... batho ba ba gatetseng pele thata mo lefatsheng le legolo la legodimo le le dikologang naledi kgotsa letsatsi." === Buka ya maitemogelo a motho === [[Setshwantsho:Giraffe, Twyfelfontein.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se gabilweng mo lefikeng sa thutlwa mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein]] Mo bukeng ya maitemogelo a ga [[:en:Peter_Godwin_(writer)|Peter Godwin]] [[:en:When_a_Crocodile_Eats_the_Sun|''Fa Kwena e Ja Letsatsi ( When a Crocodile Eats the Sun,)'']], o umaka nako ya gagwe e a e feditseng le Basarwa go dira kabelo nngwe. Setlhogo sa gagwe se tswa mo tumelong ya Basarwa ya gore phifalo ya letsatsi e diragala fa kwena e ja letsatsi.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] === Dipadi === Dipadi tse pedi tsa ga [[:en:Laurens_van_der_Post|Laurens van der Post]], ''Kgang e e Tshwanang le Phefo (A Story Like The Wind)'' (ya ngwaga wa 1972) le tatelano ya yona, Lefelo le le Kgakala ( ''A Far Off Place)''( ya ngwaga wa 1974), tse di dirilweng setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1993, di bua ka ga mosimane wa mosweu yo o kopanang le Mosarwa yo o kgarakgatshegang le mosadi wa gagwe, le ka fa botshelo jwa Basarwa le bokgoni jwa go itshedisa bo bolokang batho ba sekaka.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] [[:en:The_Covenant_(novel)|''Kgolagano ( The Covenant'']]'')'' ya ga [[:en:James_A._Michener|James A. Michener]] ( ya ngwaga wa 1980) ke tiro ya ditshedimoso tsa nnete tsa ditso e e totileng lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Karolo ya ntlha ya buka e amana le loeto lwa morafe wa Basarwa lo lo neng lwa simololwa mo e ka nnang ka dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le boraro Pele ga Motlha wa Rona (13 000 BCE). Mo pading ya ga [[:en:Wilbur_Smith|Wilbur Smith]] ya [[:en:The_Burning_Shore|The Burning Shore]] (karolo mo [[:en:Courtneys_of_Africa_book_series|motseletseleng wa dibuka tsa Courtneys of Africa]]), batho ba Basarwa ba tlhagisiwa ka badiragatsi ba bagolo ba babedi, O'wa le H'ani; Smith o tlhalosa dikgaratlho tsa Basarwa, ditso tsa bone, le ditumelo tsa bone ka botlalo jo bogolo. Baanelwa ba Basarwa le bone ba tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tse dingwe tse dintsi, gantsi ba dira jaaka balatedi le dikaelo tsa badiragatsi ba bagolo ba ga Smith.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Padi ya ga [[:en:Norman_Rush|Norman Rush]] ya ngwaga wa 1991 ya [[:en:Mating_(novel)|Mating]] e bontsha kampa ya Basarwa gaufi le toropo ya lefatshe la Botswana (ya kakanyo) kwa tirokgolo e beilweng teng.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ga [[:en:Tad_Williams|Tad Williams]] tse di kgang e kgolo e e bogale tsa [[:en:Otherland|Otherland]] o bontsha Mosarwa wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa yo o bidiwang ǃXabbu, yo Williams a ipolelang gore o itlhametswe thata, mme e seng kemedi e e nepagetseng. Mo pading, Williams o bitsa dintlha tsa diiinane le setso sa Basarwa.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Ka ngwaga wa 2007, [[:en:David_Gilman_(writer)|David Gilman]] o ne a gatisa buka ya ''Mowa wa ga Diabolo'' (''The Devil's Breath)''. Mongwe wa baanelwabagolo, e ne ele mosimane yo monnye wa Mosarwa yo o bidiwang ǃKoga, o dirisa mekgwa ya setso go thusa moanelwa Max Gordon go kgabaganya lefatshe la Namibia.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Alexander McCall Smith o kwadile motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ditiragalo tse di diragetseng kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Molekane wa moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele wa [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|Setheo sa Matseka sa Basadi sa ntlha ( ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency)'']] Rre J. L. B. Matekoni, o godisa bana ba babedi ba masiela ba Basarwa, kgaitsadie le morwarraagwe Motholeli le Puso.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Basarwa ba tlhagelela mo dipading di le mmalwa tsa ga Michael Stanley (leina la ga Michael Sears le Stanley Trollip), bogolosegolo mo go Loso lwa Seleetswane (''Death of the Mantis)''. Mo bukeng ya ga [[:en:Christopher_Hope_(novelist)|Christopher Hope]] ya ''Darkest England'', mogaka wa Mosarwa, David Mungo Booi, o fiwa tiro ke batho ba morafe ka ene go kopa Kgosigadi tshireletso e a kileng a e solofetsa, le go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go tlhama kolone mo setlhaketlhakeng. O ne a ribolola lefatshe la Engelane ka mokgwa wa batlhotlhomisi ba Bophirima ba lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] == Batho ba ba tlhomologileng == === ǃkung === * Nǃxau ǂToma * Segosi === Gǁana === * Roy Sesana [[Setshwantsho:!Kweiten-ta ken (also known as Rachel or Griet) 1870s.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa ga ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen fa a ne a le kwa lefelong la Mowbray ka ngwaga wa 1874 go fitlhela ngwaga wa 1875]] === lxam === * Dia!kwane * ǁkabo ǃkweiten-le-Ken === ǂKhomani kgotsa Nǁnǂe === * Dawid Kruiper (yo o buang Sekhoekhoe) * Elsie Vaalbooi (yo o buang Se-Nǁng) * Katrina Esau (yo o buang Se-Nǁng) === Naro === * Cg'ose Ntcox'o * Coexʼae Qgam == Bona gape == * [[:en:First_People_of_the_Kalahari|Batho ba Ntlha ba Kalahari]] * [[:en:Kalahari_Debate|Kganetsano ya Kalahari]] * [[:en:Khoisan|Basarwa]] * [[:en:Negro_of_Banyoles|Negro ya Banyoles]] * [[:en:Botswanan_art#San_art|Botaki jwa Botswana § Botaki jwa Basarwa]] * [[:en:Strandloper_(people)|Strandloper]] * [[:en:Vaalpens|Vaalpens]] * [[:en:Contemporary_San_Art|Botaki jwa Segompieno]] * [[:en:!Khwa_ttu|!Kwa ttu]] * [[:en:Contemporary_San_art|Botaki jwa segompieno]] == Dintlha == Bakanoki bangwe ba ganetsa gore ngwao le boitshupo ga di ka ke tsa tsewa e le tse di tlhomameng kgotsa tse di sa fetogeng, segolobogolo mo pakeng e telele jaana .<ref>Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/primordialism-and-the-pleistocene-san-of-southern-africa/45D6E61597C34A496AB5A0B6FA1C7632 "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa]". ''Antiquity''. '''90''' (352).</ref> ==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Botswana]] 72nygq5wju8xjxqd0l0le6fj4sboyf7 Kgotla 0 3352 53844 53013 2026-08-03T08:32:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kgotla ya Kgosing.jpg|thumb|Kgotla meeting]] '''''kgotla''''' ke bokopano jwa setshaba, batho ba ba nnang mmogo kgotsa molao wa setswana kgotlatshekelo ya magae a [[Botswana|Botswana]]. Gantsi e etelelwa pele ke kgosi kgotsa kgosana, gape le ditshwetso tsa batho di tsewa ka tumalano ya bontsi. Dikgosana di bereka e le bagakolodi ba ga Kgosi. Mongwe le mongwe o letelelwa go ntsha mafatlha a gagwe, gape ga gona ope yo o ka tsenang ganong se motho a se buang "fa ba bua maikutlo a bone". Go na le Setswana se se reng (''ntwa kgolo ke ya molomo'' ). Ntateng ya ngwao, Botswana o ithaya a re ke ene yo motona mo pusong ya batho ka batho.<ref>Admin (8 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260723074939/https://www.inonafrica.com/2018/02/08/africas-top-5-politically-stable-countries/ "Africa's Top 5 most politically-stable countries".] ''IOA''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2012). ''Why Nations Fail''. London: Profile Books. p.&nbsp;407. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-429-6|<bdi>978-1-84668-429-6</bdi>.]]</ref> Mokgwa wa go letelela batho go bua mafatlha a bone go direlwa mo bokopanong jwa mefutla ka kakaretso, go tsweng mo go buisaneng go ya kwa go buisiweng ka boripana, gape go kgona go raya bokopano jwa metsotso e mentsi.<ref>Piwane, Moumakwa. "The Botswana Kgotla System: A mechanism for Traditional Conflict Resolution in modern Botswana. Case study of the Kanye Kgotla".</ref> ''Kgotla'' gape e kgona go raya lone lefelo le go kopanelwang teng . Se se kgona go simolola ka ditlilo di le kwa tlase ga moriti go ya kwa lefelong la sennela ruri le nale ditlilo. Mo tlhaloganyong,leina le adimilwe mo sekgoweng sa Botswana go tsweng mo Setswaneng, le le rayang ''kgotla'' .<ref>[https://dsae.co.za/entry/kgotla/e03762 kgotla - definition of kgotla in A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE".] ''dsae.co.za''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Mo sekgoweng sa Aferika Borwa , '''''lekgotla'' ''' ke bokopano jo bo bidiwang ke puso go buisana ka ditogamaano. Leina le adimilwe mo Setswaneng ,le raya ''kgotlatshekelo'' .<ref>[https://dsae.co.za/entry/kgotla/e03762 "Kgotla - definition of kgotla in A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE".] ''dsae.co.za''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240715084533/https://macmillaneducation.secure.force.com/help/ "LEKGOTLA (noun) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary".] ''www.macmillandictionary.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Gantsi go na le banna ba ba nnang kwa kgotleng mo letsatsing. Banna ba ba romiwa go bitsa ba ba tlodileng molao. ==Kgotla ya Batswana== Kgotla e kaiwa mo setsong sa Setswana jaaka lefelo la botlhokwatlhokwa. Ke felo kwa melao ya morafe e dirwang gone le ditsheko di tsenelang gone. Kgotla ngwe le ngwe, go ya ka Setswana, e biletswa boreaitse go thaya kgotla gore go sireletswe kgosi le morafe. Go epelwa lenaka la mere kgotla lenaka le beiwa mo mpontsheng go ya ka thato ya kgosi le baeletsi ba gagwe. Kgotla e agiwa go ya ka bogolo jwa morafe mme e agiwa jaaka seripagare sa kgolokwe. Gantsi, ke Kgosi, borangwanaagwe le bao ba tlhopilweng ke ntlo ya kwa kgosing ba ba dirang le go fetola melao ya morafe. Manno kwa kgotla a dulwa go ya ka maemo a motho mo morafeng. Batlhanka le batlhoki ba dula kgakala xle kgosi. Bomatwetwe, batlhabani ba diganka le bahumi ba dula gaufi le kgosi. Ke gone fa mannong fa moo go neng gp bonwa gore ke mang yo nang le meraka e mentsi, e e sasailang ka metlhape ya dikgomo le letsomane la dinku. Kgotla, kwa dipitso tsa morafe di tshwarelwang gone, ka gale e agiwa gaufi le kwa kgosing ka magong a ditlhare tsa mokgalo le moselesele, mme e agiwa ka mokwa yo o latelang: Manno a kgotla - gantsi ka fa tlase ga setlhare Lepatlelo la kgotla – go amogela bao ba tla emang ka dinao kwa kgotla Leobo – moago e ruletsweng ka bojang Leiso – kwa molelo o besiwang gone go ithuthafatsa, go apaya tota le go baya metsi mo isong Lesaka la dikgomo Ntlwana – e agiwa ka kwa morago ga lesaka Kgotla e e kwa godimodimo ke kgotla ya kgosi. Mme yona e latelwa ke dikgotla tsa dikgosana le dikgotla tsa malapa. Senno sa kgotla se dirisiwa kwa kgotla fela, ga se tswe ka kgotla. Mme senno seno se dirwa ka legong la setlhare sa mokgalo, morolwana kgotsa mokabi. Dinno gantsi di betliwa ke banna ba motse. Mo malatsing a gompieno dikgotla di fetogile go tsamaya le dinako. Sepodisi le meago mengwe ya puso e agiwa gaufi kgotsa go nna karolo ya kgotla. ==Dipadi tse dingwe. == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721220745/http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/body2_1.html Kemedi ya Botswana, Japan]Ngwao ya Botswana * [http://www.kgotla.com Kompone e e neeleng ithuthuntsho tsa go laola ka Kgotla] == Metswedi == * [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20090520163424309C147418] Retrieved 21 May 2008. Example of use in South African context ==Dipadi tse dingwe. == * (2002) ''Oxford Dictionary of South African English'' [[Category:Molao wa Botswana]] [[Category:Batho ba ba nnang mmogo]] {{Botswana-stub}} fby2m18p3n5gnrvtw1fylpjs34mw5jk Diteemane tse di epiwang kwa moepong wa Orapa 0 3432 53833 52961 2026-08-03T04:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mine | name = Orapa diamond mine | image = | width = | caption = | pushpin_map =Botswana | pushpin_label =Orapa diamond mine | pushpin_map_caption = Botswana | latd = 21.283333 |latm = |lats = |latNS = S | longd = 25.366666 |longm = |longs = |longEW = E | coordinates_region = | display =inline,title | place = [[Orapa]] | subdivision_type = | state/province = | country = Botswana | owner = [[Debswana]] | official website = | acquisition year = | stock_exchange = | stock_code = | products = [[Diamond]]s (16.3 million carats in 2003) | financial year = | amount = | opening year = 1971 | closing year = }} '''Moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa '''ke one moepo o motona lefatshe ka bophara wa diteemane. Moepo o o kwa [[Orapa|Orapa]], kwa toropong e e kwa kgaolwaneng ya [[Boteti]] ya [[Botswana|Botswana]] e ka nna dikhilomethara tse di masome a mabedi, masome a mabedi le bone mo bophirima jwa toropo ya [[Francistown|Francistown]]. Orapa ("boikhutso jwa ditau") bng ba yone ke kompone ya [[Debswana]], e e kopanetsweng gareng ga kompone ya [[De Beers]] gape le [[puso ya Botswana]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.debswana.com/About-Us/Pages/Our-History.aspx "Debswana History"]. ''www.debswana.com''. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> Moepo o upolotse ka Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa, ngwaga morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana, ke setlhopha sa baitseanape ba marope ba De Beers, ba akaretsa Manfred Marx, Jim Gibson ba eteletswe pele ke Dr. Gavin Lamont.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/orapa-diamond-mine-discovery-story-retold/ "Orapa diamond mine discovery story retold | Sunday Standard".] 10 November 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> Ke one moepo o mogologolo thata go fetisa e mengwe e mene ya kompone e, o o simolotseng go dira ka Phukwi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le motso, dipoelo tsa one tsa ntlha e ne e le dikharat di le sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo a mane, masome a mararo le borobabobedi, le lekgolo masome a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref>Brook, Michael C. (2016). ''Botswana's Diamonds''. Gaborone, Botswana: Michael C. Brook, Kwena Pools, Notwane. p.&nbsp;96. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>9[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789991294186|789991294186]]</bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789991294186|.]]</ref><ref name=":0" /> Madi a dipoelo tsa moepo o a lemogiwa fa a fetotse itsholelo la Botswana, ka a letlile puso go beeletsa mo ditirelong tsa potlako le dikago tsa lefatshe.<ref>Lock, N. (February 2019). [http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532019000200010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en "Jwaneng - the untold story of the discovery of the world's richest diamond mine]". ''Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy''. '''119''' (2): 155–164. doi:[https://web.archive.org/web/20221102122036/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532019000200010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en 10.17159/2411-9717/2019/v119n2a8.] ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2225-6253 2225-6253.]</ref> Orapa ke moepo o o bulegileng gape ke one o o motona lefatshe ka bophara. Moepe o, o bonwa ka kakana ya kimberlite e e phuthaganelang fa godimo, e nale setswalo sa dikhilomethara di le 1.18 mo lefatsheng. Orapa o dira malatsi a le bosupa mo bekeng, gape a bo o ntsha selekanyo sa didikadike di le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga tsa borale, gape le koketsego ya kgakgabalo ya mantswe a a sa dirisiweng a selekanyo sa makgokgolo a masome a mane ka ngwaga. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bboraro, moepo wa Orapa o ne wa ntsha 16.3 million carats (3260&nbsp;kg) tsa diteemane. <ref>[https://www.angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-Group/PLC/media/press-release/releases/2020pr/q4-2019-production-report.pdf "Q4 2019 Production Report]" (PDF). ''Anglo American''. Anglo American. 23 January 2020.</ref>Selekanyo se ka bosiwang sa boleng jwa borale kwa moepong ke 0.87 carats (174&nbsp;mg) per ton. Moepo o ne wa atlolosiwa ka gwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobnwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, o oketsa nonofo ya one gabedi. Kwa go tlhatswiwang teng deteemane mo Orapa go lepeaniwa borale jobo ntshiwang kwa Orapa gape le kwa meepong e mengwe e e mebedi ya Debswana, wa Letlhakane gape le wa diteemane wa Damtshaa. Orapa gape le moepo o mongwe wa Letlhakane e thapile batho ba le diketev di le tharo le lekgolo. Debswana o na gape le sepatela sa malao a le lekgolo, sekolo sa banana gape le sekolo se se potana go direla bana ba babereki, gape le lefelo la diphologolo la Orapa. Moepo o nale ditlankana tsa ISO di le makgolokgolo a le lesome le bone le motso tse di dumalanang le go tlhokomela tikologo, gape di bo di baya botlhokwa jwa go somarela metsi gape le go tshwara matlakala sentle. Seretse se se di sireleditsweng sa ngwaga wa di didikadike di le masome a robabongwe se se mo diphaepheng se botlhokwa go tshwara ditshedinyana tsa boglogolo.<ref>Brothers, D. J.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1 September 2003). [https://journals.co.za/content/ento/11/2/EJC32559 "Diversity of Hymenoptera and other insects in the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) deposits at Orapa, Botswana : a preliminary review".] ''African Entomology''. '''11''' (2): 221–226. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1021-3589 1021-3589.]</ref> Moepo o kgatlhile motshameko o o bidiwang Orapa mine. Mo ditsamaisong tsa moepo go sekaseka popego le mategeniki go dirisiwa go bona diteemane le ditswammung tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Motshameko o, o o tlwaelesegileng thata kwa Cote d'Ivore, o supa tsamaiso e ka batshameki ba dirisa makhubu go akanyetsa fa ditswammung di fitlhilweng teng. Mo boemong jwa go supa ditsamaiso sa moepo tsa mo botshelong, e supa magokanyane a tlhaloganyo a go sekaseka lefatshe.<ref>[https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/424152/orapa-mine "Orapa Mine".] ''BoardGameGeek''. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> ==Katlego ya Moepo== Mookamela lekalana la tshireletsego kwa moepong wa Orapa, o jaanong o godileng go nna wa Orapa, Letlhakane le Damtshaa, Sonny Mogojwa, o tlhalosa fa kgang kgolo e se go tswalela sechaba kwa ntle ga moepo wa Orapa, mme e le go babalela mokoti. E re ka khamphane ya Debswana e na le moepo o mongwe gape kwa Jwaneng, motho o ka ba a ipotsa gore Jwaneng ene ke eng a sa rulaganngwa ka tsela e. “Fa o ka ela tlhoko, o tlaa lemoga gore kwa Jwaneng, matlo a bonno a ntlha engwe, fa mokoti o le ntlha e sele. Ka jalo, go etela ba losika le ditsala, ga go tlhokafale teseletso ka jaana motho o sa fete fa mokoting. Mme go ya kwa mokoting tota gone kwa Jwaneng, ga go ope yo o ka fetang a sena teseletso eo. Orapa ene o pharologanyo. Gore motho a ye kwa matlong a bonno. o feta ka mokoti, mme se ke sone se re tlamileng go tsaya tshwetso ya di teseletso re lebile tshireletsego ya diteemane” a tlhalosa Mogojwa. ==Kitso ka kakaretso== Meepo ya Orapa, Letlhakane le Damtshaa e ntsha diteemane tse dintsi go feta meepo epe fela mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Se se jesang monate ke gore moepo wa Debswana kwa Jwaneng, one o ntsha diteemane tse di tlhwatlhwa kgolo go na le ya diteemane dipe fela mo lefatsheng. Ka bokhutshwane, lefatshe la Botswana le ipelafatsa ka gore ke lone le nang le diteemane tse dintsi ebile e le tsa tlhwatlhwa-kgolo lefatshe ka bophara. Segolo bogolo, diteemane tse di dirisiwa go tokafatsa matshelo a batho ba lefatshe leno, ga mmogo le go tlhabolola seemo sa itsholelo. Mogojwa o gateletse gore ke lone lebaka le, le le pateletsang gore go tlhongwe kwa pele methale ya motia ya go babalela ditswa-mmung tse, e sere gongwe dirukutlhi tsa tloga tsa ntsha Orapa kwa ga mmapereko. ==Diteseletso tsa go etela moepo== Fa o na le wa lesika kgotsa tsala e direla kwa moepong o, o tshwanetse wa mo fa maina a gago ka botlalo le nomoro ya Omang. Ene o tlaa go kopela teseletso. Malatsi a ka nna mararo pele ga o goroga kwa Orapa. Nnyaya tlhe, maina a gago a tlaa bo a setse a lebilwe go tlhomamisa gore ga o na botlhabetsi bope mo sechabeng. Ke ka moo e tlaa reng motsing o goroga mo motsaneng o, o fitlhele teseletso e go emetse kwa magorogelong a baeng. Thulaganyo e ke e e tsepameng ya go tlhomamisa gore fa o na le maikaelelo a sele, o a retelelwa. Motswana wetsho, o seka wa bo wa leka, ga go lekege go utswa kwa Orapa. O tswa fela o iphotlhere. ==Metswedi== [[Category:Meepo ya diteemane mo Botswana]] [[Category:Meepo e e fa godimo ga lefatshe mo Botswana]] jtbcji9dmh11wsf1oj5w0tysy0nvuqg Batho ba letso la Setswana 0 3506 53826 53035 2026-08-03T01:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Batswana |image = [[File:Bechuana Congregation (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society cropped.jpg|none|250px]] |image_caption = Setshwantsho sa phuthego ya Batswana le [[David Livingstone]], ka [[Mokgatlho wa Borongwa wa Lontone]], ka 1900 |population = |region1 = {{flag|Botswana}} |pop1 = Palo ya Batswana ga e itsiwe, palo ya morafe ya bofelo e e neng ya dirwa ka 1946 (Tlou, 1985) kwa dikgaolong tse pedi - Kwa Ngamiland Batswana ba morafe e ne e le halofo ya palo ya batho ba e seng Batswana (7,000 vs 16 000) (Wayeyi a le nosi) (Tlou 1985). Kwa Kgaolong ya Bogare, batho ba e seng Batswana - segolobogolo Ba-Kalanga, ba ne ba le bantsi go feta Batswana. Batswana ba fitlhelwa kwa karolong e e kwa borwa ya Naga eno. Walter le Ringenberg (1994) ba fopholetsa gore batho ba e seng Batswana ba dira 90% ya baagi. RETENG, e leng mokgatlho o o sa bolong go buelela go balwa ga morafe go botsa morafe wa baagi kwa ntle ga katlego, o dirile patlisiso e e dirisitseng tshedimosetso ya 2001 Population mme ya fopholetsa gore Batswana ba morafe ba dira 17,9% ya baagi fa ba e seng Batswana ba dira 60%. E re ka Setswana e le puo e e dirisiwang go ruta kwa sekolong, gone jaanong mo e ka nnang 78% ya baagi ba Botswana ba kgona go bua Setswana (Central Statistics Office, 2001) ka maemo a a farologaneng a bokgoni le go tlhaloganya. |ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|South Africa}} |pop2 = 3,900,000 ([[Setswana|Ba ba buang Setswana]]) |ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa's 2011 Census|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Statistics South Africa|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2005-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505140723/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf}}</ref> |languages = [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] |religions = [[Bokeresete]] le [[Bodumedi jwa setso jwa Afrika]]. |related = Batho ba [[Bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa|bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa]] |footnotes = }} '''Batho ba letso la Setswana''' (''Batswana'', mo bongweng ''Motswana'') ke batho ba ba tlholegang mo borwa jwa [[Aforika]]. Puo ya [[Setswana]] e buiwa ke batho ba letso la setlhopha sa Bantu ba ba tswang kwa dipuong tsa kwa Niger–Congo. Batho ba letso la Setswana ba aga bontlha jwa selekanyo sa masome a boferabobedi jwa palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ "CIA – The World Factbook".] Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Batswana ba nna kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Botswana le [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-bophirima]], [[Kapa Bokone]], [[Gauteng]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]] le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tswana "Tswana &#x7C; Culture & Traditions &#x7C; Britannica".]</ref> == Ditso == === Bonno pele ga bokolone le tlhabololo ya magosi === Batswana ke morafe o o buang Setswana wa magosi a mantsi, ba ba nnag kwa borwa jwa Aforika (bontlha jwa Namibia wa gompieno, Botswana le Aforika Borwa). Pele ga molao wa bokolone, ditshaba tse di buang Setswana di ne di kgaogantswe ka merafe, gantsi e agilwe ka losika. Puso e ne e le ya kgosi, o a neng a laola ka dikhansele le ditirelo tse dingwe tsa setso. Mo tsamaong ya nako, merafe e mentsi ya Batswana e ne ya atologa ya nna le nonof ka go kopana, go fuduga le go thibelela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng ga borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>Smith, Edwin W. (1956). "Sebetwane and the Ma ''Kololo''". ''African Studies''. '''15''' (2): 49–74. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185608706984 10.1080/00020185608706984.]</ref><ref>RAMSAY, JEFF (19 November 2018). [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-vekuhane-makololo-and-malozi/news-101048 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Vekuhane, Makololo And Malozi"]. ''Mmegi Blogs''.</ref> Sepolotiki sa Batswana se ne se supagala ka tlhatlologanyo ya bonno, khumo ya dikgomo le ditsamaiso tsa melao, ngwao boswa, lonyalo, tiriso ya lefatshe le selegae. Lengwe la mafelo a ntlha go nniwa ke kwa Toutswe kwa botlhaba jwa kwa e leneg Botswana gompieno, ba ikaegile ka mefuta ya dikgomo tsa Setswana di le mo masakeng e le khumo ya bone. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba batho ba ba buang puo ya Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo (go tswa kwa nokeng ya Vaal go ya Botswana) ga go ise go itsiwe letsatsi le le tlhomamisitsweng, le ntswa kakanyetso ya dingwaga di le makgolo a marataro tsa motlha wa gompieno e ka nna boammaruri. Go rua dikgomo mo go tseneletseng mo go ne ga atlega ga tswelela pele go fitlhelela ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mararo. Batho ba botlhe ba ne ba amangwa ke ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di le mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Limpopo go ya lewatleng la Indian, le dithoto go tswa kwa Asia di tshwana le dibaga, di ne tsa tsena kwa Batswaneng, ba rekisa dinaka tsa tlou, gouta le dinaka tsa ditshukudu. Ditiro tsa diatla tsa ngwao di ne di akaretsa go bopa dinkgwana, go dira ka tshipi, go betla ka logong, go loga ditlatlana le go suga matlalo. Banna gantsi ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa go betla le go dirisa tshipi fa basadi ba ne ba amana thata le go bopa dinkgwana le go aga matlo a setswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250224003641/https://www.tothevictoriafalls.com/vfpages/people/makololo.html "To the Victoria Falls – The Makololo".] ''tothevictoriafalls.com''.</ref><ref>Livingstone, David (1857). ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa''. London: John Murray.</ref><ref>Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom''. Heinemann. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0435089658|<bdi>978-0435089658</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Parsons, Neil (2010). ''Botswana: A Short History''. Macmillan Education. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0333570104|<bdi>978-0333570104</bdi>.]]</ref> Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa gompieno di tlhageletse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone. Se dikwalo tse di se supang ke gore Bangwaketse ba ne ba nnile morafe o o nonofileng thata mo kgaolong. Mo pusong ya ga [[Makaba II]], [[Bangwaketse]] ba ne ba ruile dikgomo di le dintsi mo mafelong a a sekaka a a sireletsegileng ba dirisa serodumo sa bone sa sesole go tlhasela ba ba mabapi. Magosi a mangwe a a mo kgaolong eo, ka nako eo, ba ne ba na le dikete di le lesome, ka jalo ba ne ba atlegile. Mangwe a mafelo a e ne e le Kaditshwene, kwa e neng e le motsemogolo wa ngwao wa Bahurutshe, mongwe wa merafe e emegolo ya Batswana, gape e le lefelo la boremelelo la go tlhama le go gweba. Le bonwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mane kwa go nang le kopore le tshipi.<ref>Boeyens, Jan C. A. (2000). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271812285_In_Search_of_Kaditshwene In Search of Kaditshwene".] ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. doi:10.2307/3888888. JSTOR&nbsp;3888888.</ref> Masalela a manno a mangwe a matona a Batswana, a matlotla a Kweneng, a fitlhelwa kwa Suikerbosrand Reserve kwa Aforika Borwa. Lefelo le go ntswe kw go lone go tswa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go tsena lesome le borobabongwe, e ne e le lone le letona le le neng le nniwa ke batho ba ba buang Setswana pele ga ma Yuropa ba goroga. Mafelo a le mmalwa a a nang le mabotana a lorako a mo lefelong leo le le dikhilomithara di le lesome ka boleele le di le pedi ka bophara.<ref>Sadr, Karim (1 June 2019). [https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.703735763296284 "Kweneng: How to lose a precolonial city".] ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''74''' (209): 56–62.</ref><ref>Sadr, Karim (9 July 2019). [https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml "Kweneng: A Newly Discovered Pre-Colonial Capital Near Johannesburg"]. ''Journal of African Archaeology''. '''17''' (1): 1–22. doi:[https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml 10.1163/21915784-20190001.] ISSN&nbsp;1612-1651.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/08/laser-technology-shines-light-on-south-african-lost-city-of-kweneng "Laser technology shines light on South African 'lost city' of Kweneng".] ''the Guardian''. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Go kopana le barongwa ba kwa Yuropa le Sekeresete (legare la lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe) === [[Setshwantsho:Robert Moffat (1795-1883), Scottish Missionary (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-014).jpg|left|thumb|151x151px|Robert Moffat (1795 go tsena 1883) Morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish]] Ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe di le fa gare, barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ne ba aga mafelo mo dkgaolong tsa Batswana. Ditirelo tsa borongwa di ne di na le seabe mo go anameng ga Sekeresete le go simolodisa ditsela tse disha tsa thuto, kitso le go rotloediwa ke mafelo. Dikgosi di le mmalwa di ne tsa amogela Sekeresete kgotsa tsa letla go anama ga sone, mo go neng ga baka phetogo e e bonalang ya ngwao. Go diriwa Bakeresete ga Batswana ke kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Aforika, bogolo jang ka gore e fetotse borongwa jo bo kgakala go tsena kwa Kalahari go nna lefelo la go ithuta dipuo le go gatisa.<ref name=":0">Schapera, Isaac (1970). ''Tribal Innovators: Tswana Chiefs and Social Change 1795–1940''. Athlone Press.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi, London Missionary Society (LMS) e ne ya ya kwa bokone e tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa. Setswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuo tsa pele tsa Sotho-Tswana go kwalwa ke batsamai ba Yuropa le baithuti. Ditshupo tsa pele tsa thuto ya diteme di akaretsa dikwalo tsa ga Heinrich Lichtenstein tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le borataro, tsa salwa morago ke dikgobokanyo tsa go tlhaloganya puo le kelotlhoko ya puo tse di dirilweng ke barongwa le batlhatlhami ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Dikwalo tse tsa pele di nnile le seabe mo diporojekeng tsa barongwa tsa go ranola le mo mananeong a a neng a letla tiriso ya Setswana se se kwadilweng mo thutong ya sedumedi le dibuka tse di gatisitsweng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone, Robert Moffat, morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish, o ne a tlhama lefelo la borongwa la Kuruman mo morafeng wa Batlhaping (morafe wa Batswana). Moffat o ne a lemoga gore gore Sekeresete se tsene mo bathong se tshwanetse go buiwa ka puo ya mo gae, selo se se ne se sa diriwe ke barongwa ba bangwe ka bone ba ne ba ikaegile ka baranodi. O ne a tsaya dingwaga a nna le Batswana, a ithuta ka fa ba buang ka teng ka Setswana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo, bontlha jwa ntlha jwa mafoko a a molemo bo ne jwa gatisiwa ka Setswana, e le lokwalo lwa ga Luke. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bosupa, baebele ya ntlha e ne ya ranolwa ya gatisiwa ka puo ya borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>[https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/africa/botswana/history-and-culture "Botswana – History and Culture".] ''iexplore.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Botswana.html#google_vignette "Culture of Botswana – history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family".] ''everyculture.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ditiro tsa ngwao tsa sedumedi, di akaretsa go tlotla bagolwagolwane le meletlo ya setso, di ne tsa fokotsega mo ditshabeng dingwe fa Sekeresete se ntse se anama. Ditiro dingwe tsa setso di tshwana le go nyala lefufa, di ne di ganediwa thata ebile di sa rotloediwe ke ditlhopha tsa barongwa le baokamedi ba dikolone.<ref name=":0" /> == Dikgotlhang le dintwa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe == === Dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi tsa pele: tlhakatlhakano ya Difaqane/ Mfecane (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi lesome le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane) === Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, magosi a Batswana a ne a amilwe ke go tlhoka go iketla ga kgaolo mo go neng go bidiwa Difaqane (leina le lengwe e le Mfecane). Nako e, e ne e supagala ka ntwa e e anameng, go fudusiwa ga batho, le go phutlhama kgotsa go agiwa sesha ga ditshaba go kgabaganya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa ditlhopha tse di tshotseng dibetsa tse di neng di fuduga di ya kwa bokone kwa e leng Aforika Borwa gompieno, mafelo a Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one ka bontsi a ne a tlhaselwa kgotsa ba patelediwa go fuduga. Batswana bangwe ba ne ba nonotsha mekgwa ya bone ya go iphemela, ba aga sesha mafelo a bonno, ba bo ba tlhopha bateledipele ba polotiki e le go tsibogela ditlhaselo tse. Nako e, e nnile le seabe mo go tlhabologeng ga mafelo a Batswana a a nonofileng le go gaisa jaaka Bangwaketse, bakwena le Bangwato.<ref>Schapera, Isaac (1938). ''A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom''. Oxford University Press.</ref> === '''Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro: Ntwa ya Batswana le Maburu:''' [[Ntwa ya Dimawe]] === [[Setshwantsho:Battle of Dimawe 1852.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa ga Sechele a le kwa godimo ga thaba a lebeletse ntwa ya Dimawe ka ngwaga wa 1852]] Motlha o o bone go ya magoletsa ga go dira Batswana masole, ga mmogo le go nna le dibetsa le dipitse ka mafarattlhatlha a kgwebo. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano, kgwebo le barekisi ba kolone ya Kapa e ne ya simologa ya thusa magosi a Batswana go ikaga gape. Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato le Batawana ba ne ba dirisanammogo go laola kgwebo ya dinaka tsa tlou, ba dirisa dipoelo go reka dipitse le ditlhobolo, mo go neng ag ba letla go nna le taolo mo Botswana wa gompieno. Tsamaiso e e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, le masome a robabobedi, ka jalo Basarwa, Bakalaka, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong le merafe e mengwe e mebotlana e ne e gateletswe ke Batswana.<ref name=":1">Ramsay, Jeff (1 January 1991). [https://journals.co.za/content/botnotes/23/1/AJA052550590_916 "The Batswana-Boer War of 1852–53: how the Batswana achieved victory".] ''Botswana Notes & Records''. '''23''' (1). ISSN&nbsp;0525-5090.</ref> Morago ga loeto lo logolo, Maburu go tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa ba ne ba itlhoma o melelwaneng ya mafelo a bagolwagolwane ba Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one kwa Transvaal. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi, bokopano jwa magosi a Batswana bo eteletswe pele ke Sechele I bo ne jwa gana go fudusiwa ke Maburu, mo go neng ga baka ntwa ya Dimawe e e neng e lowa ka marumo le ditlhobolo tse di telele le molelo. Le ntswa e ne e le Maburu ba eteletswe pele ke Pieter Scholtz le Paul Kruger, e le bateledipele ba ntwa ya maburu, ba ba simolotseng ntwa, ke bone ba ba feletseng ba ikgogela morago, mo go neng ga salwa morago ke ditlhaselo tsa Batswana tsa go ipusolosetsa kwa kgolong ya nako eo ya Marique kwa Transvaal, kwa magae a Maburu, metse le masimo a neng a fisitswe. Morago ga dingwaga di robabobedi tsa dikgotlhang le ditlhaselo, ba ne ba nna le tumalano ya kagiso kwa Potchefstroom ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro. Go tswa foo, molelwane wa gompieno wa Aforika Borwa le Botswana o ne wa dumalanwa, Maburu le Batswana ba ne ba gweba mmogo ba bereka sentle ka kagiso.<ref name=":1" /> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bone: Ntwa ya Batswana le Matebele: Ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi === Fa melelwane ya Batswana kwa borwa e ne e sireleditswe ka ntlha ya tumalano ya kagiso le Maburu, go ne go santse go na le bodiphatsa kwa bokone ka Batswana ba ne ba itemogela ditlhaselo go tswa mo masoleng a Matebele ba ba neng ba thibeletse kwa borwa jwa Zimbabwe. Batlhasedi ba Matebele ba ne ba tlhasela ditshaba gangwe le gape gaufi le kgaolo ya Okavango, ba lebagane le loruo le batshwarwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone, Batawana ka fa tlase ga ga Kgosi Moremi ba ne ba lwantsha masole a Matebele gaufi le Toteng, le kwa Khutiyabasadi. Ntwa e ne ya tswelela go nna ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi, kwa Batawana ba engwe nokeng ke Bayei ba neng ba fenya batlhasedi ba Matebele ba dirisa ditlhobolo, mekgwa ya go tsietsa, e e siametseng kgaolo ya Okavango. Ntwa e gakologelwa e le phenyo e tona ya Batswana, e e nnileng le seabe mo go latlhegelweng ke serodumo ga Matebele mo kgaolong eo le go nonotsha go etelela pele ga Batawana kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana. Le ntswa ntwa ya kwa Khutiyabasadi e ne e le phenyo e tona ya Batawana le go fenya Matebele, mo kgaolong ya Wayeyi, se e neng e le tshegofatso e e e tlhakaneng. Le ntswa ba ne ba na le seabe mo phenyong ya Matebele a a neng a sa ratiwe, nngwe ya ditlamorago e ne e le go nonofa ga Batawana mo kgaolong eo ba ba gatelela ka Moremi a ntse sebaka gaufi le Nokaneng.<ref>Ramsay, Jeff. [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-guns-of-khutiyabasadi-ii/news-95208 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)".] ''Mmegi Blogs''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone: Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Matebele === Ntwa ya ntlha ya Matebele e lolwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone kwa Zimbabwe wa gompieno. British South Africa Company e ne e sena mephato ya sesole e e fetang makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano kwa sepodising sa British South Africa Company, ka palo e e sa itsegaleng ya baithaopi ba diokolone le Batswana ba le makgolo a supa fa godimo ba ba neg ba gwanta go ya Bulawayo go tswa kwa borwa ba eteletswe pele ke Khama III, Kgosi o a neng a na le tlhotlheletso e e kwa godimo mo magosing a Batswana, gape a ne a dirisana thata le ba Britain. Mephato ya Salisbury le Fort Victoria e ne ya gwantela kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le boraro. Mophato wa bogosi go tswa kwa Bechuanaland o ne o seo. Ba ne ba tshwanetse go gwanta ka Phalane a le lesome le borobaobedi ba ya kwa bokone kwa Bulawayo mme ba ne ba nna le kgotlhang e e seng ya sepe le Matebele gaufi le Mphoeng ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mabedi. Ba ne ba goroga kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwatsele a le lesome le botlhano, tiego e e ka tswang e thusitse lefelo le le neng le nniwa ke ba Chartered Company le lesha go kopanngwa le Bechuanaland Protectorate. Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana go ne go supa go aga botsalano le keletso ya baeteledipele ba Batswana go lwantsha nonofo ya Matebele ba ba neng ba kile ba lwantsha dikgaolo tsa Batswana ka go di tlhasela. Morago ga tatlhegelo ya Matebele, maatla a dikolone tsa Britain a ne a atologa go ya kwa bokone, ba oketsa taolo mo kagolong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260213121911/https://www.bsap.org/hiscampaigns.html "BSAP History: Campaigns".] ''bsap.org''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Merafe le babusi ka go farologanya== ===Botswana=== Botswana wa gompieno o pele a neng a bidiwa ''British protectorate of Bechuanaland'') o filwe leina le a reelelwa ka Batswana. Merafe ee robabobedi e e 'tumileng' mo lefatsheng leo e bua puo ya Setswana. Merafe yotlhe e, e busiwa ke dikgosi. Yo motona ke ''[[wikt:Kgosikgolo|Kgosikgolo]]'' , yo o busang [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] (lekgotla le le gakololang palamente ya lefatshe). Motho o o nnang mo Botswana ke Motswana, fa ba le bantsi ke Batswana.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/we-are-batswana-they-call-us-batswanan/ "We are Batswana; they call us Batswanan".] Linguist Chair. ''Sunday Standard''. Gaborone. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/spotlighting-the-world-factbook-as-we-bid-a-fond-farewell/ "Botswana, People and Society, Nationality".] ''The World Factbook''. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Merafe e e tumileng ya Batswana ke: * [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela|Bakgatla]] * [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]] * [[Balete]] * [[Bangwato]] * [[Bangwaketse|BaNgwaketse]] * [[Barolong]] * [[Batawana]] * [[Batlokwa]] * [[Bahurutshe]] * [[Bakubung]] * [[Batshweneng]] * [[Batlhaping]] * [[Batlharo]] <ref>[http://www.moumo.co.za/history.html "History".] ''Moumo.co.za''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Modimo o o nko e e metsi== Modimo o o nko e metsi Gantsi ga re lemoge fa tikologo ya rona e ama puo ya rona. Mo Setswaneng go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di amang ka fa re buang ka teng. Dingwe tsa tsone ga re di tseye tsiya, ga re tseye fa di ka nna le seabe sepe se se utlwalang mo go ameng ka fa re dirisang puo ka teng. Mme selo se se fitlhelwa mo puong nngwe le nngwe. Tsaya sekai, morafe wa MaEskimo (bangwe ba ka nna ba tsaya fa ke kgetholola, ba batla gore ke bitse morafe o ke re BaEskimo – ba tlaa nkinela diatla metsing.) go dumelwa fa o na le mafoko a mantsi a a rayang kapoko ka kapoko ke karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone. Fela kapoko e le karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone, rona jaaka Batswana kgomo ke yone pinagare ya itsholelo ya malwapa ka bontsi. Batswana ka ngwao re ba rua kgomo. E re ntswa dinamanyane di foforwa ke leuba, kgotsa bontsi bo hularela temo, kgomo e santse e le sesupo sa itsholelo e bile monna yo kgomo tsa gagwe di thibang marang a letsatsi o tlotlega setšhabeng. Kgomo e humisitse puo ya rona thata. Re ka akanya ka mafoko a mantsi a a amanang le kgomo. Ga re kitla re kgona go a nankola otlhe mme re tlaa kgotlha fela ka lotlhokwa. Le rona fela jaaka MaEsekimo re na le kgumo e e boitshegang ya mafoko a a rayang kgomo. A re simolole fela ka gore ngwana wa kgomo o bidiwa namane, mme re bo re tswelela ka go tlhalosa dinamane. Mohungwana ke namane e e fitlhetsweng mo kgomong mmaayo a sena go swa. Lebotlana ke namane e e leng gone e tsalwang. Lesolemotlhabana ke lebotlana le le godileng. Lesole ke namane e e tiileng e e godileng. Moalolelo ke namane e e tlogedisitsweng go anya mmaayo. Kgomo e tonanyana e e sa fagolwang re e bitsa re re poo. Sempoo ke poo e e sa fagolegang sentle. Tshikela ke poo e e fagtsweng e godile. Mo kgomong tse di namagadi re a tle re re, letsetse ke kgomo e fetsa go tsala. Lephusa lone ke kgomo e dusitse e palangwe ke poo. Kgomo e e gangwang yone re e bitsa leradu. Fa e sa ntshe maši a mantsi re e bitsa re re motete. Fusa ke kgomo, e sena go koba namane gore e sa tlhole e anya – ra re e husitse. Mageri ke mašwi a e leng gone a remang a re a bitsang themisani. Moreba one ke kgomo e e sa tsaleng. ==Khumo ya mafoko mo setswaneng== Ke lekile go supa fa Setswana se humile mafoko a a rayang kgomo ka kgomo e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya matshelo a Batswana. Mafoko le diane di di ntsi tse di buang ka kgomo. Go na le ditumelo tsa Setswana tse di amanang le kgomo. Go dumelwa gore fa kgomo e jele lesapo la motho madi a yone a tlhakana le maši. Gape Batswana ba dumela fa dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo di sa siamela batho bangwe. Go na le dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo tse di jewang ke bomme, dingwe e nne tsa borra fa bagodi ba na le tsa bone. Dinama tse di tshwanang le bo telele, diphilo, mokoto le dinama tse dingwe ga di jewe ke mongwe le mongwe. Ka jalo kgomo ke karolo ya tumelo ya Setswana, ke sone se bangwe ba e bitsang modimo o o nko e metsi, le fa nna ke ebisa sešabo fela. Dikai re ka tsaya tse dintsi go supa fa re le baruakgomo, ka jalo a re kgwe mowa di ise di timela batho ba ga matshaba le kgomo matlogela temo e le seholela ==Aforika Borwa== Bontsi jwa Batswana ba nna kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke bangwe ba batho ba letso la mmala wa sebilo, mme gape [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] ke nngwe ya dipuo di le somelebongwe tsa semmuso tsa naga ya Aforika Borwa. Pele ga ngwaga wa 1994, Batswana ba kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e le baagi ba [[Bophuthatswana]] e leng bontlha bongwe jwa karolo ya dinaga tsa Bantustan. Ba kgaogantswe jalo ka nako ya dintwa tsa kwa Aforika Borwa tsa tlhaolele. Mo bogosing jwa Setswana go tla ''[[wikt:kgosi|Kgosi]]'' (go bo go tla yo motona ebong ''Kgosikgolo''): *Bafokeng (Lefelo la Rustenburg) **Bafokeng **Bafokeng Ba Ga Motlatla * Batlhaping (Batshwara ditlhapi ba kwa lefelong la Taung), ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800, Batlhaping ke setlhopa kgotsa karolo ya barolong go tswa go Lowe, ke babina tholo ka tsalo eseng tlhapi (Ba ana tlhapi), bane ba bidiwa Batlhaping fela morago ga go sala fa nokeng ba tshwara ditlhapi, le mororo ele Barolong. Botlhe ba tshwanela ke go tsaya tholo jaaka phologolo ya bonne ka go tshwana. ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhudu ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhutswane ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Maidi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Mothibi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Bantsijang * Batlôkwa ** Batlôkwa Ba Ga Sedumedi ** Batlokwa Ba Bogatsu ** Batlokwa Boo Matlapane * Barôlông Barratlou ** Barolong Boorratlou Boomokalaka **Barôlông Barratlou Boomariba ** Barôlông Barratlou Booseitshiro ** Barôlông Barratlou Boomakgobi ** Barôlông Boo Ratlou Ba Ga Phoi * Barôlông Baseleka * Barôlông Barrapulana * Barôlông Barratshidi * Barôlông Ba Ga Molefe Ba Moata * Barôlông Ba Ga Makgobi * Barolong Boo Morakile * Barôlông Boo Lefifi * Barôlông Ba Ga Moroka (Puthaditjaba, Free State, SA) * Barolong Ba Ga Phathudi * Bahurutshe (ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800 mo lefelong le le sa itseweng, ba bobedi ba ba ileng ba kopana le Bahurutshe ba Boomokgatlha gape le Bahurutshe Bagamoilwa, gape morago ba kgaogana gape). Mo ditsong le ne le kwadiwa gotwe ''Bahurutshe''. * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mothogae * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Gopane * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Le-Ncoe * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mokgoswa * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Suping * Bakgatla, ba kgaogane go nna ditlhopha tsa ** Bakgatla ba Kgafela ** Bakgatla ba Mosetlha ** Bakgatla ba Mmakau ** Bakgatla ba Mocha ** Bakgatla ba Seabe ** Bakgatla ba Moche ** Bakgatla ba Mmanaana * Bakwena ** Bakwena Ba Ga Molopyane ** Bakwena Ba Mare A Phogole ** Bakwena Ba Magopa ** Bakwena Boo Modimosana Ba Ga Mmatau ** Bakwena Ba Morare (Madikwe) ** Bakwena Ba Ga Sechele (Molepolole) * Batlharo ba kgaoganela kwa: (Kuruman, SA) ** Batlharo Ba Ga Lotlhware ** Batlharo Ba Ga Masibi * Bapo * Bapo Ba Ga Mogale * Baphalane Ba Ramokoka * Baphalane Ba Mantserre * Batlhako Boo Mututu Ba Ga Mabe * Baphiring * Bataung Ba Moubane * Bataung Ba Hlalele * Baphuting Ba Ga Nawa * Batloung Ba Ga Shole * Bakubung Ba Ratheo (Ledig/Patsima, Mankwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Bakubung ba ga Marakwana * Ba Nare * Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa (Pitsedisulejang, Madikwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Batlhalerwa * Batlhako (Bokone-Bophirima, Mabeskraal) * Batlhako ba Matutu * Batlhako ba Leema ===Mafelo a sele=== Mo [[Namibia]] gape le [[Zimbabwe]] Batswana ga ba age bope bontlha jwa merafe ya mafatshe e gope. Mme mo Namibia bonntse jwa Batswana ke Batlharo ba ba agang mo Metsweding, Mokaleng le Gobabis. ==Leruo== '''Tswana''' ke leina le lengwe la mefutla ya lerui la mo Botswana. ; Dikgomo : Tswana (kgomo) :Dinku :Dipudi :Dipitsi ; Ditonki : Ditonki tsa Batswana di dirisiwa thata mo nakong ya leuba. ==Dipadi tse dingwe == <references></references> * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Botswana_native.html tsebe ya WorldStatesmen ka tsa polotiki le bodiredi jwa semmuso, goya ka lefatshe lengwe le lengwe] *http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula015001/pula015001004.pdf [[Karolo:Setso]] flfzppfb52xolkq8l7wntsxn5hd9v5h Puisano ya modirisi:Revi C. 3 4118 53821 53811 2026-08-02T14:32:52Z Pathoschild 121 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 53821 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] '''<span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span>''' Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 Itsholelo ya Botswana 0 4852 53840 52792 2026-08-03T07:21:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economy | country = Botswana | year = 21 April - 32 March | image = | image_size = 420px | caption = [[botsswanna in botswannaiTowers of Masa Square CBD|Masa Square Central Business District]] | currency = [[Botswana Pula|Pula]] (BWP, P) | organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] | group = {{plainlist| *[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Upper-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}} | population = {{increase}} 2,397,240 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW |title=Population, total - Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821123757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW |url-status=dead }}</ref> | gdp = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} $16.90 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=26&pr.y=21&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=616&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org | access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref> *{{increase}} $43.907 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="2020/01">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2020 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=20&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=616&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPGDP%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>}} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|114th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|113th (PPP, 2019)]]}} | growth = {{plainlist| *14.5%&nbsp;(2018) 3.0%&nbsp;(2019e) *−5.4%&nbsp;(2020e) 6.8%&nbsp;(2021e)<ref name="2020/01"/>}} | per capita = {{plainlist| *{{decrease}} $7,859 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW"/> *{{increase}} $18,558 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW"/>}} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|78th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|75th (PPP, 2018)]]}} | sectors = {{plainlist| *[[agriculture]]: 1.8% *[[Industrial sector|industry]]: 27.5% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 70.6% *(2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | inflation = 2.1% (2020 est.)<ref name="2020/01"/> | poverty = {{plainlist| *16.3% ({{As of|2016|alt=2016}})<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/southern-africa/botswana/botswana-economic-outlook/|title=Botswana Economic Outlook|date=29 March 2019}}</ref> *60.4% on less than $5.50/day (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BW |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127133918/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BW |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | gini = 53.3 {{color|red|high}} (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> | hdi = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.728 {{color|green|high}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|94th]]) *{{steady}} N/A [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>}} | labor = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 1,107,235 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=BW |title=Labor force, total - Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> *55.7% employment rate (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=BW |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922090025/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=BW |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | edbr = {{decrease}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|87th (easy, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/botswana |title=Ease of Doing Business in Botswana |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=24 November 2017 }}</ref> | unemployment = 17.7% ({{As of|2017|alt=2017}})<ref name="autogenerated2"/> | industries = [[diamond]]s, [[copper]], [[nickel]], [[salt]], [[soda ash]], [[potash]], [[coal]], [[iron ore]], [[silver]]; [[beef]] processing; [[textiles]] | exports = {{decrease}} $5.934 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | export-goods = [[diamond]]s, [[copper]], [[nickel]], [[soda ash]], [[beef]], [[textiles]] | export-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|Belgium}} 20.3% *{{flag|India}} 12.6% *{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 12.4% *{{flag|South Africa}} 11.9% *{{flag|Singapore}} 8.7% *{{flag|Israel}} 7% *{{flag|Hong Kong}} 4.1% *{{flag|Namibia}} 4.1% *(2017)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}} | imports = {{decrease}} $5.005 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | import-goods = foodstuffs, [[machinery]], [[electrical]] goods, [[transport]] equipment, [[textiles]], [[fuel]] and [[petroleum]] products, [[wood]] and [[paper]] products, [[metal]] and [[metal]] products | import-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|South Africa}} 66.1% *{{flag|Canada}} 8.3% *{{flag|Israel}} 5.3% *(2017)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}} | current account = {{decrease}} $2.146 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | FDI = {{plainlist| *{{decrease}} $5.319 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> *{{increase}} Abroad: $1.973 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}} | gross external debt = {{decreasePositive}} $2.187 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | debt = {{decreasePositive}} 21.7% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/es/botsuana/deuda_publica.html|title=Deuda pública - Botsuana - Economía}}</ref> | revenue = 5.305 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | expenses = 5.478 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | balance = −1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | aid = $73 million ({{As of|1995|alt=1995}}) | credit = {{plainlist| *[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> *A (Domestic) *A- (Foreign) *A+ (T&C Assessment)}} | reserves = {{increase}} $7.491 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/> | cianame = botswana | spelling = }} [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] o na le [[:en:Developing_country|itsholelo e e tlhabologang]] e e tsewang e le ya lotseno lo lo kwa godimo go ya kwa bogareng. Kgolo ya tiro ya lekalana le e seng la puso e ne e le palogare ya bokana ka karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ka ngwaga mo dingwageng tsa ntlha di le masome a mararo tsa boipuso jwa lefatshe. Morago ga paka ya go ema hela go sa irege sepe kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe, itsholelo ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] e ne ya kwadisa maemo a a nonofileng a kgolo, ka kgolo ya Palo yotlhe ya dithoro le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng e e neng ya feta dintlha tsa karolo ya borataro go ya kwa bosupeng mo lekgolong. Kgolo ya itsholelo fa e sale ka bofelo jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e ntse e lekana le itsholelo dingwe tse dikgolo tsa lefatshekgolo le le naleng di karolo tsa mafatshe Asia.<ref>Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80xfp Why Botswana Prospered]''. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp.&#x20;ix-2. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2820-8|<bdi>978-0-7735-2820-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80xfp j.ctt80xfp].</ref> Puso e ntse e tshegetsa lefetiso la tekanyetsokabo ka tlhomamo mme e na le [[:en:Foreign-exchange_reserves|dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa kananyo ya madi a]] [[:en:Foreign-exchange_reserves|mafatshe a sele]].<ref>[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/489431468012950282/pdf/95304-REPLACEMENT-SCD-P150575-PUBLIC-Botswana-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic-Report.pdf "BOTSWANA: Systematic Country Diagnostic]" (PDF). World Bank Group. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/489431468012950282/pdf/95304-REPLACEMENT-SCD-P150575-PUBLIC-Botswana-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic-Report.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> Kgolo ya itsholelo ya Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a a mabapi le yone, e agilwe mo motheong wa meepo ya diteemane, melawana e e botlhale ya matlole, le molawana o o kelotlhoko wa dinaga di sele.<ref name=":1">{{citation-attribution|{{Cite web|date=May 2002|title=Background Note: Botswana |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606143242/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm| archive-date=June 6, 2002 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}}}</ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Botswana e ikaegile thata ka go epa diteemane. Meepo ya diteemane e na le seabe mo karolong ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya lotseno lwa puso bogolosegolo ka tirisanommogo e mo go yone matlhakore ka bobedi a naleng seabe sa karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong le De Beers mo [[:en:Debswana|komponeng ya Diteemane ya Debswana]].<ref>Makoni, Patricia Lindelwa (4 May 2017). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311238609 "Exploring economic structure and drivers of economic growth in Botswana"]. ''Journal of Governance and Regulation''. '''4''': 672–678 &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref> Diteemane tse di dirwang mo lefelong la diteko di dirile gore go nne le phokotsego e e bonalang ya tlhokego ya lefatshe ka bophara ya ditaemane tse di epilweng go simolola mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi . Phokotso e e bakilweng ke boleng jwaditaemane tse di romelwang kwa ntle e ne ya dira gore Letlole la madi la boditshabtshaba le bonele ko pele gore lefatshe la Botswana le tla nna le tlhaelo ya matlole ya karolo ya lesome le bongwe mo lekgolong, mme lephata la matlole la Botswana le bonele pele kgolo e e sa siamang ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano .<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni; Hill, Matthew (2 September 2025). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-09-02/next-africa-diamond-market-crisis-spells-disaster-for-botswana "Botswana Reels as Diamonds Lose Their Sparkle"]. ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved 21 October 2025.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi , Botswana e beilwe jaaka lefatshe la boraro le le naleng bonweenwee jo bo ko tlase mo Aforika mo [[:en:Corruption_Perceptions_Index|Tshupaneng ya Dikakanyo tsa Bonweenwee]] ke lekgotla la boditšhabatšhaba la go tlhokomela bonweenwee la [[:en:Transparency_International|Transparency International]]. E na le [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita|lotseno lwa bone lo lo kwa godimo lwa bosetšhaba ka tlhogo mo maatleng a go reka]] mo Aforika le kwa godimo ga palogare ya lefatshe.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=true "GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)]". ''data.worldbank.org''. World Bank. Retrieved 12 January 2020.</ref> [[:en:Trade_unions_in_Botswana|Mekgatlho ya babereki]] e emetse palo e potlana ya babereki mo itsholelong ya Botswana. Ka kakaretso ke mekgatlho ya badiri e e rulagantsweng ka tsela e e sa gagamalang "ya mo ntlong", le fa [[:en:Botswana_Federation_of_Trade_Unions|Mokgatlho wa Badiri wa Botswana]] (BFTU) o tiisa seabe sa one jaaka [[:en:National_trade_union_centre|setheo se le sengwe fela sa bosetšhaba sa mekgatlho ya badiri mo]] [[:en:National_trade_union_centre|lefatsheng]].<ref>[[:en:International_Centre_for_Trade_Union_Rights|ICTUR]]; et&#x20;al., eds. (2005). ''Trade Unions of the World'' (6th&#x20;ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-9543811-5-7|0-9543811-5-7]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926013529/http://www.fes.org.bw/Downloads/BFTU%20Globalization%202007.pdf Policy position paper on globalization – 2007]" (PDF). ''Botswana Federation of Trade Unions'': 25. Archived from [http://www.fes.org.bw/Downloads/BFTU%20Globalization%202007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 26 September 2007.</ref> Go ikaega ga Botswana ka [[:en:Mining_industry_of_Botswana|meepo]] go feta selekanyo le seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshwaetsego ya mogare wa [[:en:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] (mogolo mongwe le mongwe mo go ba le batlhano diteko tsa gagwe tsa madi di netefatsa gore o nale mogare) le letlhoko la ditiro di ka tshosetsa katlego ya yona ya isago.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-warns-dangers-dash-african-minerals-2023-02-09/ Botswana warns of dangers in dash for African minerals]". ''Reuters''.</ref><ref>[https://www.unicef.org/botswana/hiv "HIV | UNICEF Botswana]". ''www.unicef.org''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> Botswana e nnile naga ya ntlha e e nang le morwalo o mogolo go newa setlankana sa go fitlhelela phitlhelelo e e botlhokwa mo tseleng ya go fedisa phetiso ya mogare wa HIV go tswa mo go mme go ya kwa leseeng ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo (WHO).<ref>"[https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/botswana-award-feature Botswana reaches key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV]". ''www.who.int''. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> == Ditso == [[:en:Agriculture|Temothuo]] e sa ntse e tlamela ka matshelo a le karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba kwa magaeng mme e tlamela fela ka bokana jwa karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya ditlhokego tsa dijo mme e ne e arabela karolo ya lesome ntlha ya borobabobedi mo lekgolong fela ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng go tloga kangwaga wa 2016.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180921195852/http://www.economiesafricaines.com/en/countries/botswana/economic-sectors/the-agricultural-sector The agricultural sector in Botswana]". ''Economies Africaines''. Archived from [http://www.economiesafricaines.com/en/countries/botswana/economic-sectors/the-agricultural-sector the original] on 21 September 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|year=2000|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119185100/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc.html |archive-date=November 19, 2000 }}}}</ref> [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|Temothuo ya go itshidisa le ba lelwapa]] le go rua dikgomo ke tsone tse dintsi.<ref name=":0" /> Lekalana le le tshwerwe ke pula e e sa tlhomamang le mebu e e bokoa.<ref name=":0" /> Meepo ya diteemane le bojanala le tsone di botlhokwa mo itsholelong.<ref name=":0" /> Dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fitlhelwa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa mme lekalana la meepo le ne la gola go tswa mo karolong ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ya ko karolong a masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref name=":0" /> [[Setshwantsho:Shepherd on donkey on the move.jpg|thumb|Monna yo o palameng tonki o disa dipodi mo nokeng e e omileng]] Kgolo ya itsholelo e ne ya fokotsega ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano go fitlha ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi mme ya fetoga go nna e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe ka ntlha ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo, ya ngotlega ka karolo ya botlhano ntlha pedi mo lekgolong.<ref>[https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Botswana%20brief%202.12.19_1.pdf "www.thelugarcenter.org]" (PDF).</ref> Se se ne sa gakadiwa ke kwelotlase e kgolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mo lekalaneng la madirelo, le le neng la ngotlega ka karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong,<ref name=":2">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220816000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana Botswana]". ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]'' (2022&#x20;ed.). [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. 16 August 2022.</ref> Kwelotlase e e tseneletseng ya itsholelo ya Botswana e ne e farologana le bontsi jwa ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng tsa itemogela kgolo e e tswelelang mo pakeng eno.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html CIA.gov] see also [[:en:File:GDP_Real_Growth.svg|File:GDP Real Growth.svg]]</ref> == Mokgwa wa itsholelo e kgolo == === Ditshupo tsa konokono === Tafole ya lenaneo e e latelang e supa ditshupo tsa konokono tsa itsholelo ka ngwaga wa1980 go ya kwa ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro. Koketsego ya ditlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong e supiwa ka botala jwa tlhaga.<ref>"[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BWA Botswana]". ''www.imf.org''. Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref> == Kgwebo ka go reka le go rekisa dithoto == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana rail network map.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa mafaratlhatlha sa diterena tsa Botswana]] [[Setshwantsho:Gaborone Main Mall road.jpg|thumb|Tsela mo [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]]]] Botswana o kgabaganngwa ke tsela ya dikoloi e e kgabaganyang Aforika - [[:en:Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway|Tselakgolo ya Cairo-Cape Town]] le [[:en:Trans-Kalahari_Corridor|tsela ya dipalangwa ya go kgabaganya Kalahari]]. Botswana ke karolo ya Kopano ya Melelwane ya Borwa jwa Aforika ([[:en:SACU|SACU]]) le mafatshe a Aforika Borwa, Lesotho, Eswatini, le Namibia. [[:en:World_Bank|Banka ya Lefatshe]] [[:en:World_Bank|lotlhe]] e bega gore ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (ngwaga wa bošeng jaana o tshedimosetso ya Banka ya Lefatshe lotlhe e leng teng), SACU e ne e na le palogare e e [[:en:Common_external_tariff|bokete ya seelo sa dituediso]] tse di tlwaelegileng tsa kwa ntle sa karolo ya boraro ntlha ya borataro mo lekgolong. Go ya ka [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Commerce|Lephata la Kgwebo la lefatshe la U.S]]., "go na le dikgoreletsi di le mmalwa fela tsa dituediso kgotsa tse e seng tsa dituediso tsa go gweba le Botswana, kwa ntle ga dithibelo tsa go fiwa di tetla tsa ditiro dingwe tsa kgwebo, tse di beetsweng di kompone tsa [Botswana] fela." Go ikaegilwe ka mokgwa o o tlhabolotsweng wa ntlha ya kgwebisano, maduo a melawana ya kgwebisano ya Botswana ga a fetoge.<ref>{{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216102841/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Botswana Botswana and WTO]}}</ref> Thomelo ya kwa ntle e kgolo ya lefatshe la Botswana ke ditaemane.<ref>"[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-market-overview Botswana - Market Overview]". ''www.trade.gov''. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone ke lefatshe la thomelo ya kwa ntle ya bobedi mo lefatsheng ya ditaemane.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240503020707/https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/highest-diamond-producing-countries-2024/ "Highest Diamond Producing Countries 2024]". ''GeeksforGeeks''. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go ikaega thata ga lefatshe la Botswana ka diteemane, tlhokego e e maatla ya lefatshe ka bophara e botlhokwa mo boitekanelong jwa itsholelo.<ref>Ben-Zvi, Gidon (21 December 2023). [https://rapaport.com/analysis/a-new-dawn-for-the-botswana-diamond-industry/ "A New Dawn for the Botswana Diamond Industry"]. ''Rapaport''. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> Thomelo kwa ntle ya teemane e tlamela itsholelo ya lefatshe la Botswana ka tlamelo e e nonofileng ya madi a boditšhaba mme di neetse motheo wa tlhabololo ya madirelo le go tlhotlheletsa ditokafatso mo mafaratlhatlheng a lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>"[https://www.diamondfacts.org/infrastructure-development/ Infrastructure Development]". ''Diamond Facts''. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa di na le seabe se segolo mo itsholelong ya Botswana, go na le matshwenyego a gore meepo ya diteemane ga e tlhoke badiri ba le bantsi go ka tlamela ka tiro e e lekaneng ya badiri ba Botswana, mme go sa tshwane mo go ne go umakilwe jaaka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa godimo sa letlhoko la ditiro mo lefatsheng.<ref>Guest, Peter (3 December 2015). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/africa/botswana-diamonds-jwaneng/index.html "Inside the world's richest diamond mine"]. CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref><ref>"[http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=4811 Outlook for 2018 robust]". ''The Weekend Post''. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> == Meepo == ''Setlhogo sa konokono: [[:en:Mining_in_Botswana|Meepo mo Botswana]]'' Dikompone tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa meepo, [[:en:Debswana|Debswana]] (tse di bopilweng ke puso le [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]] ya Aforika Borwa ka tirisanommogo e e lekanang) le Bamangwato Concessions, Ltd. (BCL, le yone e na le seabe se segolo sa tekatekano ya puso) di dira mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":1" /> BCL e ne ya bewa mo tshekatshekong ya nakwana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro , morago ga dingwaga tsa ditiro tse di dirang ditatlhegelo, mme e ne ya bewa mo tshekatshekong ya bofelo ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa.<ref>Rearabilwe Ramaphane (26 April 2017). [http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=3402 "Liquidator certifies BCL dead!]". ''Weekend Post''.</ref> === Ditaemane le majana a mangwe === [[Setshwantsho:Jwaneng Open Mine.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa teemane wa Jwaneng]] ke wa bobedi mo lefatsheng la gompieno<ref>Groot, Robert (30 September 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240906203538/https://www.royalcoster.com/blogs/craftmanship/top-10-biggest-diamond-mines "Top 10 Biggest Diamond Mines"]. ''Royal Coster Diamonds''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref>]] Go tloga ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, lefatshe le le nnile nngwe ya mafatshe a a tlhagisang ditaemane tsa maje a a tlhokegang thata mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-mining-minerals "Botswana - Mining & Minerals]". ''www.trade.gov''. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Meepo e megolo ya teemane e le borobabobedi e butswe fa e sale Botswana e bona boipuso.<ref>[https://minedocs.com/20/DTC_Botswana_Global_Publications_Journey_Botswanas_Diamonds.pdf "minedocs.com/20/DTC_Botswana_Global_Publications_Journey_Botswanas_Diamonds.pdf"] (PDF). ''Minedocs.com''. p.&#x20;2.</ref> Babatli ba De Beers ba ribolotse di teemane kwa bokone jwa Botswana mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref name=":1" /> Moepo wa ntlha o ne wa simolola go dira kwa lefelong la [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Orapa]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi , mme wa latelwa ke moepo o monnye kwa lefelong la [[:en:Letlhakane_diamond_mine|Letlhakane]].<ref name=":1" /> Se se fetogileng moepo o le mongwe o o humileng go gaisa wa di teemane mo lefatsheng o ne wa bulwa kwa lefelong la [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Jwaneng]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Moepo o ne wa bonwa fa metlhwa e e neng di batla metsi e ne e tlisa ditlhaka tsa teemane mo godimo ga metsi.<ref name=":3">''Botswana Business Law Handbook Strategic Information and Laws''. USA International Business Publications. Intl Business Pubns USA. 2012. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-6945-5|978-1-4387-6945-5]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746835808 746835808].</ref> Botswana e tlhagisitse palo yotlhe ya di karate di le didikadike tse masome a mabedi le bone tsa di teemane go tswa kwa Debswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi,<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-president-insists-bigger-share-diamonds-de-beers-venture-2023-05-25/#:~:text=L)%20%2C%20opens%20new%20tab%2C,of%20the%20De%20Beers%20system. Botswana president insists on bigger share of diamonds from De Beers venture]". ''Reuters''. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> mme ke yone e e tlhagisang di teemane go gaisa tsotlhe ka boleng mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref>"[https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/world-diamond-mining-by-country/ Ranked: The World's Top Diamond Mining Countries, by Carats]". ''Visual Capitalist''. 29 September 2023.</ref>Katoloso ya Orapa 2000 ya moepo o o leng teng wa Orapa e ne ya bulwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.<ref name=":1" /> Go ya ka Debswana, lenaneo la Katoloso ya Orapa 2000 le oketsa dipoelo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa moepo wa Orapa go tswa go dikarate di le didikadike di le thataro go ya go dikarate di le didikadike di le lesome le bobedi mme ya tlhatlosa tlhagiso yotlhe go ya go dikarate di le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro.<ref>[http://www.debswana.com/About-Us/Pages/Our-History.aspx "Our History]". Debswana. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile boraro, Debswana e ne ya bula [[:en:Damtshaa_diamond_mine|moepo wa teemane wa Damtshaa]] o o neng o le dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a le mabedi le bobedi (seele sa maele wa lekgolo le masome a mane) kwa bophirima jwa toropokgolo ya [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]]. Moepo o ne wa bewa mo tlhokomelong le pabalelong ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e bokoa ya lefatshe mme go ne go rulagantswe gore o bulwe gape ka kgwedi ya Firikgong k ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180714032932/http://www.debeersgroup.com/botswana/en/who-we-are/de-beers-in-botswana/debswana/damtshaa.html Damtshaa – Debswana's newest mine]". De Beers Group. Archived from [http://www.debeersgroup.com/botswana/en/who-we-are/de-beers-in-botswana/debswana/damtshaa.html the original] on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref><ref>"[http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=59486&ArticleTitle=De+Beers+to+Resurrect+Damtshaa+Mine De Beers to Resurrect Damtshaa Mine]". Rapaport News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi, Kompone ya Ditaemane ya lefatshe la Australia ya Kimberley e ne ya bula moepo kwa lefelong la [[:en:Lerala|Lerala]], e le moepo wa botlhano mo Botswana e bile e le wa ntlha o o sa tsamaisiweng ke Debswana.<ref>"[http://www.abnnewswire.net/press/en/44155/DIAMONEX-LIMITED.html Diamonex Limited Acquires Kimberlite Pipes in USA]". ABN Newswire. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, lefelo la Kimberley le ne la tswala moepo ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa, a umaka maemo a a bokoa a mmaraka.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170605021400/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN18S4Z4-OZABS Botswana Lerala Diamond Mine shuts down – newspaper]". Reuters Africa. Archived from [https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN18S4Z4-OZABS the original] on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> Bontsi jwa motlakase wa lefatshe la Botswana o tswa kwa [[:en:Eskom|Eskom]] ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref>"[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-energy Botswana - Energy]". ''www.trade.gov''. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Debswana e tsamaisa Moepo wa [[:en:Morupule_Colliery|Malatlha a Morupule]] o o gaufi go e tlamela ka magala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217023857/http://www.miningweekly.co.za/min/sector/coal/?show=75117 "Creamer Media's Mining Weekly Online, South African Mining News :: Coal]". Archived from [http://www.miningweekly.co.za/min/sector/coal/?show%3D75117 the original] on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana e rometse kwa ntle motlakase wa boleng jwa dikete di le tharo le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ( e leng di dollara dile tharo le ntlha e nngwe le bobedi) go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, otlhe o ya kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.<ref>"[https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/electricity/reporter/bwa Electricity in Botswana]". ''The Observatory of Economic Complexity''. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , kgaolo yotlhe ya borwa jwa Aforika e ne ya amiwa thata ke tlhaelo e kgolo ya maatla, ga e sale kgaolo e dira go abelana metswedi ya yone ya maatla ka [[:en:Southern_African_Power_Pool|Southern African Power Pool,]] ka bontsi jwa bokgoni jwa yone bo tswa kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa. Lefatshe la Botswana le lone le beile maano a go nna maromela kwa ntle wa motlakase kwa letangwaneng la kgaolo, ka katoloso ya puso ya seteišene sa motlakase sa Morupule, mmogo le go rotloetsa dipeeletso tse e seng tsa puso ka sebopego sa seteišene sa motlakase sa di-gigawatt di le nne ke kompone ya lefatshe la Canada ya CIC Energy. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, CIC Energy e ne ya bonwa ke [[:en:Jindal_Steel_and_Power|Tshipi le Motlakase tsa Jindal]] tsa lefatshe la India. Ga jaana Jindal Africa e ikaeletse go dira meepo e le meraro ya fa godimo ga lefatshe mo mafelong a magala a [[:en:Mmamabula|Mmamabula]], mmogo le setlamo sa motlakase. Go ya ka kompone, "tlhabololo ya moepo e tla fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa diteišene tsa motlakase tsa maatla a motlakase makgolo a marataro le mebaraka ya magala a kgaolo ya thomelo kwa ntle, ka bokgoni jwa go thapa batho ba feta dikete tse pedi."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230521201948/https://www.jindalafrica.com/countries/botswana/botswana-overview Botswana Overview]". Jindal Africa. Archived from [http://www.jindalafrica.com/countries/botswana/botswana-overview the original] on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref><ref>"[https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch3.pdf Botswana]" (PDF). Global Methane Initiative. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103709/http://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch3.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana gape o tlhagisa [[:en:Soda_ash|molora wa soda]] ka Botash, e leng kgwebo e e kopanetsweng magareng ga puso le Setlhopha sa Chlor-Alkali Holdings (CAH) sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Botash e ntse e dira kwa [[:en:Sua_Pan|Letsheng la Sua]] kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065435/https://botash.bw/company-history/ Company History]". Botash. Archived from [http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ the original] on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</ref> == Bojanala == ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Tourism_in_Botswana|Bojanala mo Botswana]]'' Bojanala ke madirelo a a ntseng a nna botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng la Botswana, a a dirang mo e ka nnang karolo ya lesome le boraro ntlha nngwe mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>"[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210209005667/en/Botswana-Tourism-Industry-Report-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com Botswana Tourism Industry Report 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com]". ''www.businesswire.com''. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, go ne ga begwa gore e ne e le kwa tlase ga karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong .<ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-travel-and-tourism "Botswana - Travel and Tourism]". ''www.trade.gov''. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Nngwe ya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di kgethegileng mo lefatsheng, e leng [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Lefelo la noka e phatlhallang la Okavango]] , e mo lefatsheng la Botswana.<ref name=":1" /> Lefatshe le fa tshono ya go lebelela diphologolo le go bona dinonyane kwa lefelong la noka e phatlhallang le kwa [[:en:Chobe_National_Park|Lefelong la diphologolo la Setshaba la Chobe]] —e e leng legae la nngwe ya metlhape e megolo thata ya ditlou tse di tsamayang ka kgololesego mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":1" /> Lefelo la lefatshe la Botswana la [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|legae la diphologolo le le mo bogareng jwa Kalahari]] gape le na le tshono ya go lebelela diphologolo le dingwe tsa naga tse di kgakala le tse di sa senngwang mo borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1" /> Lefelo la diphologolo tsa bosetšhaba di le mmalwa le dipolokelo tsa diphologolo, ka diphologolo tsa tsone tse dintsi tsa naga le mafelo a a metsi, ke dilo tse dikgolo tse di ngokang bajanala.<ref>"[https://www.botswanasafarisokavangodelta.com/parks-reserves Botswana Wildlife National Parks & Reserves]". ''AfricanMecca Safaris''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> Mafelo a konokono a [[:en:Safari|loeto la go lebela diphologolo le dijanala]] a bojanala ke [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi]]<ref>"[https://www.moremi.com/index.php Moremi Game Reserve: Botswana's wildlife haven for an unmatched safari experience]". ''Moremi.com''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> mo [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Lefelo la noka e phatlhallang la Okavango]], le lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Chobe. Lefatshe la Botswana le lone le tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa tsamaiso ya ditsa tlholego tse di dirwang ke setshaba ka go leka go akaretsa banni ba motse mo bojanaleng. Sekao sengwe ke motse wa [[:en:Khwai|Khwai]]<ref>"[https://africanbushcamps.com/destinations/botswana/khwai-community-area/ Khwai Community Area]". ''African Bush Camps''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> le Terasete ya yona ya Tlhabololo ya Khwai.<ref>"[http://www.khwaitrust.co.bw/ Khwai Development Trust]". ''Khwai Development Trust''. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le lefelo la filimi ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobediya [[:en:The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy|The Gods Must Be Crazy]], le fa filimi e e ne e diriwa kwa thata mo Aforika Borwa. [[:en:The_Amazing_Race_7|Setlha sa bosupa]] sa [[:en:The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)|''The Amazing Race'']] se etetse Botswana. Bojanala bo tlhotlheleditswe ke [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|motseletsele wa dipadi tsa matseka]] ka [[:en:Alexander_McCall_Smith|Alexander McCall Smith]] le terama ya Amerika e e neng ya di latela.<ref>Canby, Vincent (28 October 1984). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/arts/film-view-is-the-gods-must-be-crazy-only-a-comedy.html FILM VIEW; IS 'THE GODS MUST BE CRAZY' ONLY A COMEDY?"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> == Temothuo == Go feta sephatlo sa baagi ba Botswana ba nna kwa metseselegaeng mme ba ikaegile ka dijalo tsa go iphedisa le go rua diruiwa.<ref name=":1" /> Temothuo e fitlhelela fela karolo e nnye ya ditlhokego tsa dijo mme e na le seabe sa karolo ya bongwe ntlha e robangbobedi fela ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ya Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lelesome le bosupa, go ya ka CIA World Factbook.<ref name=":2" />Diphopholetso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone di boletse fa e santse e le kwa tlase ga karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-agricultural-sectors "Botswana - Agricultural Sectors]". ''www.trade.gov''. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Go rua dikgomo go ne go laola botshelo jwa loago le itsholele ya Botswana pele ga boipuso.<ref name=":1" />[[:en:Botswana_Meat_Commission|Setlhopa sa dipatlisiso ya Nama ya Botswana]] (BMC) e na le taolo e le nosi mo tlhagisong ya nama ya kgomo, le fa go ntse jalo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro , e ne ya fela.<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni. [https://www.mmegi.bw/business/bmc-monopoly-nears-end-as-cabinet-approves-meat-regulator/news "BMC monopoly nears end as Cabinet approves meat regulator"].</ref>Motlhape wa bosetšhaba o ne o ka nna didikadike di le mabedi le ntlha e le nngwe mo lekgolong mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, le fa go bolawa ga motlhape otlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe lebotlhano go go laetsweng ke puso kwa Kgaolong ya [[:en:Ngamiland|Ngamiland]] kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana, go thibela go anama ga "bolwetse jwa makgwafo a dikgomo" kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa naga, go fokoditse palo ka bonnye jwa didikadike dile pedi.<ref name=":4">"[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ Botswana production in 2018, by FAO"]</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhagisitse, ka ngwaga dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi: * lekgolo le bobedi ditone tse sekete tsa motso le tubers; * masome amane le borataro a sekete sa ditone tsa meroho; * ditone di le dikete di le lesome le bosupa tsa mabele; * ditone di le dikete di le lesome le boraro tsa mmidi; * boferabobedi jwa ditone tse sekete tsa hop; * borataro jwa ditone tse sekete tsa onion; * botlhano jwa ditone tse sekete tsa tamati; Mo godimo ga dikumo tse dinnye tsa dikumo tse dingwe tsa temothuo<ref name=":4" /> == Tlhagiso == Madirelo a tlhagiso mo lefatsheng la Botswana<ref>"[https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors/ Sectors]"</ref> <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230521201949/https://www.gobotswana.com/sector/manufacturing Manufacturing | Go Botswana]". Archived from [https://www.gobotswana.com/sector/manufacturing the original] on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</ref>di akaretsa go dira dijo, bogolo jang go dira nama ya kgomo, go dira diteemane, go dira matsela le diaparo, go dira dino, go dira mabenyane, ditshipi le dithoto tsa tshipi, go dira molora, go dira didirisiwa tsa kago, le go [[:en:Glass_production|dira galase]]. Tlhagiso e na le kgolo e e ka nnang teng, le fa go ntse jalo,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240505114036/http://www.hrdc.org.bw/manufacturing-sector "Manufacturing Sector | HRDC]". ''www.hrdc.org.bw''. Archived from [http://www.hrdc.org.bw/manufacturing-sector the original] on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> e dira mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa]] [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|lefatshe]].<ref>"[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS?locations=BW World Bank Open Data]". ''World Bank Open Data''. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, go nnile le kwelotlase e e bonalang mo seabeng sa lekalana la tlhagiso mo itsholelong ya bosetšhaba. Lebaka la se le ka tlhomamisiwa mo dintlheng di le mmalwa, tsa konokono e le go tlhoka bokgoni, go palelwa ke go tsamaisana le maranyane a sešweng, go tlhoka kgaisano mmogo le mekgwa e e sa siamang ya go rekisa.<ref>[https://www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdfhttps://www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdf "www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdf"] (PDF). ''CEDA''.</ref> == Thuto ya bonetetshi le maranyane == Go na le lephata le le golang la bonetetshi mo lefatsheng Botswana. Palo ya dikgatiso tsa borasaense ba lefatshe la Botswana tse di kwadilweng mo lenaaneng la dipolokelotshedimosetso tsa boditšhabatšhaba e oketsegile go tswa go lekgolo le masome a mararo le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya ko makgolong a mabedi le lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , lefatshe la Botswana e tlhagisitse di pego tsa dikwalo tsa saense le maranyane di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bongwe. Lefatshe le na le nngwe ya maemo a a kwa godimo a go dira dithoto tsa bonetesthi mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref>"[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235406_eng Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF])"</ref><ref>"[https://knoema.com/atlas/Botswana/Number-of-scientific-journal-articles Botswana – Number of scientific and technical journal articles]</ref> Lefatshe gape le na le madirelo a maranyane a a kwa godimo, a e leng legae la dikompone di le mmalwa tsa maranyane ya tshedimosetso.<ref>"[https://www.localbotswana.com/category/Information_technology Best Information Technology Companies in Botswana]"</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi , dilo tse di romelwang kwa ntle tsa maranyane a a kwa godimo tsa Botswana di ne di le bokana ka dikete di le boraro le borobabobedi tsa di dolara.<ref>"[https://knoema.com/atlas/Botswana/High-technology-exports Botswana – High-technology exports in current prices]"</ref> == Tlhabololo ya lekala la poraefete le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle == [[Setshwantsho:Tourist Resort at Kasane.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la bojanala kwa [[:en:Kasane|Kasane]]]] Botswana e batla go farologanya itsholelo ya yone go tswa mo ditswammung,<ref name=":1" /> tse dituelo tsa yone di lekalekaneng.<ref>"[https://www.oecd.org/countries/botswana/35176115.pdf 001331-08 Botswana 6"] (PDF). ''OECD''.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle mo lefatsheng la Botswana di godile sentle. Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, dikompone tse pedi tsa lefatshe la Amerika, Owens Corning le Heinz, di ne tsa dira dipeeletso tse dikgolo mo mafelong a tlhagiso kwa Botswana.<ref>[https://archivesspace.uncw.edu/repositories/5/archival_objects/63351 "Articles and reports by Hans-Joachim (H.J.) Heinz, 1962-1971]". ''UNCW archives''.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa , setlhopha sa St. Paul se ne sa reka Botswana Insurance, e leng nngwe ya dikompone tse di di gogang kwa pele mo lefatsheng leno ka tiisetso ya tshireletso kgatlhanong le tatlhegelo ya paka e khutshwane. Lekgotla la Kgwebo la lefatshe la Amerika (ABC), le le nang le dikompone tse di fetang masome a mararo tse di leng maloko, le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref>"[https://www.abc.org.bw/ AMERICAN BUSINESS COUNCIL OF BOTSWANA]". ''www.abc.org.bw''. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</ref> Hyundai e ne e na le madirelo a go kopanya dikoloi kwa lefatsheng la Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106025801/http://www.gov.bw/economy/index.html "The Government of Botswana – Economic Snapshot]". Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/economy/index.html the original] on 6 January 2009.</ref> Botswana e batla go tswelela go farologanya itsholelo ya yone go tswa mo ditswammung,<ref name=":1" /> tse di dirang kotara ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ,<ref>"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/botswana/147499.htm Botswana (03/26/10])". ''U.S. Department of State''. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</ref> go tswa go mo e ka nnang sephatlho sa palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe .<ref name=":1" /> Dipeeletso le botsamaisi jwa kwa ntle di a amogelwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana<ref name=":1" /> mme, ka ntlha ya seo, makalana a matlole le ditirelo a oketsegile ka seelo se se kwa godimo ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi go emisetsa meepo jaaka madirelo a a eteletseng pele.<ref name=":3" /> Botswana e fedisitse [[:en:Foreign_exchange_controls|ditaolo tsa kananyo ya madi a]] [[:en:Foreign_exchange_controls|mafatshe]] a sele ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, e na le seelo se se kwa tlase sa lekgetho la dikompone(karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong), ga go na dithibelo tsa go nna le dikompone tsa mafatshe a sele, mme go tloga ka kgwedi ya Firikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone e ka nna karolo ya bone mo lekgolong.<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/Consumer%20Price%20Index%20January%202024.pdf "CONSUMER PRICE INDEX JANUARY 2024]" (PDF). ''Statistics Botswana''.</ref> Puso e tsaya gore go tsaya karolo ga lekalana le e seng la puso go botlhokwa thata mo katlegong ya Leano la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la naga (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2009 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016) le go tokafatsa [[:en:Science_and_technology_in_Botswana|seabe sa dipatlisiso le tlhabololo]] jaaka tsela e e atlegileng go gaisa ya go godisa kgwebo le kgolo ya lekala le e seng la puso. Puso e akanyetsa melawana e mengwe go tokafatsa kgaisano, go akaretsa le Leano le lešwa la Dipeeletso tse di Tlhamaletseng tsa Dinaga di Sele, Melawana ya Kgaisano, Leano le legolo la go Dira Dithomelo tse e seng tsa puso le Leano la Tlhabololo ya Thomelo ya kwa ntle ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan, eds. (2013). ''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002247/224725E.pdf Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Botswana]'' (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001219-9|978-92-3-001219-9]]</bdi>. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref><ref>''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030]'' (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp.&#x20;546–547. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1|978-92-3-100129-1]]</bdi>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nna le dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa magala mme se se dira gore e nne nngwe ya mafatshe a a humileng ka magala thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe .<ref>Pecquet, Julian. "[https://www.theafricareport.com/290227/energy-starved-botswana-seeks-us-support-as-it-banks-on-coal/#:~:text=Botswana%20sits%20atop%20the%20world's,recent%20spate%20of%20rolling%20blackouts. Energy-starved Botswana seeks US support as it banks on coal]". ''TheAfricaReport.com''.</ref> Meepo e megolo ya magala, madirelo a a magolo a motlakase a a dirisang magala, mmogo le madirelo a magala go nna seedi (ka [[:en:Fischer–Tropsch_process|thulaganyo ya Fischer–Tropsch]]) go tlhagisa lookwane lwa maitirelo lwa dikoloi di rulagantswe.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/botswana-plans-25-bln-coal-to-liquids-plant-cut-fuel-imports-2022-05-16/ Reuters]". ''[[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]''.</ref><ref>"[https://usea.org/sites/default/files/102013_Challenges%20and%20opportunities%20for%20coal%20gasification%20in%20developing%20countries_ccc225.pdf Challenges and opportunities for coal gasification in developing countries]"</ref> Ka mekwalo ya yone e e netefaditsweng ya puso e e siameng ya itsholelo, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bewa mo maemong a boraro mo Aforika a a senang bonweenwee mo Tshupaneng ya Dikakanyo tsa Bonweenwee ka ngwaga wa 2020, le le kwa pele ga mafatshea le mantsi a lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe le Asia.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"[https://www.transparency.org/cpi/2023 CPI 2023]". [[:en:Transparency_International|Transparency International]]. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</ref> Kopano ya Itsholelo ya Lefatshe lotlhe e ne ya tlhoma lefatshe la Botswana maemo a boraro a a gaisanang thata mo itsholelong mo Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2002.<ref name=":1" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, lefatshe la Botswana ga le sa tlhole e le leloko la Kopano ya Itsholelo ya Lefatshe (WEF).<ref>"[https://www.weforum.org/communities/africa/ Africa]". ''World Economic Forum''.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2001 lefatshe la Botswana le ne la abelwa gape ditekanyetso tsa sekoloto tsa seemo sa "A" ke Moody's le Standard & Poor's.<ref name=":1" />Se se baya lefatshe la Botswana mo maemong a a kwa godimo thata mo Aforika mo kotsing ya sekoloto mme se e baya mo maemong a a lekanang kgotsa kwa godimo ga mafatshe a le mantsi a lefatshekgolo le le naleng karolo ya mafatshe a mangwe la Europe yo mo bogareng, Asia yo ko Botlhaba, le Latin America.<ref name=":1" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2024, lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le le mo maemong a BBB+ mo seemong sa S&P, fa le ntse le le mo maemong a A3 mo seemong sa sekoloto sa mophato wa Moody.<ref>"[https://countryeconomy.com/ratings/botswana Rating: Botswana Credit Rating 2024 | countryeconomy.com". ''countryeconomy.com'']. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa lefatshe la U.S. mo lefatsheng la Botswana di sa ntse di le kwa tlase mme di tswelela go gola. Dikoporase tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe la U.S., tse di jaaka [[:en:Coca-Cola|Coca-Cola]] le [[:en:Heinz|Heinz]], di teng ka dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng, fa tse dingwe, tse di jaaka [[:en:KFC|KFC]], di le teng ka ditshwanelo tsa go reka.<ref name=":1" /> Ditekanyetso tsa sekoloto tse di ikemetseng tsa Moody's le Standard & Poor's di supa sentle gore, le fa go na le dikgwetlho tse di tswelelang tse di jaaka bogolo jo bonnye jwa mmaraka, lefelo le le dikologilweng ke lewatle, le dithulaganyo tse di bokete tsa tsamaiso, lefatshe la Botswana e santse e le nngwe ya ditšhono tse di gaisang tsa dipeeletso mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ntlha ya ditso tsa yone le thutafatshe, lefatshe la Botswana le na le kamano e telele le e e tseneletseng le itsholelo ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Mokgatlho wa Melelwane wa]] [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|lefatshe la Aforika Borwa]] (SACU), o ga jaana o akaretsang mafatshe a [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], Botswana, [[:en:Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[:en:Eswatini|Eswatini]], le Aforika Borwa, o simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref name=":1" /> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le kokoantse makgetho go tswa mo melelwaneng, thekisong, le makgetho a dithoto tsa maloko otlhe a matlhano, e abelana dipoelo go ikaegilwe ka karolo ya naga nngwe le nngwe ya dithomelong tse tlang mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":1" /> Mokgwa o o tlhomameng wa go abelana lotseno le taolo ya go tsaya ditshwetso mo ditirong—e e neng e tshwerwe ke Puso ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa fela—e ne ya nna le kganetsano e ntsi, mme maloko a ne a buisana gape ka thulaganyo e ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref name=":1" /> Sebopego se sešwa jaanong se amogetswe semmuso mme go tlhomilwe Bokwaledi jwa SACU kwa toropong ya [[:en:Windhoek|Windhoek]], ya lefatshe la Namibia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240301120409/https://sacu.int/category.php?cat=Secretariat "sacu.int"]. Archived from [https://www.sacu.int/category.php?cat=Secretariat the original] on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</ref> Morago ga go tsena ga lefatshe la Aforika Borwa mo [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|Mokgatlhong wa Kgwebisano wa Lefatshe]] (WTO), lefatshe la Botswana le lone le ne la tsena; bontsi jwa ditiro tsa SACU ka jalo di a fokotsega, mme se sa dira gore dikumo tse di tswang kwa ntle ga kgaolo di nne le kgaisano mo lefatsheng la Botswana.<ref name=":1" /> Gone jaana, mafatshe a SACU le U.S. di buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e gololesegileng. Lefatshe la Botswana gone jaana gape le buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e gololesegileng le mmaraka wa [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]] le Tumalano ya Tirisanommogo ya itsholelo le Kopano ya lefatshekgolo le le naleng karolo ya mafatshe la Europe jaaka karolo ya SADC.<ref>[http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/usa_sacu/USA_SACU_e.ASP#:~:text=In%20November%202006,%20the%20United,signed%20on%2016%20July%202008. "SICE: Trade Policy Developments: United States-Southern African Customs Union (SACU])". ''www.sice.oas.org''. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Okavango11.jpg|thumb|Pono go tswa kwa godimo ga noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] Toropo ya Gaborone ke moamogedi wa ntlokgolo ya [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) sa ditšhaba di le lesome le bone, e leng motlhatlhami wa Kopano ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika (SADCC, e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa 1980), e e neng e tsepamisitse maiteko a yone mo go gololeng tlhabololo ya itsholelo ya kgaolo mo go ikaegeng ka tlhaolele<ref name=":1" />. SADC e amogetse lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le le ntšhwa la puso ya batho ka batho jaaka leloko ka ngwaga wa 1994 mme e na le thomo e e anameng ya go rotloetsa kgolo, tlhabololo, le kopano ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> Melao e e laolang tsela e dilo di dirwang ka yone ya Kgwebisano ya SADC, e e neng ya thankgololwa ka la bo kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2000, e ikuela gore go fedisiwe dikgoreletsi tsotlhe tsa dituediso le tse e seng tsa dituediso tsa kgwebisano ka ngwaga wa 2012 mo dinageng di le lesome le bongwe tse di ikanisitseng.<ref name=":1" /> Fa e ka atlega, e tla naya dikompone tsa lefatshe la Botswana phitlhelelo e e sa duelelweng mo mmarakeng o mogolo thata wa kgaolo.<ref name=":1" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le atlegile go dira Lenaneo la Tiro la go Fedisa go [[:en:Child_labour_in_Botswana|berekisiwa ga Bana]], le le amogetsweng mo pakeng ya ngwaga wa 2006 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2007. [[:en:Free_the_Children|Golola bana]] e ne ya tlosa lefatshe la Botswana mo lenaaneng la ditšhaba tse di nang le dikago tsa go dirisa bana ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>[https://datadrivendetroit.org/files/2012/05/Child_Labour_report_final.pdf www.datadrivendetroit.org"] (PDF)</ref> == Lekalana la matlole == Lefatshe la Botswana le na le lephata la tsa madi le le golang, mme mmaraka wa setshaba wa lefatshe lena wa [[:en:Botswana_Stock_Exchange|Botswana Stock Exchange]] (BSE) o o kwa toropong ya Gaborone o filwe boikarabelo jwa go tsamaisa le go laola mmaraka wa dithoto le wa morokotso o o tlhomameng. E tlhomilwe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 1989, BSE e tswelela go nna botlhokwa mo tsamaisong ya matlole ya lefatshe la Botswana, mme bogolosegolo mo mmarakeng wa matlotlo, jaaka tsela e ka yone puso, puso e e tshwanang le puso le lekalana le e seng la puso di ka kokoanyang matlotlo a dikoloto le a motsemogolo wa madi a beng ba kgwebo . Le fa BSE e na le dikompone tse di kwa tlase fela ga masome a mane tse di kwadisitsweng, e amogela dikompone tse di tlhageletseng thata tse di dirang kgwebo mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Dikompone tse di emela mefuta e e farologaneng ya madirelo le kgwebo, go tswa mo ditirelong tsa Banka le tsa matlole go ya kwa go tsa Thekiso e kgolo le ya go Rekisa, Bojanala le maranyane ya Tshedimosetso.<ref>"[https://www.bse.co.bw/ Botswana Stock Exchange]". Retrieved 1 May 2024.</ref> Madi a lefatshe la Botswana, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|pula]], a ka fetolwa ka botlalo mme a lekanyediwa boleng kgatlhanong le seroto sa madi a a bokete jo bo kwa godimo go ya kwa [[:en:Rand_(currency)|Ranta]] ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> Dipoelo le dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng di ka busediwa kwa gae kwantle ga dithibelo go tswa kwa lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":1" /> Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e ne ya fedisa ditaolo tsotlhe tsa kananyo ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref name=":1" /> Banka ya Bogare e ne ya fokotsa boleng jwa Pula ka karolo ya bosupa ntlha ya botlhano mo lekgolong ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2004 ka maiteko a go tshegetsa kgaisano ya thomelo kwa mafatsheng a kwa ntle kgatlhanong le kanaanelo ya nnete ya Pula.<ref name=":1" /> Go nnile le phokotsego e nngwe ya boleng ya karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ngwaga o le mongwe moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2005 mme melawana ya "[[:en:Crawling_peg|Crawling peg]]" e ne ya amogelwa.<ref name=":1" /> Bothata jwa Taolo ya Ditheo tsa Madi tse e seng tsa Dibanka (NBFIRA) jo bo sa tswang go tlhongwa bo na le maikarabelo a go okamela ditheo tsotlhe tsa ditirelo tsa madi tse e seng tsa dibanka mo lefatsheng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2020, bokana ka karolo ya borobabobedi le bobedi mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba kgona go bona ditirelo tsa matlole tse di tlhomameng kgotsa tse di sa tlhomamang.<ref>"[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099113023113526062/pdf/P1790340f765cc07c0b967022a091caa813.pdf documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099113023113526062/pdf/P1790340f765cc07c0b967022a091caa813.pdf]" (PDF). p.&#x20;6.</ref> Ditirelo tsa banka ya mogala wa letheka di sa tswa go simolola go neelwa. Mo dingwageng tsa bošeng jaana puso le Banka ya Bogare di tsere dikgato tse di masisi tsa go dira gore mafaratlhatlha a tsamaiso ya dituelo ya lefatshe e nne a segompieno. Maiteko a a ne a akaretsa go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go tlhotlhora madi ka mela ya motseletsele wa ditlhaka, dinomoro kgotsa matshwao a a dirisediwang go supa kgotsa go sireletsa sengweya go ananya lokwalo lwa banka lo lo laelang banka go ntsha kgotsa go duela madi go motho kgotsa mokgatlho yo o umakilweng mo go lone le madi a maranyane mmogo le thulaganyo ya Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), go akaretsa le kgolagano ya SWIFT.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082102/http://www.mfw4a.org/botswana/botswana-financial-sector-profile.html MFW4A]". Archived from [http://www.mfw4a.org/botswana/botswana-financial-sector-profile.html the original] on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] ke moamogedi wa ntlokgolo ya [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) sa ditšhaba di le lesome le bone.<ref name=":1" /> Motlhatlhami wa Bokopano jwa Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Borwa (SADCC), e e neng e tsepamisitse maiteko a yona mo go gololeng tlhabololo ya itsholelo ya kgaolo mo go ikaegeng ka tlhaolele mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa, SADC e ne ya amogela lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le le ntšhwa ya puso ya batho ka batho jaaka leloko ka ngwaga 1994 mme e na le thomo e e anameng ya go rotloetsa kgolo, kopano ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa. Melao e e laolang tsela e dilo di dirwang ka yone ya Kgwebisano ya SADC, e e neng ya thankgololwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2000, e ikuela gore go fedisiwe dikgoreletsi tsotlhe tsa dituediso le tse e seng tsa dituediso tsa kgwebisano ka ngwaga wa 2012 mo mafatsheng a le lesome le bongwe tse di ikanisitseng .<ref name=":1" /> Fa e ka atlega, e tla fa dikompone tsa Botswana phitlhelelo e e sa duelelweng mo mmarakeng o mogolo thata wa kgaolo.<ref name=":1" />Setheo sa Kgaolo sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa (RCSA), se se tsenyang tirisong Letsholo la Setheo sa Tlhabololo ya Boditšhabatšhaba sa U.S. (USAID) sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa (ISA), le sone se na le ntlokgolo kwa toropong ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]].<ref name=":1" /> == Bona gape == == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Maranyane a mangwe == * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Botswana/Business_and_Economy/Economic_Development}}DMOZ{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Botswana/Business_and_Economy/Economic_Development}} * [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=072 Botswana latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921071451/http://mbendi.co.za/land/af/bo/p0005.htm MBendi Botswana overview] * [http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/debswana/ Debswana mine] sllmo1behicnbnvebaszb3dksj9y9vj Domboshaba 0 4945 53836 53024 2026-08-03T04:50:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dm2.jpg|thumb|right|200px]] '''''Domboshab'''a'' ke lefelo la ngwao le ditso mo lefatsheng la [[Botswana]] le le simolotseng go nniwa ka nako ya phelelo ya [[Great Zimbabwe]] (go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mabedi le masome a matalhno go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mane, le masome a matlhano morago ga loso lwaga Keresete). Lefelo le le a tlotlega mo bathong ba ba nnang mo go lone. Go na le ditumelo di le dintse ka lefelo le la Domboshaba, go dumelwa gore kgosi o ne a nna kwa godimo ga thaba le barongwa ba gagwe, ba lelapa la gagwe e le ngwe ya go ka nna a bona baba ba gagwe ka nako tsotlhe.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/en/Visitors/Topics/Monuments/Domboshaba/ "Domboshaba ruins"]. ''Republic of Botswana, Government portal''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref name=":0">Walker, Nick (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237979 "Recent Research at Domboshaba Ruin, North East District, Botswana".] ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''42''': 147–153. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0525-5090 0525-5090.] JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237979 23237979.]</ref> Lefoko la Dombo le raya thaba, lefoko la Shaba le raya bohibidu (le ranotswe go tswa mo puso ya Sekalaka go raya bohibidu kgotsa thaba).<ref name=":1">Brook, Michael C. (2017). ''Botswana Monuments, Heritage sites and Museums''. Gaborone, Botswana: Kwena Pools. p.&nbsp;100. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789996805660|9789996805660]]</bdi></ref> Domboshaba gape le bidiwa Luswingo ekile ya bo e le lefelo la bonno la kgosikgolo wa nako eo. Matlotla a a tshwana le Mwenemotapa. Mohumagadi wa ga Kgosi o ne a nna kwa tlase ga thaba. Domboshaba e na le dithaba tse dingwe, lekadiba la metsi kwa Matenge, le le bidiwa Matenge le le sekeng le kgala, lekadiba le le boteng jwa dimithara<ref name=":1" /> di supa, le fa godimo ga lejwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180520150801/http://www.secheresse.info/spip.php?article60144 "Conservation and Development of Mantenge Conservation Area (Botswana) - Sécheresse info"]. ''www.secheresse.info''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.travelobotswana.com/places-to-visit/domboshaba/ "Exploring Tourism Botswana".] Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.</ref> == Ngwao Boswa == [[Setshwantsho:Dm3.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Ngwa boswa]] Domboshaba ke lefelo le le bulegileng la diheketara di feta borobabobedi. Kwa godimo ga thaba go na le mabotana a majwe a a omeletseng a a dirang malwapa. Bontsi jwa mabotana a, a bo kwa godimo jwa mithara o le mongwe le borobabobedi. Mabotana a eme a le nosi ke a le palo potlana fela a a nang le dirala a e leng bontlha jwa kgoro. Go na le fa fatshe fa go dililweng go supa fa go ne go na le matlo a setswana. Lefelo le le etetswe ke beng ge ebile le sireleditswe ka dikeletso tsa mo gae go fitlhelela ka nako ya bokolone, go tswa ka nako eo go ya pele go ne ga nna le go tsoma dintlenyane, lefelo le ne la epololwa ke batsomi ba dintlenyane le baitsenape ba marope.<ref name=":1" /> === Melao kwa lefelong === [[Setshwantsho:Dm15.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Melao kwa lefelong la segopotso la Domboshaba]] === Melao === Domboshaba ke lefelo la segopotso le le mo tlhokomelong ya motlobo wa ditso wa Botswana, le sireleditswe ke molao o o fetotsweng wa digopotso (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso).<ref>Deacon, Harriet; Dondolo, Luvuyo; Mrubata, Mbulelo; Prosalendis, Sandra (2004). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=7EtJdNgBvBUC&dq=revised+Monuments+and+Relics+Act+(2001)&pg=PA23&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Subtle Power of Intangible Heritage: Legal and Financial Instruments for Safeguarding Intangible Heritage''.] HSRC Press. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-2074-4|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-7969-2074-4</bdi>.]]</ref> == Tshilo (lejwe la tshilwana) == Tshilo e ne e dirisiwa go sila dilo tse di tshwanang le [[motsokwe]], [[manoko]] le [[mabele]]. Se se papamatsa gore amaruri lefelo le e ele boremelelo jwa papadisanyo ebile go nna balemi barui. Di dirisiwa tse di patane ke gore di pedi, letlapa lele itshetletseng fa fatse lele bidiwa tshilo le le dirisiwang go sila ka ditla le bidiwa [[tshilwana]] ya pele le nyeletse, dipelaelo e le gore mongwe o le ikadimile. [[Setshwantsho:Grinding Stone 1.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Tshilwana e e dirisiwang kwa lefelong la ngwao boswa go sila manoko le motsokwe]] == Bodilo jwa matlo == Masalela a matlo a a ko domboshaba a supa fa a ne a agilwe ka mmu o tlhakantswe le boloko jwa [[dikgomo]]. Mo bogompienong re fitlhela fela go setse bodilo jwa matlo a jo bo bipolotsweng ke kgotlhego ya mmu fa jo bongwe bo bipolotswe ke kepo ya ditso. Go lemosegile gore mo motswakong wa [[mmu]] o o dirisitsweng mo bodilong jwa mmu wa mmopa o montsi thata go na le wa lekgarapana. Bodilo jo bo ritetswe gantsi e ne ere ntlo e setse e feditswe bodilo bo fisiwe ka [[molelo]] gore bo tie. == Dinepe tsa Domboshaba == <gallery> Board Showing the information about the grinding stone used in the past.jpg|Grinding stone information Letlapa le le hibidu.jpg|Lentswe la thaba kwa Domboshaba monument Dm7.jpg|Kgoro ya lefelo la Domboshaba Monument(Gate house) Dm2.jpg|Domboshaba DM1.jpg|Ditlhare kwa lefelong la Domboshaba Dm10.jpg Dm11.jpg </gallery> == Ntlo ya kgoro ya Domboshaba == Ntlo ya kgoro ya Domboshaba e agilwe ya bo ya bulwa ke setshaba sa Kalakamati ka lenaneo la Ipelegeng ba tshwaragane le lephata le ditso le digopotso.<ref>Allafrica. "[https://allafrica.com/stories/201511230264.html Domboshaba gate house"]. ''Allafrica.com''. Gladys Olebeng. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Dm5.jpg|left|thumb|100x100px|Ntlo ya kgoro ya Domboshaba]] [[Setshwantsho:Dm7.jpg|center|thumb|100x100px|Kgoro ya Domboshaba]] == Lelwapa la Kgosi == Mabotana a a omeletseng a majwe ke mokgwa wa kago wa go aga ka majwe go sena semente go tshwaraganya majwe mmogo. Kwa godimo ga thaba ke lelwapa la bogosi, mogakolodi wa gagwe wa sedumedi le ba ba gaufi le ene. Kwa godimo ga thaba go na le mabotana a le marataro fa kwa tlase go na le le lengwe le le kgaogantsweng kwa mohumagadi wa ga Kgosi le lolwapa ba nnang teng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629150515/http://fortuneofafrica.com/botswana/2014/03/14/attractions-in-botswana/ Chiefs residence at Domboshaba".] ''FortuneofAfrica''. Archived from [http://fortuneofafrica.com/botswana/2014/03/14/attractions-in-botswana/ the original] on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Domboshaba stone walls.jpg|left|thumb|100x100px]] === Tshilwana === Le ke lejwana le le silang le le neng le dirisiwa kwa Domboshaba go sila motsokwe, manoko le mabele. Se se gatelela gore lefelo le e ne e le lefelo le le tlhomogileng la kgwebo le nniwa ke batho ba motlha wa tshipi ba e neng e le balemi barui. Matlapa a Quern a bereka a le mabedi. Lejwe le le kwa tlase le bidiwa Quern, le le kwa godimo le bidiwa letlapa la letsogo. Lejwe la pele le sentswe ke batho ba ba sa itsegeng. [[Setshwantsho:Grinding Stone 1.jpg|left|thumb|100x100px|Tshilwana e e silang motsokwe, manoko kwa Domboshaba]] == Bodilo == Go na le masalela a bodilo kwa lefelong la segopotso la Domboshaba, jo bo dirilweng ka mmu o tlhakantswe le boloko jwa kgomo mo lefelong leo ka kakaretso. Bodilo jo bogologolo bo ne jwa upololwa ke baitseanapae ba marape le kgothego ya mmu mo tsamaong ya nako. Bodilo bo bo ne bo dirilwe ka mmu o o nang le lokgarapana. Go dumelwa fa bodilo jwa matlo bo ne bo tshubiwa go bo thatafatsa gore bo kgone go nna sebaka.<ref name=":0" /> == Moletlo wa ngwao wa Domboshaba == Moletlo wa ngwao wa Domboshaba o simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi fa letsholo a Mukani le Balumbidzi ba Bakalaka ba ne ba batla ditsela tse ba ka rotloetsang le go ipelela ngwao le ditso tsa Bakalaka ka teng.<ref>Priti, Jain; Nathan, Mnjama (21 December 2016). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=W-XMDQAAQBAJ&dq=domboshaba+ruins&pg=PA222&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=domboshaba%20ruins&f=false Managing Knowledge Resources and Records in Modern Organizations]''. IGI Global. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-5225-1966-9</bdi>.</ref> Lefelo la segopotso la Domboshaba le tshwara moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa go lone.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/event/domboshaba-festival-culture-and-history-2 "Domboshaba Cultural festival".] ''Botswana Tourism''. BTO. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/domboshaba-festival-the-heart-of-the-bakalanga-people/ "Domboshaba Festival, the heart of the Bakalanga people".] Sunday Standard. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Moletlo o akaretsa baeng ba tlotla go tswa kwa ditsong tse di farologaneng go tla go bogela ngwao le ditso tsa Bakalaka. Moletlo o a tlotliwa ebile o thusiwa ka madi ke lephata la bojanala la Botswana e le tsela ya go tsibosa batho ka moletlo le lefelo, mo gape ke nako ya go abelana maitemogelo a ngwao le go utlwa tatso ya dijo tsa setso tsa Delele, Nyembah, Topii, Morogo wa dinawa, Zengwe, Lebelebele le tse dingwe. Moletlo wa Domboshaba ga o kgatlhe Batswana le batho ba Zimbabwe fela, mme meletlo e e diriwang koo e supa ngwao ya Bakalaka.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/14807 "Domboshaba festival".] ''Botswana daily news online''. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250125094015/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/domboshaba-festival-culture-and-history "Domboshaba Festival of Culture and History"]. ''Music In Africa''. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Moletlo wa setso === [[Setshwantsho:Dihosana dance 1.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|setlhopha sa mmino wa Dihosana kwa moletlong wa Domshaba wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa]] [[Setshwantsho:Kalanga food at the Domboshaba Cultural Festival 1.jpg|center|thumb|150x150px|Chimone, dijo tsa Sekalaka]] === Lenaneo la moletlo === Moletlo wa Domboshaba o nna ngwaga le ngwaga ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro go tsena a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi. === Letlole la Domboshaba === Letlole la Domboshaba kgotsa DTC ke bangwe ba ba thusang ka madi mo moletlong fa e sale o tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, ke moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga o o tsisang batho mmogo go tswa ka banana ba Bakalaka le dilthopha tse dingwe go ithuta ngwao le ditso tsa Bakalaka.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/14807 "Domboshaba cultural trust".] ''Daily news online''. BDNO. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} {{coord missing|Botswana}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in Botswana]] {{Botswana-geo-stub}} {{Botswana-struct-stub}} m72n5omwqwwyt0xlw281fomnisl9tef Ditshedi tsa naga tsa lefatshe la Botswana 0 8623 53835 53262 2026-08-03T04:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 30.jpg|thumb|zebras]] [[Setshwantsho:Elefante africano de sabana (Loxodonta africana), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 34.jpg|thumb|Tlou]] [[Setshwantsho:Sedudu Gate, Chobe National Park.jpg|thumb|Boroto ya Chobe National Park ]] Ditshedi tsa naga tsa lefatshe la [[Botswana]] di akaretsa diphologolo le dimela tsa lefatshe le. Sephatlho se sentsi sa lefatshe la Botswana se apesitswe ke ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng, go na le ditlhatshana kwa borwabophirima kwa mafelong a a omeletseng,go bo go nna le ditlhare le bojang mo mafelong a a emang metsi.<ref name=":1">Behnke,Alison (1 February 2009)''[https://books.google.com/books?id=csWh3znUrWcC&pg=PA14 ."Botswana in Pictures"].Twenty-First Century Books.p 14. ISBN 978-1-57505-953-2''.Retrieved 3 April 2011. etrieved R</ref> Le kwa go leng mogote jaaka kwa sekakeng sa [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]], mefuta e farologaneng ya dimela e a tshela, lefatshe le le na le mefuta ya dimela e feta dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano, le mefuta ya ditlhare e le makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano.<ref name=":2">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110313012401/http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/botswanflora.htm "Botswana:Plants"].''Kidcyber.com.Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Dimela le maungo a naga le tsone di botlhokwa thata, e bile ke dijo, melemo le leokwane mo bathong ba ba tshelelang kwa sekakeng.<ref name=":3">Motlhanka, D.M.T., P. Motlhanka and T. Selebatso''[[."Edible Indigenous Wild Fruit Plants of Eastern Botswana"]] (PDF).Gaborone:'' Department of Basic Sciences, [[Botswana College of Agriculture]], [[International Journal of Poultry Science]]..Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Go na le mafelo a le mararo a tshireletso dihphologolo tsa naga e le a puso, go bo go nna le a le supa a a ikemetseng. A puso ke [[Chobe National Park]], Nxai Pan le Makgadikgadi National Park le Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. A a supa a a ikemetseng ke Central Game Reserve, Gaborone Game Reserve, Khutse Game Reserve, Mannyelanong Game Reserve, Maun Game Reserve le Moremi Game Reserve. Fa godimo ga foo, mafelo a mangwe a mannye a teng.<ref>Main,Michael.(31 October 2001).''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdugjOahrC4C&pg=PA206 "African adventurer's guide to Botswana"].Struik.PP 206–.ISBN 978-1-86872-576-2''.Retrieved 5 April 2011.</ref> == Popego == Sekaka sa Kalahari Desert, se se phuthulogileng mo molelwaneng wa bophirima se phuthulogetse mo mafatsheng a [[Aforika Borwa]], [[Namibia]] le Angola, se apesitse lefelo la masome a ferabobedi mo lekgolong la lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":0">''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/about/geographical_info.html "Geographical Info"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Le apesitswe ke ditlhatshana, ditlhare, bojang le dikgwa tse di mitlwa. Kwa ntle ga dithaba le mekgatsha e e phatlaletseng, dithotha tsa metlhaba tse di kwa borwa di na le mekgatsha e e tlalang metsi ka nako ya dipula, e e tshegetsang ditshedi ka dikotla le bojang jwa yone.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafelo a tlhokomelo ditshedi == === Chobe National Park === Chobe National Park e e dikaganyeditsweng ke mafelo a le mane a tikologo, e itsege ka go nna le diphologolo tse dintsi mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]]. E simolotse e le lefelo le le ikemetseng ka ngwaga wa 1960 mme ya nna lefelo le le mo tlhokomelong ya puso ka ngwaga wa 1967. Mokgatsha wa Chobe River o mo bokonebotlhaba jwa lefelo le, o na le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng le dipoa tse ditala. Marshland of Savuti e mo bophirima. Hinterlad e fa gare ga marshland of Savuti kwa bophirima le Linyati Swamps kwa bokonebophirima. [[Basarwa]] <ref>Barnard,Alan.(2007).''[[oclc:560526388|"Anthropology and the bushman"]].Berg.Oxford.ISBN 978-1-84788-330-8''. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/560526388 560526388.]</ref> ke bone batho ba ntlha go thibelela mo lefelong leo ebile e le batsomi. Lefelo le le na le ditlou tse dintsi go feta mafelo a mangwe mo Botswana. Mebele ya ditlou tsa lefelo le ke e metona go gaisa tse dingwe, mme dinaka tsa tsone di dikhutshwane di bo di robega motlhofo. Dingwe diphologolo tse di fitlhelwang fa kwa ntle ga ditau,bophokoje,diphiri,dintsa tsa naga le matlotse ke bo magogwe, dikgokong, ditholo,dinare le dikukama.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/chobe_national_park.html "Chobe National Park"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Fa godimo ga foo mefuta ya dinonyane e feta makgolo a matlhano e kwadisitswe kwa lefelong leo.<ref>''[http://www.chobe.com/ "Chobe National Park"].(2016).''Chobe.com.Retrieved 10 July 2017.</ref> === Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park === Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP), ke lefelo la tlhokomelo diphologo le le fa gare ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa, ke lone lefelo lantlha go bewa kwa borwa jwa sekka sa Kalahari ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi kgwedi ya Motsheganong. Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhokomela bontlha jwa selekanyo sa 28,400 skm fa la Aforika Borwa le tlhokomela 9,600 skm. === Makgadikgadi and Nxai National Park === Lefelo la tlhokomelo diphologolo la Makgadikgadi le Nxai Park le apesitse 7500skm, le simolodisetswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa. Le tlwaelesegile ka gore dihologolo di bo di fudugela kwa go lone ka jalo se sa baka go kopanngwa ga mafelo a mabedi ao go nna lefelo le lengwe. Le na le melapo ya Ntwetwe,Makgadikgadi,Nxai,Baines'Baobabs le Kudiakam.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/makgadikgadi_and_nxai_pan_nationalpark.html "Makgadikgadi and Nxai Pan National Park"].(2006)''.Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Moremi Game Reserve === Moremi Game Reserve e kwa botlhaba jwa letsha la Okavango, lefelo le le biditswe jaaka kgosi Moremi wa BaTawana. Lefelo le ke le le ikemetseng e seng le le mo tlhokomelong ya puso. Se se ne se raya goe Basarwa ba ba neng ba nna mo go lone ba letlelelwa go tswelela ba nna mo go lone. === Khutse Game Reserve === Lefelo la Khutse Game Reserve le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobgwe le masome a supa le bongwe, le apesitse 2500 skm wa lefelo la Bakwena. Ga le na metswedi ya metsi e mentsi, ka jalo ga le na diphologolo tse dintsi. Diphologolo tse di nnang mo go lone di ne di tshela ka bojang jo bo tlhogang mo mekgatsheng se sa ngoka dibatana.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/khutse_game_reserve.html "Khutse Game Reserve"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Central Kalahari Game Reserve === Central Kalahari Game Reserve, e e leng lefelo la bobedi le legolo thata mo Botswana le le akaretsang kgaolo ya disekwerekilometara di le 52 800 (20 400 sq mi), ke lefelo la dipoa tse di bulegileng, mafelo a letswai le dinoka. E na le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa mopane kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba. Baagi ba koo ba ba sa bolong go nna koo go tloga bogologolo ba bidiwa Ba-Bushman kgotsa Ba-Basarwa kgotsa Ba-San. E itsege gape ka ntlha ya Deception Valley ya yone koo go ileng ga dirwa dipatlisiso ka diphologotswana tse di bidiwang brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea). Go tsietsa e ne e le leina le le neng la newa mafelo a letswai a a mo mokgatšheng, a a neng a dira gore motho a akanye gore o bona metsi a le kgakala. Setlhaketlhake sa Tree e ne e le lefelo le legolo la go kampa fano. Buka e e itsegeng thata ya Cry of the Kalahari e ne ya dira gore lefelo leno le tume. Diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka thutlwa, tshukudu e e borokwa, phokojwe, ntša ya naga, cheetah, [[Nkwe e tshweu|nkwe]], tau, kgama e tala, eland, gemsbok, kudu, hartebeest e khibidu le springbok di bonwa kwa dipoeng le kwa mekgatšheng, segolo thata ka paka ya go tloga ka Sedimonthole go ya Moranang.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/central_kalahari_game_reserve.html "Central Kalahari Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011</ref> == Mafelo a go bolokiwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one le a batho == === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Khama Rhino === Khama Rhino Sanctuary e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi, e akaretsa diheketara di le dikete di robabobedi , makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (21,210 acres) tsa Kalahari sandveld le Serwe Pan, segolobogolo go sireletsa ditshukudu tse ka nako eo di neng di le mo lenaaneng la ditshukudu tse di neng di le mo kotsing ya go thukhuthwa ka go bo go ne go na le poifo ya gore di ka nyelela. Go ne ga tlhomiwa mokgatlho wa setšhaba o o neng o tla sireletsa mefuta ya ditshukudu tse dintsho le tse ditshweu tse di neng di setse mo lefelong leno. Gape go na le mefuta e mengwe e le masome a mararo ya diphologolo le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno. Go na le ditiro di le dintsi tse di ka dirwang fa o le kwa Khama Rhino Sanctuary tse di akaretsang, go kgweetsa, go tsamaya ka dinao le go lekola ditshukudu. <ref>[["Khama Rhino Sanctuary"]]. Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Archived from [http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/khama_rhino_sanctuary.html the original] on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref>Lefelo la botshabelo ke trust ya setšhaba e e laolwang ke boto ya batlhokomedi ba ba tlhophilweng go tswa mo baaging ba lefelo la [[Serowe]], Paje le Mabeleapudi . Tautona wa Botswana, [[Seretse Khama Ian Khama]], Tlhogo ya [[Bangwato|Bamangwato,]] ke motshegetsi wa trust.<ref>[https://independent-travellers.com/botswana/khama/ Khama Rhino Sanctuary, November 2017"]. ''Independent Travellers''. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</ref> === Phaka ya Mokolodi === '''Phaka ya Mokolodi''' se na le bogolo jwa diheketara di le dikete di le lesome, ke serapa se se tlhokometsweng ke Mokolodi Wildlife Foundation, mokgatlho o ikemetseng ka nosi, gaufi le [[Gaborone|Gaborone.]] Ka ntlha ya maiteko a go tsosolosa ditshedi, tikologo ya yone e nnile le mefuta e mentsi ya diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka tshukudu e tshweu, Lengau, reedbuck ya kwa dithabeng, thutlwa, zebra, hartebeest e khibidu, sable, gemsbok, tse di nnang mmogo le diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka [[kudu]], Phala, [[Phiri]] nkwe le phokojwe ya metsi. Serapa seno sa diphologolo se dirilwe jaaka lefelo la tshireletso ya tlhago le le nang le ditsela tse dintsi tse di ka tsamayang ka koloi, tse di dirang gore o kgone go bona diphologolo tsa naga o le gaufi. Tsamaiso ya phaka e rulaganyetsa go atolosa melelwane ya lefelo la tshomarelo go fitlha kwa Lion Park go lebagana le [[dikwena.]] <ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/mokolodi_nature_reserve.html "Mokolodi Nature Reserve"]. Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Northern Tuli Game Reserve === Northern Tuli Game Reserve ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng la poraefete le le akaretsang diheketara di le 46 000 (110,000 acres) tse di dirilweng ka dipoa tsa savannah, dikgwa tsa noka, mafelo a a bulegileng a a tletseng seretse le mafika a motlhaba. Ke lefelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe le le sireleditsweng ke batho kwa borwa jwa Afrika. Ke lefelo le le nang le ditlou tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Mo godimo ga moo, go ile ga begiwa gore go na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno. Diphologolo tse dingwe tsa Botswana le tsona di fitlhelwa mo lefelong leno.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/mashatu_game_reserve.html "The Mashatu Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> == Mafelo a go laolwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one == Mafelo a go laolwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one (WMAs) ke mafelo a mo go one go dirisiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga go laolwang ke molao. Gantsi mafelo a a sireleditsweng a diphologolo tsa naga a dira jaaka mafelo a a sireletsang diphologolo tsa naga, ka gonne bontsi jwa diphologolo tsa naga di fetsa nako e telele di seyo mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Kgopolo eno e ne ya simololwa ka bo1980. Boikaelelo jwa yone ke go thibela gore lefatshe le diphologolo tsa naga di dirisiwang mo go lone go dira kgwebo, le se ka la fetolwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo le diphologolo tsa naga di bogisiwang kgotsa le e leng go nyelediwa mo go lone. Go ne ga dirwa ditshitshinyo tsa di-WMA di le lesome le bobedi, nngwe ya tsone e ne ya ganwa ke balaodi ba kgaolo.<ref>Parry, DC* & Campbell, B. (1990). "Wildlife management areas of Botswana". ''Botswana Notes & Records'', '''22''' (1), 65-77.</ref> == Dimela == Kwa Botswana sekgwa se akaretsa 27% ya naga yotlhe, e e lekanang le 15,254,700 ha (37,695,000 acres) ya sekgwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi, go tswa go 18,803,700 ha (46,465,000 acres) ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi , dikgwa tse di tsosolositsweng ka tlholego di ne di akaretsa diheketara di le 15 254 700 (37 695 000 acres), mo dikgweng tse di tsosolositsweng ka tlholego go ne ga begwa gore 0% ya tsone e ne e le dikgwa tsa motheo (tse di nang le mefuta ya ditlhare tsa tlholego tse di se nang matshwao a a bonalang sentle a ditiro tsa batho) mme mo e ka nnang 11% ya sekgwa e ne e le mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Mo ngwageng wa wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , 24% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e ne ya begwa e le ka fa tlase ga beng ba setšhaba le 76% ya beng ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi. <ref>''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</ref> Mefutafuta ya dimela mo Botswana, e e amogelang palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dimilimitara di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano (18 in) fela, e tlhalosiwa ka kakaretso ka ditlhogo di le tharo tse dikgolo e leng, hardveld, sandveld le Okavango deltaveld tse di supang pharologano ya setlha mo boleng jwa yona jwa phepo, ka dimela tsa logong di rekota boleng jo bo kwa godimo fa go bapisiwa le bojang; ''[[Panicum]]'' e rekotile dikotla tse di kwa godimo ka nako ya dipula. <ref name=":4">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUwA3W2IsC&pg=PA37 International Livestock Centre for Africa. ''African Forage Plant Genetic Resources, Evalulation of Forage Germplasm and Extensive Livestock Production Systems'']. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). pp.&nbsp;37–. GGKEY:1WUC5B1U5L6. Retrieved 5 April 2011.</ref> Dimela tsa Hardveld di na le dimela tse di nang le ditlhare le bojang. Dimela tse di logong ke; Acacia karroo, Albizia anthelmintica, ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]], [[Mopane]] (Colophospermum mopane), Combretum'' apiculatum, Grewia bicolor, Grewia flavecens, Grewia monticola, Lonchocarpus capassa le Terminalia.[ <ref name=":4" /> Sandveld ya sekaka sa Kalahari e na le bojang, e leng Kragrostis pallens, Striagostis uniplumis, Anthephora pubescens, Schmidtia pappophoreides le Megaloprotachne albescens. Dimela tsa logong tse di begilweng ke Grewia avellana, Grewia retinervis, Lonchocarpus nelsii le Terminalia sericia.[ 19] Okavango deltaveld e na le bojang le dimela tse di nang le matlhare. Dimela tse di nang le matlhare ke Ficus verruculosa le Hyphaene crinata. Mefero e e begilweng ke Phragmites communis, Dichanthium papillusum, Panicum repens, Andropogon encomus, Echinochloa pyramidalis le Imperata cylindrica.<ref name=":4" /> Diperesente di le masome a robongwe tsa Botswana ke savanna. <ref name=":2" />Go na le mafelo a mannye a dikgwa, fela kwa bokone jo bo kgakala go bapa le [[Noka ya Chobe]]. Ditlhare tsa Gruff shrubland di gola mo mafelong a a omileng a sekaka, fa ditlhare tsone di gola mo mafelong a a nang le ditlhatsana, segolo thata kwa Okavango delta e e nang le metsi a mantsi gore di kgone go gola. <ref name=":1" />Botswana e na le mefuta e e fetang dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano ya dimela le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano ya ditlhare.<ref name=":2" /> === Ditlhare === [[Setshwantsho:Marula02.jpg|thumb|Setlhare sa Morula]] Ditlhare tse di tlwaelegileng ke mopane, baobab, marula, acacia, motlhwa wa kamela, motopi (setlhare sa modisa), mokolane wa naga, papirase, setlhare sa mofeige sa sycamore, mokolane wa mmatota, mangosteen ya Afrika le setlhare sa boroso. Ditlhare tseno di gola thata mo mafelong a a nang le metsi a mantsi, jaaka mo mekgatšheng ya Okavango Delta. [[Setshwantsho:Marula01.jpg|thumb|Maungo a Morula]] Setlhare sa Mowana, se se itsegeng jaaka mowana ka puo ya Setswana ke dingwe tsa ditlhare tse di tshelang nako e telele mo Botswana mme di ka gola go feta dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi .<ref name=":2" />Makape a sone a mmala wa botala jo bo serolwana, a phatsima. Dithunya tse ditona tse ditshweu, ka palogare di ka nna 12 cm ka bophara mme di tlhagelela magareng ga Kgwedi ya Phalane le Sedimonthole, fa maungo a mmala o o serolwana-botshweu a a ka nnang 24 cm ka boleele a tlhagelela ka Moranang-Motsheganong. <ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:Plocepasser mahali -Okovango Delta, Botswana -nests in acacia tree-8.jpg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Baobob tree.jpg|thumb|setlhare sa Mowana]] Setlhare sa marula kgotsa morula, se e leng sa lelapa la dimango Anacardiaceae, se gola go fitlha go boleele jwa 15 metres kgotsa 49 feet (le go fitlha go 20 metres kgotsa 66 feet) kwa Okavango Delta kwa sekgweng le kwa sekgweng,<ref name=":3" /> mme se na le lekgapetla le le serolwana mme se na le matlhare. <ref name=":2" /> Go tloga ka ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong go ya go Phukwi, matlhare a nna botala jo bosetlha mme kwa bofelong a nna mmala o o serolwana se se phatsimang mme a bo a wa mo karolong ya bofelo ya ngwaga ka nako ya mariga.<ref name=":5">[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/flora_n_fauna/plants.html Plants"]. Botswana Tourism Organization. Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Mo dikgweding tsa selemo ditlhare di tlhagisa maungo a a kgolokwe go ya go a a kgolokwe, a a humileng ka Vitamine C,<ref name=":3" /> a a nang le lekape le le bokete le le apesitseng mmudula o mosweu o o boreledi, o o tshwanang le matlhare o fetogang mmala o o serolwana kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha sa go thunya. <ref name=":5" />Gape e na le dithunya, tse di pinki le tse di namagadi le tse di bohibidu le bosweu le tse di namagadi.; tse di tonanyana di na le go nna dikgolo mme di tsholwa mo dithunyeng tse di sa phuthologang.<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Sausage tree, Botswana.jpg|thumb]] Setlhare sa mokolane sa naga ke sengwe sa mefuta e mebedi fela ya ditlhare tsa mokolane tse di fitlhelwang kwa letsheng la Okavango , se sengwe ke setlhare sa mokolane wa mmatota. Palema, ke semela se se nnang se le setala, se na le go fitlha bogodimo jwa dimetara di le thataro (20 ft) mme se gola ka bontsi mo mekgotheng ya Botswana, mmogo le papyrus. <ref name=":5" />E na le matlhare a a bopegileng jaaka mafofa fa a bapisiwa le matlhare a a bopegileng jaaka difene a setlhare sa mmatota sa fan palm. Matlhare gantsi a gola go nna boleele jwa dimetara tse tharo go ya go tse nne (9.8-13.1 ft) ka matlhare a mangwe a a boleta a basal le a mangwe a a botala jo bo tseneletseng le go lebega a le magwata. Dithunya tsa tona tsa setlhare di na le mmala o mosetlha o o bosetlha jo bo bosetlha mme dithunya tsa caduceus le tse ditona di dinnye, di na le mmala o o botala jo bo botala. <ref name=":5" /> Setlhare sa mofeige sa sycamore ke sengwe sa ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di golang kwa Botswana, gantsi se fitlhelwa kwa Okavango delta se gola go fitlha go dimetara di le masome a mabedi . Setlhare se se nang le matlhare a mannye, se na le kutu e e phatsimang e e nang le lekape la mmala wa namune o o phatsimang mme se ungwa difeige tse di ka nnang bophara jwa dicentimetara tse tharo tse kgabagare di fetogang bohibidu jo bo phatsimang go nna bohibidu fa di butswa go tswa go botala mme di fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa tsone magareng ga kgwedi ya Phukwi le Sedimonthole. <ref name=":5" /> Sejalo sa African mangosteen se se tlhogang mo metsing se ka gola go fitlha dimetara di le lesome le borobabobedi (59 ft) ka bogodimo, se ka lemogiwa ka kutu ya sone e e senang sepe, e e kgaogantsweng ka go tshwana e e serolwana-botshweu e e tlhomologileng kgatlhanong le serurubele sa yone se se kitlaneng, se se lefifi thata. <ref name=":5" />Makgapetla a na le mmala o o serolwana mme setlhare se na le matlhare a botala jo bo tseneletseng, a a phatsimang a letlalo a a ka nnang 9 cm (3.5 in) ka 3 cm (1.2 in), a a nang le mothalo o o serolwana. Maungo a setlhare seno a na le mmala o o motopo le wa namune e e serolwana, a bophara jwa disentimetara di le pedi le sephatlo mme a bonala go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele go ya go Tlhakole.<ref name=":5" /> Setlhare sa mmilo, sa mofuta wa Vangueria infausta sa lelapa la Rubiaceae ke setlhare se sennye sa matlhare se se tlhogang mo nageng e e nang le ditlhare le mo sekgweng, segolobogolo mo mafelong a a nang le matlapa. E na le maungo a a jewang a mmala o o serolwana-borokwa, a boleele jwa go fitlha go 35 millimetres (1.4 in) ka bophara a peo ya ona gantsi e bonwang go dira sejo se se bidiwang nchwachwa ka paka ya mariga a a omileng. <ref name=":3" /> Mofuta wa setlhare sa boroso sa Kigelia africana se tlhoga kwa Okavango Delta, segolo thata kwa Xakanaxa, Third Bridge le kwa Mboma Island mme se kgona go fitlha bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a mabedi (66 ft), se se dirang gore e nne setlhare se se kwa godimo go gaisa kwa Botswana. <ref name=":5" /> E itsege ka maungo a yone a a tshwanang le disoseje tse ditona mme a ka nna bokete jwa 4 -5 kg le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a matlhano le bophara jwa disentimetara di le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":5" />Makgapetla a na le mmala o mosetlha le go nna borethe mo ditlhareng tse di sa ntseng di le dinnye mme a ka nna le matlhare a boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (12 in) le dithunya tsa mmala o mohibidu o o lefifi go ya go o o borokwa tse di bopegileng jaaka dikopi tse di lekanang disentimetara di le lesome le botlhano mme di thunya ka kgwedi ya Phatwe go ya go Phalane. <ref name=":5" /> === Diphologolo === Mefuta e le robedi ya dinonyane, mo go tse makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le boraro tse di begilweng, e tsewa e le e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Kgama ya kwa botlhaba (Bubulcus coromandus, syn. Bubulcus ibis coromandus) ke nonyane ya bosetšhaba ya Botswana.<ref>[http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-of-botswana/birds-of-botswana/ "Birds of Botswana".] Wildlife and nature guides to the world. 6 April 2011.</ref> === Diphologolo tse di amusang === Diphologolo tse di amusang tse di fitlhelwang mo Botswana di akaretsa phiri ya naga, tlou ya sekgwa ya Afrika, civet ya Afrika, katse ya gouta ya Afrika, tshepe ya Afrika e e nang le methalo, phokojwe e e nang le methalo, phokojwe e e nang le ditsebe tse di bogale, katse e e nang le maoto a mantsho, phokojwe e e botala jwa legodimo, bongo (phokojwe), phokojwe e e borokwa, zebra ya Burchell, bushbuck, buffalo ya Afrika, Cape fox, Cape hyrax, Cape wild dog, caracal, cheetah ya Aforika Borwa, phokojwe e e tlwaelegileng, elandbok e e tlwaelegileng, gems, giant sable antelope, giraffe ya Angola, kudu e kgolo, pangolin ya mo mmung, hartebeest, hippopotamus, impala, Kirk's dik-dikunga, klipspringer, lech wildebeest, African leopard, tau, tau ya thaba, oribi, antel roanble, antelope, saelope, serval, Sharpe's grays === Dinonyane === [[Setshwantsho:Gyps coprotheres -St Augustine Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, Florida-8a-3c.jpg|thumb|Lenong]] [[Setshwantsho:Falco vespertinus NAUMANN.jpg|thumb]] Mafelo a le lesome le bobedi a a botlhokwa a dinonyane a a tlhophilweng mo Botswana a le supa a one e leng mafelo a a nang le metsi mme a a lemogiwang le go tshegediwa ke BirdLife International a a itsegeng ka dinonyane tsa one a akaretsa go feta 25% ya lefatshe la naga. Dipaka tseno ke: Chobe National Park; Linyanti Swamp go bapa le Noka ya Chobe; Okavango Delta, Letsha la Ngami; Makgadikgadi Pans; Central Kalahari; Manyelanong Hill; Tswapong Hills; Boka Dam; Phakalane Sewage Lagoons; Southeast Botswana; le Gemsbok National Park. Thulaganyo e e simolotsweng ke IBA ke ya go tlhoma 'Site Support Groups' (SSGs), setlhopha se se rulagantsweng sa batho ba selegae ka maikaelelo a go "tshegetsa mefutafuta ya ditshedi go tshegetsa go itshedisa kwa metseselegaeng ya Botswana"; go na le di-SSG di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano mo mafelong a a botlhokwa a dinonyane tse go begilweng gore di a dira go ralala Afrika. Phokojwe ya maoto a makhubedu (Falco vespertinus), phokojwe ya amur (Falco amurensis) le tshukudu (Hirundo rustica) le phokojwe ya Kapa (Gyps coprotheres) ke dingwe tsa dinonyane tse di begilweng ke IBA go tswa kwa mafulong, mafulo, dithabana, kwa mafelong a Kalahari Highveld, di-delta le go dikologa matsha a a tlhodilweng ke matamo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190111083317/http://www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw/botswana_4_birders/important_birding_areas.html "Important Bird Areas (IBAs)".] BirdLife International. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Landsvale.jpg|thumb]] Botswana Bird Club (BBC) e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, jaanong e bidiwa gape ka BirdLife Botswana<ref>[http://www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw/ "BirdLife Botswana |".] ''www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw''. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</ref> e rotloetsa kitso le kgatlhego ya dinonyane mme gape e gatisa lokwalopaka lwa semmuso lo lo bidiwang The Babbler le lekwalodikgang la kotara le le itsegeng jaaka The Familiar Chat le le buang ka dikgang tsotlhe tsa tshomarelo ya dinonyane, patlisiso le katiso mo Botswana.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/national/botswana/index.html "Botswana:BirdLife Botswana (BLB)"]. Birdlife International. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Mafika a mannye a Manyelanong Game Reserve a sireletsa setlhopha sa dinonyane tsa Cape vultures, e leng sone se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo Botswana mme ka jalo se bidiwa "Otse Vulture Colony" ka gonne dinonyane tsa teng ke mofuta wa ditshedi tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela tse di sireleditsweng ke molao. Tshireletso e dirile gore mofuta ono o kgone go ntsifala; palo ya ona mo dingwageng tsa bosheng ke dipara di le masome a supa tse di tsadisang tse di bonweng mo koloning.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/manyelanong_game_reserve.html "Manyelanong Game Reserve"]. Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006.</ref> === Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Dinonyane la Nata === Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Dinonyane la Nata, e e tlhomilweng mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, e kwa ntlheng ya bokone-botlhaba jwa Sowa Pan. E na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo mme e tlhokometswe jaaka porojeke ya setšhaba go boloka mefuta ya dinonyane e le lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano. Dingwe tsa mefuta e go begilweng ka yone ke tse di jang dinotshe, tse di jang dinotshe, tse di jang ntsu, tse di jang dinotshe le tse di jang dinotshe. Dinonyane tsa metsi tsa mo Afrika di thologela mo lefelong leno ka mariga; mefuta ya dinonyane tse go begilweng ka tsone ke tse di bidiwang di-teal, di-duck, di-geese, di-pelican, di-spoonbill, di-flamingo le di-flamingo tse dinnye. Di-flamingo le di-pelican le tsone di nna mo lefelong leno. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110301083719/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/nata_bird_sanctuary.html "Nata Bird Sanctuary".] Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Dithutlwa === Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a malthano le bone go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, go ile ga begwa mefuta e le masome a martaro leboraro ya di-mollusk (di-bivalve di le lesome le boraro, di-snail tsa metsi a a letswai di le masome a mabedi le bone, di-snail tsa mo lefatsheng di le masome a mabedi le bone le di-slug di le pedi) mo mefuteng e le masome a mane le boraro le mo malapeng a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Gape go na le mefuta e le menè e e tsentsweng mo nageng: Cornu aspersum, Lissachatina fulica, Physella acuta le Radix auricularia, e e ka nnang ya nna dijalo tse di tlhaselang le tse di tshwenyang ikonomi. Bontsi jwa mefuta e e fitlhelwa kwa dikgaolong tsa [[letsha la Okavango]] le Chobe  - Linyanti  -Kwando noka tsamaiso go bapa le [[East Caprivi]]<ref>Rapalai, B.L. (2024). "An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana". ''Indago''. '''41''': 15–44. [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.13132605|doi:10.5281/zenodo.13132605.]]</ref> Go na le mefuta e ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a supa ya di-lepidoptera tse di begilweng mo Botswana, le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano ya dirurubele le mefuta e le lekgolo le lesome le botlhano ya dinonyane. <ref>[http://abdb-africa.org/alienPORT.al?shopid=afrobut&language_code=en&ewtarget0=0c&ewcateg0=15&oid=35 African Butterfly Database]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atbutterflies.com/botswana.htm |title=Afrotropical Butterflies |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121203554/http://www.atbutterflies.com/botswana.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lefelo la Diphologolo la Gaborone === Gaborone Game Reserve, e e gaufi le toropo ya Gaborone, e na le lefelo le lennye la diheketara di le 600 (1.500 acres) mme e na le mafelo a a rategang a go lebelela diphologolo mo mebileng. E na le dinonyane tse dintsi le diphologolo tsa naga mo tikologong ya yone. Lefelo leno le na le dikgwa le dikgwa tse di nang le mebitlwa le dikgwa tsa noka le mafelo a a nang le dithotobolo tse di ngokang dinonyane tse di farologaneng tse di jaaka dinonyane tse di jang nama, ntsu ya noga, boubou e e bohibidu jo bo letlhololo (mofuta wa nonyane e e jang nama e e mebalabala) le gallinule. Mefuta ya diphologolo tse di bonwang fano ke ditshukudu, di-impala, di-kudu, di-ostrich, di-gnu, di-zebra, di-gemsbok, di-bushbuck, di-springbok, di-duiker, di-giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus gape e itsiwe jaaka Lord Derby eland), e e leng antelope e kgolo go gaisa mo Afrika. <ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/gaborone_game_reserve.html "Gaborone Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Moremi === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Moremi, le le tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano mme ya atolosiwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mme jaanong e akaretsa lefelo la disekwerekilometara di le dikete tse nne,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bongwe, ke lefelo la dikgwa tsa mopane le dikgwa tsa acacia, dipoa tsa merwalela le matsha. Go bolelwa gore ke nngwe ya mafelo a mantle thata a a sireleditsweng mo Afrika a a tlhokometsweng ke Lephata la Ditshedi Tsa Naga le Dipaka Tsa Naga. Dinonyane tse di nnang mo phakeng eno di dintsi e bile di na le mefuta e e farologaneng; gantsi go bonwa dinonyane tsa metsi le tse di ditlhong tse di nnang mo sekgweng. Diphologolo tse dingwe tsa naga tse di jaaka ditlou, dinare (tse di fitlhelwang ka palo e kgolo mo Letamong la Dinare), ditshukudu di le mmalwa le lechwe e khibidu.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/moremi_game_reserve.html "Moremi Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref>Moremi gape e itsege thata ka go bona dintša tsa naga tsa Afrika.<ref>[http://www.moremi.com/information-moremi.html "Moremi Game Reserve"]. Moremi.com. 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2017</ref> == Metswedi == hbyiz7wuwo58wogo2v2agtcfc7xlq84 Madila 0 9479 53857 43058 2026-08-03T10:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Latte 025.jpg|thumb|Madila ]] '''[[:en:Soured_milk|Madila]]''' a raa dijo dile mokawana tse di dirilweng ka go [[:en:Souring|remisiwa/ ts'aroloswa]] ga [[:en:Milk|mashi]]. Go remisa moo go e efang mashi tatso ee bots’arara, go dirwa kago dira themisane kago hupetsa mashi gore go [[:en:Fermentation|ts’arologe]] kana ka go tsenya sets’arolosi sa go tshwana le mature a surinamone kana [[:en:Vinegar|vineka(vinegar)]]. Sets’arolosi se dira gore mashi a reme abo a kgotlagana kana a nna tshume go kganna go ipopa kana go nna teng ga megare(bacteria), le go tokafatsa gonna lebaka le le leele a santse a siame. Gaa siamela go ka dirisiwa go dirwa mashi aa gatsetseng(cheese). Madila aa dirilweng kago a tlhantsha ga tlholego ga o a hupetsa a bidiwa mashi a [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermented_milk_products&redirect=no remileng] kana [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermented_milk_products&redirect=no themisane.]<ref name=":0">[http://frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=4173281813+29+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGS: CHAPTER I, PART 131 MILK AND CREAM]". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2007-11-18</ref> Ka setso, madila eabo ele mashi aa sa remang abo a  tsewa a hupediwa abo a  bewa letsatsi  fago  bothitho teng gantsinyana go bapa le setofo. Madila aa dirilweng ka go remisiwa ka tiriso ya maranyane a sekgowa gantsi a farologana le madila ao a tlogetsweng fela a remisiwa ke bothitho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240531102541/https://www.healthyeating.org/ Dairy-Milk]". Retrieved 2024-05-32</ref> Madila aa dirilweng kago tsenya sets’arolosi go tsentswe kana gosa tsenngwa seo se kgonagatsang go rema a bidiwa '''themisane'''<ref name=":0" />. Ko Amerika dits’arolosi tsedi dirisiwang go dira mashi ao a remileng di akaretsa [[:en:Acetic_acid|acetic acid]] ( eo gantsi e fihlelwang mo vinikeng(vinegar), [[:en:Adipic_acid|adipic acid]], [[:en:Citric_acid|citric acid]](eo gantsi e fitlhelwang mo matuteng a surinamone, [[:en:Fumaric_acid|fumaric acid,]] [[:en:Glucono_delta-lactone|glucono- delta- lactone]], [[:en:Hydrochloric_acid|hydrogloric acid]], [[:en:Lactic_acid|lactic acid]], [[:en:Malic_acid|malic acid]], [[:en:Phosphoric_acid|phosphoric acid]] , [[:en:Succinic_acid|succinic acid]] le [[:en:Tartaric_acid|tartaric acid]]. Madila a dirwa kwa gae kana ko malwapeng kana a  jewa ebile a rekisiwa kwa botlhaba jwa Europa ko Balkans le Scandanavia. E dirwa gape mo malwapeng le go rekisiwa  kana lego jewa kwa mabentleleng aa mo kgaolong ya lecha le letona Somalia  le [[:en:East_Africa|botlhaba jwa Aforika]] ([[Kenya]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] and [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]). Ke [[:en:Traditional_food|dijo tsa setso]] gape mo  [[:en:Bantu_peoples|morafeng wa Bantu]] mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Aforika]]. Go tloga ka ngwaga tsa bo 1970, ba ba adirang bane  ba dirisa thata  dits’arolosi  tsa maranyane  a sesha gonale lego remisa fela ka go a baa fela mo letsatsing.<ref>Nakamura, Yasunori; Yamamoto, Naoyuki; Sakai, Kumi; Takano, Toshiaki (June 1, 1995). "[https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(95)76745-5/fulltext Antihypertensive Effect of Sour Milk and Peptides Isolated from It That are Inhibitors to Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme".] [[:en:American_Dairy_Science_Association#Journal_of_Dairy_Science|Journal of Dairy Science.]] 78 (6): 1253–7. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022030295767455 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76745-5]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7673515/ 7673515]. Retrieved 2007-06-30.</ref><ref>Sukhov, SV; Kalamkarova, LI; Il'chenko, LA; Zhangabylov, AK (1986). "Microfloral changes in the small and large intestines of chronic enteritis patients on diet therapy including sour milk products". Voprosy pitaniia (in Russian). Jul–Aug (4): 14–7. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3765530/ 3765530].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240531102541/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DUS3625702 US patent 3625702], Exler, Heinrich, "PREPARATION OF SOUR MILK DRINKS", published 1971-12-07, issued 1971-12-07, assigned to Heinrich Exler</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240531102542/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/009794186/publication/US3978243A?q=pn%3DUS3978243 US patent 3978243], Pedersen, Jens Kristian, "Process for preparing gelled sour milk", published 1976-08-31, issued 1976-08-31, assigned to Kobenhavns Pektinfabrik</ref> == Mo metshamekong == [[:en:Raw_milk|Mashi aa phepa fela asa rema]] kana asena setlhoko gantsi a bidiwa  mashi aa monate ka gobo ana le motswako wa [[:en:Lactose|sukiri ee sa tlhotlhwang]]. Go bidisa kana go ts’arolosa go fetola sukiri ee sa tlhotlhwang go e dira mots’arolosi oo bidiwang [[:en:Lactic_acid|lactic acid]] oo dirang gore go nne le tatso ee setlhokwana. Pele gago nna teng ga [[:en:Refrigeration|ditsidifatsi tsa sekgowa]]( refrigeration) mashi aa phepa a ne a nna le setlhoko kana bots’arara pele  gaaka nowa kana a dirisiwa. Mashi aa ne a dirisiwa jaaka nngwe ya tsedi tlhokafalang mo metswakong ee farologaneng ya kapei. Madila  aa dirilweng ka go hupediwa ga mashi ,a farologane ka  thatso gona le ao aa dirilweng kago dirisa dits’arolosi ka gone dits’arolosi tseo gantsi di dirisiwang mo go bidiseng mashi ka maranyane go farologane ka tatso le sets’atolosi sa lactic acid mme ebile gape go hupediwa ga mashi go ka tlisa tatso tse disha tse di  farologaneng. [[:en:Buttermilk|Motswako wa metsi aa tlhotlhilweng fa go dirwa madila]] ao a dirilweng ka go hupetsa mashi a bo a bewa mo letsatsing a dirisiwa thata boemong jwa mashi one ao. == Bona Gape == * [[:en:Clabber_(food)|Clabber (food)]] type of fermented milk [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasi] * [[:en:Acid-set_cheese|Acid set-cheese]]- cheese set by souring * [[:en:Amasi|Amasi]]- Traditional South African fermented milk == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mashi]] [[Karolo:Madila]] 64kasu3mlmlr6zausnbk44m1ck3j30l Jana Fernández 0 9525 53841 42946 2026-08-03T07:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Jana Fernández|image=Barcelona femení Medalla d'Honor del Parlament de Catalunya 03 (J. Fernández).jpg|caption=Fernández in 2023|full_name=Jana Fernández Velasco|birth_date={{birth date and age|2002|2|18|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Martorell]], Spain|height={{height|m=1.62}}|position=[[Right back]], [[centre back]]|currentclub=[[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]|clubnumber=5|youthclubs1=[[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]|clubs1=[[FC Barcelona Femení B|Barcelona B]]|youthyears1=2014–2018|years1=2018–2021|caps1=33+<!--2018-19 stats unconfirmed-->|goals1=3+<!--2018-19 stats unconfirmed-->|clubs2=[[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]|years2=2018–|caps2=36|goals2=3|nationalteam-update=02:01, 23 December 2023 (UTC)|club-update=02:01, 23 December 2023 (UTC)|nationalteam1=[[Spain women's national under-17 football team|Spain U17]]|nationalyears1=2018–2019|nationalcaps1=17|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam2=[[Spain women's national under-19 football team|Spain U19]]|nationalyears2=2019|nationalcaps2=1|nationalgoals2=1|nationalteam3=[[Spain women's national under-23 football team|Spain U20]]|nationalyears3=2021–|nationalcaps3=2|nationalgoals3=0}} '''Jana Fernández Velasco''' ([https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Jana_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Velasco_audio.mp3 listen<sup>ⓘ</sup>]; yo o tshotsweng ka Tlhakole a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2002) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale wa moSpanish yo o tshamekang kwa morago fa gare wa setlhopha sa Liga F sa [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. == Tiro ya setlhopha == Fernández o tsholetswe kwa Martorell mo kgaolong ya Baix Llobregat kwa Province of Barcelona. O simolotse go ikatisetsa kgwele ya dinao kwa FC Barcelona kwa sekolong sa ''La Masia'' ka 2014 a le dingwaga tse lesome le bobedi. Fernández o simolotse tshameko ya gagwe ya Barcelona ka Ngwanatsele wa 2018 a le dingwaga tse lesome le borataro le dikgwedi tse ferangbongwe,<ref>[https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=2648 Jana], BDFutbol</ref> fa a santse a tshamekela letlhakore la setlhopha seo la Juvenil-Cadet. O ne a nna yo monnye wa bobedi go tshamekela setlhopha seo morago ga [[FC Barcelona Femení|FC Barcelona Femeni]] e diriwa porofeshionale ka 2015.<ref name=":0">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20231215234145/https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/2803-jana-jana-fernandez Jana Fernández stats - FC Barcelona players]". ''fcbarcelona.com''. [[:en:FC_Barcelona|FC Barcelona]]. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref> Ka selemo sa 2020 Fernández o ne a saena tumalano ya gagwe ya ntlha le setlhopha sa ntlha, ya ditlha tse tharo.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Mopitlo wa 2021 a le lesome o ne a dira tshimololo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya UEFA Women's Champions League mo phenyong ya 5–0 kgatlhanong le setlhopha sa maDanish sa Fortuna Hjørring.<ref>"[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/news/2062389/fortuna-hjorring-0-5-barca-into-the-quarterfinals Fortuna Hjørring 0-5 Barça: Into the quarterfinals!]". ''fcbarcelona.com''. [[:en:FC_Barcelona|FC Barcelona]]. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</ref> Barcelona e ne ya ya go fenya Champions League mo ngwageng o o e le la ntlha mo ditsong tsa bone. Fernández o ne a dira iponagatso tsa liki tse lesome le boratato mo setlheng se segolo sa gagwe sa ntlha, kgaisano e le yone Barcelona e neng ya e fenya. Ka Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka 2021, Fernández a dira tshameko ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Copa de la Reina mo phenyong ya tse nne go lefela kgatlhanong le Madrid CFF.<ref>"[https://as.com/futbol/2021/05/26/femenino/1622042488_657956.html Madrid CFF 0 - Barcelona 4: resumen de la Copa de la Reina]". ''as.com''. [[:en:Diario_AS|Diario AS]]. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</ref> Barcelona e ne ya fenya Copa de la Reina ya 2021 ka Motsheganong a le masome a mararo mme ba feleletsa phenyo ya kopi tse tharo tsa kontinente.<ref name=":0" /> Fernández o nositse nno ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Barcelona ka 2021 mo phenyong ya 9–1 kgatlhanong le Deportivo Alavés.<ref>"[https://www.regio7.cat/esports/2021/10/04/sesrovirenca-jana-fernandez-marca-golejada-57977844.html La sesrovirenca Jana Fernández marca en la golejada del Barça]". ''regio7.cat''. Regió7. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref><ref>Espinosa Badias, Raúl (3 October 2021). "[https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2021/10/03/fc-barcelona/1088117-melanie-serrano-es-un-gol-especial-porque-voy-a-ser-madre.html Melanie Serrano: "Es un gol especial porque voy a ser madre"]". ''vavel.com''. [[:en:Vavel|Vavel]]. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bone ka 2022 setlhopha se ne sa bega gore Fernández o ne a kgagogile mosiha wa cruciate ligament mo lengoleng la gagwe la moja ebile a tlaabo a dule setlha sotlhe sa 2021–22. O ne a fetsa setlha seo ka iponagatso tse lesome le boferabobedi le dino tse pedi.<ref>"[https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/femenino-a/noticias/2486905/jana-con-una-rotura-del-ligamento-cruzado Jana, con una rotura del ligamento cruzado]". ''www.fcbarcelona.es'' (in Spanish). [[:en:FC_Barcelona|FC Barcelona]]. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == Fernández o tshameketse ditlhopha tsotlhe tse di tlhomamisitsweng tsa banana tsa Spain tsa bosetshaba di akaretsa U17, U19 le U20. E ne e le leloko la setlhopha sa setshaba sa Spain sa U17 se se neng sa fenya U-17 European Championship ka 2018.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20231212125535/https://www.womenssoccerunited.com/uefa-wu17-squads/ Official squad lists for the UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship 2018]". ''womenssoccerunited.com''. Women's Soccer United. 7 May 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</ref> Ka go fenya U-17 Championship Spain e ne ya fetela ka tlhamalalo kwa sejaneng sa lefatshe sa U17 sa 2018. Fernández o ne a tshameka metshameko yotlhe mo setlhopheng sa Spain se se neng sa fenya kgaisano eo, e le sejana sa ntlha sa lefatshe se fenngwa ke basadi ba ko Spain mo maemong a dingwaga dipe.<ref>Menayo, David (30 November 2018). "[https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/2018/11/30/5c015ee0ca474126438b45f0.html Cata Coll, Jana Fernández, María Méndez y Claudia Pina, las intocables de 'La Rojita]'". ''marca.com''. [[:en:Marca_(newspaper)|Marca]]. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</ref><ref>Menayo, David (2 December 2018). "[https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/2018/12/02/5c02f4d146163f2f438b45e0.html España conquista el Mundial Sub'17 tras vencer a México en la final]". ''marca.com''. [[:en:Marca_(newspaper)|Marca]]. Retrieved 10 October 2021.</ref> == Dipalopalo tsa tiro == : ''Go ema ka Mopitlo a le masome a mararo 2024''<ref>"[https://www.flashscore.es/jugador/fernandez-jana/byXHpLzA/ Player profile]". ''FlashScore''. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Iponagatso le dino go ya ka setlhopha, setlha le kgaisano ! rowspan="2" |Setlhopha ! rowspan="2" |Setlha ! colspan="3" |Liki ! colspan="2" |Kopi ! colspan="2" |Supercup ! colspan="2" |UWCL ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe |- !Karolo !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino |- | rowspan="5" |Barcelona |2018–19 | rowspan="5" |Primera División |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |16 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |20 |0 |- |2021–22 |12 |2 |0 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 |18 |2 |- |2022–23 |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |7 |1 |- |2023–24 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Palogotlhe ya tiro !36 !3 !1 !0 !2 !0 !8 !0 !47 !3 |} == Ditlotla == '''Barcelona''' * UEFA Women's Champions League: 2020–21, 2022–23,<ref>Wrack, Suzanne (3 June 2023). "[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/03/barcelona-wolfsburg-womens-champions-league-final Rolfö caps Barcelona comeback against Wolfsburg to win thrilling WCL final]". ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [[issn:0029-7712|0029-7712]]. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</ref> 2023–24<ref>"[https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/25/sport/barcelona-lyon-womens-champions-league-2024-spt-intl/index.html Barcelona retains Women's Champions League title, completing historic quadruple]". ''CNN''. 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</ref> * Primera División: 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 * Copa de la Reina: 2020–21, 2023–24 * Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 '''Spain U17''' * U-17 European Championship: 2018 * U-17 World Cup: 2018 == Metswedi == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240530134618/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/jana-fernandez Jana Fernández] kwa La Liga * [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/players/1736079/jana Jana Fernández] kwa FC Barcelona * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231215234145/https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/2803-jana-jana-fernandez Jana Fernández] kwa FC Barcelona players * [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=2648 Jana Fernández] kwa BDFutbol * [https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/305983/jana-fernandez Jana Fernández] kwa ESPN FC * [https://fbref.com/en/players/7ee6662f/Jana-Fernandez Jana Fernández] kwa FBref.com * [https://int.soccerway.com/players/jana-fernandez-velasco/513717/ Jana Fernández] kwa Soccerway * [https://www.txapeldunak.com/cas/futbol_femenino/jugadora.asp?id=16666 Jana Fernández] kwa Txapeldunak (ka seSpanish) ai4d6jy1kymoawcqg9ek8bbp296g7gz Glycerius 0 9630 53837 36297 2026-08-03T06:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53837 wikitext text/x-wiki Glycerius (o tlhokafetse morago ga 474) e ne e le mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima go {{Infobox person|name=Glycerius|image=Gold Solidus of Glycerius.jpg|alt=Gold coin which depicts Glycerius|caption=''[[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]]'' of Glycerius marked:<br/>{{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|d·n·|DOMINUS NOSTER}} glycerius {{Abbreviation|p·f·|PIUS FELIX}} {{Abbreviation|aug·|AUGUSTUS}}}}|successor=[[Julius Nepos]]|birth_place=[[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]]|death_date=After 474 (possibly 480){{sfn|Meijer|2004|p=159 ff.}}|death_place=Dalmatia|predecessor=[[Olybrius]]}} tloga ka 473 go ya go 474. O ne a direla jaaka comes domesticorum (molaodi wa masole a a disang ntlo ya segosi) ka nako ya puso ya ga Olybrius (o ne a busa ka 472), go fitlha Olybrius a tlhokafala ka November 472. Morago ga dikgwedi di le nnè a ntse a busa, Glycerius o ne a bolelwa e le mmusimogolo ka March 473 ke Gundobad, magister militum (morena wa masole) le maatla a a neng a le kafa morago ga setulo sa bogosi. Ke ditiragalo di le mmalwa fela tsa puso ya gagwe tse di itsegeng kwantle ga gore masole a Ba-Visigoth a ne a leka go tlhasela Italy mme baeteledipele ba koo ba ne ba kgona go ba leleka, ba ba isa kwa Gaul. Gape Glycerius o ne a thibela Ba-Ostrogoth gore ba se ka ba ba tlhasela ka go dirisa dikgoka, go akaretsa le go ba naya di-solidi di le 2.000. Glycerius ga a ka a amogelwa ke mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba e bong Leo I (r. 457 - 474), yo mo boemong jwa moo a neng a tlhopha Julius Nepos (r. 474 - 475/480) go nna mmusimogolo wa Bophirima mme a mo romela le masole go tlhasela Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima. Glycerius o ne a se na ditsala ka gonne Gundobad o ne a mo latlhile, mme ka jalo o ne a patelesega go rola marapo ka 24 Seetebosigo 474, mme a tlhatlhamiwa ke Nepos. O ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mobishopo wa Salona, e leng maemo a a neng a nna mo go one go fitlha a swa. O ne a swa, gongwe ka 480 C.E., mme motswedi mongwe wa motlha wa gagwe o mo pega molato wa go bolawa ga ga Nepos, mme dipego tsa tiragalo eno di tlhakatlhakane. == Botshelo == '''bomorago''' Mokwalahisitori Penny MacGeorge o tlhalosa ka bokhutshwane gore "ga go itsiwe sepe ka Glycerius".<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002|272]]</ref> Glycerius o belegetswe kwa Dalmatia. Ga go itsiwe gore lelapa la gagwe le ne le le kae, e bile go ka direga gore e ne e se ba maemo a a kwa godimo. <ref>Grierson & Mays 1992, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFGriersonMays1992|77]]</ref> O ne a tlhatlogela kwa ofising ya comes domesticorum (molaodi wa masole a a disang ntlo ya segosi), mme go ka direga gore o ne a dira jalo ka nako ya fa go ne go busa Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima e bong Olybrius (r. 472).<ref>DIR Glycerius.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, p. 514.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref>Magister militum (morutisi wa masole) wa Mojeremane Ricimer o ne a tlosa Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima Majorian (r. 457 - 461) ka 461, mme morago ga moo a tlhoma metseletsele ya babusi ba Roma wa Bophirima jaaka bompopi: Libius Severus (r. 461 - 465), Anthemius (r. 467 - 472), le Olybrius, yo o neng a tlhomiwa mo setulong sa bogosi ka Phukwi 472, morago ga gore Ricimer a menole Anthemius.<ref>Martindale 1980, pp. 943–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980|944]]</ref><ref>Jones 1964, p. 324.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFJones1964]</ref>Ricimer o ne a tlhokafala ka 18 Phatwe 472, malatsi a le masome a mane morago ga go tlosa Anthemius mo setulong, mme a tlhatlhamiwa jaaka magister militum le kgosi ke motlogolo wa gagwe wa Burgundian Gundobad. <ref>Jones 1964, p. 324.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFJones1964]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, pp. 524 & [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980|945]]</ref>Olybrius o ne a tlhokafala ka bonako morago ga moo, ka 2 Ngwanatsele 472, mme go ne ga latela interregnum mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le nne, pele Gundobad a kgona go dira gore Glycerius a tseye setulo sa bogosi, mme a mo itsise jaaka mmusimogolo kwa Ravenna: Fasti vindobonenses, rekoto ya dingwaga tsa borona, e bolela gore e ne e le ka 5 Mopitlwe 473, le fa go ntse jalo, Paschale campanum, le yone rekoto ya borona, e tlhomamisa gore e ne e le ka la 3.<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. 272.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002]</ref> <ref>Meijer 2004, p. 159.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004]</ref><ref>Lee 2013, p. 96.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFLee2013]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, pp. 514 & [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980|524]]</ref> '''puso''' Ga go itsiwe dilo di le dintsi ka puso<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002|272]]</ref> <ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004|160]]</ref>ya ga Glycerius. Glycerius o itsege ka ditshupiso di le mmalwa tse di kgaogantsweng mo go se rahisitori Ralph Mathisen a se bitsang "jejune chronicles", jaaka Annales of Marcellinus Comes, the Gallic Chronicle of 511, le Chronicle of Saragossa, mmogo le ditshupiso tse dingwe tse dinnye tse di neetsweng ke mokwadi wa lekgolo la bo 6 la dingwaga Jordanes le bishopo Ennodius. Ka nako ya puso ya ga Glycerius, Ba-Visigoth le Ba-Ostrogoth ba ne ba tlhasela Ba-Goth mme ba ba lwantsha ka go dira ditiro tsa sedipolomate le tsa sesole.<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002|272]]</ref> <ref>DIR Glycerius.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius]</ref><ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004]</ref>Ba-Visigoth le Ba-Ostrogoth e ne e le ditlhopha tsa Bajeremane ba ba neng ba nna kwa Gallia Aquitania, le Pannonia Prima le Valeria, ka go latelana, jaaka foederati.<ref>Sivan 1987, pp. 759–772.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFSivan1987]</ref><ref>DIR Marcian.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Marcian]</ref> <ref>Friell & Williams 2005, pp. 85–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFFriellWilliams2005|91]]</ref><ref>Elton 2018, p. 172.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFElton2018]</ref> Ka 473, kgosi ya Visigothic Euric (r. 466 - 484) o ne a laela gore go tlhaselwe Italy, mme molaodi wa gagwe, Vincentius, o ne a bolawa ke Comites (balaodi ba kgaolo) Alla le Sindila. Fa Vincentius a sena go bolawa, Euric o ne a tlhopha go tlhasela Gaul, a gapa Arles le Marseilles. Kgosi ya Ostrogothic Videmir (r. 469 - 474) o ne a tshitshinya go tlhasela Italy,<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. 272.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002]</ref> <ref>DIR [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius|Glycerius]]</ref><ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004]</ref>mme Glycerius o ne a kgona go thibela Videmir ka mpho ya di-solidi di le 2,000 (dichelete tsa gauta tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo),<ref>Grierson & Mays 1992, p. 263.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFGriersonMays1992]</ref> <ref>Harl 1996, p. 159.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFHarl1996]</ref><ref>The ''solidus'' at the time was approximately 4.64 grams (0.164 oz) of gold, so this would constitute roughly 9.28 kilograms (20.5 lb) of gold.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold]</ref>mme a di faposa go tswa kwa Italy go ya kwa Gaul, koo ditlhopha tse di dikologileng, tse di tlhalosiwang ke Jordanes jaaka "ditšhaba tse di farologaneng", di neng tsa ba tlhasela moragonyana.<ref>MacGeorge 2002, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMacGeorge2002|272]]</ref><ref>Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050841/http://www.roman-emperors.org/glyceriu.htm]</ref><ref>Meijer, Fik (2004). ''Emperors Don't Die in Bed''. London: Routledge. ISBN <bdi>978-1-134-38405-1</bdi>.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38405-1]</ref>Mathisen o akgela gore ditiro tseno tsa go sireletsa mmusomogolo e ka tswa e le lebaka la gore Glycerius a amogelwe sentle mo metsweding ya Roma le Byzantium. Mokwalahisitori wa lekgolo la borobongwe la dingwaga e bong Theophanes o mo tlhalosa fela e le "monna yo o sa nyatsegeng", mme Ennodius, bishopo wa Pavia, o mo tlhalosa ka botlalo mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Vita St. Epiphanius:<ref>Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050841/http://www.roman-emperors.org/glyceriu.htm]</ref> cMorago ga Olybrius, Glycerius o ne a nna kgosi. Ke bua ka bokhutshwane ka dilo tse dintsi tse a neng a di direla batho ba le bantsi. Ka gonne, fa monna yo o segofaditsweng [Mobishopo Epiphanius wa Pavia] a ne a mo rapelela, o ne a itshwarela mmaagwe phoso e e dirilweng ke banna bangwe ba ba neng ba le kafa tlase ga taolo ya gagwe. <ref>Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050841/http://www.roman-emperors.org/glyceriu.htm]</ref> Mathisten o bolela gore dikgobalo tse di umakilweng fa godimo tsa ga mmaagwe Glycerius e ka tswa e ne e le ka ntlha ya go bo a ile a oka Videmir, mme o bolela gore "dikgato tse di ntseng jalo e ne e le karolo ya ka metlha ya pholisi ya mmusomogolo", mme o akanya gore batlhasedi e ka tswa e ne e le masole, a tlhalosa go tlhoka kotlhao ga bone.<ref>DIR Glycerius.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius]</ref> Go lebega Glycerius a ne a busa kwa bokone jwa Italy, ka gonne madi otlhe a tshipi a a fitlhetsweng ka nako ya puso ya gagwe mme e le a le mangwe fela a ne a betlilwe kwa Ravenna kgotsa kwa Milan. Molao o le mongwe fela o o neng wa dirwa ke Glycerius o o sa ntseng o le teng ke wa March 11, 473, o o neng wa romelwa kwa go Himilco, yo e neng e le mookamedi wa masole a Roma kwa Italy, mme moragonyana o ne wa romelwa gape kwa go baokamedi ba masole a Roma kwa Illyricum, Botlhaba le kwa Gaul, malebana le go rekisa dikago tsa kereke. E ne e sa dirisiwe fela ke babusibagolo ba kwa Italy le Gaul, ba e neng e le karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma, mme gape e ne e dirisiwa le ke babusibagolo ba kwa Illyricum le kwa Botlhaba, le mororo a ne a se na taolo ya go ba naya melao. Molao o ne o diretswe go fa Glycerius tshegetso ya baruti,<ref>Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050841/http://www.roman-emperors.org/glyceriu.htm]</ref> fela go ka nna ga diragala gore o ne a ka ikuela le kwa setlhopheng sa senate, se se neng se tshwenyegile ka ditlhopho tse di ntseng di nna le tirisodikgoka, gammogo le tiriso ya madi a kereke ke baruti ka mabaka a botho.<ref>Harris, William V.; Chen, Anne Hunnell (2021). ''Late-Antique Studies in Memory of Alan Cameron''. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN <bdi>978-90-04-45279-4</bdi>.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45279-4]</ref> Molao ono gape e ne e le wa bofelo o o neng wa ntshiwa ke mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima.<ref>Harris & Chen 2021, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFHarrisChen2021|205]]</ref> Go a kgonega gore Glycerius o ne a leka go agisana le Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, go supiwa ke ntlha ya gore Glycerius ga a ka a tlhopha mokonsula wa 474, mme go na le moo o ne a amogela mokonsula wa botlhaba, e bong mmusimogolo yo mmotlana Leo II (r. 473–474).<ref>DIR [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius|Glycerius]]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, Leo I (r. 457 - 474), o ne a gana go amogela Glycerius jaaka mmusimogolo ka gonne e ne e le mpopi fela wa ga Gundobad. Mmusimogolo Leo o ne a tlhopha go amogela mongwe wa banna ba gagwe, Julius Nepos (r. 474 - 475/480), mme a mo romela le setlhopha sa dikepe go tlhasela Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima.<ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004|160]]</ref>Rahisitori wa lekgolo la bo 7 la dingwaga John wa Antioch o bolela gore Leo o tsere tshwetso ya go tlosa Glycerius morago ga go utlwa gore o ne a tsere setulo sa bogosi sa Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma, mme Mathisen o tlhalosa gore Leo o tshwanetse a bo a ne a okaoka ka nakwana, jaaka tlhaselo ya nnete e ne ya diegisiwa ke go simologa ga mariga, mme Julius Nepos o ne a patelesega go leta go fitlha go simologa dikgakologo go simolola tlhaselo ya gagwe.<ref>DIR Julius Nepos.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Julius_Nepos]</ref> Glycerius o ne a se na ditsala, ka gonne go ne go lebega e kete Gundobad o mo latlhile, a sa mo tlogele sepe fa e se go ineela. Fa Nepos a sena go goroga kwa Ostia ka Seetebosigo 474, Glycerius o ne a tlogela bogosi ka 24 Seetebosigo 474, kwa Ravenna, mme Nepos o ne a tsaya setulo sa bogosi.<ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004|160]]</ref><ref>O'Flynn 1983, p. 131.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFO'Flynn1983]</ref> <ref>Martindale 1980, p. 524.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref>Mokwalahisitori John Michael O'Flynn o bolela gore "maemo a a neng a dikologile go menolwa gono ga puso ka bonako a ne a sa tlhaloganyege mme, ka ponyo ya leitlho, a gakgamatsa", a bolela gore le fa masole a Nepos a ne a le mannye, Gundobad ga a ka a dira sepe go a lwantsha, mme go na le moo "o ne a nyelela gotlhelele go tswa kwa Italy". O akanya gore, le fa Gundobad a ka bo a ile a nna kgatlhanong le seo, go na le gore a leke go ganetsa gore Leo e nne mmusimogolo, o ne a amogela taolo ya ga Leo ya go gana Glycerius jaaka modirimmogo le ene wa mmusimogolo le go tlhoma mongwe yo a mo tlhophileng. Mo godimo ga moo, go lebega Glycerius a ise a ko a kgatlhegelwe ke Senate ya Roma kgotsa ke batlotlegi ba Gallo-Roman, ba ba neng ba ka dira tshwetso ya go mo tshegetsa, mme ka jalo ba dira gore ba se ka ba tlhola ba kgatlhegelwa ke Gundobad. <ref>O'Flynn 1983, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFO'Flynn1983|130]]</ref> Se se botlhokwa ke gore, jaaka kgosi ya Burgundy, Gundobad (r. 473/474 - 516) o ne a na le dikamano tse di botsalano le Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, o a neng a direla jaaka foederatus (motho yo o neng a na le tumalano).<ref>O'Flynn 1983, p. 131.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFO'Flynn1983]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, p. 524.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref>Mathisen o tshitshinya gore Gundobad o ne a leka go kgobokanya masole a mangwe mo Gaul, kgotsa gore o ne a tsamaya go netefatsa gore o amogela boswa jwa gagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe, Kgosi Gondioc (r. 437–473).<ref>DIR Glycerius.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe ko pele == Fa a sena go tlosiwa mo setulong, Glycerius o ne a tlhomiwa ka bonako go nna Mobishopo wa Salona. <ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004|160]]</ref> Go ya ka rahisitori wa kwa Byzantium wa lekgolo la bo 5 la dingwaga Malchus, Glycerius o ne a na le seabe mo go rulaganyeng polao ya Julius Nepos ka 480, morago ga gore Nepos a patelediwe go tshaba kwa Italy mme a bo a busa a le kwa botshwarwa kwa Dalmatia, le fa gone dipego tsa hisitori tsa polao eno di tlhakatlhakane.<ref>DIR [[:en:De_Imperatoribus_Romanis|Glycerius]]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, p. 514.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref>Glycerius o ne a tlhokafala nako nngwe morago ga 474, gongwe ka 480.<ref>Meijer 2004, pp. 159–[[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMeijer2004|160]]</ref><ref>Martindale 1980, p. [[:en:Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980|514]]</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a supiwa e le Glycerius yo e neng e le Mobišopomogolo wa Milan ke Kgosi Odoacer (r. 476 - 493), mme seno se ka tswa se se boammaaruri. <ref>DIR Glycerius.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFDIR_Glycerius]</ref> <ref>Martindale 1980, p. 514.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref>Motswedi wa go tlhatlosiwa ga Glycerius go nna mobishopomogolo ke mola o o sa itsiweng o o kwadilweng ke Ennodius, o mo go one a bakang mobishopomogolo yo o bidiwang Glycerius, mo gare ga bobishopomogolo ba bangwe ba Milan, le fa go ntse jalo, karolo eno e lebega e ile ya senngwa kgotsa ya okediwa moragonyana, go supa mobishopomogolo Glycerius le mmusimogolo Glycerius.<ref>Martindale 1980, p. 514.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius#CITEREFMartindale1980]</ref> == Metswedi == mkokv4yt4dpgckhejklt1y2bamx31bg Magdalena Eriksson 0 9703 53859 37410 2026-08-03T11:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Magdalena Eriksson|image=Lewes FC Women 1 Chelsea Women 2 Conti Cup 02 11 2019-270 (49006366267) (cropped).jpg|caption=Eriksson after a match with [[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea]] in 2019|full_name=Magdalena Lilly Eriksson<ref name="fifa">{{cite web |title=FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 List of Players – Sweden |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=27 May 2019 |page=22 |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606143649/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|9|8}}<ref name=sok>{{cite web|url=http://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/m/magdalena-eriksson.html|title=Magdalena Eriksson – Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté|website=sok.se|access-date=2024-06-08|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919020511/http://sok.se/idrottare/idrottare/m/magdalena-eriksson.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|birth_place=[[Stockholm]], Sweden|height=1.73 m<ref name=chelsea>{{cite web |title=Magdalena Eriksson |url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/magdalena-eriksson |publisher=Chelsea F.C. |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-gb|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528091555/https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/magdalena-eriksson}}</ref>|position=[[Centre-back]], [[left-back]]|currentclub=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnumber=5|youthclubs1=[[Enskede IK]]|clubs1=[[Hammarby Fotboll (women)|Hammarby IF]]|youthclubs2=[[Hammarby Fotboll (women)|Hammarby IF]]|youthyears2=2009–2010|years1=2011|caps1=19|goals1=0|clubs2=[[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll (women)|Djurgårdens IF]]|years2=2012|caps2=19|goals2=1|years3=2013–2017|clubs3=[[Linköpings FC]]|caps3=88|goals3=5|years4=2017–2023|clubs4=[[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea]]|caps4=104|goals4=8|clubs5=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|years5=2023–|caps5=13|goals5=4|nationalteam-update=4 June 2024|club-update=20 May 2024|nationalteam1=Sweden U15|nationalyears1=2008|nationalcaps1=2|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam2=Sweden U16|nationalyears2=2009|nationalcaps2=8|nationalgoals2=1|nationalteam3=Sweden U17|nationalyears3=2009–2010|nationalcaps3=18|nationalgoals3=3|nationalteam4=Sweden U19|nationalyears4=2011–2012|nationalcaps4=24|nationalgoals4=0|nationalteam5=Sweden U23|nationalyears5=2013|nationalcaps5=4|nationalgoals5=0|nationalgoals6=13|nationalyears6=2014–|nationalteam6=[[Sweden women's national football team|Sweden]]|nationalcaps6=111<ref name="svenskfotboll">{{Cite web|title=Magdalena Eriksson – Spelarstatistik Svensk Fotboll|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/magdalena-eriksson/9f286f67-a4be-49f9-9498-fc2131e16f1f|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710215135/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/magdalena-eriksson/9f286f67-a4be-49f9-9498-fc2131e16f1f|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} '''Magdalena Lilly Eriksson''' ( gape ke '''Ericsson,''' yo o tshotsweng ka Lwetse a ferabobedi ka 1993) ke motshameki wa kwa Sweden wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekang kwa setlhopheng sa Frauen-Bundesliga sa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] le sa setshaba sa kwa Sweden.<ref>[http://results.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=eriksson-magdalena-1177192/index.html Magdalena Eriksson] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160920043543/http://results.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=eriksson-magdalena-1177192/index.html Archived] 20 September 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. nbcolympics.com</ref> Go le gale o tshameka kwa morago fagare, o kgona go tshameka kwa morago ka fa molemeng. Kwa tshimologong ya tiro ya gagwe e e porofeshionale, Eriksson o tshameketse ditlhopha tsa Stockholm tsa Hammarby IF le Djurgårdens IF go fitlha a fudugela kwa Linköpings FC ka 2013, kwa a fentseng bosimega ja dikopi tse pedi le ja liki ka 2016 mo dingwageng tse tlhano kwa setlhopheng seo. Ka 2017, Eriksson a fudugela kwa Enyelane mme a saenela Chelsea ya Women's Super League (WSL). Koo, o ne a itlhoma e le mongwe wa basireletsi ba fagare mo liking mme a bitswa mokapotene wa setlhopha ka 2019. Le Chelsea, o fentse bosimega ja WSL ga tlhano abo a goroga kwa makgaolakgang a UEFA Women's Champions League ya setlha sa 2020–21. Ka 2020 o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa ngwaga wa Sweden. [[Setshwantsho:Chelsea FC Women v Everton FC Women, 12 September 2021 (13).jpg|left|thumb|Magdalena Eriksson le Chelsea ka 2021]] Eriksson, jaaka molekane wa gagwe Pernille Harder, gape o itsege ka go buelelela ba LGBTQ+ le ditshwanelo tsa ba ba ratanang ka bong mo metshamekong.<ref>Burhan, Asif. "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/asifburhan/2020/12/16/chelseas-pernille-harder-and-magda-eriksson-proud-to-be-lgbtq-ambassadors/ Chelsea's Pernille Harder And Magda Eriksson Proud To Be LGBTQ+ Ambassadors]". ''Forbes''. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref><ref>Chulani, Nikhita (7 August 2019). "'[https://www.theguardian.com/football/video/2019/aug/07/were-powerful-together-harder-and-eriksson-on-being-a-gay-couple-in-football-video We're powerful together': Harder and Eriksson on being a gay couple in football – video]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</ref> == Metswedi == 69q3wopxs4h1jtazc5f965jvwa3f5sm Borna Nyaoke-Anoke 0 9890 53827 38653 2026-08-03T01:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Borna Nyaoke|birth_place=Kenya|education=[[University of Nairobi]]<br/>([[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]])<br/>[[Harvard School of Medicine]]<br/>([[Clinical research|Global Clinical Scholars Research Training]])<br/>[[University of Liverpool]]<br/>([[Master of Public Health]])|occupation=[[Physician]] and [[clinical researcher]]|title=Senior Clinical Project Manager & Medical Manager at Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative/ Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership.}} '''Borna Nyaoke''' ke [[:en:Physician|Ngaka]] ya moKenya, gape ele [[:en:Clinical_trial|motlhotlhomise wa tsa botsogo]] jwa batho. O ne a fiwa maemo a Head of Mycetoma Research ka ngwaga wa 2023, o kile a nna Manager of Clinical Trials at [[:en:Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative|Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative]]/ Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (DNDi/GARDP)<ref>[https://dndi.org/our-people/borna-nyaoke/ "Borna Nyaoke | DND"]. ''dndi.org''. Retrieved 1 September2023.</ref><ref>von Delft, Annette; Mowbray, Charles; Nyaoke, Borna (24 December 2021). [https://healthpolicy-watch.news/the-moonshot/ "The Moonshot Crowdsourcing to Develop The First Open-Source, Generic COVID-19 Antiviral Pill - Health Policy Watch"]. ''Health Policy Watch''. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</ref>. Mme Nyaoke o kile a bereka gape ele Clinical Trial Manager at the KAVI (Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Institute of Clinical Research, e e kwa [[:en:University_of_Nairobi|Unibesithe ya Nairobi]]<ref>South Centre (25 July 2019). [https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ReAct-Africa-Annual-Conference-2019-Final-Program.pdf "ReAct Africa and South Centre Conference 2019: Borna Nyaoke Biography"] (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: Southcentre.int. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240518051822/https://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf "Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya"] (PDF). ''Business Daily Africa''. 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref>. Mme Nyaoke, yo e leng moitsanape wa tsa botsogo, Dr. Dr. Roselyne Okello yo eleng radiologist, Dr. Nida Okumu yo eleng moitsanape yo o remeletseng mo go tsa malwetse a a tshelanwang (infectious diseases), le Dr. Achieng Aling yo sleng ngaka ya tsa botsogo jwa basadi, ba ne ba simolola ''Hema Foundation'', mokgatlho o kwa Nairobi o o sa fiweng madi ke goromente ([[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGO]]), ka ngwaga wa 2015. Dr. Nyaoke, [[:en:Public_health|moitsanape wa tsa botsogo jwa batho]], together with Dr. Roselyne Okello, a [[:en:Radiology|radiologist]], Dr. Nida Okumu, [[:en:Infection|moitsanape wa infectious diseases]] and Dr. Achieng Aling, ngaka ya [[:en:Obstetrics|baimana]] le [[:en:Gynaecology|basadi]], founded ''Hema Foundation'', a Nairobi-based non-government organisation, in 2015. Bomme ba ba ne ba tsena sekolo sa bongaka mmogo kwa Nairobi. Hema Foundation e remeletse mo go thuseng banyana ba nnang gaufi le teropo ya Nairobi ba dingwaga tse di lesome le bosupa (17) go ya kwa tlase. E ba thusa go ba lekodisa, go ba alafa malwetse, le go rotloetsa gore banyana ba ithute ka STEM, go ba thusa ka boitsanape, le tsa botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo (counselling)<ref>In Our Hands Organization (2020). [http://inourhands.org.ng/2018/09/19/meet-the-founders-of-hema-foundation/ "Meet the Founders of Hema Foundation"]. In Our Hands Organization Nigeria. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref>. == Botshelo le Pereko == Mme Borna Nyaoke o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1987 kwa [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], o ne a tsena ko dikolong tsa Kenya go simolola ka bonnyenyane jwa gagwe, go fitlhela sekolo se segolwane, O ne a felela a tsena kwa [[:en:University_of_Nairobi|Unibesithe ya Nairobi]], kwa a ne a ithuta tsa [[:en:Medicine|bongaka jwa batho]], a fetsa ka setlankana sa [[:en:Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB)]]. A felela a tsena kwa [[:en:University_of_Liverpool|Unibesithe ya Liverpool]] a fia setlankana sa [[:en:Professional_degrees_of_public_health|Master of Public Health (MPH)]], a remeletse mo go tsa tiriso ya ditlamelo tsa botsogo. O tsene gape kwa dithutong tsa [[:en:Clinical_trial|clinical trials]]<ref name=":0" /> ko Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (GCSRT) Program, kwa [[:en:Harvard_Medical_School|Harvard School of Medicine]]. Fa a fetsa setlankana sa gagne sa degree sa ntla, o ne a bereka kwa [[:en:Kenyatta_National_Hospital|Kenyatta National Hospital]], a felela a ya go bereka ele [[:en:Physician|ngaka]] kwa [[:en:The_Nairobi_Hospital|The Nairobi Hospital]]. Go simolola ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ngwaga wa 2018 o berekile kwa DNDi/GARDP, ele moeteledipele wa di clinical trial. Gape go simolola ka Ferikgong 2015 o ne a tlhophiwa ele mongwe wa baeteledipele ([[:en:Executive_director|executive director)]] kwa Health and Wellness Solutions Limited, kgwebo e e remeletseng mo go tsa botsogo, e e thusang batho ka mananeo a botsogo. Ka Seetebosigo 2018 Mme Nyaoke o ne a gatisa dipampiri tsa ditlhotlhomiso tsa gagwe mo dikgatisong tse di balwang ke dingaka le ba botsogo, tse dingwe di ka bona mo metsweding kwa tlase<ref>Researchgate (June 2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Borna-Nyaoke "Medical Publications By Borna Nyaoke"]. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref>. Mme Nyaoke o ne a fa mabaka a gore Batho ba Kenya ba kile ba bo ba tshela lebaka pele ga ba ja dijo tse di highly processed mme ba sa exercise. Ka go direng jalo ba oketsa palo ya non-communicable diseases mo sechabeng, malwetse a dirwa ke dijo tse di jewang gompieno, le gore batho ga ba itshikinye mebele ya bone<ref>Eric Nyakagwa and Cheptoek Boyo (24 May 2020). [https://diasporamessenger.com/2019/04/njonjo-moi-moody-wazee/ "Njonjo , Moi, Moody: Why these Wazee Are Still Up And Running"] (Also appeared in Sde.co.ke). Nairobi: Diaspora Messenger. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</ref>. == Dietseele == * 2017 : Named "Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya" by the [[:en:Nation_Media_Group|Nation Media Group]]<ref name=":0" />. == O ka leba ba ba latelang == * [[:en:Elizabeth_Itotia|Elizabeth Itotia]] * [[:en:Esperance_Luvindao|Esperance Luvindao]] * [[:en:Sylvia_Shitsama_Nyamweya|Shitsama Nyamweya]] * [[:en:Stellah_Wairimu_Bosire-Otieno|Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno]] == Metswedi == <references /> == Metswedi e mengwe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240612203517/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/science-health/africa-launches-covid-treatment-clinical-trial-3214852 Africa Launches Largest Covid Treatment Clinical Trial] As of 1 December 2020. 0j2jdhua6v09umq6gwwuj3enuczayw3 Puisano ya modirisi:-revi 3 10146 53823 38643 2026-08-02T15:45:27Z Pathoschild 121 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 53823 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o Modirisi:-revi 2 10147 53822 38644 2026-08-02T15:09:59Z Pathoschild 121 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 53822 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut Mary-Anne Musonda 0 10183 53860 38876 2026-08-03T11:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53860 wikitext text/x-wiki Mary-Anne Musonda (yo o tshotsweng ka Phatwe a tlhola ga ne, ka ngwaga wa 1991) ke motshameki wa kirikete wa kwa Zimbabwe e bile ele mokapotene wa setlhopha sa bosetshaba sa kirikete sa basadi. Ke motshameki yo o dirisang letsogo la moja go itaya le go tika kgwele.<ref name=":0">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/501348.html "Mary-Anne Musonda"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''. E bonwe ka Tlhakole a le lesome le metso e meraro ka 2025.</ref> <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/africa/58818671 "'It would have been easy to give up' - Zimbabwe women's cricket captain on rollercoaster ride"]. ''BBC Sport''. E bonwe ka Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.</ref> O na gape le digerata tsa master mo go tsa madi a ditlhabololo go tswa kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa kwa Kapa. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Musonda o tsholetswe kwa Harare<ref name=":0" /> mmaagwe ele wa kwa Zimbabwe mme rraagwe a tswa kwa Zambia.<ref>Parker, Liam (12 April 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220813185826/https://www.sportageous.co/mary-anne-musonda-zimbabwean-cricketer/ "Mary-Anne Musonda – Zimbabwe Women's Cricket Team Captain - Sportageous"]. ''www.sportageous.co''. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Ke ene yo mmotlana mo lelapeng la bana ba le bane, e bile e le ene mosetsana a le esi, o ne a simolola dithuto tsa gagwe kwa [[Hermann Gmeiner Primary School]] kwa Harare. Go tloga ka 2004, o ne a tsena sekolo se segolo sa Kwekwe kwa motseng wa [[Kwekwe]], kwa kgaolong ya Midlands, kwa a neng a atlega mo dithutong tsotlhe tsa gagwe di le lesome.<ref name=":1">Sibanda, Mehluli (26 February 2017). [https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/national-women-cricketer-musonda-speaks-on-juggling-sport-her-studies/ "National women cricketer Musonda speaks on juggling sport, her studies"]. ''[[:en:The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)|The Sunday News (Bulawayo)]]''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Fa a le kwa sekolong se segolwane, Musonda o ne a tsenelela metshameko e mentsi. Kwa tshimologong, o ne a tlhomile mogopolo mo go tshamekeng [[hockey]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mokatisi wa gagwe wa hockey e ne e le tsala ya mokatisi wa kirikete, Craig Majawa. Mo mophatlong wa gagwe wa ntlha, o ne a mo tlhopha go tshameka kirikete, mme a nna mokatisi wa gagwe wa ntlha wa kirikete.<ref name=":1" /> Gape o tshamekile baseketebolo, volleyball le bolo-tloa.<ref name=":2">Moonda, Firdose (28 April 2022). [https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mary-anne-musonda-keeps-the-zimbabwe-flag-flying-as-cricket-creeps-towards-recognition-back-home-1312532 "Mary-Anne Musonda keeps the Zimbabwe flag flying as cricket creeps towards recognition back home"]. ''ESPN Cricinfo''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Le fa [[Zimbabwe Cricket]] e ne e simolodisa go tshamekiwa ga kirikete ya basetsana kwa dikolong, sekolo se segolo sa ga Musonda se ne se se na setlhopha sa basetsana ka nako eo. "Ke simolotse go tshameka le basimane", o ne a bolelela [[ESPNcricinfo]] ka 2022, "Ke ne ka tshameka le [bone] ka lobaka lwa setlha kgotsa tse pedi, mme ka simolola go rata kirikete tota. Ga ke a ka ka tlhola ke boela gape kwa hockey".<ref name=":2" /> Kwa sekolong, Musonda e ne e le motshameki yo o kgonang go dira dilo tsotlhe. O ne a simolola ka go tshameka ka go tika kgwele, mme moragonyana o ne a tlogela go tshameka a sena go gobala. Majawa o ne a mo rotloetsa go dumela gore o tla nna "motshameki yo o gaisang wa kirikete", mme o ne a dira motshameko wa gagwe go ya ka fa motshameki yo a mo ratang a tshamekang ka teng, e bong [[Charlotte Edwards]].<ref name=":1" /> Mo e ka nnang ngwaga fela morago ga gore Musonda a simolole go tshameka kirikete, sekolo sa gagwe se ne sa tlhoma setlhopha sa basetsana, mme bangwe ba maloko a sone ba ne ba gaisana mo dikgaisanong tsa kgaolo. O ne a akarediwa mo setlhopheng sa bosetshaba sa basadi ba le lesome le borataro.<ref name=":2" /> Musonda o ne a ya kwa mosepeleng wa gagwe wa ntlha e le karolo ya setlhopha sa bosetshaba ka 2006.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Carne, Warren (24 November 2006). [https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/22980110/zimbabwean-women-go-camp "Zimbabwean women go into camp"]. ''ESPN.com''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-qualifying-series-africa-region-2006-07-271870/match-results "ICC Women's World Cup Qualifying Series Africa Region - Cricket Schedules, Updates, Results"]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Ka tshegetso ya mmaagwe, o ne a swetsa go kopanya go tshameka kirikete le go tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> Ka ntlha ya maitlamo a gagwe a sekolo, ga a ka a tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsotlhe tsa setlhopha sa bosetshaba. <ref name=":1" /> Ka 2020, Musonda o ne a bolelela Women's CricZone, "Fa ke gola ke ne ke batla go nna le tiro ya go bereka, le go nna le seabe mo kgwebong. Mme kwa bokhutlong jwa sekolo se segolwane ke ne ka ikutlwa gore ke ka tsaya kirikete ka tlhwaafalo".<ref name=":3">Women's CricZone Staff (17 July 2020). [https://www.womenscriczone.com/before-i-throw-in-the-towel-i-would-like-to-lead-the-team-to-a-world-cup-mary-ann-musonda "Before I throw in the towel, I would like to lead the team to a World Cup: Mary-Ann Musonda"]. ''Women's CricZone''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> O ne gape a kgaratlhela go fenya ka fa dithutong le ka fa kiriketeng. <ref>Makanyanga, Don (30 December 2018). [https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/the-gift-of-leadership "The gift of leadership"]. ''[[:en:The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)|The Sunday Mail (Zimbabwe)]]''. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Morago ga go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane, Musonda o ne a boela kwa Harare, kwa a neng a dira dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Advanced Levels kwa [[St. John's High School|St.]] [[St. John's High School|John's High School]], [[Emerald Hill]].<ref name=":1" /> Ka 2015, o ne a bona digerata ya Bachelor of Commerce ka tlotlo go tswa kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa KwaZulu-Natal kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ka 2018, o ne a wetsa Master of Commerce degree in Development Finance kwa [[Graduate School of Business]] kwa [[University of Cape Town]]. <ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-anne-musonda-3230b02b/?originalSubdomain=zw "Mary-Anne Musonda"]. ''linkedin.com''. [[:en:LinkedIn|LinkedIn]]. Retrieved 13 February 2025</ref> Fa gare ga go fetsa digerata ya gagwe ya bachelor le go simolola dithuto tsa gagwe tsa master, Musonda o ne a batla tiro kwa Zimbabwe mme a se ka a e bona. Fa a sena go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe, o ne a boela kwa Zimbabwe mme o ne a swetsa gore a se ka a batla tiro ka gone foo. Fa go ntse jalo, o ne a ineela mo kriketeng. Ngwaga morago ga foo, tshwetso eo e ne ya mo thusa ka a ne a tlhomiwa go nna mokapoteni wa setlhopha sa bosetshaba.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == ie2b2x91lzcvdnr9dg7nmxxu381q1ij Melao ya Jim Crow 0 10536 53863 40135 2026-08-03T11:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melao ya Jim Crow''' e ne e le melao ya lefatshe le ya selegae e e neng e tsentswe kwa borwa jwa Amerika kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo tsa bolesome le borobabongwe le kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bosomemabedi e e neng e gatelela kgethololo ya letso le mmala, "Jim Crow" e le lefoko le le nyenyefatsang la Moafrika wa Amerika.<ref>Fremon, David (2000). ''[[iarchive:jimcrowlawsracis00frem|The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History]]''. Enslow. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0766012972|0766012972]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> Melao ya bofelo ya Jim Crow e ne ya phimolwa ka 1965.<ref>Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee]''. Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 27–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-7914-4|978-0-7660-7914-4]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Setebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> Dipholisi tsa tlhaolele ya letso le mmala di ne di le teng mo mafelong a mangwe a Amerika, le fa dikgaolo di le mmalwa kwa ntle ga Borwa di ne di thibetse kgethololo mo mafelong a botlhe le go tlhopha.<ref>Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323021639/https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300L "The Jim Crow North"], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref><ref>''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).</ref> Melao ya Borwa e ne ya tsenngwa mo tirisong ke badiramelao ba kgaolo ba ba neng ba laolwa ke basweu (Redeemers) go kgaola le go tlosa dipoelo tsa sepolotiki le tsa itsholelo tse di neng di dirilwe ke Ma-Aferika a Amerika ka nako ya Tsosoloso.<ref>Bartlett, Bruce (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24 Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past]''. St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61138-2|978-0-230-61138-2]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e e ntseng jalo e e neng e tsweletse eo e ne gape e tshegediwa ke mokgatlho o o atlegileng wa Lily-white.<ref>Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (April 2020). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B "Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South"]. ''Studies in American Political Development''. '''34''' (1): 71–90. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208|10.1017/S0898588X19000208]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-588X 0898-588X]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213551748 213551748]. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> == Tshimologo == Ka Firikgong wa1865, tlhabololo ya Molaomotheo e e fedisang bokgoba kwa Amerika e ne ya akanngwa ke Congress mme ya amogelwa jaaka Thirteenth Amendment ka Sedimonthole wa 1865 a le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eV45DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT864 Encyclopedia of African American Society]''. Sage. pp. 864–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2764-8|978-0-7619-2764-8]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Jimcrow.jpg|thumb|Khabara ya kgatiso ya pele ya pampiri ya mmino ya 'Jump Jim Crow' (c. 1832)]] Ka nako ya Tsosoloso ya 1865–1877, melao ya puso e ne e e fa tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa borwa jwa Amerika go batho ba ba gololesegileng, Baaferika ba Amerika ba e neng e le makgoba, le batho ba bantsho ba le mmalwa ba bantsho ba ba neng ba gololesegile pele ga ntwa. Ka dingwaga tsa bo-1870, ba Democrats ba ne ba boa gape ka bonya ka bonya ba gapa badiri ba molao ba Borwa<ref>Milewski, Melissa (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zXo7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024919-9|978-0-19-024919-9]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditsuolodi tse di nang le dikgoka, jaaka Ku Klux Klan, White League le Red Shirts di ne tsa kgoreletsa thulaganyo ya Rephaboliki, tsa leleka batlhophi ba Rephaboliki kwa ntle ga toropo, mme ba bolaya batlhophi ba bantsho e le tsela ya go tshosetsa le go gatelela tlhopho ya bantsho.<ref>Harriot, Michael (2021). "Reconstruction". In [[:en:Ibram_X._Kendi|Kendi, Ibram X.]]; [[:en:Keisha_N._Blain|Blain, Keisha N.]] (eds.). ''[[:en:Four_Hundred_Souls|Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019]]''. New York: One World. pp. 234–238. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-593-13404-7|978-0-593-13404-7]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> Tsietso e kgolo ya ditlhopho le yone e ne ya dirisiwa. Mo tiragalong nngwe, go tlhasela kgotsa go tsogologa kwa North Carolina go ne ga dira gore go tlosiwe ka dikgoka ga baemedi ba mokgatlho wa Rephaboliki le baemedi ba ba tlhophilweng ka puso ya batho ka batho, ba ba neng ba tsongwa kgotsa ba lelekiwa. Ditlhopho tsa puso kgaolo di ne di le gaufi mme di ne di ngangiwa kwa Louisiana dingwaga di le dintsi, ka go oketsega ga tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le bantsho ba Amerika ka nako ya matsholo go tloga ka 1868 go ya pele.<ref>[[:en:Michael_Perman|Perman, Michael]] (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jVHODYI1fNUC&pg=PA138 Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South]''. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 138–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3324-7|978-0-8078-3324-7]]</bdi>. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == qibnxh2lww6agkmujdy83x91dat2ek7 Mekubukubu ya 1829 kwa Cincinnati 0 10629 53862 40544 2026-08-03T11:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mekubukubu ya letso ya kwa Cincinnati ya 1829''' e ne ya tsosiwa ke kgaisano ya ditiro magareng ga bafaladi ba Ireland le batho bantsho ba tlhago le makgoba a pele, kwa Cincinnati, Ohio<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927021800/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=596 "Irish Ohioans"]. ''Ohio History Central''. Ohio Historical Society. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.</ref> mme gape di ne di amana le dipoifo tsa basweu fa go lebilwe koketsego e e bonako ya batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le ba ba tshabileng mo toropong mo dingwageng tse di lesome tseo, segolobogolo mo dingwageng tse tharo tse di neng di fetileng. Bagwebi ba ne ba ngongorega ka mafelo a a humanegileng a a bapileng le noka jaaka a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo mabenkeleng a bone a a fa thoko ga metsi le kgwebo le balemi ba borwa. Badiri ba diatla ba ne ba kgaphela batho bantsho kwa thoko mo dithutong tsa go ithuta tiro le mo ditirong tsa ditiro tsa diatla tse di nang le bokgoni. Ka June 1829 balebedi ba bahumanegi ba ne ba itsise gore batho bantsho ba tla tshwanelwa ke go tsenya ditlamo tsa tshireletso tsa $500 (tse di lekanang le $14,764 ka 2024) mo malatsing a le masome mararo kgotsa ba ne ba tla lelekwa mo toropong le mo kgaolong. Seno se ne se dumalana le Molao wa Bantsho wa 1807 o o neng wa fetisiwa ke lekgotla la semolao la Ohio o o neng o ikaeletse go kgoreletsa batho bantsho go nna mo kgaolonh eo. Bantsho bangwe ba ne ba setse ba akanyeditse go fudugela kwa Canada, e ba neng ba dumela gore e na le tikologo e e amogelang batho thata. Ka kakaretso ba ne ba le kgatlhanong le keletso ya Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika ya go romela batho ba mmala ba ba gololesegileng kwa ntle "go boela kwa Aforika". Maaforika a Amerika a ne a ntse a le kwa Amerika dingwagangwaga mme a ne a batla ditshwanelo tsa baagi. Go akanngwa ga go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga Molao wa Bantsho, o Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika o neng wa o kgaratlhela gore o tlhotlheletse go fuduga ga batho bantsho,<ref>Irvine, Russell W.; Dunkerton, Donna Zani (Winter 1998). "The Noyes Academy, 1834-35: The Road to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute and the Higher Education of African-Americans in the Nineteenth Century". ''Western Journal of Black Studies''. '''22''' (4): 260–273.</ref>: <sup>262</sup> go ne ga dira gore baeteledipele bangwe ba tswe kwa Amerik. Dikgoka tsa segopa sa batho le go senngwa ga lefelo la bone le le nang le batho ba le bantsi mo Kgotleng ya Ntlha go ne ga dira gore batho ba mmala ba ba fopholediwang go nna sekete le lekgolo - sekete le makgolo a matlhano ba dire tshwetso ya go tswa mo Cincinnati gotlhelele. Batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng, makgoba a pele le basweu ba ba kutlwelobotlhoko ba ne ba neelana ka madi go thusa batshabi le bafalodi. Bangwe ba ne ba nna kwa mafelong a mangwe kwa United States, fa setlhopha se sennye sone se ne sa fudugela kwa Canada. Bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba nna kwa ditoropong tse di neng di le teng kwa Ontario, kwa batho bantsho ba le bantsi ba batshabi ba neng ba nna gone fa ba sena go tshaba bokgoba. Setlhopha se se nang le ditsompelo tse dintsi se ne sa tlhoma Koloni ya Wilberforce jaaka lefelo la bone.<ref>Nikki Marie Taylor (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC8xDzjUM-cC&pg=PA50 Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802-1868]''. Ohio University Press. p. 50ff. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8214-1579-4|0-8214-1579-4]]</bdi>. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.</ref> MaAforika a Amerika a a neng a setse kwa Cincinnati, le bafaladi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba kopana le bone, ba ne ba tlhaselwa gape ke batho ba basweu ba ba neng ba dira dikhuduego ka 1836 le 1841. Ka letsatsi le le fa pejana, ba ne ba nonotshitse boemo jwa bone mo toropong mme ba dirisa thulaganyo ya sepolotiki go bona ditokafatso mo kalafing. Tirisodikgoka e e kgatlhanong le Bantsho kwa Bokone e ne e se selo se se sa tlwaelesegang. == Tshimologo == Cincinnati e kwa borwa jwa Ohio, e e neng e le kgaolo e e gololesegileng, mme e ne e agilwe ke bafaladi ba le bantsi ba ba tswang kwa Upper South, ba ba neng ba tsamaya go bapa le Noka ya Ohio go fitlha kwa go yone. Mo masomeng a dingwaga a ntlha a lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, bontsi jwa baagi ba yone ba ne ba tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa botlhaba, segolobogolo kwa Pennsylvania, mme e ne e tlhotlhelediwa thata ke maikutlo a Borwa. E ne e tlhalosiwa jaaka e e nang le itsholelo le melao ya Borwa, fa e ntse e dira jaaka kgoro ya go tsena le go nna le dikeletso tsa "bophirima," jaaka molelwane o o tlhabologang wa mokgatsha wa Noka ya Ohio o ne o itsege. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, fa go ne go nna le dikepe tsa mouwane, dikepe le kgwebo go bapa le dinoka tsa Ohio le Mississippi di ne tsa atologa thata, mme tsa dira gore Cincinnati e gole ka bonako. Dikgwebo tsa yone di ne tsa ngoka baagi ba le bantsi ba basha ba ba neng ba batla tiro, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le tikologo e e sa tlhomamang, e e nang le kgaisano e e kwa godimo. E ne gape e farologanngwa ka seelo se se kwa godimo sa bofaladi, bogolosegolo go tswa kwa Ireland le Jeremane go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840 go ya pele. Ba-Ireland ba ne ba simolotse go goroga jaaka bafaladi mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome, ba gogwa ke tiro mo meseleng e e neng e agiwa kwa Ohio go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 go ya go 1845, le Tsela ya Bosetshaba ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830. Diporojeke tseo di ne di akaretsa Mosele wa Miami le wa Erie o o neng wa simololwa kwa Cincinnati. Ba-Ireland ba ne ba gaisana le palo e e golang ya bafaladi ba bantsho ba Amerika ba ba neng ba tla kwa toropong eo, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tswa kwa Kentucky le Virginia. Magareng ga 1820 le 1829, go ne ga nna le koketsego e e bonako ya batho ba bantsho ba toropo: mo dingwageng tse tharo tse di fetileng kelelo ya bafaladi e ne e le kwa godimo, bontsi e le batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le makgoba a pele go tswa kwa Borwa. Ba morago ba ne ba tswelela ba le mo kotsing ya go tshwarwa ke batshwari ba makgoba. Palo ya batho bantsho kwa Cincinnati e ne ya oketsega go tswa go makgolo a mane masome a mararo le boraro go ya go dikete tse pedi makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le boferabobedi, mo dingwageng tse some tsa gompieno, fa palogotlhe ya batho ba toropo e ne ya oketsega go tswa go dikete di ferabongwe, makgolo a marataro le masome a mane le bobedi go ya go dikete tse masome a mabedi le bone, makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a mararo le motso ka 1830. Go ya ka phesente, se e ne e le koketsego go tswa go bone le sephatlo go ya go boferabongwe. Ka ntlha ya ditshono tsa tiro tse di neng di tlhagisiwa ke lekalana la dikepe tsa mouwane le dikepe, Cincinnati e ne e na le batho ba bantsho ba bantsi go gaisa toropo epe fela kwa Bophirima jwa Bogologolo go ralala bontsi jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Baagi ba basha ba ba humanegileng le ba ba sa rutegang sentle ba ne ba pitlagana mo matlong a a neng a le teng kgotsa ba aga matlo a mekhukhu mme gantsi ba ne ba nna mo maemong a a maswe. Bafaladi ba Ireland le batho bantsho ka bobedi ba ne ba gaisana go bona matlo mo mafelong a a humanegileng a a bapileng le noka, ka gonne bontsi jwa badiri ba ne ba nna sekgalanyana fela go tswa kwa tirong ya bone. == Ditlamorago == Baeteledipele ba Bantsho ba Amerika kwa Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, e e neng e na le batho ba le bantsi ba ba gololesegileng ba mmala, ba ne ba rulaganya go tlhoma Kopano ya ntlha ya bosetshaba ya Bathobantsho ka 1830. Gareng ga dikgang tse go neng go tlotliwa ka tsone go ne go na le bokao jwa dikhuduego tsa kwa Cincinnati. Baeteledipele ba ne ba tswelela go dira go tokafatsa ditshono tsa batho bantsho mo thutong le mo tirong, mmogo le go rulaganya ka sepolotiki go supa maemo a bone. Dikgotlhang tsa loago le kgaisano di ne tsa felela ka dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho kwa Cincinnati gape ka 1836 le 1841. Go fuduga go tswa kwa Yuropa go ne go tsweletse ka seelo se se kwa godimo: ka 1840, go feta 46% ya baagi ba toropo e ne e le batho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa mafatsheng a mangwe. Bontsi jwa batho ba maemo a a kwa tlase ba ne ba gaisana ka tlhamalalo le batho ba mmala go bona ditiro, segolobogolo fa madirelo a ne a fokotsa palo ya maemo a tiro ya diatla. Ka nako eo, batho bantsho ba ne ba nonotshitse boemo jwa bone mo toropong. Ba ne ba kgona go dirisa thulaganyo ya sepolotiki go bona tshireletso nngwe le tshiamiso mo maemong ao a a bokete.<ref>Taylor (2005), ''Frontiers of Freedom'', pp. 21-22</ref> == Metswedi == facaap11wbsn4htklah3mp2jyot3hho Mavis Nduchwa 0 11026 53861 52287 2026-08-03T11:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mavis Nduchwa''', yo gape a itsegeng ka leina la '''Rewana Nduchwa''' (28 Phatwe 1982 – 13 Phatwe 2021), e ne e le motlhami le moeteledipele wa [[kgwebo ya temothuo]] ya Chabana Farms, e gape e rekisang jaaka Kalahari Honey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250913045738/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/the-journey-so-far-mavis-nduchwa-ceo-chabana-farms/63974/ "The journey so far: Mavis Nduchwa, CEO, Chabana Farms"]. ''How We Made It In Africa''. 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2025-09-24.</ref> E ne le mogwebi wa [[Botswana|Motswana]], mongwe wa bafenyi ba ba kwa godimo ba le masome matlhano ba Bagaka ba Kgwebo ba Aforika ba 2020 ba [[Jack Ma Foundation|Jack Ma]] [[Jack Ma Foundation|Foundation]].<ref>Ngwako, Taboka (July 28, 2020). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/57438 "Nduchwa among Top 50 finalists"]. ''Botswana Daily News''. [http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news Archived] from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>Rw, Taarifa; a. [https://furtherafrica.com/2020/07/28/jack-ma-foundations-top-50-finalists-of-2020-africas-business-heroes-competition/ "Jack Ma Foundation's Top 50 finalists of 2020 "Africa's Business Heroes" Competition"]. ''FurtherAfrica''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> == Tshimologo le thuto == Mavis Nduchwa o tshotswe ka 1982, kwa [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]], mme o ne a na le digerata ya ntlha ya botsamaisi jwa ditsha le kamogelo ya baeng.<ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/new-face-farming-youth-making-agribusiness-%E2%80%98cool%E2%80%99 "The new face of farming: youth making agribusiness 'cool'!"]. ''Africa Renewal''. 2017-02-23. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> == Tiro == Nduchwa e ne e le motlhami le moeteledipele wa dipolase tsa Chabana, tse di gwebang jaaka Kalahari Honey. Mokgwa wa kgwebo ya Kalahari Honey o dikologa go rarabolola kgotlhang ya motho le tlou mo Botswana. Komponi ya gagwe e tlhopha balemibarui go tlhoma metshitshi ya dinotshe jaaka tsela ya go fokotsa tshenyo ya dijalo. Ka mokgwa wa gagwe wa kgwebo o ne a batla go ithuta ditsela tsa go oketsa palo ya dinotshe.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewwight/2020/11/08/when-life-gives-you-elephants-make-honey-and-money/ "When Life Gives You Elephants, Make Honey (And Money!)"]. ''Forbes''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> Kgwebo ya gagwe ya loago ya Kalahari Honey e tlamela basadi ba kwa metseselegaeng ka metshitshi ya dinotshe jaaka tsela ya go sireletsa masimo a bone mo ditloung.<ref>[https://www.vitalvoices.org/people/mavis-nduchwa/ "Mavis Nduchwa"]. ''Vital Voices''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> Nduchwa e ne e le mofenyi wa kgwetlho ya 2020 ya [[Women Empower]] UN [[SDG]] ya [[Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], e leng seetsele sa lefatshe lotlhe sa basadi ba ba mo dikgwebong<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200811111235/https://sustainability.asu.edu/we-empower/awardees-finalists/ "2020 Awardees"]. ''WE Empower UN SDG Challenge''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> le fellow ya 2019 ya [[AFRINIC]] (African Network Information Center).<ref>COMMS, AFRINIC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191215071749/https://www.afrinic.net/blog/485-afrinic-31-fellowship-winners-announced "AFRINIC-31 Fellowship Winners Announced"]. ''www.afrinic.net''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> Ka 2017 o ne a le gareng ga bafenyi ba Mokgatlho wa [[Tony Elumelu]],<ref>Agunbiade, Tolu (2015-06-16). [https://innov8tiv.com/cofoundher-interviews-mavis-nduchwa-of-chabana-farms/ "cofoundHER Interviews: Mavis Nduchwa of Chabana Farms"]. ''Innov8tiv''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> kwa a neng a tlhophelwa letsholo la Mandela Washington Fellow, letsholo la [[Young African Leaders Initiative]] (YALI). Nduchwa o amogetse Kgwebo e e Beilweng ke Basadi ya Ngwaga ya Botswana ya 2019 ([[Grant Thornton]]), Kabo ya Mogwebi yo o Tlhomologileng go gaisa botlhe wa Aforika ya 2018 (Mokgatlho wa [[Tony Elumelu]]) le Botswana Innovation Award 2019.<ref>[https://meaningful.business/team/mavis-nduchwa/ "Mavis Nduchwa"]. ''Meaningful Business Community''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> Ka 2017 o ne a tlhophelwa Lenaneo la Kgwebo la [[Tony Elumelu]]<ref>Agunbiade, Tolu (2015-06-16). [https://innov8tiv.com/cofoundher-interviews-mavis-nduchwa-of-chabana-farms/ "cofoundHER Interviews: Mavis Nduchwa of Chabana Farms"]. ''Innov8tiv''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> le mo go lone dikgwebo tsa Aforika di tlhophiwang go ikaegilwe ka bokgoni mme di amogela katiso ya kgwebo le kabelo ya $5000. Ka 2019, Nduchwa o ne a tlhagisiwa mo Food Chain Global Champion jaaka moatlhodi wa moeng le [[Samin Nosrat]], [[Gaggan Anand]], [[Marion Nestle]] le Arnold Kreilhuber.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4svxDH03tg5yHsR7f91gsj3/the-food-chain-global-champion-award-2019-winner-akshaya-patra "The Food Chain Global Champion Award 2019 winner: Akshaya Patra"]. ''www.bbc.co.uk''. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Nduchwa o ne a nyetswe mme a na le barwa ba babedi.<ref>[https://www.vitalvoices.org/news-articles/news/in-memoriam-mavis-nduchwa/ "In Memoriam: Mavis Nduchwa"]. ''Vital Voices''. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> O tlhokafetse ka ntata ya ke mathata a a bakilweng ke COVID-19 ka 2021.<ref>[https://naturenews.africa/kalahari-honey-model-for-conservation-and-community-development/ "Kalahari Honey: Model for Conservation and Community Development"]. ''NatureNews''. 2024-12-19. Retrieved 24 Lwetse 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == nu0pfi52gb0q7xo47cimqlsk8xdw4bg Lynn Ngugi 0 12131 53855 45305 2026-08-03T10:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lynn Ngugi''' ke mmegadikgang wa kwa Kenya le motho wa media. E ne e le mongwe wa basadi ba le 100 ba ba rotloetsang ba BBC, moemedi wa Commonwealth wa diphetogo le youtuber wa letsholo. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Ngugi o goletse kwa Huruma, e leng lefelo la bonno la batho ba ba sa itsholelang thata kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Nairobi. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2012/oct/22/barack-obamas-brother-life-slums-nairobi <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Rraagwe e ne e le monna yo o neng a mo sotla mme morago ga lenyalo la bone le ne la fela [https://www.citizen.digital/news/lynn-ngugi-talks-on-growing-up-in-an-abusive-home-not-attending-her-fathers-funeral-n321779 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] mmaagwe le bokgaitsadie ba bararo ba ne ba nna mo kamoreng e le nngwe kwa Huruma. Mmaagwe o ne a rekisa ditlhako mme rraagwe o ne a emisa go tlamela bana ba gagwe.[https://www.citizen.digital/news/lynn-ngugi-talks-on-growing-up-in-an-abusive-home-not-attending-her-fathers-funeral-n321779 <nowiki>[ 2]</nowiki>] Ka 2004, o ne a tlogela thuto ya sekontari mme a simolola go ithuta bobegadikgang kwa East Africa School of Media Studies. [https://top40.businessdailyafrica.com/candidates/lynn-ngugi/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Ngugi o ne a dira dingwaga di le dintsi kwa Qatar le Dubai[https://top40.businessdailyafrica.com/candidates/lynn-ngugi/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] a direla batho kofi, ka a ne a fitlhela go le thata go bona tiro mo metsweding ya dikgang. O ne a ithaopela go tlhokomela balwetse ba kankere. Ka 2011, o ne a simolola go nna le tlhotlheletso mo metsweding ya dikgang, pele ka difilimi tsa Kiwo mme morago ka Qatar Foundation. O ne a dira kwa Tuko go fitlha ka 2021.[https://www.pulselive.co.ke/articles/entertainment/celebrities/yes-im-leaving-lynn-ngugi-confirms-her-exit-from-tuko-2024082212421519366 <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>] fa a ne a swetsa go simolola kanale ya gagwe e e neng ya kgobokanya batho ba le 100 000 ka bonako.[https://biznakenya.com/lynn-ngugi-youtube-channel/ <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>] Ngugi o ne a kwala ka dikgang tse di kgatlhang batho mme a lwela tshiamo - go akaretsa le Ebbie Noelle Samuels.[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-02-28-youtuber-lynn-ngugi-gets-gender-justice-champion-award <nowiki>[ 7]</nowiki>] Ebbie o ne a tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya go gobala mo tlhogong kwa sekolong sa gagwe se a neng a nna kwa go sone[https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/12/bbc-100-most-inspiring-women-for-2021/ <nowiki>.[ 8]</nowiki>] == Metswedi == [1] Adewunmi, Bim (2012-10-22). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2012/oct/22/barack-obamas-brother-life-slums-nairobi "Barack Obama's brother on life in the slums of Nairobi"]. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [https://www.citizen.digital/news/lynn-ngugi-talks-on-growing-up-in-an-abusive-home-not-attending-her-fathers-funeral-n321779 <nowiki>[2] "Lynn Ngugi talks on growing up in an abusive home, not attending her father's funeral</nowiki>]". Citizen Digital. 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [3] Africa, Business Daily (2023-03-01). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104094451/https://top40.businessdailyafrica.com/candidates/lynn-ngugi/ "Lynn Ngugi"]. Business Daily - Top 40 Under 40. Archived from the original on 2025-01-04. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59514598 <nowiki>[4] "BBC 100 Women 2021: Who is on the list this year?"</nowiki>]. 2021-12-07. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [https://www.pulselive.co.ke/articles/entertainment/celebrities/yes-im-leaving-lynn-ngugi-confirms-her-exit-from-tuko-2024082212421519366 <nowiki>[5] "Yes I'm Leaving Lynn Ngugi Confirms ..."</nowiki>] www.pulselive.co.ke. Archived from the original on 2025-01-04. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [https://biznakenya.com/lynn-ngugi-youtube-channel/ <nowiki>[6] "Lynn Ngugi: Why I left Tuko and where I'm going next"</nowiki>]. 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-02-28-youtuber-lynn-ngugi-gets-gender-justice-champion-award <nowiki>[7] "YouTuber Lynn Ngugi gets Gender Justice Champion award</nowiki>]". The Star. Archived from the original on 2025-01-04. Retrieved 2025-01-04. [8] Mwenesi, Susan (2023-01-31). [https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/12/bbc-100-most-inspiring-women-for-2021/ ""See you in court": Mum reacts after teacher is detained over Ebbie's death"]. Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. Retrieved 2025-01-04. 0byi7c76r3dvceuhcmmo04yb9kj7m3z Lengau 0 12737 53851 52998 2026-08-03T09:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Male cheetah facing left in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Lengadu le le tonanyana mo Aforika Borwa]] '''Lengau''' ( '''''Panthera pardus''''' ) ke lengwe la mefuta e metlhano ya dikatse tse di sa ntseng di le teng mo losikeng lwa ''Panthera'' . E na le boboa jo bo serolwana jo bo bosetlha go ya go mmala wa gauta o o fifetseng ka marontho a mantsho a a kgobokantsweng ka di rosete . Mmele wa yone o mosesane e bile o na le mesifa, o fitlha go boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a robongwe le boraro go fitlha go lekgolo le bone ka ura (dimaele di le masome a matlhano le borobedi go fitlha go masome a marataro le botlhano ka oura) ka mogatla o moleele wa 66–102 disentimetara (26-40 mo) le bogodimo jwa magetla jwa 60–70 disentimetara (24-28 mo). Banna gantsi ba bokete 30.9–72 dikilogerama di le (68-159 lb), mme tse di namagadi di bokete jwa diikilogerama di le 20.5–43 (45-95 lb) . Lengau le ne la tlhalosiwa la ntlha ka gwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le borobabobbedi (1758), mme go ne ga tshitshinngwa mefutapotlana e le mmalwa mo lekgolong la bolesome le borobabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Gompieno, mefutapotlana e le robedi mo mefuteng ya lone e e anameng mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] le Asia . E ne ya tlhagelela kwa tshimologong mo Aforika ka nako yaPleistocene ya Pele, pele e fudugela kwa Eurasia go dikologa phetogo ya Pleistocene ya Pele– Bogare . Dingau di ne di le teng go ralala Yuropa, mme di ne tdi a nyelela mo kgaolong eo kwa bokhutlong jwa Pleistocene ya Bofelo - Holocene ya tshimologo . Lengau le tlwaetse mefuta e e farologaneng go simolola ka dikgwa tsa pula go ya nageng, go akaretsa le mafelo a a omileng le a dithaba . Ke sebatana se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe, se se batlang tshono, se tsoma bontsi diphologolo tse di nang le dinala di le primate . E ikaegile ka mokgwa wa yone o o marontho go iphitlha fa e ntse e tlhotlhora le go lalela phologolo ya yone, e ka dinako tse dingwe e e gogang kwa godimo ga setlhare. Ke phologolo e e nnang e le nosi kwa ntle ga paka ya tsadiso le fa e godisa bana. Dinamagadi gantsi di tsala letsopa la dipotsane di le 2-4 gangwe mo dikgweding di le 15-24. Mangau a a tona le a a mamagadi ka bobedi gantsi a fitlhelela bogolo jwa thobalano fa a le ka dingwaga di le 2–2.5. E kwadilwe jaaka e e Kotsi mo Lenaaneng le Lehibidu la IUCN, dipalopalo tsa lengau ga jaana di tshosediwa ke tatlhegelo ya bonno le go kgaogana, mme di a fokotsega mo dikarolong tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe. Dingau di nnile le dikarolo tsa setso kwa Gerika wa Bogologolo, Aforika Bophirima le setso sa segompieno sa Bophirima . Matlalo a lengau a tumile mo fesheneng. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la Seesemane "lengau" le tswa mo Sefora sa bogologolo {{Lang|fro|leupart}} kgotsa {{Lang|frm|liepart}} ya Sefora sa Bogare, se se tswang mo lengau la Selatine le Segerika sa bogologolo {{Lang|grc|λεόπαρδος}} ( leopardos ) . Leopardos e ka nna motswako wa {{Lang|grc|λέων}} ( tau ), e e kayang ' , le {{Lang|grc|πάρδος}} ( pardos ), e e kayang ' . <ref name="lewis">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=C. T. |author-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |last2=Short |first2=C. |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=1069 |chapter=lěǒpardus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1069 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="liddell">{{Cite book |last=Liddell |first=H. G. |author-link=Henry Liddell |year=1889 |title=A Greek–English Lexicon |last2=Scott |first2=R. |author-link2=Robert Scott (philologist) |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=884 |chapter=λέο-πάρδος |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greekenglishlex00liddrich/page/884 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Partridge |first=E. |author-link=Eric Partridge |year=1983 |title=Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English |url=https://archive.org/details/originsshortetym0000part/page/349 |publisher=Greenwich House |isbn=978-0-517-41425-5 |location=New York |page=349}}</ref> Lefoko {{Lang|drc|λεόπαρδος}} kwa tshimologong le ne le kaya lengau ( ''Acinonyx jubatus'' ) . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=N. |year=1999 |title=A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium |journal=[[Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies]] |volume=40 |pages=253–298 |s2cid=56160515}}</ref> "Panther" ke leina le lengwe le le tlwaelegileng, leina la kakaretso la panther le simolotse mo puong ya Segerika sa bogologolo {{Lang|grc|πάνθηρ}} ( pánthēr ); <ref name="lewis"/> Leina le le tlwaelegileng ''la Panthera'' le simologile mo puong ya Selatine {{Lang|la|panthera}}, letlowa la go tsoma la go tshwara dibatana le le neng le tla dirisiwa ke Baroma fa ba lwa. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=C. T. |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |last2=Short |first2=C. |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=1298 |chapter=panthera |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1317 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> {{Lang|la|Pardus}} ke sebopego sa bongwe sa bonna . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=C. T. |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |last2=Short |first2=C. |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=1302 |chapter=''pardus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1321 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi == [[Setshwantsho:Panthera_pardus_subspecies_map.png|thumb|230x230px]] [[Setshwantsho:Felisjubatus.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa "lengau e e boboa" (e e tlhalosiwang jaaka Felis lanea) go tswa mo Dithulaganyong tsa Mokgatlho wa Diphologolo wa Lontone (1877)]] Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa le bosupa (1777), [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] o ne a tlhalosa lengau a ikaegile ka letlalo la Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo mme a le naya leina la saense la Felis jubatus.<ref name=":23">[[:en:Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber|Schreber, J. C. D.]] (1777). "Der Gepard (The cheetah)". ''Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen'' &#x5B;''The Mammals in Illustrations according to Nature with Descriptions''&#x5D; (in German). Vol.&#x20;Dritter Theil. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp.&#x20;392–393. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2019.</ref> [[Joshua Brookes]] o ne a tshitshinya leina la kakaretso la Acinonyx ka nwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1828).<ref name=":6">[[:en:Joshua_Brookes|Brookes, J.]] (1828). "Section Carnivora". ''A Catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes''. London: Richard Taylor. p.&#x20;16.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa (1917), [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] o ne a baya lengau mo lelapeng le lennye la yona, [[Acinonychinae]],ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga yona go go kgatlhang ga popego le lengau le go fapoga go go bonalang mo diponagalong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa felid; lengau le ne la bewa mo setlhopheng sa Felinae mo dipoeletsong tsa moragonyana tsa thulaganyo ya ditshedi.<ref>Caro, T. M. (1994). [[iarchive:cheetahsofsereng0000caro/mode/1up|''Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species''. Chicago]]: University of Chicago Press. pp.&#x20;38, 39, 43, 386. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-226-09434-2</bdi>.</ref> Mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe le la masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa dikai di le mmalwa tsa diphologolo tsa lengau; dingwe di ne tsa tshitshinngwa jaaka mefutapotlana.<ref name=":7">Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "''Acinonyx jubatus''". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). ''[http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA532%E2%80%93533 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference]'' (3rd&#x20;ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.&#x20;532–533. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;62265494.</ref>Sekao sa lefatshe la Aforikaborwa se se nang le boboa jo bo kitlaneng thata se ne sa tshitshinngwa jaaka (Felis lanea) ke Philip Sclater ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bosupa (1877) mme sa itsege jaaka "lengau la boboa".Go tlhaolwa ga yona jaaka mofuta go ne ga ganetsanwa thata.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1893). [[iarchive:royalnaturalhist01lydeuoft/page/442|"The hunting leopard".]] ''The Royal Natural History''. Vol.&#x20;1. London: Frederick Warne & Co. pp.&#x20;442–446.</ref>Go nnile le tlhakatlhakano e kgolo mo lenaaneng la maina a lengau le lengau (Panthera pardus) jaaka fa gantsi bakwadi ba ne ba tlhakanya bobedi jo; bangwe ba ne ba tsaya "lengau le le tsomang" e le mofuta o o ikemetseng, kgotsa o o lekanang le lengau.<ref>Baker, E. D. (1887). [[iarchive:sportinbengalhow00bakerich/page/205|''Sport in Bengal: and How, When and Where to Seek it''.]] London: Ledger, Smith & Co. pp.&#x20;205–221.</ref><ref>Sterndale, R. A. (1884). [[iarchive:naturalhistoryof00ster/page/175|''Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon''.]] Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. pp.&#x20;175–178.</ref> === Mofutapotlana === Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975), mefutapotlana e le metlhano ya Mangau e ne ya tsewa jaaka di-taxa tse di amogelesegang: A. j. heki, A. j. tlhogo, A. j. pula, A. j. bangwe le A. j. methapo.<ref name=":1">Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: the final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"] (PDF). ''Cat News'' (Special Issue 11): 30–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), thutopatlisiso ya phylogeographic e fitlhetse pharologano e nnye ya dijini magareng ga A. j. jubatus le A. j. pula; ke mefutapotlana e le mene fela e e neng ya supiwa.<ref>Charruau, P.; Fernandes, C.; Orozco-terwengel, P.; Peters, J.; Hunter, L.; Ziaie, H.; Jourabchian, A.; Jowkar, H.; Schaller, G.; Ostrowski, S.; Vercammen, P.; Grange, T.; Schlotterer, C.; Kotze, A.; Geigl, E. M.; Walzer, C. & Burger, P. A. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531615 "Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates".] ''Molecular Ecology''. '''20''' (4): 706–724. Bibcode:2011MolEc..20..706C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04986.x. PMC&#x20;3531615. PMID&#x20;21214655.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome supa (2017), Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Tlhaoloso ya Dikatse sa Setlhopha sa Baitseanape ba Dikatse sa IUCN se ne sa tlhabolola taxonomy ya felid mme sa lemoga gore mefutapotlana eno e mene e a dira. Dintlha tsa tsone di kwadilwe fa tlase fano:<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mofuta potlana !Diteng !Setshwantsho !Setshwantsho sa mmepe |- |Lengau a Borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika (A. J. jubatus) (Motlhokomedi, 1775)syn. A. j. pulaHeller, 1913[2]. |Mofuta o o tlhophetsweng go nna one o o emelang mofuta oo (nominate subspecies); go ya ka dijini, o ne wa kgaogana le lengau la Asia dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a marataro le bosupa go fitlha go dikete di le masome a mararo le bobedi tse di fetileng (67 000–32 000 BCE). Go ya ka tshedimosetso ya ngwaga wa 2016, palo e kgolo go gaisa ya one, e e ka nnang dibopiwa di le dikete di le nne, e anametse ka bonnye mo dinageng tsa Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Aforika Borwa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe le Zambia |[[Setshwantsho:Cheetah, Masai Mara (52448476886).jpg|thumb|147x147px|Lengau, Masai Mara]] |[[Setshwantsho:Acinonyx jubatus jubatus range IUCN 2015.png|thumb]] |- |Lengau la Asia (A. j. venaticus) Griffith, 1821 |Mofuta ono o monnye wa lengau o fitlhelwa fela mo bogareng jwa Iran, mme ke one fela setlhopha sa magau a a sa ntseng a tshela mo Asia. Go ya ka dipalo tsa ngwaga wa 2022, go ne go fopholediwa gore go setse fela dibopiwa di le lesome le bobedi kwa Iran, tse robongwe tsa tsone e leng tse ditona mme tse tharo e le tse dinamagadi. |[[Setshwantsho:Iranian Cheetah roars.jpg|thumb]] |[[Setshwantsho:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus range IUCN 2015.png|thumb]] |- |Lengau la Bokonebotlhaba jwa Aforika (A.J.) Motlhokomedi wa 1855[27] |Mofuta ono o monnye wa lengau o fitlhelwa kwa bokone jwa Rephaboliki ya Afrika Bogare, Chad, Ethiopia le Borwa jwa Sudan, mme o fitlhelwa ka ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di kgaogantsweng thata. Ka ngwaga wa 2016, setlhopha se segolo go gaisa sa one, se se neng se na le dibopiwa di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo le borobedi, se ne se fitlhelwa kwa bokone jwa Rephaboliki ya Afrika Bogare le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Chad. Go ya ka dijini, mofuta ono o ne wa kgaogana le lengau la borwabophirima jwa Afrika (southeast African lengau) dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a supa le bobedi go fitlha go dikete di le lesome le borataro tse di fetileng (72 000–16 000 years ago) |[[Setshwantsho:Cheetah in the shade DVIDS147321.jpg|thumb]] |[[Setshwantsho:Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii range IUCN 2015.png|thumb]] |- |Lengau la Aforika la Bokonebophirima (A. J. Hecki) Hilzheimer, 1913[28] |Mofuta ono o monnye wa lengau o fitlhelwa kwa Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali le Niger. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), setlhopha se segolo go gaisa sa one, se se neng se na le dibopiwa di le lekgolo le masome a robongwe le bongwe (191), se ne se fitlhelwa kwa Adrar des Ifoghas, Ahaggar le Tassili n'Ajjer kwa borwa-bogareng jwa Algeria le kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Mali. Mofuta ono o kwadilwe mo Lenaong le Lehibidu la IUCN (IUCN Red List) e le o o mo kotsing e kgolo thata ya go nyelela |[[Setshwantsho:Acinonyx jubatus ssp. hecki in Idlès 1.jpg|thumb]] |[[Setshwantsho:Acinonyx jubatus hecki range IUCN 2015.png|thumb]] |} == Faelojene le Tshimologo == Dilosika tse di gaufi thata tsa lengau ke cougar (Puma concolor) le [[jaguarundi]] (Herpailurus yagouaroundi).<ref name=":1" />Mmogo, mefuta eno e meraro e bopa losika lwa Puma, nngwe ya masika a le robedi a di-felid tse di setseng di le teng; losika lwa Puma lo ne lwa fapoga ka dijini mo go tse dingwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le borataro ntlha supa tse di fetileng. Setlhopha sa bokgaitsadi sa losika lwa Puma ke setlhopha sa dikatse tse dinnye tsa Lefatshe la Bogologolo tse di akaretsang mefuta ya [[Felis]], [[Otocolobus]] le [[Prionailurus]].<ref>Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)"]. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). ''Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids''. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp.&#x20;59–82. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-19-923445-5</bdi>. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> Difosili tsa bogologolo go gaisa tsa lengau, tse di epolotsweng kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa Afrika, ke tsa dingwaga di le dimilione di le tharo le sephato go ya go di le tharo tse di fetileng; sekai sa ntlha se se itsegeng go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa se tswa kwa dipeeletso tse di kwa tlase thata tsa Silberberg Grotto (Sterkfontein).<ref name=":0" /><ref>Skinner, J. D. & Chimimba, C. T. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=F23lAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 "Subfamily Acinonychinae Pocock 1917".] ''The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion'' (3rd&#x20;ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;379–384. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-521-84418-5</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.</ref> Le fa di sa felela, masaledi ano a supa dipopego tse dikgolo mme di sa tlhomama thata jaaka lengau la segompieno.Go tlhagelela ga ntlha ga mofuta wa segompieno wa A. jubatus mo Aforika go ka tswa mo Cooper's D, lefelo mo Aforika Borwa le le simolotseng dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1.5 go ya go di le 1.4 tse di fetileng, ka nako ya kgato ya Calabrian.<ref>O'Regan, Hannah J.; Steininger, Christine (2017). [https://bioone.org/journals/Geodiversitas/volume-39/issue-2/g2017n2a8/Felidae-from-Coopers-Cave-South-Africa-Mammalia-Carnivora/10.5252/g2017n2a8.short "Felidae from Cooper's Cave, South Africa (Mammalia: Carnivora)"]. ''Geodiversitas''. '''39''' (2): 315–332. Bibcode:2017Geodv..39..315O. doi:10.5252/g2017n2a8. S2CID&#x20;53959454. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</ref>Masalela a masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go tswa kwa Yuropa a lekanyeditswe go disampole di le mmalwa tsa Pleistocene ya Bogare go tswa kwa [[Hundsheim]] (Austria) le [[Mosbach Sands]] (Jeremane).Dikatse tse di tshwanang le legau di itsege go tloga morago ga dingwaga di le 10 000 tse di fetileng go tswa kwa Lefatsheng la Bogologolo. Lengau le legolo (A. pardinensis), le legolo thata e bile le le bonya fa le bapisiwa le lengau la segompieno, le ne la tlhagelela kwa [[Eurasia]] le kwa botlhaba le kwa borwa jwa Aforika mo pakeng ya [[Villafranchian]] mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.8 go ya go di le 1.9 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cherin, M.; Iurino, D. A.; Sardella, R. & Rook, L. (2014). "''Acinonyx pardinensis'' (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Pantalla (Italy): predatory behavior and ecological role of the giant Plio–Pleistocene cheetah"[[:en:Quaternary_Science_Reviews|. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''.]] '''87''': 82–97. Bibcode:2014QSRv...87...82C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.01.004.</ref> Mo Pleistocene ya Bogare lengau le lennye, A. intermedius, le ne le simolola kwa Yuropa go ya kwa China.<ref name=":0" />Lengau ya segompieno e ne ya tlhagelela mo Aforika dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 1.9 tse di fetileng; rekoto ya yone ya masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng e mo Aforika fela.<ref>Van Valkenburgh, B.; Pang, B.; Cherin, M. & Rook, L. (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 "The cheetah: evolutionary history and paleoecology".] In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> Dikatse tse di sa tlholeng di le teng tse di tshwanang le Mangau tsa Amerika Bokone di ne di tlhaotswe mo hisitoring ka Felis, Puma kgotsa [[Acinonyx]]; mefuta e mebedi e e ntseng jalo, F. studeri le F. trumani, e ne e tsewa e le gaufi le puma go feta lengau, le fa e ne e tshwana thata le ya morago. Fa a lemoga se, moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo Daniel Adams o ne a tshitshinya [[Miracinonyx]], mofuta o mošwa o o ka fa tlase ga Acinonyx, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1979) wa dikatse tse di tshwanang le Mangau tsa Amerika Bokone;<ref>Adams, D. B. (1979). "The cheetah: native American". ''Science''. '''205''' (4411): 1155–1158. Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A. [[doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155]]. PMID&#x20;17735054. S2CID&#x20;17951039.</ref>seno moragonyana se ne sa tlhatlosiwa go nna mo maemong a mofuta.<ref name=":2">Van Valkenburgh, B.; Grady, F. & Kurtén, B. (1990). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254313576 "The Plio-Pleistocene cheetah-like cat ''Miracinonyx inexpectatus'' of North America".] ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology''. '''10''' (4): 434–454. Bibcode:1990JVPal..10..434V. doi:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011827</ref>Adams o supile gore dikatse tse di tshwanang le lengau tsa Amerika Bokone le tsa Lefatshe la Bogologolo di ka tswa di nnile le mogologolwane yo o tshwanang, mme Acinonyx e ka tswa e simolotse kwa Amerika Bokone go na le kwa Eurasia.<ref name=":2" />Le fa go ntse jalo, dipatlisiso tse di latelang di bontshitse gore Miracinonyx e gaufi le cougar ka phylogenetic go feta lengau;<ref name=":3">Barnett, R.; Barnes, I.; Phillips, M. J.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Leonard, J. A. & Cooper, A. (2005). [[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052|"Evolution of the extinct sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat"]]. ''Current Biology''. '''15''' (15): R589–R590. Bibcode:2005CBio...15.R589B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052. PMID&#x20;16085477. S2CID&#x20;17665121.</ref>go tshwana le Mangau go ile ga amana le thutotlhagelelo e e bapileng. Mefuta e meraro ya losika lwa Puma e ka tswa e nnile le mogologolwane yo o tshwanang ka nako ya Miocene, mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 8.25 tse di fetileng.<ref name=":3" /> Bangwe ba akantsha gore Mangau tsa Amerika Bokone di ka tswa di ne tsa fudugela kwa Asia ka Bering Strait, morago ga moo tsa phatlalala kwa borwa go ya kwa Afrika ka Eurasia bonnye dingwaga di le 100,000 tse di fetileng;<ref name=":4">Dobrynin, P.; Liu, S.; Tamazian, G.; Xiong, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Krasheninnikova, K.; Kliver, S. & Schmidt-Küntzel, A. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676127 "Genomic legacy of the African cheetah, ''Acinonyx jubatus''"]. ''Genome Biology''. '''16''' (1) 277. Bibcode:2015GenBi..16..277D. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0837-4. PMC&#x20;4676127. PMID&#x20;26653294.</ref>bakwadi bangwe ba tlhagisitse pelaelo ka ga go nna teng ga Mangau tsa segompieno kwa Asia Bokone go ya kwa Asia Bokone, batho ba ba neng ba feleletsa ba aname le kwa Aforika.<ref name=":12">Faurby, S.; Werdelin, L. & Svenning, J. C. (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858926 "The difference between trivial and scientific names: there were never any true cheetahs in North America".] ''Genome Biology''. '''17''' (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0943-y. PMC&#x20;4858926. PMID&#x20;27150269.</ref> akanngwa gore lengau le itemogetse dithibelo tse pedi tsa palo ya batho tse di neng tsa fokotsa thata go farologana ga dijini mo dipalopalong; e nngwe e diragetse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lekgolo tse di fetileng e e ntseng e amana le go fuduga go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone go ya kwa Asia, mme ya bobedi dingwaga di le 10,000–12,000 tse di fetileng kwa Aforika, gongwe jaaka karolo ya tiragalo ya go nyelela ga Late Pleistocene.<ref>O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M.; Caro, T. M.; FitzGibbon, C.; Aggundey, I. & Leakey, R. E. (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304238 "East African cheetahs: evidence for two population bottlenecks?"]. ''PNAS''. '''84''' (2): 508–511. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84..508O. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.508. PMC&#x20;304238. PMID&#x20;3467370.</ref> == Dijini == Palo ya dikhoromosome tsa diploid mo lengau ke masome amarao le borobabobedi , e tshwana le mo di-felid tse dingwe tse dintsi.<ref name=":5">Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992). [["Genus of cheetah, or Pardus".|"Genus of cheetah, or ''Pardus''".]] ''Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)''. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp.&#x20;696–733.</ref>lengau e ne e le felid ya ntlha e e lemogilweng e na le pharologano e e kwa tlase ya dijini mo bathong,e e dirileng gore e se ka ya tsala sentle mo botshwarong, go oketsega ga diphoso tsa spermatozoal, dintsho tse di kwa godimo tsa bana le go tlhaselwa ke malwetse le ditshwaetso go go oketsegileng.<ref>O'Brien, S. J; Johnson, W. E; Driscoll, C. A; Dobrynin, P. & Marker, L. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892392 "Conservation genetics of the cheetah: lessons learned and new opportunities".] ''Journal of Heredity''. '''108''' (6): 671–677. doi:10.1093/jhered/esx047. PMC&#x20;5892392. PMID&#x20;28821181.</ref> Sekai se se tlhageletseng e ne e le go runya ga mogare wa corona o o bolayang wa dikatse kwa lefelong la tsadiso ya ditshenekegi kwa Wildlife Safari kwa [[Winston]], Oregon ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borarao (1983) o o neng o na le seelo sa dintsho sa 60%, se se kwa godimo go feta se se kwadilweng mo di-epizootic tse di fetileng tsa peritonitis e e tshelanwang ya ditshenekegi mo ditsheding dipe fela.<ref name=":8">Heeney, J. L.; Evermann, J. F.; McKeirnan, A. J.; Marker-Kraus, L.; Roelke, M. E.; Bush, M.; Wildt, D. E.; Meltzer, D. G.; Colly, L. & Lukas, J. (1990). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC249350 "Prevalence and implications of feline coronavirus infections of captive and free-ranging cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'')".] ''Journal of Virology''. '''64''' (5): 1964–1972. doi:10.1128/JVI.64.5.1964-1972.1990. PMC&#x20;249350. PMID&#x20;2157864.</ref>Go tshwana go go gakgamatsang mo dijining tsa lengau go bontshitswe ke ditekelelo tse di akaretsang setlhopha se segolo sa histocompatibility (MHC); ntle le fa dijini tsa MHC di tshwana thata mo bathong, di-graft tsa letlalo tse di ananngwang fa gare ga para ya batho ba ba sa amaneng di ne di tla ganwa. Di-graft tsa letlalo tse di ananngwang magareng ga Mangau tse di sa amaneng di amogelwa sentle le go fola, jaaka e kete popego ya tsona ya dijini e a tshwana.<ref>Yuhki, N. & O'Brien, S. J. (1990). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53361 "DNA variation of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex reflects genomic diversity and population history".] ''PNAS''. '''87''' (2): 836–840. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..836Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.2.836. PMC&#x20;53361. PMID&#x20;1967831.</ref> Go akanngwa gore go farologana go go kwa tlase ga dijini go tlhodilwe ke dikgoreletsi tse pedi tsa baagi go tswa dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le lekgolo le dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome le bobedi tse di fetileng, ka go latelana.<ref name=":4" />Selekanyo sa pharologano ya dijini se se tlholang se ka nna 0.1–4% ya mefuta e e tshelang e e magareng, e e kwa tlase ga ya bodimona ba Tasmania, digorila tsa Virunga, dinkwe tsa Amur, le e leng dikatse le dintša tsa mo gae tse di tsaletsweng thata.<ref name=":5" /> === Kgosi lengau === [[Setshwantsho:King cheetah, De Wildt Cheetah Research Centre (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Kgosi Lengau]] Kgosi lengau ke mofuta wa lengau o o nang le phetogo e e sa tlwaelegang ya boboa jwa mmala wa tranelate jo bo tshwailweng ka mabala a magolo, a a nang le marontho le methalo e meraro e mentsho, e e bulegileng e e tswang mo molaleng go ya kwa mogatleng.<ref name=":9">Thompson, S. E. (1998). "Cheetahs in a bottleneck". [[iarchive:builtforspeedext00thom/page/61|''Built for Speed: The Extraordinary, Enigmatic Cheetah''. Minneapolis]]: Lerner Publications Co. pp.&#x20;61–75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-8225-2854-8</bdi>.</ref> Kwa [[Manicaland]], kwa [[Zimbabwe]], e ne e itsege jaaka nsuifisi mme go ne go akanngwa gore ke sefapaano magareng ga lengau le tshephe.<ref>Bottriell, L. G. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNcUAAAAIAAJ&pg=frontcover ''King Cheetah: The Story of the Quest''. Leiden]: Brill Publishers. pp.&#x20;26, 83–96. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-04-08588-6</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro (1926), Major A. Cooper o ne a kwala ka phologolo e e tshwanang le lengau e a neng a e thuntshitse gaufi le [[Harare]] ya segompieno, e e nang le boboa jo bokima jaaka jwa lengau la kapoko le marontho a a neng a kopana go dira methalo. O ne a akantsha gore e ka nna sefapaano magareng ga lengau . Fa go ntse go lemogiwa batho ba le bantsi ba ba ntseng jalo go ne ga bonwa gore di na le manala a a sa gogelweng morago jaaka lengau.<ref name=":13">Heuvelmans, B. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u64ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 "Mngwa, the strange one".] ''On the Track of Unknown Animals'' (3rd, revised&#x20;ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;495–502. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-315-82885-5</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2019.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927), Pocock o ne a tlhalosa batho bano jaaka mofuta o mošwa o o bidiwang Acinonyx rex ("lengau la kgosi").<ref name=":10">Bottriell, L. G. (1987). ''King Cheetah: [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNcUAAAAIAAJ&pg=frontcover The Story of the Quest]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nNcUAAAAIAAJ&pg=frontcover . Leiden: Brill Publishers]. pp.&#x20;26, 83–96. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-04-08588-6</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, ka go tlhoka bosupi jo bo tshegetsang se a neng a se bua, o ne a gogela morago tshitshinyo ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe (1939). [[Abel Chapman]] o ne a e tsaya e le mmala wa lengau le le nang le marontho ka tlwaelo.<ref name=":14">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170721022535/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history "Cheetah—guépard—duma—''Acinonyx jubatus''".] IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2014.</ref>Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927), lengau la kgosi le begilwe makgetlo a mangwe gape a le matlhano kwa nageng kwa [[Zimbabwe]], Botswana le kwa bokone jwa Teransefala; e nngwe e ne ya tsewa senepe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975)<ref>Bottriell, L. G. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNcUAAAAIAAJ&pg=frontcover ''King Cheetah: The Story of the Quest''.] Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp.&#x20;26, 83–96. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-04-08588-6</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</ref>. Ka ngwaga wa 1981, Mangau di le pedi tse di namagadi tse di neng di nyalane le e tonanyana ya naga go tswa kwa Teransefala kwa De Wildt lengau and Wildlife Center (Aforika Borwa) di ne tsa tsala king lengau e le nngwe nngwe le nngwe ya tsone; morago ga moo, go ne ga tsholwa Mangau tse dingwe tsa kgosi kwa bogareng.<ref name=":15">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170721022535/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history "Cheetah—guépard—duma—''Acinonyx jubatus''".] IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2014.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), se se bakileng mokgwa ono wa kobo se ne sa fitlhelwa e le phetogo ya dijini tsa [[aminopeptidase]] ya [[transmembrane]] (Taqpep), e leng yone jini e e ikarabelang mo mofuteng wa "mackerel" o o methalo fa o bapisiwa le wa "classic" o o nang le mabala o o bonwang mo dikatseng tsa tabby.Ponagalo e bakwa ke go nonotshiwa ga allele e e sa tlholeng e le teng; ka jalo fa Mangau tse pedi tse di nyalanang e le ditshodi tsa heterozygous tsa allele e e fetotsweng, kotara ya bana ba tsone e ka lebelelwa go nna Mangau tsa kgosi.<ref name=":16">Sunquist, F. & Sunquist, M. (2002). [[iarchive:wildcatsofworld0000sunq/page/19/mode/1up|"Cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Schreber, 1776)"]]. ''Wild Cats of the World''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp.&#x20;19–36. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-226-77999-7</bdi>.</ref> == Dipharolonyo == [[Setshwantsho:Cheetah portrait Whipsnade Zoo.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lengau se se bontshang "matshwao a dikeledi" a mantsho a a tswang mo dikhutlong tsa matlho go ya kwa tlase mo letlhakoreng la nko]] Lengau ke katse e e mosesane, e e marontho e e tlhaolwang ka tlhogo e nnye, e e tlhomameng, nko e khutshwane, methalo e mentsho ya sefatlhego e e tshwanang le dikeledi, sehuba se se boteng, ditokololo tse ditelele le mogatla o moleele. Sebopego sa yona se se sesane, se se tshwanang le sa canid se siametse go taboga thata, mme se farologana thata le mmele o mogolo wa maloko a mofuta wa Panthera le di-cougar.<ref name=":7" /> Mangau ka tlwaelo a fitlha go 67–94 cm (2.20–3.08 ft) mo legetleng mme boleele jwa tlhogo le mmele bo fa gare ga 1.1 le 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in le 4 ft 11 in).[8] Bokete bo ka farologana go ya ka dingwaga, boitekanelo, lefelo, bong le mofutapotlana; bagolo ka tlwaelo ba fa gare ga dikilogerama di le masome a mabedi le bongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (46 le 143 lb).<ref name=":11">Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2003). [https://cheetah.org/resource-library/morphology-physical-condition-and-growth-of-the-cheetah/ "Morphology, physical condition, and growth of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus'')".] ''Journal of Mammalogy''. '''84''' (3): 840–850. Bibcode:2003JMamm..84..840M. doi:10.1644/BRB-036. JSTOR&#x20;1383847.</ref> Dipotsane tse di tsholetsweng kwa nageng di bokete jwa lekgolo le masome a matlhano go ya kwa makgolong a mararo g (5.3–10.6 oz) fa di tsalwa, fa tse di tsholetsweng mo botshwarong di na le go nna dikgolo mme di bokete jo bo ka nnang ka makgolo a matlhano g (18 oz).[10] lengau e na le dipopego tse pedi tsa thobalano; tse di namagadi di dinnye go feta tse ditonanyana ka palogare.<ref name=":11" />Dithuto di farologana thata ka dipharologano tsa popego mo gare ga mefutapotlana.<ref name=":11" /> Jase ya lengau gantsi e mmala o mohibidu go ya go bosweu jo bo lebebe kgotsa e e bosetlha, mme e le ntsho mo karolong e e fa gare ya mokwatla.<ref name=":6" /> Seledu, mometso le dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa maoto le mpa di tshweu mme ga di na matshwao. Mmele otlhe o khurumeditswe ke mabala a mantsho a a ka nnang dikete tse pedi a a katoganeng ka go lekana, a a tshesane kgotsa a a kgolokwe, lengwe le lengwe le lekana le bokana ka boraro go ya kwa botlhanong jwa diicm (1.2–2.0 in).<ref name=":9" />lengau nngwe le nngwe e na le mokgwa o o farologaneng wa mabala a a ka dirisiwang go supa batho ba ba kgethegileng.Kwa ntle ga mabala a a bonalang sentle, go na le matshwao a mangwe a mantsho a a bonalang sentle, a a sa tlhomamang mo jaseng.Dipotsane tse di sa tswang go tsalwa di khurumeditswe ke boboa jo bo nang le mabala a a sa bonaleng sentle a a dirang gore di lebege di le dintsho—di le bosweu jo bo bosetlha kwa godimo mme di batla di le ntsho ka fa tlase.<ref name=":4" /> Moriri o mokhutshwane thata mme gantsi o makgwakgwa, fela sehuba le mpa di khurumeditswe ke boboa jo bo boleta; boboa jwa di-king lengau bo begilwe bo le silika.<ref name=":6" />o na le moriri o mokhutshwane, o o makgwakgwa, o o akaretsang bonnye 8 cm (3.1 in) go bapa le molala le magetla; ntlha eno e bonala thata mo banneng. Moriri o simolola e le kepisi ya moriri o moleele, o o sa gagamalang o o pududu go ya go o mopududu mo ditsheding tse dinnye.<ref name=":8" />mangau a nang le mmala o mohibidu ga di bonwe thata mme di bonwe kwa [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]]Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bosupa (1877) go fitlhela ngwaga wa 1878, disampole tse pedi tsa bontlhabongwe jwa albino go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa di ne tsa tlhalosiwa.<ref name=":10" /> Lengau la [[tabby]] le ne la tsewa senepe kwa Kenya ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012). Mangau a Sahara a na le difatlhego tse di sesane tse di tshwanang le tsa canid. Ditsebe di dinnye, di dikhutshwane e bile di kgolokwe; di tawny kwa tlase le mo dintlheng mme di tshwailwe ka mabala a mantsho mo mokwatleng. Matlho a beilwe kwa godimo mme a na le matlho a a kgolokwe.<ref name=":8" />Methalo e e bonalang ya dikeledi e tlhomologile mo lengau mme e simolola kwa dikhutlong tsa matlho mme e tabogela kwa tlase mo nkong go ya kwa molomong. Seabe sa methalo e ga se a tlhaloganngwa sentle, e ka sireletsa matlho mo go phatsimeng ga letsatsi kgotsa e ka dirisiwa go tlhalosa dipopego tsa sefatlhego.Ditedu, tse dikhutshwane e bile di le dinnye go feta tsa di-felid tse dingwe, di dintle e bile ga di bonale. Mogatla o moleele, o o nang le setlhopha se se tshweu se se tlhaga kwa bokhutlong, o lekanya 60–80 cm (24–31 in).<ref name=":8" />Fa peditharong ya ntlha ya mogatla e khurumeditswe ke mabala, nngwetharong ya bofelo e tshwailwe ka dipalamonwana tse nne go ya go tse thataro tse dintsho kgotsa methalo. Le fa e tshwana fa o e leba la ntlha, lengau le na le di-rosette mo boemong jwa mabala mme ga le na methalo ya dikeledi.<ref name=":14" />Serval le yona e tshwana le lengau, fela mabala a yona a kopana go bopa methalo mo mokwatleng. === Thulaganyo ya ka fa gare ga mmele === Lengau e na le fisioloji e e kgethegileng ya go taboga; mesifa ya yona ya serope e bokete ka 50% go feta ka fa go bonelwang pele ka teng mo diamusi tse di nang le maoto a mane tsa bokete jo bo tshwanang jwa mmele, fa ya tau kgotsa nkwe e atamela se se bonelwang pele mo boketeng jwa mmele wa tsona.<ref>Alexander, R. M. (2003). ''[https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2020/04/Alexander_2013_Principles-of-Animal-Locomotion.pdf Principles of animal locomotion]'' (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp.&#x20;105, 106.</ref>E na le ditlhale tsa mesifa tsa mofuta wa IIx tsa 50.1% mo ditokololong tsa kwa morago, 40% mo molaleng le mo kutu, le 36% mo ditokololong tsa kwa pele.Disele tsa Betz mo cortex ya motheo ya motsamao di dikgolo thata go ya ka bokete jwa boboko jwa tsone mme di tla tsenya ditlhale tse dintsi tsa mesifa ya mofuta wa IIx le mesifa e megolo ya motsamao.<ref name=":17">Nguyen, V. T.; Uchida, R.; Warling, A.; Sloan, L. J.; Saviano, M. S.; Wicinski, B.; Hård, T.; Bertelsen, M. F.; Stimpson, C. D.; Bitterman, K.; Schall, M.; Hof, P. R.; Sherwood, C. C.; Manger, P. R.; Spocter, M. A. (2020)[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337419094 . "Comparative neocortical neuromorphology in felids: African lion, African leopard, and cheetah".] ''Journal of Comparative Neurology''. '''528''' (8): 1392–1422. doi:10.1002/cne.24823. PMID&#x20;31749162</ref>lengau ga e kgone go dirisa okosejene ka selekanyo se se tshwanang le sa diamusi tse dingwe; bolumu ya yona ya mitochondrial e emela fela 3.7% ya bolumu yotlhe ya ditlhale tsa mesifa, fa e bapisiwa le 6.5–10.7% mo dintšeng le mo diponeng.<ref name=":18">Williams, T. M.; Dobson, G. P.; Mathieu-Costello, O.; Morsbach, D.; Worley, M. B. & Philips, J. A. (1997). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13826213_Skeletal_muscle_histology_and_biochemistry_of_an_elite_sprinter_the_African_cheetah "Skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the African cheetah". ''J'']''ournal of Comparative Physiology B''. '''167''' (8): 527–535. doi:10.1007/s003600050105. PMID&#x20;9404014. S2CID&#x20;22543782. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> Lengau e na le di-sinus tse dikgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo di-felid, tse di ka e thusang go tsidifatsa mowa o e o hemang.<ref name=":19">Salles, L. O. (1992). ''[[iarchive:felidphylogenet3047sall|Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea)]]''. American Museum of Natural History. pp.&#x20;14, 15, 31, 32</ref> Palogare ya themphereitšha ya Mangau a le mmalwa a lekanyeditsweng morago ga go tsoma ke 38.6 °C (101.5 °F), se se supang gore go itshidila mmele thata ga go bake go gotela go feta selekanyo.<ref>Hetem, R. S.; Mitchell, D.; Witt, B. A. de; Fick, L. G.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Maloney, S. K. & Fuller, A. (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971684 "Cheetah do not abandon hunts because they overheat".] ''Biology Letters''. '''9''' (5) 20130472. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0472. PMC&#x20;3971684. PMID&#x20;23883578.</ref> Manala a a kobegileng go se kae a makhutshwane e bile a tlhamaletse go feta a dikatse tse dingwe, ga a na kgapetla e e sireletsang mme a kgona go gogela morago ka bontlhabongwe.<ref name=":8" />Go gogela morago go go lekanyeditsweng ga manala go ka tswa go bakilwe ke go kgaolwa ga lerapo la [[phalanx]] le le fa gare la lengau pelenyana.<ref name=":13" />Manala a botlhofo ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tshireletso.<ref name=":16" />Mme lenala la monyo le legolo le le kobegileng thata le bogale.Lengau le na le mesifa e megolo go gaisa e e gogelang magetla morago, e e atolosang magetla le e e atolosang sekgono mo gare ga [[di-felid.]] Katoloso ya kgato ya yona e tla thata mo go obegeng ga lerapo la mokwatla pele ga maoto a itaya fa fatshe ka nako ya dikgato tsa go emisiwa ga mowa. Boleele jwa kutu ya yona e e obegileng bo emela fela 67% ya boleele jwa kutu ya yona e e atolositsweng, fa e bapisiwa le 80–90% ya pitse.<ref>Hildebrand, M. (1959). [https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/Hildebrand_1959_motions-of-running-cheetah-and-horse.pdf "Motions of the running cheetah and horse"] (PDF). ''Journal of Mammalogy''. '''40''' (4): 481–495. Bibcode:1959JMamm..40..481H. doi:10.2307/1376265. JSTOR&#x20;1376265.</ref>Kgaolo ya lumbar ya lengau ke yone e telele go gaisa mo diamusi tse di jang nama, e e dirang halofo ya boleele jo bo kopaneng jwa dikgaolo tsa sehuba le tsa lerapo la mokwatla wa yone.<ref>Belyaev, R. I.; Nikolskaia, P.; Bushuev, A. V.; Panyutina, A. A.; Kozhanova, D. A.; Prilepskaya, N. E. (2024). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374738227_Running_jumping_hunting_and_scavenging_Functional_analysis_of_vertebral_mobility_and_backbone_properties_in_carnivorans "Running, jumping, hunting, and scavenging: Functional analysis of vertebral mobility and backbone properties in carnivorans"]. ''Journal of Anatomy''. '''244''' (2): 205–231. doi:10.1111/joa.13955. PMC&#x20;10780164. PMID&#x20;37837214.</ref> Mogatla wa lengau ga o dire jaaka tekatekano, ka o emela fela 2% ya bokete jwa mmele wa yona, ka jalo ga o neele motsotso o o botlhokwa wa go sa dire sepe.Mogatla wa lengau o dira jaaka lefetlho, ka boboa jo bokima bo oketsa lefelo la yona le le nang le matswela ka 40%, ka jalo bo oketsa kgogedi ya maatla a mowa.Mogatla o dira metsamao ya go dikologa e e ka fitlhelelang lebelo la dikhutlo la 17–22 radians ka motsotswana le dikhutlo tsa 90°.<ref>Patel, A.; Boje, E.; Fisher, C.; Louis, L.; Lane, E. (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004610 "Quasi-steady state aerodynamics of the cheetah tail"]. ''Biology Open''. '''5''' (8): 1072–1076. doi:10.1242/bio.018457. PMC&#x20;5004610. PMID&#x20;27412267.</ref> Legata le le ka nnang khutlotharo le na le marapo a a botlhofo, a a tshesane, mme tlhogo ya sagittal ga e a tlhabologa sentle, gongwe e le go fokotsa bokete le go tokafatsa lobelo. Molomo ga o ka ke wa bulwa thata jaaka mo dikatseng tse dingwe ka ntlha ya boleele jo bokhutshwane jwa mesifa fa gare ga motlhagare le legata.<ref name=":10" /> == Lobelo == Lengau ke phologolo e e bofefo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, e e kgonang go feta di-[[pronghorn]] le di-antelope tse di bofefo, le fa di na le tlhogo ya 137 m (449 ft).<ref>Quirke, T.; O'Riordan, R. & Davenport, J. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/16946458/A_comparative_study_of_the_speeds_attained_by_captive_cheetahs_during_the_enrichment_practice_of_the_cheetah_run_ "A comparative study of the speeds attained by captive cheetahs during the enrichment practice of the "cheetah run"".] ''Zoo Biology''. '''32''' (5): 490–496. doi:10.1002/zoo.21082. PMID&#x20;23861086</ref> Mangau a kgona go feta di-[[greyhound]] bonolo mo lobelong.<ref name=":15" />Palo e e tlwaelegileng ya 114 km/h (71 mph) e nyatsegile ka ntlha ya mokgwa o o sa siamang wa go lekanya.[82] Lobelo lo lo kwa godimo lo lo begilweng lo lo ikanyegang lwa go taboga ke 104 km/h (65 mph).<ref name=":18" /> Lobelo lwa 100.1 km/h (62.2 mph) le lone lo begilwe ka tsela e e ikanyegang.Lengau la dingwaga di le lesome le motso go tswa kwa Serapeng sa Diphologolo sa Cincinnati le ne la tlhoma rekoto ka go taboga ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo lwa 98 km/h (61 mph).<ref name=":20">Pappas, S. (2012). [http://www.livescience.com/22080-cheetah-breaks-speed-record.html "Wow! 11-year-old cheetah breaks land speed record".] ''LiveScience''. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> Mangau tse di tsenngwang dikholara tsa GPS di ne di tsomiwa ka lobelo lo lo kwa tlase ga lobelo lo lo kwa godimo lo lo neng lo fitlhelelwa; palogare ya lebelo la go taboga le le kwadilweng ka nako ya go tsoma e ne e le 54 km/h (34 mph), fa lebelo le le kwa godimo le le kwadilweng e ne e le 93 km/h (58 mph).<ref>Wilson, A. M.; Lowe, J. C.; Roskilly, K.; Hudson, P. E.; Golabek, K. A. & McNutt, J. W. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/108858304 "Locomotion dynamics of hunting in wild cheetahs".] ''Nature''. '''498''' (7453): 185–189. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..185W. doi:10.1038/nature12295. PMID&#x20;23765495. S2CID&#x20;4330642. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</ref>Lengau e dirisa lebelo la yona le le kwa godimo la go taboga fela go tswala sekgala le phofu mo moleng o o tlhamaletseng, morago ga moo e latela gaufi ka nako ya go sokologa ga 3–4 ka zigzag e phofu e e dirang fa e leka go tshaba.<ref name=":11" /> Lobelo lwa go feta lekgolo (100 km/h (62 mph) lo lo fitlhelelwang ke lengau lo feta lo lo fitlhelelwang ka tlwaelo ke di-pronghorn le diphokojwe tse di bofefo ka 80 km/h (50 mph).Mme lengau le na le lobelo lo lo sa tlwaelegang, go tswa go 0 go ya go 97 km/h (0 go ya go 60 mph) mo metsotswaneng e e kwa tlase ga e le 3.<ref name=":19" />Go bapisa, dipitse tsa polo di kgona go tsamaya go tswa go 0 go ya go 36 km/h (0 go ya go 22 mph) mo metsotswaneng e le 3.6.<ref name=":15" /> Kgato e le nngwe ya lengau le le tabogang e lekanya dimetara di le nne go ya go di le 7 (13 go ya go di le 23 ft); boleele jwa kgato le palo ya ditlolo di oketsega ka lobelo.Metsamao ya kholomo ya lerapo la mokwatla e ka oketsa boleele jwa kgato ka bokana ka 76 cm (2.49 ft).<ref>Hildebrand, M. (1961). "[https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/Hildebrand_1961_Further-Studies-on-Locomotion-of-the-Cheetah.pdf Further studies on locomotion of the cheetah"] (PDF). ''Journal of Mammalogy''. '''42''' (1): 84–96. doi:10.2307/1377246. JSTOR&#x20;1377246. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref>Go fopholeditswe gore lengau ka lobelo lo lo feletseng le ka tsaya dikgato di le nne ka motsotswana.Mo nakong e e fetang halofo ya nako ya go taboga, lengau le na le maoto otlhe a mane mo moweng, go oketsa boleele jwa kgato.<ref name=":24">Taylor, M. E. (1989). "Locomotor Adaptations by Carnivores". In Gittleman, J. L. (ed.). ''Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution''. New York: Springer. pp.&#x20;382–409. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4_15|10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4_15.]] ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-4612-8204-4</bdi>.</ref> == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:Gepard-Serengeti.jpg|thumb|Lengau le le emeng mo godimo ga lefika mo nageng ya bojang ya Serengeti]] Kwa botlhaba le kwa borwa jwa Aforika, lengau le tlhagelela thata mo di-savanna tse di jaaka Kalahari le [[Serengeti]]. Mo bogareng, bokone le bophirima jwa Afrika, e nna mo dithabeng tse di omileng le mo mekgatšheng; mo tlelaemeteng e e makgwakgwa ya Sahara, e rata dithaba tse di kwa godimo, tse di nang le pula e ntsi go feta sekaka se se e dikologileng.<ref name=":20" /> Dimela le metsi a a mo dithabeng tseno di tshegetsa di- antilope. Kwa [[Iran]], e tlhagelela mo lefelong le le dithaba la dikaka kwa bogodimong jo bo fitlhang go 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft), kwa pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ka kakaretso e leng kwa tlase ga 100 mm (3.9 in); dimela tsa konokono mo mafelong ano ke ditlhatshana tse di anameng ka botshesane, tse di kwa tlase ga 1 m (3 ft 3 in) ka boleele.<ref name="lewis" /><ref name=":17" /> == Motseletsele wa Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo with cheetah kill 1948 BNHS.jpg|thumb|Mangau tse tharo tsa bofelo tsa naga kwa India di ne tsa thuntshiwa ka 1947 ke Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo wa kwa Surguja.]] Mo dinakong tsa pele ga hisitori, lengau le ne le anamisitswe go ralala [[Aforika,]] Asia Bophirima le Bogare.<ref name="liddell" /><ref name=":6" />Gompieno lengau le nyeleditswe mo bontsing jwa mafelo a e leng mo go one mo ditsong; dipalo tsa lengau la [[Asia]] di ne di simolotse go wela tlase thata fa e sale ka bofelo jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1800, nako e telele pele ga mefuta e mengwe e mennye e simolola go fokotsega ga yona. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017), Mangau di tlhagelela mo diperesenteng di le robongwe fela tsa lefelo la tsone la pele mo Aforika, bontsi jwa tsone mo mafelong a a sa sirelediwang.<ref name=":12" />Go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, lengau le ne le kgabaganya dikarolo tse dikgolo kwa Asia, go tswa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Arabia kwa bophirima go ya kwa kontinentengpotlana ya India kwa botlhaba, le go ya kwa bokone go fitlha kwa Lewatleng la Aral le Caspian.<ref>Mallon, D. P. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170613132648/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/M/Mallon_2007_History_of_cheetahs_in_Central_Asia.pdf "Cheetahs in Central Asia: a historical summary"] (PDF). ''Cat News'' (46): 4–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</ref>Makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng lengau e ne e le ntsi kwa India, mme lefelo la yone le ne le tsamaisana le go anamisiwa ga diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di jaaka blackbuck. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipalo tsa yone kwa India di ne tsa wela tlase thata go tloga ka lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga go ya pele; diphologolo tse tharo tsa bofelo tsa naga di bolailwe ke Moeteledipele wa [[Surguja]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bosupa (1947). Pono ya bofelo e e netefaditsweng kwa India e ne e le ya lengau le le neng la nwela mo sedibeng gaufi le Hyderabad ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957).<ref>Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, S. & Sharma, S. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VU69BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 "Historical, sociocultural and mythological aspects of faunal conservation in Rajasthan"]. In Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, S. & Rahmani, A. R. (eds.). ''Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates''. New York: Springer. pp.&#x20;3–38. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-4614-0800-0</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</ref> Lefelo la lengau kwa Soviet Union le ne le akaretsa "dithota tsa sekaka tsa Asia Bogare le borwa jwa Kazakhstan le botlhaba jwa [[Trans-Caucasus]]". Ka Metlha ya Bogare, lengau le ne le fitlha kwa bophirima jwa Georgia mme gongwe le ne la tshela kwa lefelong le le kwa tlase la Kura-Aras le mo gare ga mokgatšha wa Noka ya Aras go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga, le fa le ne la nyelela mo kgaolong morago ga go fokotsega ga di-goitered gazelles le ka ntlha ya pogiso ya batho. Ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi, go begwa gore lengau le ne le "santse le le dintsi thata fa le ne le anamisitswe ka bonnye mo kgaolong yotlhe e e kwa bophirima jwa Lewatle la [[Amu Darya]] le Aral, mme le ntse le nyelela ka bonako thata".<ref name=":19" /> Lengau le nna mo dithulaganyong tse di farologaneng tsa tikologo mme e lebega e sa tlhophe thata mo go tlhopheng bonno go feta di-felid tse dingwe; e rata mafelo a a nang le go nna teng ga diphologolo tse dintsi, go bonala sentle le kgonagalo e nnye ya go kopana le dibatana tse dikgolo tse di jang diphologolo tse dingwe. E tlhagelela ka sewelo mo dikgweng tsa boboatsatsi. E begilwe kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le 4 000 (13 000 ft). Lefelo le le bulegileng le le nang le khurumetso nngwe, jaaka ditlhatshana tse di phatlaladitsweng, gongwe le siametse lengau ka gonne le tlhoka go tlhola le go latelela se e se bolayang sekgala se seleele. Seno gape se fokotsa kotsi ya go kopana le diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di jang nama. lengau e na le tlwaelo ya go tlhagelela mo kitlanong e e kwa tlase ka tlwaelo magareng ga 0.3 le 3.0 ya bagolo mo go 100 km2 (39 sq mi); dipalo tse ke 10–30% ya tse di begilweng tsa mangau le ditau.<ref name="lewis" /> Kwa [[Iraq]], Mangau di ne tsa begwa go tswa kwa Basra ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, masome a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920). Kwa Iran go ne go na le Mangau di ka nna makgolo a mane pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, di anamisitswe go kgabaganya dikaka le dithaba kwa botlhaba le kwa melelwaneng le Iraq kwa bophirima; dipalo di ne di wela tlase ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga diphologolo tse di bolailweng. Maiteko a tshomarelo ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950) a ne a tlhomamisa palo, fela mefuta ya diphologolo tse di bolailweng e ne ya fokotsega gape morago ga Phetogo ya Iran morago ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1979) le Ntwa ya [[Iran–Iraq]], mme seno sa dira gore go nne le go ngotlega go go bonalang ga lefelo la ditso la lengau mo kgaolong.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":25">Farhadinia, M.; Hunter, L. T. B.; Jowka, H.; Schaller, G. B. & Ostrowski, S. (2018)[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=55 . "Asiatic cheetahs in Iran: decline, current status and threats".] In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;55–69. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2020</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975), palo ya di- lengau e ne e fopholediwa go nna 15 000 go ralala Afrika yotlhe e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara, morago ga patlisiso ya ntlha mo kgaolong eno e e dirilweng ke Norman Myers. Mothalo ono o ne o akaretsa bontsi jwa botlhaba le borwa jwa Aforika, kwa ntle ga kgaolo ya sekaka mo lotshitshing lwa bophirima lwa [[Angola]] le [[Namibia]] tsa segompieno.<ref name="johnson2006" />Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, dipalopalo tsa Mangau go ralala kgaolo di nnile dinnye le go kgaogana thata jaaka fa bonno jwa tlholego bo fetotswe thata.Ditopo tsa Mangau tsa bogologolo ka 4223-127 YBP di fitlhetswe mo thulaganyong ya logaga kwa [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>Boug, A. A.; Mir, Z. R.; Jbour, S.; van der Merwe, V.; Al Salem, A.; Al-Qahtani, A. H.; Al A’amri, S.; Amr, Z.; Angelici, F. M.; Galassi, F. M.; Varotto, E.; Albeshr, M. F.; Al Shamari, T.; Al Shamari, K.; Al Mutairi, M. (2026). "Mummified cave cheetahs inform rewilding actions in Saudi Arabia". ''Nature Communications''. '''7''' (1): 24. doi:10.1038/s43247-025-03021-6. hdl:10447/697739.</ref> == Phatlalatso ya gompieno == Lengau e fitlhelwa thata mo botlhaba le borwa jwa Afrika; go nna teng ga yona kwa Asia go lekanyeditswe fela kwa dikaka tse di fa gare tsa Iran, le fa go nnile le dipegelo tse di sa netefadiwang tsa go bonwa kwa [[Afghanistan]], Iraq le Pakistan mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng.<ref name=":12" />Palo ya lefatshe ya Mangau e ne e fopholediwa go nna Mangau di ka nna 7,100 tse di godileng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse peldi le lesome le borataro (2016). Palo ya Mangau e lebega e fokotsegile go tswa go masome a marataro o go ya go lekgolo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) go ya go masome a mane le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse peldi le lesome le borataro (2016), e e anamisitsweng ka ditlhotshwana tse tharo tse di kwa tlase ga 150,000's (Iran,000). setlhaba.<ref name=":3" /> Palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba ka nnang 4 000 e anamisitswe ka bonnye mo Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Aforika Borwa le [[Zambia]]. Batho ba bangwe kwa [[Kenya]] le [[Tanzania]] ba na le batho ba ka nna sekete . Mangau tse dingwe tsotlhe di tlhagelela ka ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di kgaoganeng tsa Mangau tse di kwa tlase ga lekgolo nngwe le nngwe ya tsone. Go akanngwa gore palo ya batho e a fokotsega.<ref name=":3" /> == Ikholoji le boitshwaro == Mangau di dira thata motshegare, fa bagaisani bao ba ba jaaka diphiri tse di marontho le ditau bone ba dira thata bosigo. Ditshedi tseno tse dikgolo tse di jang nama di ka bolaya Mangau le go utswa dipolao tsa tsona;[59] ka jalo, tlwaelo ya Mangau ya motshegare e di thusa go tila dibatana tse dikgolo tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe mo mafelong a di nang le kutlwelobotlhoko, jaaka [[Okavango Delta]]. Mo mafelong a lengau e leng sebatana se segolo se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe (jaaka dipolase kwa Botswana le Namibia), tiro e na le go oketsega bosigo. Seno se ka diragala gape le mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng thata jaaka Sahara, kwa dithemphoritšhara tsa motshegare di ka fitlhang go 43 °C (109 °F). Modikologo wa ngwedi o ka tlhotlheletsa gape thulaganyo ya lengau—tiro e ka oketsega mo masigong a a nang le ngwedi ka ge diphologolo di ka bonwa bonolo, le fa seno se tla le kotsi ya go kopana le dibatana tse dikgolo tse di jang diphologolo tse dingwe.Go tsoma ke tiro e kgolo mo letsatsing lotlhe, ka ditlhora ka nako ya mahube le maitseboa. Ditlhopha di ikhutsa mo mafelong a a nang le bojang morago ga phirimane. Mangau gantsi di tlhatlhoba tikologo ya tsona kwa mafelong a go ela tlhoko jaaka bogodimo go tlhola diphologolo kgotsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di jang nama; le fa ba ikhutsa, ba refosana go nna ba lebile. === Mokgatlho wa loago === [[Setshwantsho:Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) female 2 cubs.jpg|thumb|E namagadi le bana ba yone mo Lefelong la Diphologololele ikemetse la Phinda]] [[Setshwantsho:Male Cheetahs, Maasai Mara (43941746162).jpg|thumb|Setlhopha sa banna kwa Maasai Mara]] lengau e na le popego ya loago e e fetofetogang le e e raraaneng mme e na le go nna le setlhopha go feta mefuta e mengwe ya dikatse. Batho ka tlwaelo ba tilana mme ka kakaretso ba botsalano; tse ditonanyana di ka lwa ka mafelo kgotsa go fitlhelela tse di namagadi mo oestrus, mme mo makgetlong a a sa tlwaelegang dintwa tse di jalo di ka felela ka dikgobalo tse di masisi le loso. Dinamagadi ga di nne le loago mme di na le tirisano e nnye le batho ba bangwe, go thibela tirisano le tse ditonanyana fa di tsena mo mafelong a tsona kgotsa ka paka ya go nyalana. Dinamagadi dingwe, ka kakaretso mme le bana kgotsa bana ba motho, di ka nna tsa ikhutsa fa thoko ga tse dingwe motshegare. Dinamagadi di na le go tshela botshelo jwa go nna di le tsosi kgotsa go nna le bana mo mafelong a magae a a sa sirelediwang; dinamagadi tse dinnye gantsi di nna gaufi le bomme ba tsona botshelo jotlhe fela tse ditonanyana di tlogela lefelo la bomme ba tsona go ya go nna go sele.Ditona tse dingwe di na le kgaolo, mme di kopana mmogo botshelo jotlhe, di bopa dikopano tse di sireletsang kgaolo mmogo e e netefatsang phitlhelelo e e kwa godimo ya tse di namagadi—seno ga se tshwane le maitsholo a tau e tonanyana e e kopanang le setlhopha se se rileng (boikgantsho) jwa tse di namagadi. Mo mabakeng a le mantsi, kopano e tla nna le bakaulengwe ba ba tsetsweng mo setlhopheng se le sengwe ba ba neng ba nna mmogo morago ga go kgwesiwa, fela banna ba ba sa amaneng ka thutatshelo gantsi ba letleletswe go tsena mo setlhopheng; kwa Serengeti, 30% ya maloko a a mo dikopanong ke banna ba ba sa amaneng.Fa ngwana e le yona fela e tona mo setlhopheng, ka tlwaelo e tla tsenela setlhopha se se leng teng, kgotsa e bope setlhopha se sennye sa banna ba ba nosi le banna ba bangwe ba babedi kgotsa ba le bararo ba ba nosi ba ba ka nnang kgotsa ba se nne le kgaolo. Mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari bokana ka 40% ya banna ba nna ba le nosi. Ditona tse di mo kopanong di na le lorato mo go tse dingwe, di tlhokomelana le go bitsa fa leloko lepe le latlhegile; banna ba ba sa amaneng ba ka nna ba lebana le go ila go sekae mo malatsing a bone a ntlha mo setlhopheng. Ditona tsotlhe mo kopanong ka tlwaelo di na le phitlhelelo e e lekanang ya dipolao fa setlhopha se tsoma mmogo, mme gongwe le go tse di namagadi tse di ka tsenang mo kgaolong ya tsona.Kopano ka kakaretso e na le tšhono e kgolo ya go kopana le go bona tse di namagadi go nyalana; le fa go ntse jalo, maloko a yona a mantsi a batla ditsompelo tse dintsi go feta banna ba ba nosi.Thutopatlisiso ya 1987 e bontshitse gore banna ba ba nosi le ba ba nang le ditlhopha di na le tšhono e e batlang e lekana ya go kopana le basadi, fela banna ba ba kopaneng ba itekanetse thata e bile ba na le kgonagalo e e botoka ya go tshela go feta balekane ba bona ba ba nosi.Mangau tse ditonanyana di lebega di itshokela bana ba e seng bana ba tsona go feta di-felid tse dingwe, mme bosupi jo go akanngwang jwa polao ya masea bo tsewa e le jwa maemo. === Mefuta ya magae le mafelo === Mangau tse di namagadi di na le go nna mo mafelong a magolo a magae go feta tse ditonanyana. Dinamagadi ka tlwaelo di phatlalala mo mafelong a magolo di latelela diphologolo, fela ga di tsamaye thata mme di tsamayatsamaya mo lefelong le lennye fa go nna teng ga diphologolo mo lefelong go le kwa godimo. Bogolo jwa lefelo la tsona la magae bo ikaegile ka go anama ga diphologolo tse di bolailweng mo kgaolong. Mo bogareng jwa Namibia, kwa bontsi jwa mefuta ya diphologolo tse di bolailweng e sa anamisiwang thata, mafelo a magae ke 554–7,063 km2 (214–2,727 sq mi), fa mafelo a magae mo dikgweng tsa Phinda Game Reserve e le 34–157 km2 (13–61 sq mi) ka bogolo. Mangau a kgona go tsamaya loeto lo loleele mo lefatsheng di batla dijo; patlisiso nngwe kwa Sekaka sa Kalahari e ne ya kwala palogare ya go fuduga ga mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le 11 (6.8 mi) letsatsi le letsatsi mme lobelo lwa go tsamaya lo ne lo le fa gare ga 2.5 le 3.8 km/h (1.6 le 2.4 mph).[100] Ditonyana ka kakaretso ga di tsamaye thata go na le tse di namagadi; gantsi banna ba ba kopaneng mme ka dinako tse dingwe banna ba ba nosi ba ba nnang kgakala le dikopano ba tlhoma ditlhopha tsa magae. Gore a tse ditonanyana di nna mo mafelong kgotsa di phatlalala mo mafelong a magolo di bopa ditlhopha tsa magae go ikaegile thata ka metsamao ya tse di namagadi. Go nna le kgaolo go ratwa fela fa ditshadi di na le tlwaelo ya go nna fela, se se kgonegang thata mo mafelong a a nang le diphologolo tse dintsi tse di bolailweng. Ditonyana tse dingwe, tse di bidiwang di-floater, di fetoga magareng ga go nna le kgaolo le go tsamayatsamaya go ikaegile ka gore ditshegadi di teng. Thutopatlisiso ya 1987 e bontshitse gore kgaolo e ikaegile ka bogolo le dingwaga tsa banna le botokololo jwa kopano. Mefuta ya di-floater e ne e le palogare ya dikilometara di le 777 kwa Serengeti go ya go dikilometara di le 1 464 kwa bogareng jwa Namibia. Dikgaolo tse di mo Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Kruger di ne di le dinnye thata. Kopano ya banna ba bararo e ne e tsaya kgaolo ya 126 km2 (49 sq mi), mme kgaolo ya monna yo o nosi e ne e le 195 km2 (75 sq mi).Fa e namagadi e tsena mo tshimong, tse ditonanyana di a dikaganyetsa; fa e leka go tshaba, tse ditonanyana di a e loma kgotsa di a e kgwathisa. Ka kakaretso, namagadi ga e kgone go tshaba ka boyona; tse ditonanyana ka botsone di a tsamaya fa di sena go latlhegelwa ke kgatlhego mo go ene. Ba ka nna ba dupelela monko wa lefelo le a neng a ntse mo go lone kgotsa a robetse mo go lone go bona gore a o ne a le mo oestrus. == Tlhaeletsano == lengau ke felid e e nang le lentswe e e nang le dipina tse dintsi le medumo; diponagalo tsa modumo le tiriso ya bontsi jwa tsone di ithutilwe ka botlalo. Tsela e mantswe a tlhagisiwang ka yona e na le dipharologano dingwe fa e bapisiwa le katse ya mo gae, jaaka go hema ga lengau go kwa godimo. Fa tlase fano go kwadilwe mantswe mangwe a a tlwaelegileng a a rekotilweng a a bonwang mo Mangau: # Go tshegatshega: Go tshegatshega (kgotsa "stutter-bark") ke pitso e e tseneletseng e e tshwanang le ya nonyane mme e tsaya lobaka lo lo kwa tlase ga motsotswana. Di- lengau di a tshegatshega fa di itumetse, ka sekai, fa di kokoane go dikologa polao. Ditiriso tse dingwe di akaretsa go bitsa dipotsane tse di fitlhegileng kgotsa tse di latlhegileng ke mmè, kgotsa jaaka tumediso kgotsa go ratana fa gare ga bagolo.Go rora ga lengau go tshwana le go rora go go bonolo ga tau, le go rora ga yone jaaka go rora go go kwa godimo ga tau.Pitso e e tshwanang mme e le kwa godimo (‘yelp’) e ka utlwiwa go tswa kwa bokgakaleng jwa dikilometara di le 2; pitso e gantsi e dirisiwa ke bomme go batla dipotsanyane tse di latlhegileng, kgotsa ke dipotsanyane go batla bomme ba tsone le bana ba tsone. # Go lela (kgotsa go tlhotlhora): Churr ke modumo o o tlhotlhoregang, wa staccato o o ka tsayang metsotswana e le mebedi. Go rora le go rora go ile ga lemogiwa ka go tshwana ga gone le go rora go go bonolo le go go kwa godimo ga tau. E tlhagisiwa mo bokaong jo bo tshwanang le jwa go tshegatshega, fela thutopatlisiso ya go fepa Mangau e fitlhetse go tshegatshega go tlwaelegile thata. # Go rora: Go tshwana le go rora mo dikatseng tsa mo gae mme go le kwa godimo thata, go tlhagisiwa fa lengau le kgotsofetse, le jaaka mofuta wa tumediso kgotsa fa di latswana.E akaretsa go tlhagisa modumo o o tswelelang o o refosanang fa gare ga mela ya mowa e e tswang le e e tsenang. # Medumo ya agonistic: E akaretsa go tlhotlhora, go gotlhola, go rora, go tlhotlhora, go tlhotlhora le go tlhotlhora (kgotsa go tlhotlhora). Go lela go supa go tshwenyega, ka sekai fa lengau le lebana le sebatana se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe se se utswileng polao ya sone. Go rora, go lela le go lela go tsamaya le go itewa gangwe le gape, go go maatla fa fatshe ka leoto la kwa pele, mo nakong eo lengau le ka boelang morago ka dimitara di le mmalwa. [[Meow]], le fa e le pitso e e farologaneng, gantsi e amana le go sa phuthologa kgotsa go tenega. # Dipolelo tse dingwe: Batho ba ka dira modumo wa go rora jaaka karolo ya tirisano e e gaufi, e e botsalano. Modumo wa "nyam nyam" o ka nna wa tlhagisiwa fa go jewa. Ntle le go tshegatshega, bomme ba ka dirisa "ihn ihn" e e boaboelediwang ke go phutha dipotsanyane, mme [["prr prr"]] ke go di kaela mo loetong. Go dirisiwa modumo wa alamo o o kwa tlase go tlhagisa dipotsanyane gore di eme tsi. Dipotsanyane tse di ngangisanang di ka ntsha [[When Rain Clouds Gather|"whirr"]]—segalo se tlhatloga fa ngangisano e le maswe mme se felele ka noto e e bogale. Tsela e nngwe e kgolo ya go buisana ke ka monko; e tonanyana gantsi e tsholetsa mogatla wa yona mme e gase moroto mo matshwaong a a kwa godimo jaaka dikutu tsa setlhare, dikutu kgotsa matlapa; di- lengau tse dingwe di dupelela matshwao ano a naga mme di boeletsa ngwao eno. Dinamagadi le tsona di bontsha maitsholo a go tshwaya fela ga di bonale thata go na le tse ditonanyana. Dinamagadi tse di mo oestrus di bontsha go tshwaya motlhapo go go kwa godimo, mme mantle a tsona a ka gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Mo Botswana, Mangau di tshwarwa gangwe le gape ke barui ba diruiwa go sireletsa leruo ka go baya dirai mo mafelong a setso a go tshwaya; dipitso tsa lengau le le tshwaregileng di ka gogela dilengau tse dingwe mo lefelong leo.Dirai tsa dikhamera kwa mafelong a go tshwaya monko kwa bokone-bogare jwa [[Namibia]] di kwadile gore Mangau di ntsha mantle mo mafelong a go tshwaya kgapetsakgapetsa go feta mangau.Ditshupo tsa go ama le tsa pono ke ditsela tse dingwe tsa go supa, mme dikopano tsa loago di akaretsa go dupelela molomo, marago le dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo mmogo. Batho ka bongwe ba tlhokomelana, ba latswana difatlhego le go itlotsa marama. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga se gantsi di ikaegang ka matlhakore a tsone kgotsa di gotlhana. Methalo ya dikeledi mo sefatlhegong e ka tlhalosa ka bogale dipolelwana fa o le gaufi. Bomme ba ka tswa ba dirisa dipalamonwana tse di botlhofo le tse dintsho tse di refosanang mo mogatleng go supa bana ba bona go ba sala morago. == Dijo le go tsoma == Lengau ke setshedi se se jang nama se se tsomang diphologolo tse dinnye go ya go tse di magareng tse di bokete jwa 20 go ya go 60 kg (44 go ya go 132 lb), fela bontsi jwa tsone bo le kwa tlase ga 40 kg (88 lb). Diphofu tsa yona tsa mantlha ke di-ungulates tsa boholo bo mahareng. Ke karolo e kgolo ya dijo mo mafelong a a rileng, jaaka di-gazelle tsa Dama le Dorcas kwa Sahara, impala kwa dikgweng tsa botlhaba le kwa borwa jwa Aforika, springbok kwa di-savanna tse di omeletseng kwa borwa le gazelle ya Thomson kwa Serengeti. Di-antelope tse dinnye jaaka duiker e e tlwaelegileng ke diphologolo tse di bolawang kgapetsakgapetsa kwa borwa jwa Kalahari. Diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di nang le dinala ka tlwaelo di a tilwa, le fa nyala, e banna ba yona ba bokete jo bo ka nnang 120 kg (260 lb), e fitlhetswe e le phofu e kgolo mo patlisisong kwa Phinda Game Reserve. Kwa Namibia Mangau ke tsone tse di jang diruiwa thata.Mo Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Kruger go na le direkoto tse di kgethegileng tsa dinamane tse pedi tsa thutlwa le dinamane tse pedi tsa nare ya kwa kapa tse di tsomiwang ke Mangau.Dijo tsa lengau la Asia di na le chinkara, mmutla wa sekaka, tshephe e e nang le goiter, urial, dipodi tsa naga le leruo; kwa India Mangau di ne di tlwaetse go ja tshephe e ntsho thata. Dikgatlhego tsa phofu le katlego ya go tsoma di farologana go ya ka dingwaga, bong, palo ya Mangau tse di amegang mo go tsomeng, le go nna kelotlhoko ga phofu. Ka kakaretso, ke fela dikopano tsa banna kgotsa mme yo o nang le bana ba ba lekang go bolaya diphologolo tse dikgolo; bomme ba ba nang le bana ba tlhokomela diphologolo tse dikgolo kgapetsakgapetsa. Batho ba ba mo matlhakoreng a motlhape wa diphologolo tse di bolailweng ke dintlha tse di tlwaelegileng; diphologolo tse di tlhokometseng tse di tsibogang ka bonako fa di bona lengau ga di ratwe. Lengau ke nngwe ya dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe tse di tlhomologileng thata, e tsoma thata letsatsi lotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ditlhora ka mahube le maitseboa mme e tila dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe tse dikgolo jaaka tau e e tsomang thata bosigo.Mangau kwa Sahara, le Maasai Mara kwa Kenya, di tsoma morago ga go phirima ga letsatsi go tshaba dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo. Mangau di dirisa pono ya tsone go tsoma; di nna di lebile diphologolo go tswa kwa mafelong a go ikhutsa kgotsa dikala tse di kwa tlase. lengau e ka tswala ntle le go iphitlha mo sebakeng sa 60–70 m (200–230 ft) ya phofu, pele e di tabogela. Go seng jalo lengau le ka tlhoma mo sekhurumelong le go nna gaufi le mo gare ga 30m. lengau e e latelang e tsaya gore e khubame go sekae, tlhogo e le kwa tlase ga magetla; e tsamaya ka iketlo mme e nna e sa tshikinyege ka dinako tse dingwe. Mo mafelong a a senang khurumetso e ntsi, lengau le ka nna la atamela mo sekgaleng se se sa feteng dimetara di le 200 (660 ft) sa phofu mme la simolola go le lelekisa. lengau e ka ineela fa e ka lemogiwa go sa le gale.[59] Go lelekisa go tsaya metsotswana e le 37.9 ka palogareMo thutong ya 2013, boleele jwa go lelekisa bo ne bo le palogare ya 173 m (568 ft), mme go taboga go go telele go gaisa go ne go lekanya 559 m (1,834 ft).Go itaya phologolo ya yona, lengau le dirisa manala a monyo a a godileng sentle le a a bogale a maoto a tsona a a kwa pele go tshwara ditokololo kgotsa mokwatla wa phologolo fa e ntse e e latelela ka botlalo, mme ka jalo e kgoreletsa tekatekano ya yona mme e dire gore e wele, e letla lengau go e thunya.[80] Go wa jalo ka nako ya go lelekisa ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo go ka dira gore phofu e wele thata mo e ka robang ditokololo tsa yone. Fa lengau e sena go feta phofu ya yona, e latela gaufi le kwa morago fa phofu e dira di-zigzag twist di le 3–4 go leka go tshaba; fa phofu e ise e tshabe ka nako eo, e a tshwarwa. Go bolaya diphologolo tse dikgolo, lengau le tlhotlhora megolo ya tsona ka ditlhaa tsa yona, le di kgamela, mme le boloka tlelampe ya yona metsotso e le 5, e leng fa diphologolo tse di bolailweng di emisa go kgaratlha.Go loma mo mokwatleng wa molala kgotsa mo legatleng go lekane go bolaya diphologolo tse dinnye. Mangau di na le seelo sa katlego ya go tsoma ka kakaretso sa 25–40%.Fa tsomo e sena go fela, Mangau di goga polao ya tsone gaufi le sekgwa kgotsa ka fa tlase ga setlhare. Fa go sena sekhurumetso, di sutisa polao ya yona ka palogare ya 64.5 m (212 ft) go tswa kwa lefelong la polao; motho a le mongwe o ne a goga polao sekgala sa dimetara di le 712 (maoto a le 2 336).Jaaka dikatse tse dingwe, lengau e lapile morago ga go bolaya phofu ya yona mme e ikhutse fa thoko ga polao, e hemela kwa godimo metsotso e le 20–30, fa tau yone e ikhutsa metsotso e le 15–40. Go sa le jalo, di- lengau tse di gaufi, tse di neng di sa tseye karolo mo go tsomeng, di ka nna tsa ja polao ka bonako. Ditlhopha tsa lengau di ja polao ka kagiso, le fa go ka lemogwa medumo e mennye le go thunya.Mangau a kgona go ja dijo tse dintsi; lengau kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Etosha, kwa [[Namibia]], go ne ga fitlhelwa go ja dikilogerama di le 10 mo lobakeng lwa diura di le pedi.Le fa go ntse jalo, letsatsi le letsatsi, lengau le ja nama e e ka nnang dikilogerama di le 4 (8.8 lb).Bomme ba ba nang le bana ba nna ba le kelotlhoko le fa ba ja, ba ema go leba go dikologa dibatana tse di ka utswang polao. Mangau di tsamaisa tlhogo ya tsone go tswa mo letlhakoreng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe ka jalo meno a carnassial a a bopegileng jaaka legare a gagola nama, e morago ga moo e ka e metsa ntle le go e tlhafuna. Gantsi e simolola ka dikarolo tsa kwa morago fa thishu e leng bonolo teng, mme morago ga moo e bo e tswelela go ya kwa mpeng le kwa lerapo la mokwatla. E tlhafuna dikgopo kwa dintlheng, fela ga e gagole ditokololo fa e ntse e ja. Ntle le fa phofu e le nnye thata, e tlogela lerapo le batla le sa senyega.E latlhegelwa ke 9–14% ya dipolao tsa yona go dibatana tse dikgolo le tse di maatla tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Go farologana le nša ya naga ya Aforika, lengau e ka kgona go lepalepana le tatlhegelo ya dipolao tsa 25%, e tlhoka go dirisa diura di le 4 fela ka letsatsi go tsoma go busetsa maatla a a senyegileng; ka ntlha ya lebelo la yone le le kwa godimo, leano la go latelela la nako e khutshwane, e na le maatla a a fetofetogang. Ditonyana le tse di namagadi tse di sa nyalwang di dirisa nako e ntsi di ja ka bonako jo bo kgonegang morago ga go bolaya phofu ya tsona, fa bomme ba ba nang le bana ba dirisa nako e ntsi ba lebile tikologo ya bona fa bana ba bona ba ja. Dikgetse di le mmalwa tsa Mangau di tlhotlhora ditopo tse di sa di tsomang di lemogilwe, go akaretsa le tiragalo ya mme le bana ba gagwe ba bararo ba dikgwedi di le lesome le botlhano ba utswa polao ya tshephe e e nang le marontho e le nosi. Go lebega lengau le na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa katlego ya go tsoma go feta diphologolo tse dingwe tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe; kwa Serengeti, seelo sa yona sa katlego ya go tsoma ditshephe tsa Thomson ke 70%, fa mo ntsweng ya naga ya Aforika e le 57%, mo tshepheng e e marontho 33%, le mo taung 26%.Mo lewatleng la Okavango, seelo sa yona sa katlego ya go tsoma di-impala ke 26%, fela sa ntša ya naga ya Aforika ke 15.5% fela. Mo Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Kruger, seelo sa yona sa katlego ya go tsoma di-impala ke 20.7% fa sa lengau e le 16%. == Tsalo == Lengau e tsala ngwaga otlhe; ditshegadi di na le [[di-polyestrous]] le di-ovulator tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ka modikologo wa estrous wa malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka palogare o o ka farologanang go tswa go malatsi a le mararo go ya go kgwedi. Di nna le matlakala a tsona a ntlha fa di le dingwaga di le pedi go ya go tse tharo mme di ka ima gape morago ga dikgwedi di le lesome le bosupa goya gomasome a mabedi go tswa mo go tsaleng, kgotsa le eleng ka bonako fa matlakala otlhe a latlhegile. Ditona di ka tsala di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le pedi mo botshwarong, fela seno se ka diega kwa nageng go fitlhela e tonanyana e bona kgaolo. Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) e bontshitse gore ditshadi tse di tsetseng bana ba le bantsi kwa tshimologong ya botshelo jwa tsona gantsi di ne di swa di le dinnye, se se supang kgwebisano magareng ga botshelo jo boleele le katlego ya tsalo ya ngwaga le ngwaga. Go tshwaya motlhapo mo go tse ditonanyana go ka bonala thata fa namagadi e e mo tikologong ya tsona e tsena mo estrus. Ditonanyana, ka dinako tse dingwe le tse di mo dikopanong, di lwa gareng ga tsona go bona phitlhelelo ya tse di namagadi.Gantsi e tona e le nngwe e tla feleletsa e fentse taolo mo go tse dingwe mme e nyalane le namagadi, le fa namagadi e ka nyalana le banna ba ba farologaneng. Go tsalana go simolola fa e tonanyana e atamela e namagadi, e e robalang fa fatshe; batho ka bongwe gantsi ba tshegatshega, ba tshegatshega kgotsa ba tshegatshega ka nako eno. Ga go na boitshwaro jwa go ratana jo bo lemogiwang; e tonanyana e tshwara mokwatla wa e namagadi ka bonako, mme go tlhakanela dikobo go a diragala. Bobedi bo bo bo tlhokomologana, mme bo kopana le go tlhakanela dikobo makgetlo a mangwe a le mmalwa makgetlo a le mararo go ya go a matlhano ka letsatsi mo malatsing a mabedi go ya go a le mararo a a latelang pele ga ba kgaogana. Morago ga boimana jo bo ka nnang dikgwedi di le tharo, go tsholwa dipotsanyane tse di ka fitlhang go thataro go ya go robedi. Le fa tse tsa dipotsanyane di le tharo go ya go di le nne di tlwaelegile thata.Mangau di na le go nna dikgolo go feta tsa bontsi jwa mefuta ya di-felid. Ditsalo di diragala ka dikgaotso tsa metsotso e le 20–25 mo lefelong le le sireletsegileng jaaka dimela tse dikima. Matlho a tswalega fa a tsholwa, mme a bulega mo malatsing a le manè go ya go a le lesome le motso . Dipotsane tse di sa tswang go tsholwa di ka nna tsa kgwa mathe thata mme tsa dira medumo e e bonolo ya go tlhotlhora; di simolola go tsamaya ka dibeke di le pedi. Mokwatla wa tsona, magetla le mokwatla di khurumeditswe ka bokima ke moriri o moleele o o botala jwa legodimo, o o bidiwang mantle, o o di fang ponagalo ya mofuta wa mohawk; boboa jono bo a tshologa fa lengau le ntse le gola.Patlisiso e tshitshintse gore moriri ono o dira gore ngwana wa lengau a lebege jaaka tshephe ya tswina, mme o ka dira jaaka go iphitlha mo ditlhaselong tsa tshephe eno kgotsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe tse di ratang go di tila. Bomme ba boloka bana ba bona ba fitlhilwe mo dimeleng tse di kitlaneng dikgwedi tsa ntlha tse pedi mme ba amusa mo mosong wa makuku. Mme o nna kelotlhoko thata mo kgatong eno; e nna mo sekgaleng se se sa feteng 1 km (0.62 mi) go tswa kwa lefelong la yone, e etela bana ba yone kgapetsakgapetsa, e di sutisa malatsi mangwe le mangwe a matlhano go ya go a le marataro, mme e nna le tsone morago ga lefifi. Le fa a leka go dira modumo o monnye, ka kakaretso ga a kgone go sireletsa matlakala a gagwe mo diphologolong tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ke tsona tse di bakang loso lo logolo lwa dipotsanyane; ya dintsho tsotlhe, 58.3% e ne e le ka ntlha ya diphologolo tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe kwa Serengeti, mme 88.9% e ne e le kwa Phakeng ya Kgalagadi Transfrontier. Dintsho gape di diragala ka ntlha ya tlala fa bomme ba tsona ba di tlogela, melelo, kgotsa nyumonia ka ntlha ya go nna mo maemong a bosa a a maswe. Boleele jwa kokomana ya lengau ke dingwaga di le thataro. Ka kakaretso seelo sa go falola ga bana ba Mangau ke 35.7% kwa Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park le 34.3% kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari, fa go bapisiwa le seelo sa go falola sa bana sa 37% sa mangau kwa Sabi Sand Game Reserve; dintsho tse di kwa godimo tsa bana ba bannye di lebega e le karolo ya tlholego ya diphetogo tsa palo ya batho mo diphologolong tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dipotsanyane di simolola go tswa mo lefelong la go nna le dikgwedi di le pedi, di latela mmaatsone gongwe le gongwe kwa a yang teng. Mo nakong eno mme o amusa go le gonnye mme o tlisetsa dipotsane dijo tse di tiileng; di boela morago go tswa mo setopo ka letshogo kwa tshimologong, mme ka iketlo di simolola go se ja. Dipotsane di ka nna tsa rora fa mmè a di latswa gore di nne phepa morago ga dijo. Go kgwesiwa go diragala mo dikgweding di le nne go ya go di le thataro. Go katisa bana ba gagwe go tsoma, mme o tla tshwara le go tlogela diphologolo tse di tshelang fa pele ga bana ba gagwe.Boitshwaro jwa go tshameka jwa Cubs bo akaretsa go lelekisa, go khubama, go thunya le go lwa; go na le bofefo jo bontsi, mme ditlhaselo ga di bolaye ka sewelo.Go tshameka go ka tokafatsa bokgoni jwa go tshwara mo dipotsaneng, le fa bokgoni jwa go khubama le go iphitlha bo ka nna jwa se gole ka tsela e e gakgamatsang. Dipotsane tse dinnye tsa dikgwedi di le thataro di leka go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye jaaka mebutla le ditshephe tse dinnye. Le fa go ntse jalo, di ka nna tsa tshwanelwa ke go leta go fitlha di nna le dikgwedi di le lesome le matlhano gore di kgone go bolaya ka katlego ka botsone. Fa di le dikgwedi di ka nna masome a mabedi, bana ba kgona go ikemela ka nosi; bomme ba ka tswa ba imile gape ka nako eo. Bana ba motho ba ka nna ba nna mmogo dikgwedi tse dingwe di le mmalwa pele ga ba kgaogana. Fa tse di namagadi di nna gaufi le bomme ba tsone, tse ditonanyana di tsamaya kgakala.Botshelo jwa Mangau tsa naga ke dingwaga di le lesome le bone go ya go di le lesome le botlhano mo go tse di namagadi, mme modikologo wa tsone wa tsalo ka tlwaelo o fela fa di le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ; tse ditonanyana ka kakaretso di tshela dingwaga di le lesome.<ref name="lewis" /><ref name="lewis" /><ref name="lewis" /> == Kgaisano == Kwa Serengeti, Mangau di latlhegelwa ke bokana ka 4% ya dipolao tsa tsona ke diphiri tse di nang le marontho.<ref>Kruuk, H. (1972). ''T[[iarchive:spottedhyenastud0000kruu_z0n8/mode/1up|he Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour]]''. Chicago and London: University of California Press. p.&#x20;138.</ref>Mangau ka dinako tse dingwe di leka go sireletsa dipolao tsa tsona mo diphologolong tse dikgolo tse di jang nama ka go dira mantswe a a tshosetsang le mafatlha, mme di boela morago fa go tswelela. Kwa [[Iran]], Mangau di gaisana le mangau go bona chinkara, bezoar ibex le [[urial]]. Mo Lefelong le le Sireletsegileng la Bafq, Mangau di ne di tila lengau ka go fudugela kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase, le fa lengau le le lengwe le ne la bolawa ke lengau ka nako ya thutopatlisiso.Bomme ba Mangau ba lemogilwe ba leleka mangau a a tshosetsang bana ba one, mme Mangau tse dikgolo tse ditonanyana di ka lelekisa mangau sekgala se seleele.Kwa bokone-bogare jwa Namibia, 34% ya mafelo a go tshwaya monko a ne a abelanwa ke Mangau le mangau, le fa di tila go dirisana ka go tshwaya ka dinako tse di farologaneng, ka Mangau di etela mafelo a a ntseng jalo bosigo, fa mangau a dira jalo mo mosong.Go farologana le nša ya naga ya Aforika, kitlano ya palo ya lengau mo lefelong lengwe e nna e tlhomame le fa palo ya ditau e oketsega, le fa go na le kotsi e kgolo ya dintsho tsa bana; tlholego ya yona e e nnang e le nosi ga e goge tlhokomelo e ntsi Kgetsi nngwe ya phokoje e e nang le mokwatla o montsho e e iteyang tsebe gore lengau e kgone go e tshwara e a itsege. == Matshosetsi == lengau e tshosediwa ke mabaka a le mmalwa, a a tshwanang le go latlhegelwa ke bonno jwa yone le go kgaogana ga dipalopalo tsa yone. Tatlhegelo ya bonno e bakwa thata ke go tsenngwa ga tiriso ya lefatshe ya kgwebo, jaaka temothuo le madirelo.<ref name="lewis" />E gakadiwa gape ke go senyega ga ikholoji, jaaka go tsenelela ga dimela tsa logong, go go tlwaelegileng mo borwa jwa Aforika.Mo godimo ga moo, go bonala mofuta ono o tlhoka lefelo le legolo go nna mo go one jaaka go bontshiwa ke go nna le batho ba bannye. Tlhaelo ya diphologolo tse di bolailweng le go thulana le mefuta e mengwe jaaka batho le diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di jang nama ke matshosetsi a mangwe a magolo.<ref name=":0" /> Go lebega lengau le sa kgone go nna mmogo le batho go feta lengau.[158] Ka 76% ya lefelo la yona le le nang le lefatshe le le sa sirelediwang, lengau gantsi le tlhaselwa ke balemirui le badisa ba ba lekang go sireletsa leruo la bona, bogolosegolo kwa [[Namibia]].Kgwebisano le go gweba ka diphologolo tsa naga tse di seng ka fa molaong ke bothata jo bongwe mo mafelong mangwe (jaaka Ethiopia). Merafe mengwe, jaaka batho ba Maasai kwa [[Tanzania]], go begilwe fa e dirisa matlalo a lengau mo meletlong.<ref name=":22" /> Roadkill ke matshosetsi mo mafelong a ditsela di agilweng mo mafelong a tlholego kgotsa go feta mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng; mangau a bolailweng mo tseleng di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa Kalmand, kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Touran le kwa Bafq kwa Iran.<ref name="lewis" />Go fokotsega ga go farologana ga dijini go dira gore Mangau di nne mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke malwetse;le fa go ntse jalo, matshosetsi a a bakwang ke malwetse a a tshelanwang a ka nna mannye, fa go lebilwe kitlano e e kwa tlase ya batho mme ka jalo go fokotsega ga kgonagalo ya go tshwaetsega.<ref name="lewis" /> == Tshomarelo == Lengau le beilwe mo setlhopheng sa diphologolo tse di Kotsi mo Lenaaneng le Lehibidu la IUCN; e kwadilwe ka fa tlase ga Mametlelelo I ya Tumalano ya Tshomarelo ya Mefuta e e Fudugang ya Diphologolo tsa Naga le Mametlelelo I ya Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela. Molao wa Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela o kwadisa lengau jaaka tse di mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela.<ref>"Cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'')". ''Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS)''. [[US Fish and Wildlife Service.]] Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2020</ref> === Mo Aforika === Go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), di- lengau le diphologolo tse dingwe tse di jang nama di ne di bolawa gangwe le gape go sireletsa leruo mo Afrika. Ka bonya go tlhaloganya ikholoji ya Mangau go ne ga oketsega mme palo ya tsone e e neng e wela tlase e ne ya nna selo se se tshwenyang. Setsi sa Mangau le Diphologolo tsa Naga sa De Wildt se ne sa tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe (1971) mo Aforika Borwa go tlamela ka tlhokomelo ya Mangau tsa naga tse di tshwarwang ka metlha kgotsa di gobadiwang ke balemirui ba Namibia.<ref name=":22" />Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgoloa robabongwe le masome robabobedi le bosupa (1987), porojeke ya ntlha e kgolo ya patlisiso go tlhalosa maano a tshomarelo ya Mangau e ne e tsweletse.Letlole la Tshomarelo ya Mangau, le le tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) kwa [[Namibia]], le ne la dira maiteko a go dira dipatlisiso tsa kwa masimong le go ruta ka Mangau mo sethaleng sa lefatshe lotlhe.<ref name=":22" />E tsamaisa laboratori ya dijini tsa lengau, e le yona fela ya mofuta wa yona, kwa [[Otjiwarongo]]; "Bushblok" ke maiteko a go busetsa bonno ka thulaganyo ka go fokotsa sekgwa se se ikaeletsweng le tiriso ya ditshedi.<ref>[https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/commitments/cheetah-conservation-fund-bushblok-project "Cheetah Conservation Fund BUSHBLOK Project".] ''Clinton Foundation''. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</ref>Mananeo a mangwe a le mmalwa a tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya Mangau a setse a tlhomilwe, jaaka lengau Outreach mo [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref name=":22" /> Kokoano ya Leano la Tiro la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Mangau ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) e ne ya gatelela tlhokego ya patlisiso e e akaretsang Mangau tsa naga go kgaoganya mafelo a maiteko a tshomarelo le go tlhama kitso ka mananeo a katiso.<ref>Bartels, P.; Bouwer, V.; Crosier, A.; Cilliers, D.; Durant, S. M.; Grisham, J.; Marker, L.; Wildt, D. E.; Friedmann, Y., eds. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227083025/http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Global%20Cheetah%20Conservation%20Plan%20Final%20Report%202002.pdf Global Cheetah Conservation Plan Final Report 2002] (PDF) (Report). IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</ref> Lenaneo la Tshomarelo ya Range Wide la lengau le Dintša tsa Naga tsa Aforika le simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) jaaka maiteko a a kopanetsweng a Ditlhopha tsa Baitseanape ba Dikatse le Dikanid tsa [[IUCN]], Mokgatlho wa Tshomarelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga le Mokgatlho wa Diphologolo wa [[London]]. Maano a bosetšhaba a tshomarelo a tlhamilwe mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Aforika.Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), Komiti ya Nakwana ya CITES e ne ya amogela lengau jaaka "mofuta o o tlang pele" mo maanong a yone kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Aforika go lwantsha kgwebisano ka diphologolo tsa naga.<ref>Nowell, K. (2014). [http://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-39.pdf Illegal trade in cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus''). CITES sixty-fifth meeting of the Standing Committee Geneva (Switzerland),] 7–11 July 2014 (PDF) (Report). CITES. pp.&#x20;1–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> Lengapu le ne la tlhagisiwa gape kwa [[Malawi]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017).[168] === Kwa Asia === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001), puso ya Iran e ne ya dirisana le CCF, IUCN, [[Panthera Corporation,]] Lenaneo la Tlhabololo la Ditšhabakopano le Mokgatlho wa Tshomarelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga mo Porojekeng ya Tshomarelo ya Mangau tsa Asia (CACP) go sireletsa bonno jwa tlholego jwa Mangau tsa Asia le diphologolo tse di di bolayang.<ref name=":23" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004)<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-tries-to-save-asiatic-cheetah-from-extinction-581417 "Iran tries to save Asiatic cheetah from extinction"]. ''NDTV''. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016</ref>, Setheo sa Iran sa Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang (CENESTA) se ne sa tshwara kokoano ya boditšhabatšhaba go buisana ka maano a tshomarelo le bannaleseabe ba selegae.<ref name=":22" />Iran e ne ya itsise ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe jaaka Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la Mangau ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006).Kopano ya Togamaano ya Mangau tsa Iran ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) e ne ya tlhama leano la dingwaga di le tlhano la tshomarelo ya Mangau tsa Asia.<ref name=":22" />Kgato ya II ya CACP e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), mme kgato ya boraro e ne ya kwalwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018).<ref>[https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/426638/Iran-UNDP-prepare-draft-for-Conservation-of-Asiatic-Cheetah "Iran, UNDP prepare draft for conservation of Asiatic cheetah"]. ''Tehran Times''. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</ref> Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi borasaense go tswa kwa Setheong sa Thutatshelo ya Disele le Dimolekhule (Hyderabad) ba ne ba tshitshinya leano la go dira ditshwantsho tsa Mangau tsa Asia go tswa kwa Iran gore di tle di tsenngwe gape kwa India, mme Iran e ne ya gana tshitshinyo eo. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Tona ya Tikologo le Dikgwa e ne ya abela [[Wildlife Trust]] ya [[India]] le Setheo sa Diphologolo tsa India tiro ya go sekaseka bokgoni jwa go reka Mangau tsa Aforika kwa India.Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Naga la Kuno le Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Naga la Nauradehi di ne tsa tshitshinngwa jaaka mafelo a go tsenngwa gape ga lengau ka ntlha ya kitlano e e kwa godimo ya diphologolo tse di bolawang. Le fa go ntse jalo, dithulaganyo tsa go tsenya ditshedi tseno gape di ne tsa emisiwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya India ka ntlha ya kganetsano ya sepolotiki le go tshwenyega ka go tsenngwa ga mofuta o o seng wa naga eno mo nageng eo. Baganetsi ba ne ba bolela gore leano leno e ne e se "kgetse ya go tsamaisa setshedi ka boomo go tsena mo karolong ya lefelo la sone la tlholego".Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya letla puso ya bogareng go tlisa Mangau mo lefelong le le tshwanetseng la bonno kwa [[India]] ka go dira diteko go bona gore a di ka kgona go tlwaela lefelo leo.Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), India e saenile memorantamo wa kutlwano le [[Namibia]] jaaka karolo ya Porojeke ya lengau.Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), go ne ga itsisiwe gore Mangau di le robedi di tla fudusiwa go tswa kwa [[Namibia]] go ya kwa India ka kgwedi ya Phatwe.Mangau tse robedi di ne tsa gololwa kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Kuno ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022.) Fa e sale di tsenngwa, di tsaletse dipotsanyane di le lesome le bosupa. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Mangau di le robedi tse di godileng le dipotsanyane di le nne di ne di setse di sule.[183] == Tirisanommogo le batho == Lengau e ntse e thapisiwa bonolo go tloga bogologolo ke batlotlegi.<ref name=":24" /> Ditshwantsho tsa ntlha tse di itsegeng tsa lengau di tswa kwa Logageng lwa Chauvet kwa Fora, tse di simolotseng ka 32,000–26,000 BC.<ref name=":25" /> Go ya ka borahisitori ba ba jaaka [[Heinz Friederichs]] le [[Burchard Brentjes]], lengau le ne la thapisiwa la ntlha kwa Sumer mme seno se ne sa anama ka iketlo go ya kwa bogareng le kwa bokone jwa Afrika, go tswa kwa e neng ya fitlha kwa India. Bosupi jwa seno ke jwa ditshwantsho thata; ka sekai, sekano sa Ba-Sumeria sa c. 3000 BC, e e nang le phologolo e e nang le maoto a maleele e e bofilweng ka thapo e tlhotlheleditse diphopholetso tsa gore lengau e ne ya thapisiwa la ntlha kwa Sumer. Le fa go ntse jalo, [[Thomas Allsen]] o bolela gore phologolo e e tshwantshitsweng e ka tswa e le nša e kgolo.Borahisitori ba bangwe, jaaka [[Frederick Zeuner]], ba nnile le kakanyo ya gore <ref>Pang, B.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Kitchell, K. F. Jr.; Dickman, A. & Marker, L. (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 "History of the cheetah-human relationship"]. In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;17–24. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref>Baegepeto ba bogologolo ke bone ba ntlha go thapisa lengau, go tswa kwa e neng ya anama ka iketlo go ya kwa Asia bogare, Iran le [[India]].<ref name=":26">Pang, B.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Kitchell, K. F. Jr.; Dickman, A. & Marker, L. (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 "History of the cheetah-human relationship]". In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;17–24. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa, dikgopolo tsa go thapisa lengau kwa Egepeto di nonofile mme di akaretsa mela ya nako e e tshitshinngwang mo motheong ono.<ref>Allsen, T. T. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA116 "Natural history and cultural history: the circulation of hunting leopards in Eurasia, seventh-seventeenth centuries".] In Mair, V. H. (ed.). ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Hawaiʻi: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp.&#x20;116–135. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-8248-2884-4</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;62896389. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2020.</ref> [[Mafdet]], mongwe wa medimo ya bogologolo ya Egepeto e e neng e obamelwa ka nako ya Puso ya Ntlha (3100–2900 BC), ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a tshwantshiwa jaaka lengau. Baegepeto ba bogologolo ba ne ba dumela gore meya ya bo-Faro ba ba tlhokafetseng e ne e tsewa ke Mangau. <ref name=":26" />Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo tempeleng ya Deir el-Bahari di bolela ka leeto la Baegepeto go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Punt ka nako ya puso ya ga [[Hatshepsut]] (1507–1458 BC) le le neng la tsaya, gareng ga tse dingwe, diphologolo tse di bidiwang "dipanther". Ka nako ya Bogosi jo Bošwa (dingwagakgolo tsa bo lesome le borataro go ya go tsa bo lesome le motso BC), Mangau e ne e le diruiwa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa segosi, tse di neng di di kgabisa ka dikholara tse di kgabisitsweng le dithapo.Ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng mo mafikeng tse di bontshang Mangau a simololang dingwaga di le 2000–6000 tse di fetileng di fitlhetswe kwa [[Twyfelfontein]]; ga go a ribololwa sepe se sengwe mabapi le go thapisa Mangau (kgotsa dikatse tse dingwe) kwa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":26" /> Go tsoma Mangau go itsege mo botaking jwa [[Searabia]] jwa pele ga Boiselamo go tswa kwa [[Yemen]]. Go tsoma ka Mangau go ne ga anama thata go ela kwa lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga AD. Kwa Botlhabagare, lengau le ne le tla tsamaya le batho ba maemo go ya go tsoma mo setulong se se kgethegileng se se neng se le kafa morago ga sale. Go thapisa e ne e le tiro e e raraaneng mme e ne e ka tsaya ngwaga go e wetsa.<ref>Pang, B.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Kitchell, K. F. Jr.; Dickman, A. & Marker, L. (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 "History of the cheetah-human relationship"]. In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;17–24. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref>Baroma ba ka tswa ba ne ba bitsa lengau ba re ke lengau (λεοπάρδος) kgotsa [[leontopardos]] (λεοντόπαρδος), ba dumela gore ke motswako wa lengau le tau ka ntlha ya mantle a a bonwang mo lengau botshwarwa.[188] lengau ya Roma e e tsomang e tshwantshitswe mo setshwantshong sa lekgolo la bo bone la dingwaga go tswa kwa Lod, kwa Iseraele. Mangau di ne tsa tswelela go dirisiwa go fitlha ka nako ya [[Byzantine]] ya Mmusomogolo wa Roma, ka "mangau a a tsomang" a umakiwa mo Cynegetica (283/284 AD).<ref>Nicholas, N. (1999). [[:en:Greek,_Roman,_and_Byzantine_Studies|"A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium".]] ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies''. '''40''': 253–298. S2CID&#x20;56160515.</ref> Kwa botlhaba jwa [[Asia]], direkoto di a tlhakatlhakanya ka gonne maina a kgaolo a lengau le lengau a ka dirisiwa ka go ananya. Setshwantsho sa ntlha sa Mangau go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa Asia se simolotse kwa morago kwa losikeng lwa ga Tang (lekgolo la bo supa go ya go la bo lesome la dingwaga AD); ditshwantsho tse di takilweng di bontsha di- lengau tse di bofilweng le di- lengau tse di palameng dipitse. Babusi ba China ba ne ba tla dirisa di- lengau le di- caracal jaaka dimpho. Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le boraro le la bo lesome le bone la dingwaga, babusi ba Yuan ba ne ba reka di- lengau di le dintsi kwa dikarolong tse di kwa bophirima jwa mmusomogolo le kwa barekising ba Bamoseleme. Go ya ka [[Ming Shilu]], losika lwa segosi lwa Ming lo lo neng lwa latela (lekgolo la bo lesome le bone go ya go la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga) lo ne lwa tswelela ka mokgwa ono.<ref name=":27">Pang, B.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Kitchell, K. F. Jr.; Dickman, A. & Marker, L. (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 "History of the cheetah-human relationship"]. In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;17–24. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref>Ditshwantsho tsa mabitla go tswa kwa mmusomogolong wa Mongol, tse di simolotseng ka nako ya puso ya ga Kublai Khan (1260–1294 AD), di emela Mangau tse di palameng dipitse.Mmusi wa Mughal Akbar yo Mogolo (1556–1605 AD) go bolelwa fa a ne a boloka Mangau tsa khasa (tsa mmusimogolo) di ka nna sekete.<ref name=":27" />Morwawe Jahangir o ne a kwala mo dikgopolong tsa gagwe, [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri,]] gore ke mongwe fela wa bone yo o neng a tshola.Babusi ba Mughal ba ne ba thapisa Mangau le di-caracal ka tsela e e tshwanang le ya batho ba Asia ba bophirima, mme ba di dirisa go tsoma diphologolo, bogolosegolo blackbuck. Go tsoma go go neng go aname go ne ga ama thata palo ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa India; ka 1927, Mangau di ne tsa tshwanelwa ke go rekwa go tswa kwa Aforika.<ref>Pang, B.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Kitchell, K. F. Jr.; Dickman, A. & Marker, L. (2018). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3rXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 History of the cheetah-human relationship"]. In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;17–24. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024</ref> == Mo botshwarong == Lengau ya ntlha go tlisiwa mo botshwarong mo di-zoo e ne e le kwa [[Zoological Society]] ya London ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe (1829). Mangau tsa ntlha tse di neng di tshwerwe di bontshitse seelo se se kwa godimo sa dintsho, ka palogare ya botshelo jwa dingwaga di le 3–4. Morago ga gore kgwebisano ya Mangau tsa naga e kgaoganngwe ke go tsenngwa tirisong ga CITES ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975), go ne ga dirwa maiteko a mangwe a go tsadisa mo botshwarong; ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) palo ya Mangau tse di tshwerweng lefatshe ka bophara e ne e fopholediwa go nna sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a mararo , ka 87% e e tsholetsweng mo botshwarong.<ref>Marker, L.; Vannelli, K.; Gusset, M.; Versteege, L.; Meeks, K. Z.; Wielebnowski, N.; Louwman, J.; Louwman, H. & Lackey, L. B. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321362072 "History of cheetahs in zoos and demographic trends through managed captive breeding programs".] In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;309–322. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</ref> Dintsho tse di ka fa tlase ga botshwarwa ka kakaretso di kwa godimo; ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), 23% ya Mangau a tshwerweng lefatshe ka bophara a sule a le ka fa tlase ga ngwaga o le mongwe, bontsi jwa tsone mo lobakeng lwa kgwedi morago ga go tsholwa.<ref name=":21">Laurenson, M. K.; Wielebnowski, N.; Caro, T. M. (1995). [https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051327.x-i1 "Extrinsic Factors and Juvenile Mortality in Cheetahs".] ''Conservation Biology''. '''9''' (5): 1329–1331. Bibcode:1995ConBi...9.1329L. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051327.x-i1. PMID&#x20;34261268.</ref> Le fa thutopatlisiso ya papiso go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985) e fitlhetse gore dintsho tsa bana ba lengau ka 24% ka kakaretso di ne di le kwa tlase ga palogare ya 33% mo diamusi di le lesome le bosupa tse di jang nama, go akaretsa le di-felid di le 9; dintsho tsa bana ba lengau e ne e le tsa bobedi tse di kwa tlase mo gare ga di-felid.<ref name=":21" />Dintsho di bakwa ke mabaka a le mmalwa—go tsholwa ga bana ba ba suleng, go nna le digole mo pelegeng, go tlhokomologiwa ke bomme le malwetse.<ref name=":21" />Fa di bapisiwa le di- felid tse dingwe, di- lengau di tlhoka tlhokomelo e e kgethegileng ka ntlha ya go tlhaselwa thata ke malwetse a a bakiwang ke go ngomoga pelo; seno se amana le go fetogafetoga ga tsone go go kwa tlase ga dijini le mabaka a botshelo jwa botshwarwa.Malwetse a a tlwaelegileng a Mangau a akaretsa mogare wa [[herpes]] wa katse, [[peritonitis]] e e tshelanwang ya katse, bolwetse jwa mala, bolwetse jwa glomerulosclerosis, bolwetse jwa boboko jo bonnye, bolwetse jwa methapo, bolwetse jwa diphilo le bolwetse jwa go thibela ditshika.<ref>Terio, K. A.; Mitchell, E.; Walzer, C.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Marker, L. & Citino, S. (2018). "Diseases impacting captive and free-ranging cheetahs". In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;349–364. doi:[[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1.00025-3|10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1]].00025-3. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. PMC&#x20;7148644.</ref>Kitlano e e kwa godimo ya Mangau mo lefelong, go nna gaufi le diphologolo tse dingwe tse dikgolo tse di jang nama mo mafelong a a ageletsweng, go sa tshwarwe sentle, go nna mo setšhabeng le go tsamaya kgapetsakgapetsa magareng ga di-zoo e ka nna metswedi ya kgatelelo mo Mangau. Mekgwa ya taolo e e kgothalediwang ya Mangau e akaretsa go fitlhelela kwa ntle ka tsela e e bulegileng le e e lekaneng, go fokotsa kgatelelo ka go ikatisa le go tshwara go go lekanyeditsweng, le go latela diporothokholo tse di siameng tsa go godisa diatla (bogolo jang mo go tse di namagadi tse di imileng).<ref>Woc Colburn, A. M.; Sanchez, C. R.; Citino, S.; Crosier, A. E.; Murray, S.; Kaandorp, J.; Kaandorp, C. & Marker, L. (2018). "Clinical management of captive cheetahs". In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;335–347. doi:[[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1.00024-1|10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1.00024-1.]] ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. PMC&#x20;7150109.</ref> Mangau tsa naga ke barui ba ba atlegileng thata go feta Mangau tse di tshwerweng<ref>Terio, K. A.; Mitchell, E.; Walzer, C.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Marker, L. & Citino, S. (2018). "Diseases impacting captive and free-ranging cheetahs". In Marker, L.; Boast, L. K. & Schmidt-Kuentzel, A. (eds.). ''Cheetahs: Biology and Conservation''. London: Academic Press. pp.&#x20;349–364. doi:[[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1.00025-3|10.1016/B978-0-12-804088-1.00025-3.]] ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-804088-1</bdi>. PMC&#x20;7148644.</ref>Mo patlisisong kwa Serengeti, ditshegadi di fitlhetswe di na le seelo sa katlego sa 95% mo tsadisong, fa di bapisiwa le 20% e e kwadilweng mo Mangau tse di tshwerweng kwa Amerika Bokone mo patlisisong e nngwe.<ref>Donoghue, A. M.; Howard, J. G.; Byers, A. P.; Goodrowe, K. L.; Bush, M.; Bloomer, E.; Lukas, J.; Stover, J.; Snodgrass, K. & Wildt, D. E. (1992). [[doi:10.1095/biolreprod46.6.1047|"Correlation of sperm viability with gamete interaction and fertilization ''in vitro'' in the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'')".]] ''Biology of Reproduction''. '''46''' (6): 1047–1056. doi:10.1095/biolreprod46.6.1047. PMID&#x20;1391303.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017), lengau le ne la tsala bana ba le robedi kwa Serapa sa Diphologolo sa [[Saint Louis]], mme seno sa tlhoma rekoto ya go tshola bana ba le bantsi thata ba ba kwadilweng ke Mokgatlho wa Dirapa tsa Diphologolo le [[Di-Aquarium]].Dikgonagalo tsa go nyalana ka katlego mo banneng ba ba tshwerweng di ka tokafadiwa ka go boeletsa ditlhopha tsa loago jaaka dikopano tse di lemogilweng kwa nageng.<ref>Chadwick, C. L.; Rees, P. A. & Stevens-Wood, B. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/5939215 "Captive-housed male cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii'') form naturalistic coalitions: measuring associations and calculating chance encounters".] ''Zoo Biology''. '''32''' (5): 518–527. doi:10.1002/zoo.21085. PMID&#x20;23813720. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> === Ditlhaselo tsa batho === Ga go na direkoto tse di kwadilweng tsa ditlhaselo tse di bolayang tsa batho ke Mangau tsa naga.<ref>[https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/cheetah/longevity/ "All about the Cheetah. Seaworld Parks & Entertainment. Retrieved 23 October 2023".] Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, go nnile le ditiragalo tsa batho ba ba neng ba tlhaselwa thata ke di- lengau tse di tshwerweng. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), mosadi wa dingwaga di le masome a mararo le bosupa go tswa kwa Antwerp o ne a bolawa ke lengau kwa di-zoo tsa Belgium morago ga go tsena ka bokukuntshwane mo serubing sa yone kwa ntle ga diura tsa ketelo.Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017), ngwana wa dingwaga di le tharo o ne a tlhaselwa ke lengau le le tshwerweng kwa polasing nngwe kwa Philippolis, mo Afrika Borwa. Le fa a ne a isiwa kwa bookelong ka sefofane kwa Bloemfontein, mosimane yono o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya dikgobalo tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.bloemfonteincourant.co.za/cheetah-kills-boy-vartys-farm/ "Dlodlo, Cathy. ''Cheetah kills boy on Varty's farm''. Bloemfontein Courant. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2023"]. 19 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</ref> == Mo setsong == lengau e ile ya bontshiwa thata mo ditshwantshong tse di farologaneng tsa botaki. Mo go [[Bacchus]] le [[Ariadne]], setshwantsho se se takilweng ka oli se se takilweng ke motaki wa Motadiana wa lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga e bong Titian, kara ya modimo wa Bagerika e bong [[Dionysus]] (Bacchus) e tshwantshitswe e gogwa ke mangau a mabedi. Mangau tse di mo setshwantshong seno pele di ne di tsewa e le mangau.<ref>Tresidder, W. (1981). "The cheetahs in Titian's ''Bacchus and Ariadne''". [[:en:The_Burlington_Magazine|''The Burlington Magazine''.]] '''123''' (941): 481–483. JSTOR&#x20;880424</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a marataro le bone (1764), motaki wa Moesemane [[George Stubbs]] o ne a gopola mpho ya lengau go [[Kgosi George III]] ke Mmusi wa Moesemane wa Madras, Sir George Pigot mo setshwantshong sa gagwe sa Lengapu le Batlhokomedi ba Babedi ba Baindia le Kgama. Setshwantsho se bontsha lengau, le apesitswe hutshe le kholara ke batlhanka ba babedi ba Maindia, mmogo le tshephe e e neng e tshwanetse go e ja.Setshwantsho sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1896) sa The Caress ka motaki wa tshwantshetso wa Belgium wa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga [[Fernand Khnopff]] ke setshwantsho sa tlhamane ya ga Oedipus le Sphinx mme se bontsha setshedi se se nang le tlhogo ya mosadi le mmele wa lengau.<ref>Edmunds, L. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rut-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 "The inward turn: nineteenth and twentieth centuries".] ''Oedipus''. Abingdon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;100–128. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1134-331-284</bdi>. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2019.</ref> Go ya ka moithutabomodimo [[Philip Schaff]], "lengau" le le umakilweng mo go [[Habakuke]] 1:8 tota e ka tswa e le lengau.<ref>Schaff, P. (1880). [[iarchive:dictionaryofbi00scha/page/514/mode/2up|''A Dictionary of the Bible''.]] Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union. p.&#x20;515.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg|thumb|Dikladokeramo tse pedi tse di tshitshintsweng tsa ''Panthera'' . Cladogram e e kwa godimo e theilwe mo dithutong tsa 2006 <ref name="johnson2006">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |pmid=16400146 |s2cid=41672825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> le 2009 <ref name="werdelin2009">{{Cite book |last=Werdelin |first=L. |year=2010 |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |editor-last=Macdonald |editor-first=D. W. |location=Oxford, UK |pages=59–82 |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |access-date=2018-09-25 |editor-last2=Loveridge |editor-first2=A. J. |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>, fa e e kwa tlase yone e theilwe mo dithutong tsa 2010 <ref name="davis2010">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |url=http://web.csulb.edu/~acarter3/course-evolution/files/cat-phylogeny.pdf |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |pmid=20138224 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131606/http://web.csulb.edu/~acarter3/course-evolution/files/cat-phylogeny.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> le 2011 <ref name="mazak2011">{{Cite journal |last=Mazák |first=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=Goswami |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmc=3189913 |pmid=22016768 |doi-access=free |article-number=e25483}}</ref> .]] ctrwieqrttllzwaidkvdpfur2fctu18 Lisa Fugard 0 13176 53854 49654 2026-08-03T10:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53854 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia '''Lisa Fugard''' ke mokwadi le modiragatsi wa mo Aforika Borwa. O tshotswe kwa [[Port Elizabeth]], Aforika Borwa, ka 1961, e le ngwana a le mongwe fela wa mokwadi wa diterama [[Athol Fugard]] le mokwadi wa dibuka tsa dikanelo [[Sheila Meiring Fugard]].<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/fugard-lisa-1961 "Fugard, Lisa 1961– | Encyclopedia.com"]. ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved 13 March 2025.</ref> Go tloga ka 1980 o nnile le tiro ya botshameki kwa [[United States of America|United States]], mme ka 2006 a kwala buka ya gagwe ya ntlha ya ''Skinner's Drift''. == Tiro == Fugard o fudugetse [[New York City]] ka 1980 go ya go latela tiro ya botshameki,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030443/http://www.bookpage.com/0601bp/lisa_fugard.html "BookPage Interview January 2006: Lisa Fugard"]. ''www.bookpage.com''. Archived from [http://www.bookpage.com/0601bp/lisa_fugard.html the original] on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> mme o amogetse dikarolo di le dintsi tsa lebaleng la metshameko le tsa difilimi,<ref>[[imdbname:0297540|"Lisa Fugard | Actress, Additional Crew"]]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> go akarediwa le Isabel Dyson mo tlhagisong ya ntlhantlha ya ga rraagwe ya ''My Children! My Africa!''.<ref>[http://profiletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Profile-Theatre-My-Children-Resource-Guide.pdf "Wayback Machine"] (PDF). ''profiletheatre.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809043701/http://profiletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Profile-Theatre-My-Children-Resource-Guide.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2025. <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:en:Template:Cite_web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: Cite uses generic title ([[:en:Help:CS1_errors#generic_title|help]])</ref> Go tloga ka 1992, Fugard o kwadile dikgannyana tse dintsi tsa dimakasine tsa dikwalo, le dithanolo tsa karolo ya maeto ya ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/search?dropmab=false&lang=en&query=%22Lisa%20Fugard%22&sections=Travel%7Cnyt://section/b2fb7c08-4f8e-5cff-8e14-aff8a49a9934&sort=oldest "The New York Times - Search for Lisa Fugard Travel Articles".] ''www.nytimes.com''. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, o kwadile buka ya ''Skinner's Drift'',<ref>Fugard, Lisa (2 January 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20251219044311/https://bookscouter.com/book/9780743272995-skinner-s-drift-a-novel?type=sell Skinner's Drift: A Novel]'' (1st ed.). Scribner. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7333-6|978-0-7432-7333-6]]</bdi>.</ref> e leng kgang ya go boa ga ngwana wa mosadi go tswa United States go ya kwa morafeng wa rraagwe wa kwa magaeng wa Maafrikanere mo Aforika Borwa ya [[morago ga Tlhaolele]].<ref>Fugard, Lisa (6 March 2007). ''[https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Skinners-Drift/Lisa-Fugard/9780743273336 Skinner's Drift]''. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7333-6|<bdi>978-0-7432-7333-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Fugard, Lisa (7 March 2013). ''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Skinner_s_Drift/mokYhfgokR8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq Skinner's Drift]''. Penguin UK. I[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|SBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-670-92357-1|978-0-670-92357-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Buka eno e ne e le mongwe wa bofelo ba ba neng ba tshwanela go amogela Sekgele sa LA Times Art Seidenbaum sa Kgannyana ya Ntlha<ref>[https://www.librarything.com/award/283.0.24075/Los-Angeles-Times-Book-Prize "Los Angeles Times Book Prize | First Fiction (Art Seidenbaum Award) | Awards and Honors | LibraryThing"]. ''LibraryThing.com''. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> le go nna wa bobedi mo [[Sekgeleng sa Kagiso ya Dikwalo sa Dayton]].<ref>[https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2007-2/ "2007 – Dayton Literary Peace Prize"]. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> O na le ngwana a le mongwe wa mosimane, mme jaanong o nna kwa [[Encinitas, California]]. == Dipuo == Fugard e ne e le sebui sa moeng kwa Moletlong wa Bakwadi ba Basadi ba Literary Guild of Orange County ka 2007.<ref>[https://literarywomen.org/author/lisa-fugard "Literary Women | Festival of Authors | Past Authors".] ''literarywomen.org''. Retrieved 27 September 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> == Dikgolagano tsa kwa Ntle == * Webosaete ya Semmuso ya ga [http://www.lisafugard.com/ Lisa Fugard] * [https://www.bookpage.com/interviews/8332-lisa-fugard-fiction/ Loeto lwa Aforika Ferikgong 2006 Puisano ya BookPage.com] ka Alden Mudge * Tshekatsheko ya [https://www.npr.org/2006/03/15/5282200/great-views-troubled-characters-in-drift Buka ya NPR ya ''Skinner's Drift''] ka [[Alan Cheuse]] etzw5ram8z5vxtvekczu7lbjpul8bok Go tlamelwa ka metsi le go tlhatswa leswe kwa Nigeria 0 13507 53838 51485 2026-08-03T06:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53838 wikitext text/x-wiki Maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi kwa Nigeria a abelanwa ke maphata a le mararo a puso  ⁇  ya bosetšhaba, ya porofense le ya selegae. Puso ya selegae e na le maikarabelo a go laola metswedi ya metsi; dipuso tsa diporofense di na le maikarabelo a magolo a go tlamela metse ka metsi; mme dipuso tsa selegae mmogo le baagi di na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi kwa magaeng. Boikarabelo jwa go phepafatsa ga bo tlhalosiwe sentle.<ref>[https://www.africaportal.org/documents/8111/Joe_Goldface_en.pdf Goldface–Irokalibe, Joe. Water Management In Federal And Federal –Type Countries: Nigerian Perspectives] (PDF) (Report). pp. 14–15. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</ref> Boleng jwa tirelo ya metsi le go busediwa ga ditshenyegelo tsa one go kwa tlase. Ditheko tsa metsi di kwa tlase mme batho ba le bantsi ba ba dirisang metsi ga ba duele dikoloto tsa bone. Ka jalo batlamedi ba ditirelo ba ikaega thata ka dithuso tsa nakwana go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa bona tsa tiragatso. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/WKP(2020)13&docLanguage=En "Addressing the social consequences of tariffs for water supply"]</ref> Dipholisi tsa Bosetšhaba le Maitlhomo di rotloetsa go nna le seabe ga lephata la poraefete le go fetola pholisi kwa maemong a Puso.<ref name=":0">USAID: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730015346/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile, ca]. 2007</ref>Tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe ya bosetšhaba e lemoga botlhokwa jwa tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe jaaka e le botlhokwa mo setšhabeng se se itekanetseng le tlhabololo ya bosetšhaba.<ref>Adeoti, O. (2007-02-01). "Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria". ''Water Policy''. '''9''' (1): 105–118. Bibcode:[[doi:10.2166/wp.2006.002|2007WaPol...9..105A]]. doi:10.2166/wp.2006.002. ISSN 1366-7017.</ref> Mo dipotsolotsong, Olukemi Badenoch, moeteledipele wa Conservative Party, o ne a bolela gore fa a ne a sa le ngwana kwa Nigeria, ba lelapa la gaabo ba ne ba na le mathata a go se nne le metsi le motlakase, mme seo se ne sa ama tsela e a lebang dipolotiki ka yone. O ne a tsopola maitemogelo a gagwe jaaka karolo ya lebaka la go bo a tsaya botsitso jwa mafaratlhatlha le mebaraka e e gololesegileng e le botlhokwa, ka a bone ka matlho dikgwetlho tsa go tshela ntle le go fitlhelela ditirelo tsa motheo. == Go tsena == Baithaopi ba phepafatsa mesele ya metsi kwa Ilorin, Nigeria ka letsatsi la boithatelo. Tota le fa go na le mafaratlhatlha a a lekaneng a go boloka le go dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, go ka nna ga se ka ga nna jalo kwa [[Nigeria]]. Go kgotlelwa ga polasetiki go kgoreletsa go dirisiwa ga metsi a a leswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015, 67% ya baagi ba Nigeria ba ne ba kgona go bona metsi a motheo.<ref>[https://www.waterwide.org/water-nigerians-deserves/ "Water Nigerians Deserves".] Retrieved 2023-03-20</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030735/http://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ "Nigeria"]. ''WASHWatch''. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref>Palo eno e ne e le 82% ya batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong le 54% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa magaeng. Bontsi jwa batho kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa, segolo thata kwa mafelong a magae.<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/262663-69-million-nigerians-lack-access-to-safe-water-unicef.html "69 million Nigerians lack access to safe water- UNICEF | Premium Times Nigeria".] 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-01</ref> Dipalopalo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa metsi le boitekanelo di supa gore 79% ya batho ba Nigeria ba na le mathata a tlhaelo ya metsi. <ref>[https://tribuneonlineng.com/hazards-of-contaminated-water/ "Hazard of contaminated water".] ''Nigerian Tribune''. 27 January 2022.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2015, batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 60 ba ne ba sa kgone go bona metsi a "bonnye". Malebana le go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, ke 33% fela ya baagi ba ba neng ba kgona go fitlhelela "bonnye" jwa go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. Palo eno e ne e le 39% ya batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong le 27% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa magaeng. Batho ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bobedi (122) ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go fitlhelela "bonnye jwa motheo" jwa go nna phepa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030735/http://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ "Nigeria"]. ''WASHWatch''. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref><ref>[[:en:Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria#cite_note-12|WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.]]</ref> Mo mafelong a ditoropo, go fitlhelela diphaepe tsa metsi go ne ga emisetsa go fitlhelela metsi ka diphaepe.<ref>"UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/Wider)". ''Poverty and Undernutrition'': ii. 2000-10-05. doi:[[doi:10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002|10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002.]] ISBN <bdi>0-19-829268-6</bdi>.</ref> Go nna le thulaganyo e e lekaneng ya go tlosa leswe gantsi go dirwa ka ditanka tsa septic, ka gonne ga go na thulaganyo ya go tsamaisa leswe. Dipalopalo tse di malebana le go fitlhelela metsi le kgeleloleswe di a ganetsana ka ntlha ya ditlhaloso tse di sa tshwaneng, ditshupo le mekgwa e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang ke ditheo tse di farologaneng. Ga go na le fa e le go lekola lephata lepe fela. <ref>[[:en:Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria#cite_note-14|John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP),]] Nigeria: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet, no date</ref> Go ya ka Guardian News: "Mookamedi wa Advocacy, Policy and Communication, Water Aid Nigeria, Kolawole Banwo, o rile mo dikgaolong tsa puso ya selegae di le makgolo a supa le masome a supa le bone (774) mo Nigeria, ke di le masome a supa le borataro (76) fela tse di senang maemo a go ntsha mantle mo nageng, bothata jono jwa boitekanelo e sa ntse e le bothata jo bo masisi jo bo tlhokang kgato e e potlakileng".<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220301105621/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/40-of-fct-residents-into-open-defecation/ "40% of FCT residents into open defecation".] ''The Guardian''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-02-06. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-01</ref> Go ya ka pego e e gatisitsweng ke Amnesty International ka kgwedi ya Lwetse , khampani ya oli ya Shell le puso ya Rivers State, kwa borwa jwa Nigeria ga di dire go le gontsi go tlamela metsi a a phepa kwa Ogale, lefelo le le kwa ntle ga motsemoshate. Banni ba patelesega go reka metsi ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di sa kgonegeng kgotsa go nwa metsi a a tswang mo didibeng tse di kgotletsweng ka benzene.<ref name=":3">[https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4491722018ENGLISH.pdf "COMMUNITY IN NIGERIA DRINKING POLLUTED WATER"] (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/common-water-issues "Common Water Issues | U.S. Geological Survey"]. ''www.usgs.gov''. Retrieved 2022-02-27</ref> == Boleng jwa tirelo tsa metsi == Go ya ka World Bank, ka ngwaga wa 2010, "ditirelo tsa ntshokuno ya metsi kwa Nigeria di ne di sa dire ka bokgoni jo bo siameng ka ntlha ya didiriso tse di senyegileng, kgotsa go tlhoka motlakase kgotsa mafura a go pompa".<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/04/22/new-project-to-bring-clean-water-to-50000-households "New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households".] ''World Bank''. Retrieved 2020-05-29.</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa go dira tsa ditheo tsa metsi di okediwa ke tlhokego ya go ikaega ka dijenereitara tsa disele kgotsa le e leng go ikagela dimela tsa tsone tsa motlakase, ka gore motlakase ga o tle ka metlha. Didiriswa le diphaepe di tlhokomelwa sentle, go isa kwa go tlamelweng ga metsi ka dinako tse di rileng le kwa maemong a a kwa godimo a metsi a a senang lotseno.<ref>World Bank:[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/NIGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22553025~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:368896,00.html New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households], 22 April 2010</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2000, mo e ka nnang selekanyo sa masome a ferangbobedi (80% )ya ditsamaiso tsa metsi tse di neng di le mo mmusong (tse di neng di tsamaisiwa ke setšhaba) mo ditoropong tse dinnye di ne di sa dire.<ref name=":4">World Bank/Federal Republic of Nigeria:[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/wss_1100.pdf Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note,] November 2000, retrieved on April 11, 201</ref> Ka go dira dipeeletso le go aga bokgoni jwa baagi, tiriso ya mafelo a metsi e ka okediwa mo nakong e khutshwane. Ka sekai, mo metseng e e neng e tshegediwa ke UNICEF kwa Kwara State, tiro e ne ya tokafala go tswa go masome ma matlhano le boraro (53%) go ya go 98%, mme kwa Kebbi state, tiro ya go epa e ne ya tokafala go tswa go 12% go ya go 88%. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go itsege sentle gore didirisiwa tseno di tla tswelela go dira sentle jang mo nakong e telele, morago ga gore ditsereganyo tsa boditšhabatšhaba di fele. Mo ngwagasomeng wa bobedi wa dingwaga tsa bo-2000, e ne ya lekanngwa ka go nna teng ga di-metalloid mo go tlameleng metsi a a dirisediwang batho le temothuo, mo mabakeng a mangwe ka boleng jo bo fetang melelwane ya boditšhabatšhaba ya WHO (sekao, mo mafelong a a dikologileng Zaria, <ref name=":5">Philip Njoku Obasi; Bennard Benedict Akudinobi (2020). [[doi:10.1007/s13201-020-01233-z|"Potential health risk and levels of heavy metals in water resources of lead–zinc mining communities of Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria".]] ''Applied Water Science''. '''10''' (article number 184): 184. Bibcode:2020ApWS...10..184O. doi:10.1007/s13201-020-01233-z. S2CID 220375764.</ref>Abakaliki, <ref name=":5" />Ibadan <ref>Effiong Ukorebi Etim (March 1, 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236527 "Occurrence and Distribution of Arsenic, Antimony and Selenium in Shallow Groundwater Systems of Ibadan Metropolis, Southwestern Nigerian".] ''Journal of Health and Pollution''. '''7''' (13): 32–41. doi:10.5696/2156-9614-7-13.32. ISSN 2156-9614. PMC 6236527. <nowiki>PMID 30524812</nowiki>. S2CID 54448087.</ref> <ref>Christiana Ndidi Egbinolacorresponding; Amobichukwu Chukwudi Amanambu (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447718 "Groundwater contamination in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria"]. ''SpringerPlus''. '''3''' 448. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-448. PMC 4447718. <nowiki>PMID 26034666</nowiki></ref>le Onitsha). Kgotlelo ya dimetaloid le segolo thata ya arsenic- e farologana ka selekanyo se se maleba mo setlheng sa komelelo le sa pula, ka ntlha ya go ntshiwa ga diminerale mo metsing a sediba le a diforo le ka bontlhabongwe mo ditirong tsa madirelo a meepo.<ref>. Citation: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200712184702/http://jett.dormaj.com/docs/Volume3/Issue%201/html/Level%20of%20arsenic%20in%20potable%20water%20sources%20in%20Nigeria%20and%20their%20potential%20health%20impacts%20A%20review.htm ''High arsenic concentrations can occur locally in surface waters (as well as ground waters) in areas of bedrock sulphide mineralization or mining activity, industrial contaminations, or areas affected by geothermal activity and in surface waters that are fed by high-arsenic groundwater''.]</ref><ref name=":5" />Boemo jo bo tshwanang jwa setlha sa arsenic bo lemogilwe mo dithishung tsa mesifa ya mefuta ya ditlhapi tsa kwa tlase ga lewatle.<ref>Citation: ''[https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201700277593 This calls for continuous monitoring and enforcement of regulations to ensure safety of fishery resources from Lagos Lagoon.]''</ref>Ka jalo, bothata jwa kgotlelo ga bo a rarabololwa ka botlalo le fa e le mo indasetering ya ditlhapi ya Nigeria mme go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe (kgotsa melawana). == Bokgoni == Metsi le kgelelo-leswe ga di a tlamelwa sentle mo Nigeria. <ref>Obeta, Michael Chukwuma; Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (2015). [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/jengeo.2015.8.issue-3-4/jengeo-2015-0009/jengeo-2015-0009.xml "Factors Responsible For Rural Residential Water Supply Shortage In Southeastern Nigeria"]. ''Journal of Environmental Geography''. '''8''' (3–4): 21–32. doi:10.1515/jengeo-2015-0009 – via De Gruyter.</ref>Ka sekai, ditheo tsa metsi tsa puso di na le badiri ba bantsi thata. Ka ngwaga wa 2000, go ne go na le badiri ba ka nna masome a supa (70) mo badirising ba le sekete (1 000) mo ditheong tsa metsi tsa puso, fa go bapisiwa le kelo ya tiragatso e e gaisang ya 3.5.<ref name=":4" />Metsi a e seng a lotseno gantsi a feta 50%.<ref name=":0" /> === Abuja === Millennium Park e e kwa Abuja, e metsi a yone a tlamelwang ka metsi a ntseng a okediwa Motsemogolo wa Nigeria, Abuja, o bona karolo ya metsi a one a a nowang mo letamong la Lower Usuma Dam. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2013, Federal Capital Territory Water Board (FCTWB) e leng setheo se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela metsi a a nowang mo Federal Capital Territory se ne sa simolola go dira karolo ya boraro le ya bone ya porojeke ya Lower Usman Dam Treatment Plant (LUDWTP) e e simolotseng ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2011. Dikarolo tsotlhe tsa porojeke (karolo 1, 2, 3, le 4) le letamo la letamo la Gurara ke motswedi wa metsi a a sa tlhotlhiwang go tswa mo letamong la letamo la Lower Usuma le fa le kopantswe, le na le bokgoni jwa go dira dilitara di le dimilione di le makgolo a supa le masome a mabedi (720) tsa metsi a a phepa ka letsatsi go ya kwa Abuja le baagisani ba gagwe.<ref>[https://dailytrust.com/ "Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust".] ''Daily Trust''. Retrieved 2022-02-16.</ref><ref>[https://www.water-technology.net/projects/lower-usuma-dam-water-treatment-plant-expansion-abuja/ "Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant Expansion, Abuja - Water Technology".] ''www.water-technology.net''. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref> Metsi a a leswe a phepafadiwa kwa Federal Capital Territory Sewage Treatment Plant e e leng kwa kgaolong ya Wupa kwa Abuja, e agilwe ke SCC Nigeria Limited mme e laetswe ke Moporesitente Olusegun Obasanjo.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/abuja-sewage-treatment-plant-runs-on-generators-for-13-years/ "Abuja Sewage Treatment Plant runs on generators for 13 years".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-03-13</ref> === Enugu === Kakaretso ya toropo ya Enugu Enugu ke porofense e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Nigeria. Enugu State Water Corporation ke setheo se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi mo Enugu State, se eteletswe pele ke motsamaisi-mogolo. Go se nne teng ga metsi a a lekaneng e ntse e le nngwe ya dikgwetlho tse dikgolo tsa puso ya Enugu e e ka nnang ya bo e le ka ntlha ya go sa tsamaisiweng sentle ga mafaratlhatlha le kgogolego kwa Ajali Water Works e e tlamelang 77,000 m3 ya metsi letsatsi le letsatsi. <ref name=":6">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/03/changing-the-narrative-on-enugu-water-problem-from-the-root/ "Changing the Narrative on Enugu Water Problem from the Root"]. ''This Day''. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref>Ntlo ya Palamente ya Enugu State ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021 e fetisitse molao o o tshwailweng ka "tshwanelo ya go fitlhelela metsi le ditirelo tsa boitekanelo". Molaotlhomo ono o ne wa tlisiwa ka maiteko a go tokafatsa tlamelo ya metsi le ditirelo tsa boitekanelo mo nageng. <ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/enugu-assembly-passes-bill-to-improve-water-supply-sanitation/ "Enugu Assembly passes bill to improve water supply, sanitation".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2022-02-17.</ref> Puso ya Enugu State e simolotse go tsosolosa 9th Mile Crash Programme ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2021 morago ga gore porojeke eno e emisiwe dingwaga tse di fetang masome a mararo (30). Porojeke eno e dirilwe ke FordMarx Nigeria Limited. <ref name=":6" /> === Lagos === Motse o mogolo go gaisa otlhe mo Nigeria ka palo ya baagi, Lagos o dikologilwe ke metsi a lewatle le lekadiba. Phesente e e fopholediwang ya metsi a a phepa mo toropong e ka nna 81.32%. <ref>Lagos Water Corporation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323021344/http://www.lagoswater.org/about_us.php "Organisation History"]. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka metsi a a seng phepa a a mo letsheng a kgotletswe thata, motse o bona metsi a one go tswa mo dinokeng tsa Ogun le Owo. Lefelo la bogologolo la go phepafatsa metsi mo toropong eno, le le kwa Iju mo Nokeng ya Ogun, le ne la agiwa ka ngwaga wa 1910. E ne ya okediwa ka dikgato go nna digalase di le dimilione di le masome a mane le botlhano (45) ka letsatsi. Semela se sengwe se sennye se ne sa agiwa kwa Ishashi mo Nokeng ya Owo ka ngwaga tsa bo1970. Motšhine o mogolo go gaisa o o kileng wa agiwa o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa1991 kwa Adiyan ka bokgoni jwa digalase di le dimilione di le masome a supa (70) ka letsatsi. Gape e tswa mo Nokeng ya Owo. Gape go na le di-mini-waterworks di le supa tse di tserweng go tswa mo metsweding ya selegae tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kopaneng jwa lesome le boferabobedi (18m) gallons ka letsatsi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241104184550/http://watercorporation.lagosstate.gov.ng/ "Lagos State Water Corporation".] ''Lagos State Water Corporation''. Retrieved 2022-03-01.</ref>Lekgotla la Metsi la Lagos le bolela gore metsi a a tlhagisitsweng mo semeleng a fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo, le gore a tlamela "metsi a a bolokesegileng a go nwa ka selekanyo se se lekaneng le ka metlha go batho ba ba fetang dimilione di le 12,5 kwa Legos State". <ref>Lagos State Water Corporation. [http://www.lagoswater.org/index.php "Welcome to the Official Website of the LSWC".] Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> LASWARCO (Lagos Water Corporation) le yone e simolotse loeto lwa go ya go ithuta kwa Lekgotleng la Bosetšhaba la tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Zambia gore go tle go rarabololwe mabaka a motheo a a bakang bothata jwa tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe le ditsela tse di tlhokegang tsa go rarabolola bothata jono.Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a kgotlelwa gantsi mo kgwebong ya kabo mme batho ga ba tshepe boleng jwa metsi a pompo. Go kgaoga ga motlakase go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa go dira go sa kgaotse. Le fa go ntse jalo, semela sa motlakase sa 12.15 MW se ne se ntse se agiwa ka ngwaga wa 2012 go tlamela ka motlakase kwa mafelong a go phepafatsa metsi a Adiyan, Iju le Akute. <ref name=":7">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/lagos-water-everywhere-but-not-to-drink/ "Lagos: Water everywhere but none to drink".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> Malapa le one a bona metsi go tswa mo didibeng tse di seng boteng tsa poraefete. <ref name=":7" />Kgotsa malapa a ikaega ka barekisi ba mo mebileng, ba dira mmaraka o o atlegileng wa "metsi a kgetsana", metsi a a phepafaditsweng a a phuthetsweng mo dikgetsaneng tsa polyethylene.Barekisi ba metsi ba ba bidiwang Mairuwa ba rekisa metsi go tswa mo ditankeng le mo dirotong mo dikareng, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di rekisetswang barekisi ba bangwe ba ba rwalang metsi ka dikgamelo kgotsa ka dinkgwana. <ref name=":7" /> Go fitlhelela metsi a a tlamelwang ke State Water Corporation ke 'metropocentric' ke gore, go dikologilwe ke metropolis. Ka ntlha ya go se nne teng ga metsi a a lekaneng mo setšhabeng, batho ba ne ba gana go dirisa metsi go tswa mo motsweding mongwe le mongwe go a dirisa mo malapeng. 40% ya matlo a ikaegile ka sediba go a dirisa mo malapeng; 32% e ikaegile ka barekisi go bona metsi; 7% ya matlo a ikaegile ka megogoro ya setšhaba le 19% ka ditanka, dinoka le metsi a pula a a sa bonweng mo setlheng se se omeletseng. == Benue == Noka ya Benue (Makurdi) Kwa Makurdi, motsemoshate wa Benue State, ke fela 25-30% ya baagi ba ba direlwang mme baagi ba tsaya metsi a a sa tlhotlhiwang ka dikgamelo go tswa kwa nokeng e e kgotletsweng ya Benue. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326449662 "The contending issues with domestic water supply in makurdi"]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2008, go agiwa ga lefelo la go phepafatsa metsi go ne ga tlogelwa go ise go wediwe mme badiredi ba ne ba sa kgone go tlhalosa US$6 million. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne go ntse go agiwa lefelo la go phepafatsa metsi jaaka karolo ya Greater Makurdi Waterworks Project. Go ya ka Nat Apir, mogakolodi wa metsi yo o ikemetseng, go tlhoka ga marangrang a a tsamaisang metsi a segompieno go tla dira gore diphaepe di phatloge mme bokgoni jwa semela bo mo kotsing ya go sa dirisiwe ka botlalo. <ref name=":8">PBS / Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (15 March 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120316045356/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/globalhealth/jan-june12/westafrica_03-15.html "What's Causing Water Shortages in Ghana, Nigeria?".] ''PBS''. pp. Minutes 1–4 of the video. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012</ref> Melatswana/dinoka di tsenya 27.89% mo setlheng se se omeletseng le 24.16% mo setlheng se se metsi, metsi a pula e le 0.00% mo setlheng se se omeletseng le 27.22% mo setlheng se se metsi. Kwa motseng wa Ugbokolo, tlhokego ya metsi e kwa godimo (155,788 lpd) go feta se se leng teng (113,249 lpd) go ralala motse.[ 43] === Imo === Morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bone (24) tsa go dira ntle le metsi a a tsamaisiwang, ka ngwaga wa 2020, puso ya Imo ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya ga Senator Hope Uzodinma, Mmusi wa Imo, o ne a ntsha madi go tsosolosa lephata la metsi a a phepa mo metsesetoropong, mme seo sa dira gore baagi ba Imo ba kgone go bona metsi a a bolokesegileng, ditirelo tsa boitekanelo le tsa boitekanelo. Ka fa tlase ga Engr Emeka Celestine Ugoanyanwu, Imo State Water and Sewerage Corporation e ne ya dira diphetogo tse dikgolo tsa setheo, pholisi le taolo, tse di neng tsa isa kwa go tsosoloseng Otammiri Waterworks le dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa metsi tse di neng di le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Setlamo. <ref name=":9">[https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uzodimma-revives-adapalm-restores-public-water-supply-to-owerri/ "Uzodimma revives Adapalm, restores public water supply to Owerri"]. ''The Sun''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2022-03-12.</ref>Ka jalo mmusi gape o ne a laela gore go dirwe tsosoloso e e akaretsang mo lephateng la WASH go tsamaelana le thekenoloji ya segompieno. Go ya ka USAID, Imo State Water and Sewerage Corporation (ISWSC) e tlamela ka metsi go batho ba le dimilione di le tharo ( 3) ba kwa Imo. <ref>Ngene, Ben U.; Nwafor, Christiana O.; Bamigboye, Gideon O.; Ogbiye, Adebanji S.; Ogundare, Jacob O.; Akpan, Victor E. (2021-01-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820563 "Assessment of water resources development and exploitation in Nigeria: A review of integrated water resources management approach".] ''Heliyon''. '''7''' (1) e05955. Bibcode:2021Heliy...705955N. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05955. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 7820563. <nowiki>PMID 33521352</nowiki>.</ref> === Oyo === Letamo la Asejire Letamo la Erelu le le neng la tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1963 ke motswedi o mogolo wa metsi go baagi ba Oyo le tikologo ya yona mme le na le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka dilitara di le dimilione di le 7,5 tsa metsi ka letsatsi mme gape le na le bokgoni jwa bobolokelo jwa 10cm3.<ref>Ufoegbune, G. C; Oparinde, O. C; Eruola, A. O. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280082127 "Municipal water supply planning in Oyo metropolis, Oyo State, South Western Nigeria".] ''Journal of Geography and Regional Planning''. '''4''' (7): 9 – via ResearchGate.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le diporojeke di le tharo tsa go tlamelwa ka metsi kwa Ibadan: Eleyele Water Works, Asejire Water Works le Osegere Water Works. Go tlhaela ga metsi, diphaepe tse di thubegileng ke dingwe tsa dikgwetlho tse banni ba kwa Oyo ba lebaneng le tsone malebana le metsi. Mafelo a ditoropo a Oyo a tlamelwa ka metsi ke Oyo State Water Corporation. === Edo === Motswedi o le mongwe fela wa metsi kwa motseng wa Itsukwi, kwa Edo Thulaganyo ya metsi kwa Benin City, e e ikaegileng ka Letamo la Noka ya Ikpoba, e tlamela fela mo e ka nnang 30% ya baagi. Bo Tautona ba bangwe ba le masome a supa (70) ba di bona metsi a tsone go tswa mo didibeng tse dintsi tse di epetsweng gore di dirisediwe merero ya motho ka namana, ya temothuo le ya madirelo. === Borno === Kwa Borno State, go thata go bona metsi a a phepa le go nna le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tse di ntseng di tsweletse ka dingwaga di le dintsi tse di sentseng diphaepe tsa metsi, dikhuti le matlwana a boithomelo. Batho ba le bantsi mo metseng le mo dikampeng tsa batshabi ba ga metsi ba a gelela mo dinokeng, mo matamong kgotsa mo didibeng tse di bulegileng, tse gantsi di leswe e bile go se motlhofo go di nwa. Go ya ka pego ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya UNICEF, ke mo e ka nnang nngwetharong fela ya batho ba kwa Borno ba ba nang le metsi a a phepa, mme bontsi jwa bone ba sa ntse ba dirisa metsi a a nang le megare. Matlo a le mantsi ga a na matlwana a boithomelo, ka jalo go ntshetsa mantle kwa ntle go sa ntse go tlwaelegile mo mafelong mangwe. Go thusa go tokafatsa seemo, puso ya porofense ya Borno le mekgatlho e e jaaka UNICEF, WaterAid,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164544/https://www.wateraid.org/ng/media/the-coca-cola-foundation-and-wateraid-bring-life-transforming-water-and-hygiene-to-four "The Coca-Cola Foundation and WaterAid bring life-transforming water and hygiene to four communities in Borno State | WaterAid Nigeria"]. ''www.wateraid.org''. Retrieved 2025-11-10</ref>le Red Cross (ICRC) ba ntse ba baakanya dikhuti, ba aga matlwana a boithomelo, le go tlamela ka metsi a a phepa, segolo thata kwa Maiduguri le metse e e gaufi.Le fa go na le maiteko ano otlhe, go tlhoka tshireletsego, tlhokomelo e e bokoa, le go tlhoka madi a a lekaneng go dira gore go nne thata gore malapa a le mantsi kwa Borno a nne le metsi a a phepa le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. == Kaduna == Kwa Kaduna State, batho ba le bantsi ba sa ntse ba kgaratlhela go bona metsi a a phepa le a a phepa. Pego ya puso ya ngwaga wa 2021 e bontshitse gore batho ba ba kwa tlase ga halofo ya batho mo nageng eno ba na le metsi a a nowang ka metlha, mme ke ba le mmalwa fela ba ba nang le metsi a a phepafaditsweng sentle le a a bolokesegileng. Mo mafelong a mantsi a kwa magaeng, batho ba ga metsi go tswa mo didibeng kgotsa mo didibeng, mme dingwe tsa tsone di a omelela ka paka ya komelelo kgotsa di emisa go bereka. Gape dipatlisiso di fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa metsi a a dirisiwang mo malapeng ga a babalesega, ka gonne a na le megare e e ka bakang malwetse. Go rarabolola bothata jono Kano e tlamelwa ka metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng tsa lefelo leo le a a tswang mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a a dirisitsweng thata. Tlamelo ya metsi ya setšhaba e tlhaela, ka jalo mafelo a poraefete a go rekisa metsi a ntse a ntsifala le go dira dipoelo tsa bathapi ba poraefete. <ref name=":7" />Letamo la Asa le dira jaaka motswedi o mogolo wa metsi wa toropo ya Ilorin. === Noka ya Kaduna === Dipolotiki le maiteko Pholisi ya Bosetšhaba ya Tlamelo ya Metsi le Kgeleloleswe ya Nigeria, e e amogetsweng ka ngwaga wa 2000, e rotloetsa go nna le seabe ga lekala la poraefete mme e lebeletse gore go dirwe diphetogo mo ditheong le mo melaong ya puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go ise go direge sepe se se kalo mo dintlheng tseno ka bobedi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2007, ke di state di le nne fela mo go tse masome a mararo le bosupa (37) - Lagos, Cross River, Kaduna le Ogun states[39] tse di simolotseng go tsenya tirisanommogo ya setšhaba le poraefete (PPP) ka mokgwa wa dikonteraka tsa ditirelo,[6] mofuta wa PPP o mo go ona maikarabelo a lephata la poraefete a lekanyeditsweng mo go tsamaiseng mafaratlhatlha ntle le go rotloetsa tiragatso. Le fa gone puso e na le pholisi ya go dira gore dilo di nne ka tsela e di leng ka yone, go dira gore dilo di nne ka tsela e di leng ka yone ga go ise go direge. Bokgoni jwa dipuso tsa selegae jwa go rulaganya le go diragatsa dipeeletso, kgotsa go tsamaisa le go tlhokomela ditsamaiso, bo santse bo le kwa tlase le fa go na le maiteko a go tlhabolola bokgoni. Mo godimo ga moo, pholisi ya bosetšhaba e tsepamisitse maikutlo mo go tlameleng ka metsi mme e itlhokomolosa bophepa. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2003, "Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Metsi a Batho, Metsi a Botshelo" e ne ya simololwa ke Moporesidente wa nako eo Olusegun Obasanjo. Thulaganyo eno e ne e na le mekgele e megolo ya go oketsa go nna le metsi, go akaretsa go fitlhelela selekanyo sa lekgolo(100) lekgolong sa go nna le metsi mo metsemegolong ya diporofense, 75 lekgolong ya go nna le metsi mo mafelong a mangwe a ditoropo le 66 lekgolong ya go nna le metsi mo mafelong a magae. Go dirilwe go le gonnye fela go tsenya letsogo mo maitlhomong a mme ga go ise go fitlhelelwe dilo tse di ikaeletsweng go dirwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2011, puso e ne ya bouta kwa lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng e buelela maitlamo a go dira gore metsi le bophepa e nne ditshwanelo tsa batho. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e ise e tlhome molao o o tlhalosang gore batho ba na le tshwanelo ya go nna le metsi le go nna le thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. Naga ga e mo tseleng ya go fitlhelela Maitlhomo a Tlhabololo a Mileniamo a metsi le kgeleloleswe. <ref name=":9" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2008, go ile ga tsenngwa thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse mo dinageng di le thataro ka thuso ya UNICEF le EU. Le fa gone e se molao wa setšhaba, go bonala fa maiteko ano a a dirwang ke batho ba maemo a a kwa tlase a ile a atlega ka tsela nngwe. Go agilwe matlwana a boithomelo a feta 17 000 mo metseng e le makgolo a ferangbobedi le masome a mararo le borataro (836), mme metse e e fetang lekgolo (100) mo go yone e fitlheletse mokgele wa go bolelwa gore ga e na bothata jwa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng. <ref name=":8" />Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022, 18% ya batho ba Nigeria ba dirisa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng. == Maikarabelo == Makala a mararo a puso a na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi. Ka sekai, puso ya bosetšhaba e na le maikarabelo a go okamela tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi, puso ya porofense e tlamela metse ya ditoropo ka metsi fa dipuso tsa selegae tsone di dirisana mmogo le baagi go tlamela metse ya magae ka metsi. Boikarabelo jwa go phepafatsa ga se ka metlha bo leng mo pepeneneng, fela go phepafatsa mo ditoropong ke boikarabelo jwa puso.<ref name=":7" /> === Puso ya Federal === Tona ya Lefapha la Metswedi ya Metsi, e e neng e le karolo ya Tona ya Temothuo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2010, e na le maikarabelo a diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go tlhabolola metswedi ya metsi le go abela diporofense metsi. Go na le Ditheo di le lesome le bobedi (12) tsa Tlhabololo ya Metsi a Dinoka tse di leng ka fa tlase ga Lefapha, tse di rweleng maikarabelo a go rulaganyetsa le go tlhabolola metswedi ya metsi, tiro ya go nosetsa le go kokoanya tshedimosetso ya hydrological, hydro-geological. Gape di tlamela metse ka metsi a mantsi go tswa mo matamong. Khomišene ya Dituelo tsa Ditirelo e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1992 go tlhokomela le go laola dituelo tsa ditirelo, go akaretsa le tsa Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso. <ref name=":2" /> == Dipuso tsa diporofense == Boikarabelo jwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang bo neetswe State Water Agencies (SWAs) kgotsa mafapha a metsi a puso mo dinageng di le masome a mararo le borataro (36) tsa Nigeria. DWA di ikarabela mo dipusong tsa diporofense tsa bone, gantsi ka Lefapha la Diporofense la Metswedi ya Metsi. DWA e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi mo ditoropong, mme mo dinageng dingwe gape e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi kwa magaeng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2000, diporofense di le masome a mabedi le bobedi (22) di ne di na le ditheo tse di farologaneng tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe ya metsi, tse bontsi jwa tsona di tlhomilweng go diragatsa lenaneo la UNICEF. <ref name=":3" />Ka ngwaga wa 2010, puso ya Lagos e ne ya tlhoma Ofisi ya Puso ya Tsamaiso ya Metsi a a Leswe ka fa tlase ga Lekgotla la Naga la Metsi la Lagos. E ne ya tsaya maikarabelo a tsa boitekanelo go tswa go Lefapha la Tikologo la Puso. == Dipuso tsa selegae == Mekgatlho ya Puso ya Selegae (LGAs), e e nang le maloko a le 774, e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi a metsemagae le ditlamelo tsa kgeleloleswe mo mafelong a yona le fa e le gore ke ba le mmalwa fela ba ba nang le didiriswa le bokgoni jwa go rarabolola bothata jono. Ke dilegae di le mmalwa fela tse di nang le mafapha a a tlamelang ka metsi kwa magaeng. == Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng == Mo metseng mengwe ya selegae, go ile ga tlhomiwa dikomiti tsa metsi le tsa kgeleloleswe (WASCOs) go tlhokomela le go tlhokomela mafelo a metsi. Dikomiti tseno di tshwanetse go duelela metsi a tsone. Baabi ba ba jaaka African Development Bank ba beile tlhokego ya gore bonnye 30% ya maloko a WASCO e tshwanetse go nna basadi. 59] Ka 1993, Puso e ne ya itlama go nonotsha seabe sa baagi mo tlamelong ya metsi kwa magaeng mo tokomaneng ya pholisi. Ka ngwaga wa 2000, pholisi e e ne e ise e anamisiwe kgotsa e tsenywe tirisong mo mananeong otlhe a a neng a duelelwa ke puso kgotsa ke baabi. 20] == Setshaba sa baagi == Lefapha la metsi le kgeleloleswe ya metsi la kwa Nigeria le na le setšhaba se se matlhagatlhaga se se tsayang dikgato tse di farologaneng go rarabolola mathata a lefapha leno. Mokgatlho wa Metsi le Kgeleloleswe (NEWSAN) ke mokgatlho o o kopaneng wa mekgatlho e e seng ya puso ya WASH, fa Water and Sanitation Media Network[60] e akaretsa babegadikgang ba ba begang ka lephata leno. Mokgatlho o o eteletseng pele o e seng wa mmuso mo lephateng le ke Bread of Life Development Foundation e e tsamaisang weblog ya eWASH ka ga dikgang tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Nigeria. 61] === Dintlha tsa madi === Ditheko le go busediwa Ditefiso tse di tlhomameng tsa dikgolagano tse di sa lekanyediwang. Bontsi jwa metswedi ya metsi ya kwa Nigeria ga e na dimetara. Palo ya go lekanya e farologana go tswa go 7% kwa Katsina go ya go 16% kwa Kaduna le 24% kwa Lagos ka 2007. Bareki ba ba sa diriseng metara ba duedisiwa tlhwatlhwa e e tlhomameng e e sa amaneng le selekanyo se ba se dirisang. Mo badirising ba matlo ba ba sa diriseng metara, tlhwatlhwa ya kgwedi le kgwedi e ne e le US$3 kwa Lagos, US$5 kwa Katsina le US$11 kwa Kaduna. Kwa Yobe state e ne e le Naira 100 (US$0.60) ka kgwedi, e leng selekanyo se se kwa tlase go gaisa mo nageng go ya ka Yobe State Water Corporation. Lotseno lwa ditefiso lo ne lwa duelela fela 2% ya ditshenyegelo tsa go tlamela metsi.[ 62] Dithekesi tsa dikgokagano tse di nang le dimetara. Bareki ba ba dirisang dimetara ba duedisiwa tlhwatlhwa e e rileng, jaaka go ntse kwa Lagos, kgotsa tlhwatlhwa e e rileng e e oketsegang, jaaka go ntse kwa Katsina le Kaduna. Mo thulaganyong ya go oketsa tlhotlhwa ya ditshipi, tlhotlhwa ya metara ya dikhubiki e oketsega ka iketlo ka go simolola ka go dirisa 30 m3 ka kgwedi ka palogotlhe ya ditshipi di le 3 go ya go di le 6. Tlhwatlhwa ya matlo a ntlha a a rekisiwang ke US$0.19 ka m3 kwa Kaduna le US$0.44 ka m3 kwa Katsina. Ditheko tsa badirisi ba kgwebo le ba intaseteri di kwa godimo.[ Tekanyetso ya metsi e ne e le Naira 50 ka m3 (US$0.30) kwa Oyo state le Naira 16 ka m3 (US$0.10) kwa Taraba state ka 2009. 63] Go kokoanya makgetho. Ditsamaiso tsa tshedimosetso tse di feletsweng ke nako le mekgwa e e sa dumalaneng ya go duedisa di baka ditshenyegelo tse di oketsegileng tsa lotseno. Selekanyo sa madi a a amogelwang se kwa tlase thata. Mo dikarolong dingwe e kwa tlase ga 10% ya madi a a duelwang. Go na le dikoloto tse dintsi tse di saletseng kwa morago, segolobogolo tsa ditheo tsa puso. Go baakanya ditlhwatlhwa. Naga nngwe le nngwe e itlhomela tlhwatlhwa ya yone ya metsi. Diphetogo tsa ditefiso di tshwanetse go dumelwa ke Khansele ya Puso ya Khuduthamaga ka tsela e e tsayang lobaka lo loleele. E re ka ba sa kgone go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa bone tsa tiragatso, le go kgona go tlhomamisa diphetogo tsa ka metlha tsa tlhotlhwa, Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso e amogela thuso ya madi go tswa go dipuso tsa puso. 20] Ditlhwatlhwa tsa barekisi. Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo barekising ba mo mebileng kwa Lagos, Kaduna le Katsina di bontsha gore ba duedisa madi a a fetang a a duelwang ke Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso ka makgetlo a le masome a mabedi (20). Madi a a duelwang, mo palong e e lekanyeditsweng thata ya tlamelo go tswa kwa barekising ba poraefete ba metsi, a ka nna ga nne go ya go ga lesome go feta ya kgwedi e le nngwe ya tlamelo e kgolo thata ya pompo. 20] == Dipeeletso == Gore Nigeria e kgone go fitlhelela Maitlhomo a Mileniamo a Tlhabololo a go tlamelwa ka metsi ka ngwaga wa 2015, naga eno e tlhoka go tsenya madi a a ka nnang dibilione di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le botlhano (215) tsa diranta ka ngwaga. Nigeria ga jaana ga e tsenye madi a a fetang N82.5 billion (US$0.5 billion) mo lekaleng leno. 3] Bontsi jwa dipeeletso tseno di tlhokega go tsosolosa mafaratlhatlha a a sa tlhokomelweng sentle. Ga go a tlhomama gore a tekanyetso eno e akaretsa le go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. == Tlamelo ka madi == Le fa gone go lebeletswe gore mephato yotlhe e meraro ya puso e nne le seabe ka botlalo mo go tshegetseng ka madi dipeeletso tse di dirwang mo ditirelong tsa metsi le tsa go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, gantsi dipuso tsa selegae ga di na madi a go dira jalo. Puso ya porofense le ya puso ya selegae le tsone di tlamela ka madi a mannye fela. Ka jalo, bontsi jwa metsi a setšhaba le ditlamelo tsa boitekanelo kwa Nigeria di duelelwa ke baabi. 64] Go kgaoganya lotseno lwa oli le lekgetho magareng ga maemo a a farologaneng a puso ke kgang e e masisi mo dipolotiking kwa Nigeria, e e kgaogantsweng magareng ga Bokone jwa Bamoseleme le Borwa jo bontsi jwa yone e leng jwa Sekeresete mme kwa kgaolo e le nngwe kwa Borwa e na le lotseno lotlhe lwa oli. Magareng ga ngwaga wa 1948 le ngwaga wa 2001, dikhomishene di le robongwe, ditaolo di le thataro tsa sesole, molao o le mongwe wa lekgotla la molao le dikatlholo di le pedi tsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang di lekile go tlhalosa dikamano tsa madi magareng ga dikarolo tsa lekgotla la koporasi ntle le go rarabolola bothata. 65] Madi a puso a a amogelang a akaretsa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a ferangbongwe(90). Tirisanommogo ya kwa ntle Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2012, African Development Bank e dumetse kadimo e e sa tureng ya diranta di le dimilione di le lekgolo (100) go tokafatsa metsi le go phepafatsa mo toropong e e kwa bokone ya Zaria. Porojeke e tla tsenngwa tirisong ke Lekgotla la Metsi la Naga la Kaduna. 67] Gape e dumetse porojeke ya go tlamelwa ka metsi le go phepafatsa mo metsesetoropong kwa metseng ya Ibadan le Jalingo kwa Oyo le Taraba ka ngwaga wa 2009. Diporojeke tseno tse pedi tsa mo ditoropong di akaretsa go tsenngwa ga dimetara tsa metsi, go rotloetsa bophepa mmogo le go aga matlwana a boithomelo kwa dikolong, kwa ditleliniking tsa boitekanelo, kwa marekisetsong le kwa diparakeng. Go farologana le porojeke e ntšhwa ya kwa Zaria, porojeke e kgologolo e tshegetsa diphetogo mo maemong a puso go kgaoganya ditiro tsa taolo le tsa tiragatso, le go tsenngwa tirisanong ya puso le poraefete. Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika le yona e ne ya duelela diporojeke tsa metsi le tsa kgeleloleswe ya metsi kwa metseselegaeng kwa dikgaolong tsa Yobe le Osun tse di neng tsa amogelwa ka ngwaga wa 2007. Porojeke e ne e ikaeletse go oketsa tiriso ya metsi a metsemagae le ditlamelo tsa kgeleloleswe mo diporofenseng tse pedi, e go neng go fopholediwa gore e kwa tlase ga 50% ka ngwaga wa 2006, go fitlha go 100% ka ngwaga wa 2012. Ditirelo tsa boitekanelo tse di agilweng ke matlwana a boithomelo a sanplat le matlwana a boithomelo a a ntlafaditsweng a a nang le phefo. 59] African Development Bank e duelela ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa diporojeke tseno e sa tlhoke gore puso ya Nigeria e nne le seabe. African Development Bank e tsentse madi a le dimilione di lemakgolo a ferangbongwe le botlhano( 905) tsa didolara tsa Amerika mo lekaleng leno fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1971.[ 59] === China === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, China e ne ya saena tumalano ya thuso le Nigeria go epa diforo di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a ferangbongwe le boferabobedi (598) kwa dinageng di le 18 le FCT. 68] Ga go a tlhalosiwa gore thuso eno e tla nna bokae le gore e tla newa ke setheo sefe. == Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng == EU e tshegetsa Lenaneo la Diphetogo tsa Lefapha la Metsi le Kgeleloleswe mo diporofenseng di le thataro (Anambra, Cross River, Jigawa, Kano, Osun le Yobe) ka thuso ya madi ya di-euro di le dimilione di le masome a ferangbobedi le bosupa(87). Mmuso wa Nigeria, mo maemong otlhe a mararo a puso, le baagi ba selegae ba solofetswe go tsenya letsogo ka di-Euro di le dimilione di le 31 tse dingwe.[ 69] === JICA === JICA ke khutshwafatso ya Japan International Cooperation Agency[70] mme e tlamela ka dithuso tsa metsi a a phepa le tsa boitekanelo kwa dikgaolong tse tharo, Oyo, Kano le Yobe.[ 71] === UNICEF === UNICEF ((United Nations Children's Fund) e e kileng ya bo e itsiwe jaaka United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund[72] e tshegeditse tlamelo ya metsi kwa magaeng, tlhweko le bophepa mo metseng le dikolong go ralala naga go tloga ka 2002. Ditsereganyo tsa yone di ne tsa duelelwa ke DFID le European Commission. Go ile ga agiwa metswedi e mesha ya metsi a a phepa e le 6 960 (megogoro, didiba tse di epilweng le metswedi e e sireleditsweng) le matlwana a boithomelo a le 19 100. Dikolo tse di fetang 400 di tlametswe ka matlwana a boithomelo a a nang le ditlamelo tse di farologaneng tsa basimane le basetsana le mafelo a go tlhapa diatla. 73] === USAID === USAID ((United States Agency for International Development) [1] e tshegetsa tlamelo ya metsi kwa magaeng, boitekanelo le thuto ya boitekanelo kwa bokone jwa Nigeria, mo metseng e le masome a mane le borataro (46) kwa Bauchi, Kano le kwa Sokoto. USAID e dira mmogo le mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa Nigeria wa Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN), Action Against Hunger (NGO) le WaterAid. 75][76] === WaterAid === WaterAid, e leng mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa kwa Boritane, o ne wa rotloetsa go kopanngwa ga thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, go tlamela ka metsi le go ruta batho ka tsa boitekanelo ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go dira dilo mo setšhabeng le go dirisa dithekenoloji tse di sa jeng madi a mantsi. E dira mmogo le mekgatlho e e seng ya puso ya Nigeria, go akaretsa Benue NGO Network (BENGONET), Mokgatlho wa Metsi le Kgeleloleswe mo Nigeria (NEWSAN), Justice Development and Peace Initiative (JDPI), Community Based Development  ⁇  NGO (CBD-NGO), Women Empowerment In Nigeria (WEIN) le Bol Development Association (BOLDA). E dira mo ditoropong tse di fetang lekgolo (100) mo dinageng tsa Bauchi, Benue le Plateau. E tlhomile lenaane la maemo a a kwa tlase, le le theilweng mo dintlheng tse di akantshiwang ke baagi ka bobone, go thusa baagi go itlhophela ka bobone gore ke kae koo ba tshwanetseng go abela didirisiwa teng. Tsamaiso e e ntseng jalo ya go tsaya ditshwetso e e tsayang karolo e bile e le mo pontsheng e botlhokwa thata mo maemong a go se tshepane le puso e e bokoa. 77] Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2012, e ne ya fiwa tiro ke puso ya go thusa go lekola le go sekaseka diporojeke tsa metsi, tsa boitekanelo le tsa boitekanelo tsa puso kwa Nigeria. Go ya ka Tona ya Metswedi ya Metsi, Moporesitente Goodluck Jonathan o na le kgatlhego mo tshekatshekong e e ikemetseng ya tiragatso ya lephata mme mekgatlho e e seng ya puso e beilwe sentle go dira tiro e. 78] Banka ya Lefatshe Banka ya Lefatshe e weditse diporojeke di le supa tsa metsi fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 1985 mme e ne e na le diporojeke di le tharo tse di ntseng di tsweletse ka ngwaga wa 2010. Palogotlhe ya madi a a dirisitsweng mo diporojekeng tseno tse 10 e ka nna diranta di le dimilione di le dikete di le 2,4. Porojeke ya Ntlha ya Diphetogo tsa Metsesetoropo ya Metsi (US$120 million) e lebile ditoropo di le 13 kwa diporofenseng tsa Kaduna, Ogun le Enugu. Porojeke gape e ikaeletse go tlhoma dipholisi tsa metsi tsa puso, le go rotloetsa tirisanommogo le lekala la poraefete. Porojeke ya bobedi ya Urban Water Reform Project ya boleng jwa didolara di le dimilione di le 200, e tshegetsa katoloso ya mafaratlhatlha a diphaepe kwa Calabar, le tsosoloso ya dimela tsa go phepafatsa metsi le ditsamaiso tsa kabo kwa Lagos mmogo le ditoropo tse dingwe tse tharo kwa Cross River State. == Metswedi == labq3sfagvptrosn3hwbiowbfwdlz8n Letsha la Sibaya 0 13778 53853 51157 2026-08-03T10:17:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Sibhayi.gif|thumb|Letsha la Sibaya]] '''Letsha la Sibaya''', gape le itsiwe jaaka Letsha la Sibhayi, ke letsha la metsi a a phepa mo [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]], le le nang le bogolo jwa 64 km2 (25 sq mi). Letsha leno gape le bidiwa Sibaya kgotsa Sibhaya. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260620115840/https://isimangaliso.com/jewel/lake-sibaya/ "Lake Sibaya".] ''isiMangaliso park''. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</ref> Letsha leno le kwa [[Maputaland]], kgotsa Umhlabuyalingana, kgaolo ya KwaZulu-Natal, kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa Afrika Borwa. Ke karolo ya [[Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park]] mme e lemogiwa ka fa tlase ga [[Ramsar Convention]] jaaka "Wetland ya Botlhokwa jwa Boditšhabatšhaba" ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigole masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso . Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe , Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park e ne ya kaiwa fa e le lefelo la UNESCO la Ngwao-Boswa jwa Lefatshe, mme e ne ya bidiwa iSimangaliso Wetland Park ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe . Go lemogilwe gore go na le mefuta e le makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe ya dinonyane kwa Letsheng la Sibaya. Tiro ya Metsi ya Mseleni le ya Metsi ya Mbazwana di bona metsi a tsone mo Letsha la Sibaya. == Bojanala == Lake Sibaya Lodge e mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone jwa letsha leno. Ke lefelo la maemo a a kwa godimo le le nang le matlo a mannye a le lesome le borataro. Mabibi e fa gare ga Letsha la Sibaya le Lewatle la India. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife e na le lefelo la go kampa le di-chalet. Gape go na le lefelo la boikhutso la poraefete - Thonga Beach Lodge.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716181215/http://www.zulunet.co.za/mabibi/ "Thonga Beach Lodge at Mabibi, South Africa".] Archived from [http://www.zulunet.co.za/mabibi/ the original] on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2005.</ref> Lefelo le le itsegeng thata le le kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle la Sodwana Bay le gaufi. == Selekanyo sa letsha == Go batlisisa gore ke eng se se ka tswang se bakile gore metsi a Letsha la Sibaya a fokotsege ka dimetara di ka nna nnè fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, go sekaseka gore metsi a a gogiwang go dirisiwa mo malapeng le a a gogiwang ke dijalo tsa kgwebo a ama jang metsi a a mo letsheng, le go bona gore go ka ntshiwa thobo e e kana kang go tswa mo Letsha la Sibaya. Go tswa mo tshekatshekong le mo ditekong tse di dirilweng, go fitlhetswe gore selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga metsi a Letsha la Sibaya e ne e le pula e e neng e le kwa tlase ga palogare mo lobakeng lwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso . Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa gone diphelelo tsa go dira ditshekatsheko di bontsha gore ditlamorago tsa go gapiwa ga metsi a a dirisediwang dilo tsa mo gae mo nakong eno di ne di se kalo, di bontsha gore mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 1,4 tsa go fokotsega ga metsi a a mo letsheng di bakilwe ke go thibiwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong leno ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Go ne ga dirwa tshekatsheko ya thobo ya dipoelo tse di lekantsweng le diphetogo tsa hisitori mo lefelong la go gogolela metsi mo dingwageng tse masome a marataro le botlhano tsa rekoto ya tlelaemete e e neng ya elwa tlhoko go dirisiwa maemo a a tlhomameng a a kwa tlase a a letlelelwang a letsha kgotsa go fokotsega go gogolo go tswa mo maemong a letsha la referense e le ditekanyetso tsa go palelwa ga tsamaiso. Diphelelo tsa go tshwantsha maemo a matsha ka go dirisa rekoto ya tlelaemete ya hisetori ka kgaolo e e nang le dikgwa le maemo a go gapiwa ga metsi a a tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone a bontsha gore ga go kgonege go nna le thobo e e tswelelang ya tlaleletso ka ntlha ya go fokotsega go go tsweletseng ga maemo a matsha a a tshwantshiwang le go boloka metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, e leng selo se se sa amogelesegeng mo tikologong, mo loagong le mo tikologong. Diphelelo tsa go dira ditshwantshiso tsa pele di bontsha gore go tlhokega gore go tlosiwe sekgwa sa bogolo jwa 5 km2 gore go gololwe MCM e le nngwe ka ngwaga go tswa mo dikgweng tsa selegae. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipoelo tse tsa ntlha di tlhoka gore go tokafadiwe mokgwa wa go netefatsa tshedimosetso e e tsentsweng le go sekaseka mokgwa wa go dira dimotlelara gore go nne le tshepo e e oketsegileng mo dipoelong.<ref>Smithers, J.C.; Gray, R.P.; Johnson, S; Still, D (2 August 2017). [[doi:10.4314/wsa.v43i3.13|"Modelling and water yield assessment of Lake Sibhayi"]]. ''Water SA''. '''43''' (3): 480. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WatSA..43..480S 2017WatSA..43..480S.] doi:[[doi:10.4314/wsa.v43i3.13|10.4314/wsa.v43i3.13]]. ISSN [[0378-4738.]]</ref> == Metswedi == k0t1ly4fknk7v4blo9xwohcvtawbhsm Lefelo la Motlakase wa Metsi la Masinga 0 14274 53847 51948 2026-08-03T09:12:45Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefelo la Motlakase wa Metsi la Masinga''', gape e le '''[[Letamo la Masinga]],''' ke letamo la motheo mo Nokeng ya Tana, noka e telele go gaisa kwa Kenya mme e kgabaganya molelwane wa Dikgaolo tsa Embu le Machakos kwa Porofenseng ya Botlhaba mme e ka nna dikilometara di le lekgolo le borataro . (66 mi.), ka tsela, kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Nairobi, motsemogolo wa Kenya le toropo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe.<ref>Globefeed.com (19 February 2018). [https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%20Central%2C%20Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Masinga%20Dam%2C%20Kenya&dt1=ChIJNe4z_9QQLxgRVVtoNpaFdCw&dt2=ChIJAXMp3S0DJhgRMhlCuEQM8Nc "Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Kenya and Masinga Dam, Kenya"]. Globefeed.com. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Kago ya letamo e simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi ,<ref name=":0">[http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/masinga-dam.html "Masinga Dam".] Salini Impregilo. Retrieved 2015-02-15.</ref> mme ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobgwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe.<ref name=":1">[https://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40364 "Masinga Hydroelectric Power Station Kenya"]. Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-02-19.</ref> E ruilwe ke Bothati jwa Tlhabololo ya Dinoka tsa Tana le Athi (TARDA).<ref name=":2">Victor Juma (2013-02-26). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/KenGen-bid-to-raise-Masinga-dam-height-suspended-/-/539550/1705594/-/1dvqb6z/-/index.html "KenGen's bid to raise Masinga dam height suspended".] Business Daily. Retrieved 2015-02-15.</ref> Letamo le dirisediwa go tlhagisa motlakase mme ke karolo ya Sekema sa Seven Forks.<ref name=":1" /> == Letamo == Letamo la Masinga ke letamo la motheo le le boleele jwa dimetara di le masome a marataro le boleele jwa dimetara tse dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mabedi <ref name=":1" /> le le nang le bolumu ya 4,950,000 m3. Letamo le na le tsela ya go tshologela le lefelo la go tswa kwa tlase.<ref name=":0" /> == Bobolokelo jwa Metsi == Mo maemong a a tletseng a letamo (maemo a a kwa godimo a morwalela a 1,056.5 m)<ref name=":2" /> letamo la letamo le na le bogolo jwa boalogodimo jwa 120 km2 mme bokgoni jwa lone jotlhe ke 1,56 billion m3.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tarda.go.ke/masinga-dam-reservoir/#:~:text=The%20dam%20is%20the%20main,water%20capable%20of%20generating%2040MW. |title="Tana and Athi rivers Development Authority" |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2026-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508144831/https://tarda.go.ke/masinga-dam-reservoir/#:~:text=The%20dam%20is%20the%20main,water%20capable%20of%20generating%2040MW. |url-status=dead }}</ref>Bonnye boemo ba tshebetso ka tlwaelo ke dimetara di le sekete,le masome a mararo le bosupa. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le borataro, KenGen e ne ya tswala sefetlhamotlakase ka gonne selekanyo sa go dira se ne se wetse tlase go nna 1,035.5 m. Ka nako ya go<ref name=":1" /> tswalwa ga polante e ne e ntse e ntsha 14 MW.<ref>Rob Jillo (2009-06-30). [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/06/kengen-closes-masinga-dam/ "KenGen closes Masinga Dam".] Business&Tech. Retrieved 2015-02-15.</ref> Ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yone jo bogolo, letamo leno le botlhokwa thata mo go laoleng kelelo ya metsi a dipolante tse dingwe tse nne tsa motlakase wa metsi tse di kwa tlase.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309192139/http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?id=6&page=business&subpage=hydro "MASINGA POWER STATION".] [[:en:Kenya_Electricity_Generating_Company|Kenya Electricity Generating Company.]] Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2015-02-19.</ref> == Polante ya motlakase == Sefetlhamotlakase sa metsi se se tsamayang mo nokeng se ne sa simolola go dira ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe . Se ruilwe le go tsamaisiwa ke Kompone e e Tlhagisang Motlakase ya Kenya (KenGen).<ref name=":2" /> Semela se na le bokgoni jwa leina la 40 MW. Palogare ya tlhagiso ya yone ya ngwaga le ngwaga e fa gare ga lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (ka 2008) le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo le bobedi (ka 2007) GWh,<ref name=":1" /> go ikaegile ka kelelo ya metsi a Noka ya Tana. Sefetlhamotlakase se na le dijenereitara di le pedi tsa Kaplan tse di nang le maatla a 20 MW nngwe le nngwe. Dithebine di ne di tlamelwa ke Escher Wyss, dijenereitara ke ABB. Tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya haeteroliki ke dimetara di le masome a mane le borobabongwe , kelelo e e kwa godimo ka thebaene ke 45.9 (45)[2] m3/s. == Metswedi == 6ao8cv74s4v54pngn0nln5ucp710tys Lephata la madi (Botswana) 0 14332 53852 52273 2026-08-03T09:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lephata la madi''' ke lephata la [[puso ya Botswana]] le le tlhamang melao ya tsa madi le itsholelo gape le okametse ditsamaiso tsa puso tsa madi. Mo kgweding ya Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro, tona wa lephata le ke [[Ndaba Gaolathe]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.bw/ |title="Ministry of Finance Botswana". |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129133933/https://www.finance.gov.bw/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-replaces-finance-minister-with-immediate-effect-statement-2021-04-17/ "Botswana replaces finance minister with immediate effect - statement".] ''Reuters''. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2026</ref> == Matona a gompieno le a a fetileng == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Leina !Ngwaga !Motswedi |- |[[Benjamin Thema]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro |<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221118092735/https://www.finance.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=102 "About Us - Ministry of Finance".] ''www.finance.gov.bw''. Retrieved 8 July 2026.</ref> |- |[[Motlatsi Segokgo]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa |<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c092755342 "The Commonwealth yearbook / Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968"]. ''HathiTrust''.</ref> |- |[[Quett Masire]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, maksolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[James G Haskins|James G. Haskins]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Quett Masire]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le motso go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Peter Mmusi]] |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Festus Mogae]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobongwe |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Baledzi Gaolathe]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Kenneth Matambo]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Thapelo Matsheka]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Peggy Serame]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone |<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-replaces-finance-minister-with-immediate-effect-statement-2021-04-17/ "Botswana replaces finance minister with immediate effect - statement".] ''Reuters''. 17 April 2021.</ref> |- |[[Ndaba Gaolathe]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone go tsena gompieno | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Puso ya Botswana]] * [[Lephata la mesepele le ditlhaeletsanyo (Botswana)|Lephata la mesepele le ditlhaeletsanyo]] == Metswedi == 0wk2wlv6vxnbtvkco988tqnwqbywt7r Madirelo a meepo ya Botswana 0 14384 53858 53501 2026-08-03T10:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg|thumb|[[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]], wa bobedi ka botona mo lefatsheng, e bile o humile go gaisa ka boleng. ]] '''Madirelo a meepo ya Botswana''' a sale a eteletse pele mo go laoleng [[Itsholelo ya Botswana|itsholelo ya setšhaba sa Botswana]] go tloga ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), e le madirelo a itsholelo a konokono . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Mining a New Growth Model |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/09/05/na090518Botswana |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Teemane e ntse e le yone e e eteletseng pele mo lephateng la ditswammung fa e sa le tiro ya go epa matlotlo a e simololwa ke kompone ya meepo [[Debswana|ya Debswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Mining & Minerals |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-mining-minerals |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=About Debswana |url=https://www.debswana.com/Careers/4Cs/Culture/Pages/DebswanaOverview.aspx |website=Debswana}}</ref> Bontsi jwa diteemane tsa [[Botswana]] ke matlapa a a boleng jo bo kwa godimo, mme se ke sone se bayang Botswana mo maemong a go nna lefatshe le le le ntshang diteemane tse di tlhwatlhwa kgolo go feta, mo lefatsheng ka bophara <ref name=":0" /> Tiro ya go ntsha kopore, gauta, nikele, magala le molora wa soda le yone e nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa, le fa e le se sennye, mo itsholelong. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), meepo e ne e dirile lesome le borataro mo lekgolong (16%) mo palong ya [[Gross domestic product|dikhumo tsa lefatshe]] tsa Botswana (GDP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statsbots |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20Q2%202022.pdf}}</ref> Bontsi jwa madirelo a ditswammung a Botswana a akaretsa diteemane. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=The contribution of diamonds to Botswana's development |url=https://www.debeersgroup.com/reports/socio-economic-impacts/botswana/the-contribution-of-diamonds-to-botswana-development |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.debeersgroup.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112130604/https://www.debeersgroup.com/reports/socio-economic-impacts/botswana/the-contribution-of-diamonds-to-botswana-development |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mo godimo ga diteemane, Botswana gape o ikgantsha ka metswedi e mentsi ya ditswammung jaaka magala, kopore, nikele, le molora wa soda, mmogo le granite, mme se se kabakanya lekalana la one la meepo go ya pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, lekalana le, le fa le le botlhokwa thata, le lebaganwe ke dikgwetlho, segolobogolo ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya tlhabololo ya mafaratlhatlha . == Diteemane == [[File:Tree_map_export_2009_Botswana.jpeg|left|thumb|Moalo wa dithoto tse di romelwang kwa ntle tsa Botswana ka 2009]] Madirelo a diteemane a lefatshe la Botswana a botlhokwa thata mo itsholelong ya lone. <ref name=":7"/> Fa e sale go bonwa ga diteemane mo Botswana kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 kwa [[Diteemane tse di epiwang kwa moepong wa Orapa|moepong wa diteemane wa Orapa]], <ref>{{Cite news|last=Nocera|first=Joe|date=2008-08-09|title=Diamonds Are Forever in Botswana|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/worldbusiness/09nocera.html|access-date=2024-05-02|work=The New York Times}}</ref> matlapa a a tlhwatlhwakgolo a a nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa thata mo go bopeng itsholelo ya setšhaba. Madirelo a a laolwa thata ke puso le ba De Beers mo komponeng e e bidiwang [[Debswana]] . <ref name=":8"/> === Seabe sa diteemane mo itsholelong === [[File:GDP_per_capita_of_Botswana,_1950_to_2016.png|thumb|khumo ya lefatshe go ya ka tlhogo ya motho (mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng) ya Botswana go tloga ka 1950 go fitlha ka 2016]] Diteemane di nnile le tiro e e kgolo mo itsholelong ya Botswana. Go bonwa ga diteemane mo Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a marataro go ne ga tsisa phetogo e e bonalang ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara, mme se se ne sa tsholetsa lefatshe la Botswana go tswa go nna lengwe la mafatshe a a humanegileng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe go nna lengwe la mafatshe a itsholelo e e humileng mo Aforika. <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":9"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Horra |first=Luis Pablo |title=How Botswana Became One of Africa's Wealthiest Nations |url=https://fee.org/articles/how-botswana-became-one-of-africas-wealthiest-nations/ |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> Letseno le le tswang mo diteemaneng tse di rekisiwang kwa ntle ga lefatshe le kgontshitse Botswana go beeletsa mo mafaratlhatlheng, [[thuto]], tlhokomelo ya botsogo, le mananeo a a thusang ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane, mme se se nnile le seabe se segolo thata mo maemong a botshelo jwa banni ba Botswana. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=DeMarco |first=Anthony |title=New Film Details How Botswana Benefits From Diamonds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2020/02/06/new-film-details-how-botswana-benefits-from-diamonds/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Diamonds in the Rough: Exporting and Investing in Botswana's Mineral Brilliance |url=https://www.prosperafrica.gov/blog/diamonds-in-the-rough-exporting-and-investing-in-botswanas-mineral-brilliance/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Prosper Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210655/https://www.prosperafrica.gov/blog/diamonds-in-the-rough-exporting-and-investing-in-botswanas-mineral-brilliance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, lefatshe la Botswana le tsentse mo tirisong melao ya go rotloetsa go solegelwa molemo ke diteemane mono gae, le go rotloetsa go sega le go pholetšha diteemane mo Botswana go okeletsa lefatshe dipoelo tse di tswang mo madirelong a meepo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-Zvi |first=Gidon |date=2023-12-21 |title=A New Dawn for the Botswana Diamond Industry |url=https://rapaport.com/analysis/a-new-dawn-for-the-botswana-diamond-industry/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Rapaport |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Minerals Policy 2022 |url=https://bgi.org.bw/sites/default/files/Botswana%20Minerals%20Policy%202022.pdf}}</ref> Ka dipolokelo tsa lone tse di humileng tsa diteemane, maikaelelo a lone mo go tsweleleng, le tirisanommogo, lefatshe la Botswana le nnile botlhokwa mo madirelong a diteemane. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/botswana |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnerships & Commitments, Botswana {{!}} High-Level Political Forum |url=https://hlpf.un.org/countries/botswana/partnerships-commitments |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=hlpf.un.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Botswana Has the World's Two Richest Diamond Mines |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/news/mining/worlds-two-richest-mines/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Israeli Diamond Industry |language=en-US}}</ref> === Debswana === [[File:DeBeersBevHills.jpg|thumb|Lebentlele la De Beers kwa Beverly Hills, kwa California.]] Debswana, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabongwe ke kompone ya meepo e e tlhakanetsweng ke Puso ya Botswana le De Beers Group. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Debswana |url=https://www.debswana.com/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Debswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Debswana Diamond Company {{!}} Mining Indaba |url=https://miningindaba.com/sponsor-list/debswana-diamond-company |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=miningindaba.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> E tsamaisa meepo ya diteemane mo Botswana. <ref name=":5" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Debswana: A Pillar of the Botswana Economy {{!}} Bus Ex |url=https://www.bus-ex.com/article/debswana-pillar-botswana-economy |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.bus-ex.com}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Debswana e kopane le dikgogakgogano ka mekgwa ya yone ya go bereka, go ama tikologo, mmogo le matshwenyego a pabalesego ya babereki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-08-31 |title=Debswana Slave Labour Trade |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/debswana-slave-labour-trade/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Risk and No Reward |url=https://www.cesr.org/sites/default/files/2021/All_Risk_and_No_Reward_-_Botswana_Miners_Right_to_Health_Project_Report_October_2020_0.pdf |website=Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) |pages=14-85}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=www.imperial-consultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Final-report-Environmental-Impacts-of-Mined-Diamonds.pdf |url=https://www.imperial-consultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Final-report-Environmental-Impacts-of-Mined-Diamonds.pdf |website=imperial-consultants.co.uk}}</ref> E tsamaisa meepo e mene e metona ya diteemane mo Botswana, e leng ya [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng|Jwaneng]], [[Diteemane tse di epiwang kwa moepong wa Orapa|Orapa]], [[Moepo wa Diteemane wa Letlhakane|Letlhakane]], le Damtshaa, ka jalo Debswana e tsewa e le botlhokwa thata mo tirong ya go ntsha diteemane mo lefatsheng. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-18 |title=How Diamonds Transformed Botswana & Empower Its Youth |url=https://www.diamondsdogood.com/diamonds-transform-botswana-empower-youth/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Diamonds Do Good |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamonds in botswana |url=https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/botswana-diamonds/ |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref> == Ditswammung tse dingwe == Lefatshe la Botswana le na le dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa magala, tse di fitlhelwang thata mo kgaolong ya botlhaba jwa lefatshe, sentle sentle kwa masimong a magala a [[Mmamabula]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmamabula Coal Mine |url=https://www.gem.wiki/Mmamabula_Coal_Mine |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Global Energy Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masama Coal Mine |url=https://www.gem.wiki/Masama_Coal_Mine#:~:text=The%20mine%20is%20the%20first,the%20mainstay%20of%20its%20economy. |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Global Energy Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mo tlhabololong ya meepo ya magala, Morupule Colliery, e dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana le kgone go dirisa metswedi ya lone ya magala go dirisiwa mo gae le go a romela kwa ntle. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morupule Coal Mine |url=https://www.gem.wiki/Morupule_Coal_Mine |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Global Energy Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgwetlho di tshwana le matshwenyego ka go ama tikologo di dirile gore kgwebo ya magala le a a romelwang kwa ntle a lekanyediwe gape gantsi go gwebiwa le mafatshe a mabapi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/botswana |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saubi |first=Onalethata |last2=S Suglo |first2=Raymond |last3=Konka |first3=Bheemalingeswara |date=21 May 2023 |title=Impacts of Fines at Morupule Coal Mine, Botswana |journal=Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.4314/mejs.v15i1.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dipolokelo tsa gauta tsa lefatshe di bonwa thata mo dikgaolong tsa botlhaba, thata mo mafelong a tshwana le Lebanta la Tati Greenstone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tati Greenstone Belt Project |url=https://www.powermetalresources.com/project/tati-greenstone-belt-project/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Power Metal Resources plc (AIM:POW) |language=en-US}}</ref> Maiteko a patlisiso a a dirilweng ke dikompone tsa meepo tsa mono gae le tsa boditšhabatšhaba di dirile gore go bonwe dipeeletso tse di botlhokwa tsa gauta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=de Wit |first=Mike C J |title=Prospecting History Leading to the Discovery of Botswana's Diamond Mines: From artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |url=https://ikcabstracts.com/index.php/ikc/article/download/4022/4022/4008# |website=www.ikcabstracts.com}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le na le dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa kopore tse di fitlhelwang thata mo Lebanteng la Kopore la Kalahari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana and Namibia Exploration |url=https://www.sandfire.com.au/where-we-operate/botswana-and-namibia-exploration/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Sandfire |language=en-AU |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502225745/https://www.sandfire.com.au/where-we-operate/botswana-and-namibia-exploration/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lebanta la Kopore la Kalahari, segolobogolo, ke lefelo le popego ya lone e itsegeng ka go huma dipeeletso tsa kopore. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalahari Copper Belt Project |url=https://www.kavangoresources.com/projects/botswana/kalahari-copper-belt |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Kavango Resources |language=en-gb}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go atlega ga kgwebo ya meepo ya kopore mo Botswana go laolwa ke mabaka a tshwana le tlhokego mo mmarekeng . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Copper-processing technologies: Growing global copper supply {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/bridging-the-copper-supply-gap |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.mckinsey.com |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502225744/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/bridging-the-copper-supply-gap |url-status=dead }}</ref> Meepo ya nikele mo Botswana e itshupa e le lekalana le le golang le le nang le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa kgolo le dipeeletso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norilsk Nickel - AGE (African Growing Enterprises) File |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/botsuwana01.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Institute of Developing Economies |language=en}}</ref> Go bonwa ga dipeeletso tsa nikele kwa dikarolong tse di kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa lefatshe, segolobogolo mo kgaolong ya [[Selebi-Phikwe]], <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://premiumnickelresources.ca/projects/botswana/selebi-mine/overview/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Premium Nickel Resources Ltd. |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502213539/https://premiumnickelresources.ca/projects/botswana/selebi-mine/overview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> go simolotse go tlisa tshono e ntsi ya go tsosa itsholelo ka lekalana le. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selebi Nickel, Copper and Cobalt Project |url=https://eastportventures.com/projects/selebi-nickel-copper-and-cobalt-project/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Eastport Ventures Inc |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502213539/https://eastportventures.com/projects/selebi-nickel-copper-and-cobalt-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":4" /> Tlhabololo ya mafaratlhatlha a meepo ya nikele, jaaka didirisiwa tse di dirang/berekang (yone nikele) le mafaratlhatlha a dipalamo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thuline |first=John |date=2024-02-06 |title=How Nickel Alloy Is Used in Chemical Processing Plants |url=https://www.wieland-diversified.com/blog/how-nickel-alloy-is-used-in-chemical-processing-plants/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Wieland Diversified |language=en-US}}</ref> e botlhokwa thata mo madirelong a nikele a Botswana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodstein |first=Eban |date=1983 |title=The Prospects for Copper and Copper-Nickel Investments in Botswana during the 1980's |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=15 |pages=75–78 |jstor=40979682}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=State.gov |url=https://www.state.gov/direct-line-for-american-business/critical-minerals-in-botswana/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Life in Botswana Nickel? |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200408120744.html |website=allAfrica}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki == === Basarwa === [[File:San_lady_botswana.jpg|thumb|[[Basarwa|Mosadi wa Mosarwa]] mo Botswana]] Mo bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya bomasome a le mabedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya bomasome a mabedi le bongwe (21st century), [[Basarwa]] ba ne ba fudusiwa ka dikgoka go tswa mo magaeng a bone gore dikompone tsa diteemane di simolole go batlisisa gore di kgone go bona diteemane . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Diamond miners exploit land of the Bushmen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll|access-date=2024-05-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ditsha tsa bone di mo lefelong le le humileng diteemane go gaisa mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso e ganela gore go na le kamano epe le meepo mme e bolela fa go fudusiwa moo go ne go direlwa go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le tikologo. <ref name="bbc1">{{Cite news|date=7 January 2014|title=Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|access-date=24 July 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref> === Ditlamorago mo tikologong === Ditiro tsa meepo mo Botswana, segolobogolo tsa go epa diteemane, di simolotse matshwenyego ka ga ditlamorago tsa tsone mo tikologong . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana {{!}} Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/africa/botswana |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|Phetogo ya loapi]] ke kgang e e masisi mo lefatsheng le le tlhaelang metsi jaaka Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Botswana: Climate risk country profile - Botswana {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/botswana/botswana-climate-risk-country-profile |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Thulaganyo ya meepo, di akaretsa go tlhagola lefatshe, go epa, le go latlha matlakala, di ka baka go senngwa ga mafelo a bonno a diphologolo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Castro Pena |first=João Carlos |last2=Goulart |first2=Fernando |last3=Wilson Fernandes |first3=G. |last4=Hoffmann |first4=Diego |last5=Leite |first5=Felipe S.F. |last6=Britto dos Santos |first6=Natália |last7=Soares-Filho |first7=Britaldo |last8=Sobral-Souza |first8=Thadeu |last9=Humberto Vancine |first9=Maurício |last10=Rodrigues |first10=Marcos |date=July 2017 |title=Impacts of mining activities on the potential geographic distribution of eastern Brazil mountaintop endemic species |journal=Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=172–178 |doi=10.1016/j.pecon.2017.07.005 |hdl=11449/170082 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kgothego ya mmu le kgotlelo ya metsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Impact of Open-Pit Mining |url=https://jointherivercoalition.org/faq/open-pit-mining-an-environmental-perspective/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Coalition to SAVE the Menominee River, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == qqy9uan0x5jeycukvpwh36q8tgc7y89 Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe 0 14386 53829 53739 2026-08-03T02:06:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53829 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya tirisanommogo mo go tsa itsholelo le polotiki mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka tlhwaafalo. Le lekile go dira gore lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), le bereke mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo, gape le tokafaditse maiteko a go dira gore kgaolo e itirele melao fa go tsena mo go tsa tirisanommogo, go rarabolola tlhoka kutlwisisano, le boteledipele jo bo siameng. == Botsalano jwa polotiki == Mafatshe a a nang le botsalano le la Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |[[Setshwantsho:Diplomatic relations of Botswana.svg|center|frameless|350x350px]] |- |# |'''Lefatshe''' |'''Kgwedi'''<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Botswana%20and%20...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United%20Nations%20Digital%20Library%20System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0 "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and ..."] United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |1 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":1">''The Diplomatic Service List''. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp.&nbsp;136–149.</ref> |- |2 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Japan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Japan]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220801145836/https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations "Botswana And Japan Celebrate 50 Years of Diplomatic Relations".] [[Botswana Guardian|''Botswana Guardian''.]] 5 August 2016. Archived from [https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations the original] on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |3 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United States of America]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/all "All Countries".] ''Office of the Historian''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |4 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Germany.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Germany]] |Phalane a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/botsuana-node/botsuana-219506 "Botsuana: Steckbrief".] ''Auswärtiges Amt'' (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |5 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zambia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":0">''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. pp.&nbsp;82–87.</ref> |- |6 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of France.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[France]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945"] (PDF) (in French). p.&nbsp;44.</ref> |- |7 |[[Setshwantsho:War Flag of the Philippines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Philippines]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/DFAPHL/status/828400555722756096 "Today we celebrate 50 years of formal diplomatic relations with Botswana!".] 6 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |8 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ "Outspoken Botswana loses its voice on Israel".] ''Sunday Standard''. 3 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014414/https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ Archived] from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |9 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malawi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malawi]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Report''. Malawi. Police Force. 1968. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |10 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Netherlands]] |Phatwe a le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90'' (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p.&nbsp;152.</ref> |- |11 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Switzerland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Switzerland]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://dodis.ch/32532 "Ernennung eines schweizerischen Botschafters in Botswana und Lesotho. Sitz in Pretoria".] ''dodis.ch'' (in German). 22 August 1967. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |12 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ethiopia (1996–2009).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ethiopia]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |13 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a le marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |14 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Norway.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Norway]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater"] (PDF). ''regjeringen.no'' (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |15 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sweden.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sweden]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marararo le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/c2f5a602-de12-4d98-b2c4-11de6ac633b9/download "Sveriges statskalender 1969"] (in Swedish). p.&nbsp;46. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |16 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do "Countries & Regions"]. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |17 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Austria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Austria]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Capetown Volume 2''. 1970. p.&nbsp;458. <q>Austrian Ambassador , Paul Zedwitz , presenting his credentials to Sir Seretse Khama , 5 Dec. 1968 . at Gaberones</q></ref><ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;1. <q>5.12.68 His Excellency Dr. Paul Zedtwitz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Austria (Resident in Pretoria).</q></ref> |- |18 | [[Setshwantsho:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Canada]] |Morule a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). [https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |19 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Nigeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Nigeria]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Kutlwano, 9-10''. Bechuanaland Protectorate. Information Branch, Botswana. Information Services. 1974. p.&nbsp;4.</ref> |- |20 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Czech Republic]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref name=":0" /> |- |21 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Africa Quarterly''. Vol.&nbsp;10. Indian Centre for Africa. 1970. p.&nbsp;37.</ref> |- |22 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Denmark.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Denmark]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''[https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910992.pdf Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1971]'' (PDF) (in Danish). 1971. p.&nbsp;23.</ref> |- |23 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Serbia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Serbia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>Presse, Agence France (1970). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Muo0AQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Africa]''. Agence France-Presse. p.&nbsp;32.</ref> |- |24 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Italy.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Italia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/a.292204164145410/1151053924927092/?type=3&_rdr "Dr. Filippo Scammacca Del Murgo e Dell Agnone presented his credentials to Dr. Sertese Khama Ian Khama".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Botswana in Facebook''. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |25 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Romania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Romania]] |Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>[https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |26 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belgium]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |27 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tanzania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tanzania]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |- |28 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi<ref>''Asia & Africa Review''. Vol.&nbsp;12. Independent Publishing Company. 1972. p.&nbsp;15.</ref> |- |29 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Egypt.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Egypt]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''ARR, Arab Report and Record''. Vol.&nbsp;1–18, 21–24. 1973. p.&nbsp;7.</ref> |- |30 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lesotho.svg|frameless|30x30px]][[Lesotho]] |Moranang ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230623071827/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/55959/003_zarubezhnye_strany.pdf "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый: Зарубежные страны"] (PDF) (in Russian). p.&nbsp;322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |31 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Phukwi a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''Facts and Figures of Australia at War''. Vol.&nbsp;119. Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior. 1973. p.&nbsp;95.</ref> |- |32 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] (e seegetswe kwa thoko ka nakwana) |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone<ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2rX2V "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp.&nbsp;8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |33 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/system/index_17321.shtml "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana".] 25 April 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |34 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ghana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ghana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://gna.org.gh/2025/05/botswana-delegation-visits-ghana-to-study-transformative-tvet-framework-and-policies/ "Botswana Delegation Visits Ghana to Study Transformative TVET Framework and Policies".] 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |35 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Guyana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Guyana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073504/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ "Diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |36 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>''Informe de labores – Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores'' (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp.&nbsp;26 and 36–37.</ref> |- |37 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mozambique.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mozambique]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-high-commissioner-of-mozambique-his-excellency-domingos-fernades-presenting-/1125072150858603/ "The High Commissioner of Mozambique, His Excellency Domingos Fernades presenting his Letters of Credence to the President of Botswana, His Excellency Lt. Gen. Dr. Seretse Khama Ian Khama, on 2 February 2016"]. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026&#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |38 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Eswatini.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Eswatini]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro<ref>''Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations''. Botswana, Botswana. Office of the President. External Affairs. 1978. p.&nbsp;3.</ref> |- |39 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Libya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Libya]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>''ARR: Arab Report and Record''. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p.&nbsp;165.</ref> |- |40 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Luxemborg|Luxembourg]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://aei.pitt.edu/52731/1/B0795.pdf "CORPS DIPLOMATIQUE accrédité auprès des Communautés européennes"] (PDF) (in French). 30 September 1977. pp.&nbsp;1, 29. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref><ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.146909/page/n926/mode/1up|''The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey Vol.-i''. Europa]] Publication Limited. 1978.</ref> |- |41 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cuba.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cuba]] |Morule a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064931/https://www.minrex.gob.cu/es/node/1944 "Firman Cuba y Botswana acuerdo de cooperación en sector de Salud"] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |42 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Argentina.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Argentina]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |43 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |44 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Finland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Finland]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US "Countries and regions A–Z"]. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |45 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Poland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Poland]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |46 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe<ref>Slimane Chikh (1980). ''Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne'' (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p.&nbsp;10. <q>Botswana (30/11/79) Mohamed Chellali Khouri</q></ref> |- |47 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Angola]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Sub-Saharan Africa Report Issues 2243-2247''. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p.&nbsp;7. <q>7 Mar 80 ] ANGOLA - BOTSWANA DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS -- The governments of Botswana and Angola have decided to establish diplomatic relations .</q></ref> |- |48 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Portugal]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>[https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises "Países".] ''Portal Diplomático'' (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |49 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Hungary.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Hungary]] |Moranang a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Hungary – Page 170''. Pannonia Press, 1980</ref> |- |50 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso |- |51 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Spain]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa Sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Comunicacion/Paginas/Ficha.aspx "Ficha de paises y territorios"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |52 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Jamaica.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Jamaica]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi |- |53 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bulgaria]] |Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |54 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Albania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Albania]] |Phatwe a le masome a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |55 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robaongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103</ref> |- |56 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bangladesh]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean''. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses., 1983. p.&nbsp;442.</ref> |- |57 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Brazil.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Brazil]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano |- |58 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Thailand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Thailand]] |Ngwanatsele e a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240816013201/https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 "อเมริกาและแปซิฟิก"] (in Thai). Archived from [https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 the original] on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |59 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iraq (2008).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iraq]] |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ssa-86-086/page/n13/mode/1up?q=credentials Sub-Saharan Africa Report]''. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 18 August 1986. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |60 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Pakistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Pakistan]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''Pakistan Horizon – Volume 39''. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 1986. p.&nbsp;108.</ref> |- |61 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of New Zealand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[New Zealand]] |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004704/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Embassies/3-NZ-Ambassadors/countries-b.php "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions – B".] ''mfat.govt.nz''. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.</ref> |- |62 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Seychelles.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Seychelles]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |- |63 |[[Setshwantsho:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iran]] |Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>''Directory of Iranian Officials''. 1991. p.&nbsp;69.</ref> |- |64 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Vanuatu (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Vanuatu]] |Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925183844/https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). ''mfaicet.gov.vu''. p.&nbsp;50. Archived from [https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |65 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uganda]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe<ref name=":3">''Diplomatic List 1995''. Botswana, Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 1995. pp.&nbsp;xiii.</ref> |- |66 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gran Colombia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Colombia]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |- |67 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Somalia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Somalia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref name=":3" /> |- |68 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iceland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iceland]] |Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). ''Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit'' (in Icelandic). pp.&nbsp;1065–1066.</ref> |- |69 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). [https://uir.unisa.ac.za/service-interruption.html?sequence=4&isAllowed=y "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state"] (PDF). pp.&nbsp;254–259.</ref> |- |70 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malaysia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malaysia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&dq=26+Nov.+1990+Diplomatic+relations+are+established+with+Malaysia&pg=PA108&redir_esc=y ''Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''.] Greenwood Press. 1999. p.&nbsp;108. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313302473|<bdi>9780313302473</bdi>.]] Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |71 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tunisia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tunisia]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bobedi |- |72 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Singapore.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Singapore]] |Phatwe a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222839/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx "Diplomatic & consular list".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |73 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone<ref>[https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02168/05lv02169.htm "1994".] ''The O’Malley archive''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |74 |[[Setshwantsho:Kuwait flag 300.png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kuwait]] |Seetebosigo a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>''Daily Report: Africa (Sub-Sahara)''. Vol.&nbsp;96. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1996. <q>Botswana: Diplomatic Relations With Kuwait Established</q></ref> |- |75 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ireland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ireland]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-minister-of-international-affairs-and-cooperation-speaks-with-the-irish-mini/3338393609526435/ "The Minister of International Affairs And Cooperation Speaks with the Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs And Trade".] 1 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |76 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chile.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Chile]] |Phalane a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>"Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |77 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Trinidad and Tobago]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |- |78 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Slovakia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Slovakia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso<ref>[https://www.mzv.sk/staty "Štáty a teritóriá"] (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 July 2026</ref> |- |79 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mauritius.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mauritius]] |Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi<ref>''Diplomatic List''. Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2003. p.&nbsp;111.</ref> |- |80 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Latvia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Latvia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations".] ''mfa.gov.lv''. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |81 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Estonia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Estonia]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.vm.ee/suhted-teiste-riikide-ja-organisatsioonidega/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia"] (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |82 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lithuania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Lithuania]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |83 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ukraine.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ukraine]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/middle-east-and-africa "Middle East and Africa". ''M'']''inistry of Foreign Affairs''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |84 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Rwanda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Rwanda]] |Lwetse, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/81051 "Rwanda Botswana relations symbiotic".] 11 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |85 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malta.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malta]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125943/https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/Botswana---Agreement-on-the-establishment-of-Diplomatic-Relations-between-the-Republic-of-Malta-and-the-Republic-of-Botswan.aspx "Botswana – Agreement on the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Malta and the Republic of Botswana".] Archived from [https://foreign.gov.mt/ the original] on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |86 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cyprus]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |87 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Morocco.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Morocco]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |88 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Slovenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Slovenia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |89 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Madagascar.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Madagascar]] |Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île".] ''newsmada.com'' (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile the original] on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |90 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Croatia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Croatia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"]. ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |91 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belarus.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belarus]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |92 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Arab Emirates]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga w dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227642979 "UAE and Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] 29 April 2006.</ref> |- |93 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahamas]] |Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260519182745/http://www.bahamasuncensored.com/ConsCorpsXmas06_MFA.html "Mitchell addresses Diplomats Christmas Luncheon".] 13 December 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |94 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Dominican Republic]] |Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171004004739/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx "Establecimiento De Relaciones Diplomáticas"] (in Spanish). Archived from [http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx the original] on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |95 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Republic of the Congo]] |Ngwanatsele a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |96 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Qatar.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Qatar]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |97 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Equatorial Guinea]] |Morule a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://minexteriores.gob.gq/wp-content/uploads/ACUERDOS-GUINEA-ECUATORIAL-BOTSUANA.pdf "Acuerdos Firmados Entre Guinea Euatorial Y Botswana"] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |98 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Barbados.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Barbados]] |Morule a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |99 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gabon.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Gabon]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |100 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Niger.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Niger]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |101 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sudan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sudan]] |Firikgong a le lesome ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |102 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Burkina Faso]] |Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |103 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Benin]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |104 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |105 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saudi Arabia]] |Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230817201141/https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 "Saudi Arabia, Botswana Establish Diplomatic Relations".] 1 March 2007. Archived from [https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 the original] on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |106 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burundi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Burundi]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |107 |[[Djibouti]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 "Etat des relations".] ''Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti'' (in French). Archived from [http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 the original] on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |108 |[[Guinea]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |109 |[[Uruguay]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |110 |[[Guatemala]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |111 |[[Mauritania]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |112 |[[Ecuador]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |113 |[[Mali]] |Seetebosigo a le malatis a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |114 |[[Ivory Coast]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |115 |[[Venezuela]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |116 |[[Paraguay]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |117 |[[Honduras]] |Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |118 |[[Dominica]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |119 |[[Nicaragua]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |120 |[[Costa Rica]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/CRcancilleria/status/1304499050432135172 "Celebramos 13 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Botsuana y Costa rica"] (in Spanish). 11 September 2020.</ref> |- |121 |[[Antigua and Barbuda]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |122 |[[Suriname]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |123 |[[Belize]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161222155933/http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 "Bilateral Relations: B".] Botswana: Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Archived from [http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 the original] on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |124 |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |125 |[[Sri Lanka]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |126 |[[Holy See]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See"]. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |127 |[[Nepal]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |128 |[[Vietnam]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |129 |[[Saint Kitts and nevis]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |130 |[[North Macedonia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |131 |[[Panama]] |Morule a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |132 |[[Georgia]] |Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |133 |[[Samoa]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |134 |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |135 |[[Montenegro]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |136 |[[Liberia]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwagawa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |137 |[[Solomon Islands]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |138 |[[Papua New Guinea]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |139 |[[Monaco]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |140 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Fiji.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Fiji]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso |- |141 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Sudan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Sudan]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |142 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |- |143 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Chad]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |144 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sierra Leone]] |Tlhakole a le leome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |145 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Senegal.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Senegal]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |146 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Palestine.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[State of Palestine]] |Mopitlo a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |- |147 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi |- |148 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Comoros.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Comoros]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |- |149 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Togo]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso |- |150 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/lepotentielcentrafricain/posts/2944388082541603/?locale=hi_IN&_rdr "L'ambassadeur Nzapayeke est accredite aupres de la Republique du Botswana".] ''Le Potentiel Centrafricain.com'' (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |151 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/BWPresidency/videos/arrival-of-ambassador-designate-mrs-emillie-a-mushobekwa-of-the-democratic-repub/525396969660843/ "Arrival of Ambassador Designate Mrs Emillie A. Mushobekwa of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for Presentation of Letters of Credence at the Office of The President, Gaborone".] 9 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |152 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mongolia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mongolia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |153 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Lucia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |154 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tajikistan]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |155 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Laos.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Laos]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |156 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Maldives]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |157 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Armenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Armenia]] |Morule a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://armenpress.am/en/article/1126252 "Diplomatic relations established between Armenia and Botswana".] ''[[:en:Armenpress|Armenpress]]''. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |158 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of The Gambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[The Gambia]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/bwpresidency/p/C3S5SkFNZDZ/?img_index=1 "President Masisi recieves &#x5B;sic&#x5D; letters of credence from ambassador designates".] ''bwpresidency''. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |159 |[[Setshwantsho:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bolivia]] |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone |- |160 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uzbekistan]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.tengritimes.com/en/post/uzbekistan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-another-african-country-botswana "Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with another African country - Botswana".] ''Times Tenrgi''. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |161 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Liechtenstein]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.llv.li/serviceportal2/amtsstellen/stabstelle-regierungskanzlei/rechenschaftsbericht-2024.pdf "Landtag, Regierung und Gerichte 2024"] (PDF) (in German). 2025. p.&nbsp;153.</ref> |- |162 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kyrgyzstan]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1063928925778499&id=100064842032316&_rdr "Botswana and Kyrgyz Republic establish diplomatic relations".] ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana on Facebook''. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |163 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |164 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkmenistan]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |165 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kazakhstan]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano |- |166 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Azerbaijan]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |167 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cape Verde]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Presidencia.cv/posts/pfbid02pbCw2AhzDQwXmCuRaA6VwH5s23rDvgJ2B25jsnAdgBrWz7T1QYTJvxUVS3xvnjKyl "PR recebe Cartas Credenciais da nova Embaixadora de Botswana".] ''Presidência da República de Cabo Verde'' (in Portuguese). 25 February 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.</ref> |- |168 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of El Salvador.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[El Salvador]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |169 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Moldova.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Moldova]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |170 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bahrain.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahrain]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.bna.bh/en/BahrainBotswanaestablishdiplomaticrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2bDpZCGkNlmsjjveUvx%2fDgvs4%3d "Bahrain, Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] ''Bahrain News Agency''. 30 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |} == Botsalano gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !Tshimologo ya botsalano !Dintlha |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | *Lefatshe la [[Australia]] le amogetswe ke la Botswana go tswa kwa ofising ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], [[Aforika Borwa]], ka |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana (MFA People's Republic of China)".]</ref> Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le China]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Beijing * Lefatshe la China le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486125?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Greece and Botswana as of 10 Apr. 1978 (UN Digital Library)".] 10 April 1978.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Greece go dirisa diofisi kgolo tsa kemedi ya sennela ruri kwa Geneva, Switzerland * Lefatshe la Greece le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa kemedi kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/botswana/ "Greece's Bilateral Relations".]</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Firkgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le India]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[New Dehli]] * Lefatshe la India le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a tlhamile botsalano ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobaobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi * Leaftshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Indonesia go dirisia diofisi tse di kwa Canberra, Australia<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref> * Lefatshe al Indonesia le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa ofisi ya lne e e kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref><ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/pretoria/en "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Pretoria Accredited to the Republic of Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, and the Kingdom of Lesotho South Africa"].</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] | |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Israel]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Israel go nna le diofisi kwa London, United Kingdom * Lefatshe la Israel le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa lone kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;83.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Kenya]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya moemedi kwa [[Nairobi]] * Lefatshe la Kenya le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano jwa polotiki ka Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano.<ref>[https://centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx/docs/NI_Nombramientos_Senado_270218.pdf "Nombramientos Diplomáticos De Reciente Ingreso Al Senado De La Republica En Africa,el Caribe Y Europa Page 8]" (PDF). [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DgAjG Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Mexico kwa ofising ya lone kwa Washinton D.C kwa United States le na le ofisi kwa toropo ya Mexico City<ref>[https://www.botswanaembassy.org/ "Welcome to Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C."] ''botswanaembassy.org''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke ofisi ya lone kwa Pretoria Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ "Inicio".] ''embamex.sre.gob.mx''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia]] Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia ke jwa kutlwano, mafatshe a mabedi a a mabapi a, a dirisana mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo. Lefatshe la Botswana le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la Britain ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Lefatshe la Namibia le stere boipuso mo go la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe morago ga ntwa ya molelwane ya Aforika Borwa. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Windhoek]] * Lefatshe la Namibia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone, <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> mme ga emisiwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=586061304809865&id=148228411926492 "Botswana Severs Ties With Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)"] &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le North Korea]] |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |Bona Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MinistryofInternationalAffairsBW/posts/botswana-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-sultanate-of-oman-on-14th-oct/1246185160886207/ "Botswana establishes diplomatic relations with the Sultanate of Oman"]. ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana''. 16 October 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro, tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a sireletsa ditumalano le Oman tsa go sekaseka ditswammung, dikago tsa go baya lookwane, le kgothetso.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/botswana-signs-energy-mineral-exploration-deals-with-oman-2026-04-13/ "Botswana signs energy and mineral exploration deals with Oman"]. ''Reuters''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le itsisitse ka maano a lone a go bula ofisi ya boemedi kwa Muscat.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42099/ "Botswana confirms plans to open an embassy in Muscat".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Russia]] Lefatshe la Botswana le Soviet Union a ne a tlhama botsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa. Le ntswa le utlwana le mafatshe a bophirima, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya Olympics ya selemo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Botsalano jwa gompieno gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi bo supiwa bo le lorato ebile bo tswa bogologolong. Ka Mopitlo, mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ipelela dingwaga di le masome a mararo le botlhano a ntse a utlwana. Go ya ka tona wa mafatshe a sele, lefatshe la Russia ke lengwe la mafatshe a ntlha go nna le botsalano jo bo tletseng jwa sepolotiki le Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202131955/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html "We Must Exploit Russia's Potential".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html the original] on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Tirisanommogo ya kgwebo le itsholelo gareng ga mafatshe a Russia le Botswana e supiwa ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa le tumalano ya itsholelo le setegeniki ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi. Puso ya Russian Federation le puso ya Botswana di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano ya ngwao, maranyane le thuto ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. Mafatshe a Russia le Botswana a nnile le tirisanommogo e e duleng maduo mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, bogolojang mo go tlhabololeng babereki. Lefatshe la Russia le santse le e fa Batswana sebaka sa go ithutela kwa lefatsheng la bone mo dikarolong tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le botsogo, mohama o o itemogelang tlhaelo ya babereki e e kwa godimo. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a banni ba Russia ba sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele go ya kwa go lone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090329052738/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html "Botswana-Russia relations".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html the original] on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref>Lefatshe la Russia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone, fa la Botswana le le ka fa tlase ga ofisi e e kwa Stockholm (Sweden) le ofisi kwa Moscow. |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone |Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a dirile notsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone. Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]] le mookamedi wa kakaretso kwa [[Cape Town]] le [[Johannesburg]] * Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi |Go tlhamiwa ga botsalano jwa sepolotiki gareng ga Republic of Korea le Republic of Botswana go simologile ka Moranang a robabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=133 "Countries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea)".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso palo ya batho ba South korea ba ba neng ba nna kwa Botswana e ne e le lekgolo, masome a marataro le boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa"]. 4 September 2015. Archived from [http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, puso ya Botswana e ne e lemoga ROK e le yone puso ya Korea ya nnete.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150106001946/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ "Botswana Cuts Ties with North Korea".] ''gov.bw''. Ministry of [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]]. 20 February 2014. Archived from [https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ the original] on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1636698?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (UN Digital Library)".] 20 January 1981.</ref> | * Kemedi ya sennela ruri ya Botswana kwa ofising ya UN kwa Geneva e tlhomamisitswe ke Turkey. * Lefatshe la Turkey le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone<ref name=":2">[https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa Relations between Turkey and Botswana".]</ref> * Madi a kgwebo gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi e ne e le didikadike di le pedi ka ngwag wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe.<ref name=":2" /> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro |[[Setshwantsho:Foreign Secretary visits Botswana (6886371565).jpg|thumb|Mokwaledi wa mafatshe a sele William Hague kwa Botswana, Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi]]Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse botsalano le tirisanommogo le la [[United Kingdom]] ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":1" /> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Lontone.<ref>Diplomat Magazine (4 September 2017). "[https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/africa/botswana/ Botswana"]. ''Diplomat Magazine''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dirisana mmogo le la Botswana ka ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone "British High Commission Gaborone".] ''[[:en:Gov.uk|GOV.UK]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171421/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone Archived] from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe la UK le ne le eteletse pele la Botswana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro, fa le tsaya boipuso. Mafatshe a ka bobedi ke maloko a mafatshe a selekanye, kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya molao, le lekgotla la go gweba ga mafatshe, ga mmogo le tumalano ya kopano ya itsholelo ya SACUM-UK.<ref>Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5 Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa]". ''Reuters''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a na le bokopano jwa go kgetha gabedi.<ref>[[:en:HM_Revenue_and_Customs|HM Revenue and Customs]] (3 February 2014). "[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Botswana: tax treaties]". ''GOV.UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250408171729/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Archived] from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[USA]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a maratyaro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/botswana "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Botswana"].</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le United States]][[Setshwantsho:Embassy of Botswana, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|Ofisi ya Botswana kwa [[Washington, D.C.]]]]Lefatshe la United States le bona la Botswana e le mmueledi gape e le sekao sa go ritibala mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], le tswa kgakala le berekisana le la Botswana mo ditlhabololong fa e sale ka boipuso. U.S Peace corps ba ne ba boela Botswana ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka maikaelelo a go dira mananeo a a lebaganeng le HIV/AIDS morago ga go fetsa dingwaga tse di masome mararo a go thusa mo go tsepameng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa.Ka mo go tshwanang, USAID e ne ya emisa bokopano jwa sebaka se seleele le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borataro, morago ga mananeo a a atlegileng a thuto, katiso, kgwebo, go okamela tikologo, le botsogo jwa pelegi. Lefatshe la Botswana, le fa go ntse jalo, lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, le tswelela ka go anywa mo lenaneong la USAID la borwa jwa Aforika, le jaanong le leng kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], le ofisi ya go phadisana ga borwa jwa Aforika ya USAID e diofisikgolo tsa yone di leng kwa Gaborone. Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la United States la babega dikgang le na le setaitane sa Voice of America mo Botswana le le thusang bontsi jwa mafatshe a a mo Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, lekgotla le le laolang malwetsi la CDC le ne la simolola porojeke ya BOTUSA le kopane le lephata la [[botsogo mo Botswana]] go ntsha dintlha go tokafatsa maiteko a go laola kgotlholo e tona mo Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe ka nako ya fa kgotlholo e tona le HIV/AIDS di tlhasetse. Ka nako ya lenaneo la ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe la boeteledipele jwa U.S mo go lwantsheng segajaja, CDC ka BOTUSA e ne ya dira diporojeke tse dintsi gape e thusitse makgolta a mantsi mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a lesome le botlhano a lenaneo la ga tautona la tshoganyetso go lwantsha HIV, le amogetse didikadike tsa di dolara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo fa e sale lenaneo leo le simolola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone go tsena Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa. Thuso ya PEPFAR kwa Botswana, e e neng e le madi otlhe a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a supa le borataro kwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, le thusa go thibela, go alafa le go tlhokomela balwetse ba HIV/AIDS. Puso ya Botswana le ya United States ba stene mo tumalanong ka Phukwi ngwag wa dikete pedi go tlhama sekolo sa katisetso molao kwa Gaborone. Sekolo se, se dipuso tse di pataganetseng go ntsha madi a sone le go se okamela, se katisa mapodisi le matona a puso mo Aforika. Dikago tsa sekolo di kwa Otse, kwa ntle ga Gaborone, se bustwe ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. Batho ba molao ba ka nna dikete tharo mo Aforika ba katisitswe mo sekolong se fa se sale se simolola go ruta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Washington, D.C.]] * Lefatshe la United States le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a nnile le tirisanommogo ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro.<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le santse le sokola ka go tswala molelwane, le tswalela dikete tsa batho ba Zimbabwe ba ba tshabang go phutlhama ga itsholelo le pogiso ya sepolotiki. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano, batho ba Zimbabwe ba le dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa ba bo ba busediwa gae. Dipalo tsa batho ba ba buseditsweng gae di ne tsa oketsega go nna dikete di le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (14 August 2019). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-battles-influx-zimbabwean-illegal-immigrants/6173868.html "Botswana Battles Influx of Zimbabwean Illegal Immigrants"]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa [[Harare]] * Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] |} == Botswana le FOSS == Lefatshe la Botswana le sale le nna leloko la bokopano jwa mafatshe a mannye (Forum of Small States) fa setlhopha seo se tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a obabongwe le bobedi.<ref>''50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations''. World Scientific. 2015. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0|978-981-4713-03-0]]</bdi>.access-date=13 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki mo Botswana]] * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Metswedi == dz95cc4q8m4yuj9odlgtrz3152dxf9e Maatla mo Botswana 0 14545 53856 52944 2026-08-03T10:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53856 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, ensaetlopedia e e gololesegileng (E kaetswe go tswa go [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Botswana&redirect=no Maatla a a Ntšhwafadiwang mo Botswana]) '''Maatla mo Botswana''' a laolwa thata ke go dira motlakase ka magala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating markets in Botswana |url=https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/cpsd-botswana-report-cw03.pdf |access-date=29 May 2024 |page=12}}</ref> Ga go na [[:en:List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves|dipolokelo tsa mahura tse di netefaditsweng]] tse di supilweng, mme dithoto tsotlhe tsa leokwane di romelwa teng ka sebopego se se ntlafaditsweng, bontsi go tswa kwa [[Aforika Borwa|lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa]] .Lefatshe la Botswana gape le na le metswedi ya dilo tse di tshelang ya logong, e e akanyediwang go nna magareng ga bokete jwa ditone di le tharo le ditone di le lesome mo tshimong e le nngwe (3–10 t/ha). Lefatshe le tlhamile leano la go ngoka dipeeletso mo [[:en:Renewable_energy|maatleng a a ntšhwafadiwang]], go akaretsa maatla a phefo, a letsatsi le a ditshedi.<ref>"[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-energy#:~:text=Botswana%27s%20Integrated%20Resource%20Plan%20(IRP,from%20its%20current%20negligible%20contribution. Botswana - Energy]". 28 February 2024.</ref> Mafelo a madirelo a motlakase a Botswana a akaretsa [[:en:Morupule_Thermal_Power_Station|lefelo la tsa Motlakase la Morupule]] B (maatla a megawatt di le makgolo a marataro) le lefelo la motlakase la A (megawate di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bobedi),<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240609014323/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/tracker/ Tracker Map – Global Energy Monitor]". Retrieved 20 October 2021.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_Power_Station|Lefelo la motlakase la Orapa]] (maatla a megawatt di le masome a robongwe) le [[:en:Phakalane_Power_Station|lefelo la motlakase la Phakalane]] (maatla a megawatt e le nngwe le dikarolo di le tharo) [[:en:International_Renewable_Energy_Agency|Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Maatla a a Ntšhwafadiwang]] (IRENA) se ne sa dira tshekatsheko ya lekalana la bosetšhaba la maatla ka ngwaga wa 2021 mme sa fitlhela gore lefatshe la Botswana le ka fitlhelela karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya ditlhokego tsa yone tsa maatla ka ngwaga wa 2030 go tswa mo metsweding ya yone ya maatla a letsatsi, phefo, le maatla a ditshedi.<ref>Dabla, Nopenyo; Zeyi, Benson; Wanjiru, Elizabeth Njoki; Fichaux, Nicolas; Mabowe, Boiki (August 2021). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260114060246/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_RRA_Botswana_2021.pdf Renewables readiness assessment:] Botswana'' (PDF). Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: [[:en:International_Renewable_Energy_Agency|International Renewable Energy Agency]] (IRENA). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-9260-352-6|978-92-9260-352-6]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2021-08-26.</ref><ref>IRENA (August 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052617/https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Aug/Renewables-Readiness-Assessment-Botswana "Renewables readiness assessment: Botswana"]. [[:en:International_Renewable_Energy_Agency|International Renewable Energy Agency]] (IRENA). Retrieved 2021-08-26. Landing page for report.</ref> == Maatla a a Ntšhwafadiwang == Go tsenngwa ke letsatsi ke nngwe ya maemo a a kwa godimo thata mo lefatsheng, mme go fitlha bosheng jaana go ne go sena dipegelo tsa tiriso e e bonalang ya maatla a letsatsi. Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2012, go butswe polante ya ntlha ya go tlhagisa maatla a letsatsi mo nageng. Bokopano jwa lefatshe la Botswana jwa Maatla a a Ntšhwafadiwang bo ne ya tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe go fitlha kwa lesomeng le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eepafrica.org/promoting-the-eep-in-the-botswana-renewable-energy-conference-11-12-august-2014/ |title=Promoting the EEP in the Botswana Renewable Energy Conference 11-12 August 2014, August 21, 2014, in News by KPMG ECO |access-date=21 July 2026 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122164134/https://eepafrica.org/promoting-the-eep-in-the-botswana-renewable-energy-conference-11-12-august-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang]] a ne a umakiwa go tlhabolola maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang ka "maranyane a a matala le tse di sa senyeng tikologo" kwa kopanong ya bo tlhano ya botlhe, Kokoano ya bosome le bosupa ya [[:en:United_Nations_General_Assembly|Kokoano ya kakaretso ya Ditšhabakopano]]: Setlhoa sa Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang ya ngwaga wa 2015.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/En/lateste.pdf Programme of meetings and agenda, Journal of the United Nations, September 25, 2015, No. 2015/182]</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Post-2015_Development_Agenda|Lenaneo la tema la Tlhabololo la Morago ga ngwaga wa 2015]] * [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang]] * [[:en:Tragedy_of_the_Commons|Masetlapelo a Batho]] eshyi83z9dqai1xc3fx0v4n3f8smfci Lefatshe la Tati le le neetsweng mohama o o ikemetseng 0 14567 53846 52963 2026-08-03T09:09:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefatshe la Tati le le neetsweng mohama o o ikemetseng''', e ne e le lefatshe le lefelo la moepo le le tlhamilweng kwa melelwaneng e e kwa bophirima jwa bogosi jwa Matebele. Lefatshe le pele le ne le neetswe Sir John Swinburne ke kgosi wa Matebele, Lobengula, morwa Mzilikazi, go reka gouta le dibetsa. Le ne le le mo tlhokomelong ya lefelo le le neng le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] morago ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabbobedi, masome a robabongwe le boraro, mme le ne la gapiwa semmuso ka molao wa bobedi wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le motso ke molaodi mogolo wa Bechuanaland. Le ne le le mo tlhokomelong ya molaodi. Toropokgolo ya kgaolo e ke [[Francistown]], kwa e leng lengwe la mafelo a a nniwang thata jaanong mo Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250125164948/https://www.botswana-info.com/country/town/966/francistown "Francistown".] Botswana Info Directory. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.</ref> == Tatelano == * Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro le bone: gouta e upololwa ke ma Yuropa mo [[Noka ya Tati|nokeng ya Tati]], e e neng e le bontlha jwa bogosi jwa Matebele.<ref>Harger, Harold S. (1934). [https://journals.co.za/content/sajg/38/1/AJA10120750_1669 "Early Transvaal Geological Map by Carl Mauch".] ''Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa''. '''37''': 1–4.</ref><ref>Eriksson, Patrick G.; Altermann, W.; Förtsch, E. B. (1995). "Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex". ''Mineralium Deposita''. '''30''' (2): 85–88. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MinDe..30...85E Bibcode:1995MinDe..30...85E]. doi:10.1007/BF00189337. S2CID&nbsp;140649997.</ref> * Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa: lefatshe le neelwa kompone ya Lontone le ya moepo ya Limpopo ya ga Sir John Swinburne * Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi: lefatshe le tsewa gape ka ntlha ya go retelelwa ke goduela madi a ngwaga le ngwaga, le neelwa kompone ya moepo ya Northern Light, e e tlhamilweng ke Danial Francis, Samuel Howard Edwards (ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabbobedi, masome a mabedi le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mabedi lebobedu) le ba bangwe. Kompone ya Northern Light morago e ne ya fetolwa leina go nna Tati Concessions Ltd. * Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabbongwe le boraro: lefatshe la Tati le ntshiwa mo Matebeleland le bewa ka fa tlase ka tlhokomelo ysa moatlhodimogolo wa Britain mo Bechuanaland. * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le motso: le gapiwa ke [[Bechuanaland|Bechauanaland]] ([[Botswana]] wa gompieno) ka molao wa Tati Concessions Land, ka tumalano e e faphegileng go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa go ya kwa seporong sa Rhodesia (jaanong ke seporo sa [[Zimbabwe]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210711070951/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bot91350.pdf "An Act to confirm the Tati Concessions, Limited, in the full, free and undisturbed possession as owners of all the land usually known as the Tati District"] (PDF). 1911, as amended. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2018.</ref> == Ditso == Tati Concessions Limited e tlhamilwe ke Sir John Swinburne morago ga tumalano e sena go diriwa le Kgosi Lobengula, Kgosi wa Matebele, morwa Mzilikazi, e mo go yone Lobengula le Matebele ba amogetseng gouta le dibetsa, gore ba nne le tshwanelo ya moepo le go nna mo lefelong le kwa bophirima jwa Matebeleland. E neetswe tetla ke puso ya Britain go ntsha ditempte tsa lone ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le borataro.<ref>Thy, Peter (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206155606/http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~thy/REV.pdf "The Revenue Stamps of Bechuanaland"] (PDF). ''Forerunners'' (45): 60–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2007.</ref> Kompone e ne ya nna le bothata jwa madi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le bone,<ref>Burrett, Robert. [https://journals.co.za/content/botnotes/33/1/AJA052550590_107 "'It's mine!' 'No, it's mine!' Early company squabbles over the borders of the Tati Concession".] ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''33'''. The Botswana Society: 3–26. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> ya rekisa lefatshe la yone le lengwe, le rekisetsa kompone ya '''Tati Company Limited''' e e neng e e tlhatlhama, e pele e neng e le kwa [[United Kingdom]] jaanong e le mo Botswana.<ref>[https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00134419/filing-history "Tati Company Limited".] ''Companies House''. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> Morago ga boipuso, beng ba lone ba basha ba ne ba dumalana le puso ya Botswana mo pusong ya ga [[Seretse Khama]], gore lefatshe lotlhe le le sa tlhabololwang kwa [[Francistown]], le la temo la kompone e, le abelwe puso, kgotsa le rekisiwe ka madi a a kwa tlase, go tswela Batswana mosola, bogolo jang ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane. Se se ne sa baka Francistown o o humileng wa gompieno. Ditumalano tseo di ne tsa salwa morago ke tumalano e nngwe, go tsaya ditshwanelo tsa meepo ga puso, ka madi a a kwa tlase ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone. Disthwanelo tsotlhe tsa ditswammung ke tsa puso, se ke tlwaelesego mo lefatsheng leo ka bophara. == Metswedi == j949dt581xnnbclryunp7cxcu6ft9kl Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Botswana le Oman 0 14568 53828 52965 2026-08-03T02:03:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Oman Locator.svg|thumb|Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman]] '''Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman''' ke tirisanommogo y sepolotiki gareng ga mafatshe a [[Botswana]] le [[Oman]]. Mafatshe o o mabedi ke maloko a makgotla a [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[World Trade Organization]] le [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]]. == Ditso == Ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano,<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4091013?ln=en&v=pdf "Diplomatic relations between Oman and Botswana as of 14 October 2025".] ''United Nations Digital Library''. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> dipuso tsa Botswana le Oman di ne tsa baya monwana mafoko a a tlhakanetsweng kwa [[New York]] go tlhama botsalano jwa sepolotiki, a oketsa tirisanomogo le botsalano gareng ga mafatshe ao. Tumalano e ne ya bewa monwana ke baemedi Charles Masole wa Botswana le Omar Alkathirir wa Oman.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251027203739/https://www.fm.gov.om/oman-and-the-republic-of-botswana-establish-diplomatic-relations/ "Oman and Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 15 October 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> Morago ga go tlhama botsalano, tautona [[Duma Boko]] wa Botswana o ne a buisana ka ditshono tsa dipeeletso ka loeto lwa lefatshe kwa Oman, a itebagantse le mehama ya kgothetso e e phepa, meepo, ditsamaiso le madirelo a dijo. Loeto lwa gagwe maikaelelo a lone e ne e le go tokafatsa tirisanommogo le bokgoni, bogolo jang tsa dipeeletso le go okamela letlole la madi. A patilwe ke matona a maemo a a kwa godimo, tautona Boko o ne a gatelela botlhokwa jwa go dirisana mmogo a supa dikopano tsa pele tse di neng tsa baka go bewa monwana ga tumalano gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/29582/ "President of Botswana discusses investment opportunities".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 21 October 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro, Sheikh Khalid Almuslahi, mokwaledi wa lephata la mafatshe a sele la Oman, o ne a kopana le Thsuo Godson Ramodimoosi, mokwaledimogolo wa lephata la mafatshe a sele kwa Botswana. Dipuisano di ne di itebagantse le go nonotsha tirisanommogo ya itsholelo, polotiki, le ngwao gammogo le go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go dirisana mmogo mo go tsa kgothetso, bojanala, le mehama ya tshireletso ya dijo, matona a mafatshe o o mabedi a ne a le teng.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/35320/ "Oman and Botswana discuss strengthening economic and diplomatic relations"]. ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 6 January 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> Ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro, moeteledipele wa Oman Sultan [[Haitham bin Tariq]] o ne a amogela tautona Duma Boko kwa ntlong ya bogosi ya Baraka ka loeto lwa gagwe lwa kwa Oman. Baeteledipele ba babedi ba ne ba kopanetse go tokafatsa botsalano jwa mafatshe a mabedi mo mehameng e e farologaneng.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42063/ "His Majesty receives the President of Botswana".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> Tautona Boko o ne a iponela ditumalano di le mmalwa le Oman mabapi le ditswammung, dikgao tsa go baya lookwane, kgothetso, ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa botsalano jwa itsholelo.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/botswana-signs-energy-mineral-exploration-deals-with-oman-2026-04-13/ "Botswana signs energy and mineral exploration deals with Oman".] ''Reuters''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> O ne a itsise ka maano a go bula ofisi ya boemedi jwa Botswana kwa Muscat le mananeo a tshwana le difofane tse di tlhamalalelang kwa [[Gaborone]] go tswa [[Muscat]].<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42099/ "Botswana confirms plans to open an embassy in Muscat".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> == Tumalano ya go reka motlakase == Ka Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ipelela katlego e e bonalang ya phetogo ya kgothetso ka lefelo la phetlho motlakase wa di megawatts di le makgolo a matlhano kwa [[Maun]] le motlakase wa letsatsi wa di megawatts di le makgolo a matlhano. Tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a gatelela gore porojeke e ke kgato go tswa mo go rulaganyeng go tsena mo go diragatseng, ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa seelo sa kgothetso go nna masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mararo. E tlhamilwe ka botsalano le Oman, porojeke e ikaelela go ritibatsa seemo le go tokafatsa tshireletsego ya kgothetso fa e fokotsa phefo e e sa siamang le go ikaega ka go reka mo go tlhwatlhwa e kwa godimo.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/botswana-breaks-ground-landmark-500mw-maun-solar-project "Botswana Breaks Ground on Landmark 500MW Maun Solar Project".] ''Government of Botswana''. 16 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> Fa godimo ga foo, e bereka e le maiteko a pele mo tirisanong mmogo ya Botswana le Oman mo mohameng wa kgothetso, ka seelo sa di megawatts di le dikete tharo, ka ditsholofelo tsa go oketsa go feta gabedi, go fetlha motlakase ga Botswana fa e fediwa.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42585/ "Oman–Botswana partnership launches with 500 MW solar power plant".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 16 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.</ref> == Kgwebo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro, dithekiso tsa Botswana go ya Oman di ne di goroga kwa di dolareng di le makgolo a robabongwe le borataro, bontsi e le dibala makgolo (makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le borataro) didirisiwa tsa makwalo (botlhano) le moriri (botlhano jwa di dolara). Se se ne se supa kgolo ya 107% ka ngwaga go tswa kwa masome a mabedi le bone ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Lefatshe la Oman le ne la rekisetsa la Botswana dikete di le makgolo mabedi masome a matlhano le borobabongwe, bontsi e le tlhapi e e gatsetseng (dikete di le lekgolo, lesome le borataro), didirisiwa tsa mo ntlong (dikete di le masome a supa le borobabongwe), le lookwane (dikete di le masome a mararo le motso), ka koketsego ya ngwaga ya 11.1% go tswa mo diketeng di le lekgolo, masome a matlhano le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/omn/partner/bwa "Oman (OMN) and Botswana (BWA) Trade"]. ''The Observatory of Economic Complexity''. Retrieved 22 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe]] * [[Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Oman le mafatshe a mangwe]] == Metswedi == l7e6k247x8mkgva2ro48pjmohb9xxth Ditlhaeletsanyo mo botswana 0 14583 53834 53179 2026-08-03T04:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlhaeletsano mo Botswana''' di akaretsa makwalodikgang, radio, sefupa di tshwantsho, megala ya letheka tse di tlhomameng le tse di tsamayang le marayane (Internet). Mo godimo ga lokwalodikgang lwa puso le radio ya setšhaba, go na le bobegakgang jo bo ikemetseng jo bo tlhagafetseng (makwalodikgang a le marataro a beke le beke). Dikgatiso tsa dinaga di sele di rekisiwa kwantle ga thibelo kwa Botswana. Diteišene tse pedi tsa radio tsa poraefete di simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999). Seteishene sa ntlha sa thelebishene sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana, e leng Botswana Television (BTV) e e leng ya puso, se ne sa bulwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000). E ne ya simolola go gasa ka diura di le tharo tsa mananeo ka malatsi a beke le diura di le tlhano ka mafelo a beke, e neela dikgang ka Setswana le Seesemane, boitlosobodutu, le metshameko, ka maikaelelo a go tlhagisa 60% ya mananeo a yone mo gae. Ditirelo tsa thelefounu tsa [[Orange]] le [[MTN]] di akaretsa bontsi jwa naga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063527/https://www.africantelecomsnews.com/Operators_Regulators/List_of_African_fixed_and_mobile_telcos_Botswana.html "Botswana Mobile Operators and Fixed Network Operators list (Africa mobile and fixed network operators)".] ''www.africantelecomsnews.com''. Retrieved 2018-02-13.</ref> == Diteišene tsa radio == * Diteišene tsa radio tsa bosetšhaba di le pedi tse di leng tsa mmuso; Diteišene tsa radio tse di leng tsa poraefete di le 3 tse di neng di gasa ka selegae (2007);<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ "Botswana",] ''World Fact Book'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 7 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.</ref> * AM 8, FM 13, makhubu a makhutshwane 4 (2001). == Diteišene tsa thelebishene == E nngwe ke ya mmuso mme e nngwe ke ya poraefete; go na le tirelo ya go ikwadisa ya thelebišene ya poraefete ya sathalaete (2007).<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dithelebishene tse di dirisiwang: <ref>[http://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Botswana%20Access%20%20and%20Use%20of%20ICTs%202014%20Statistics.pdf "Botswana Household access and use of Information & Communication Technologies-2014"] (PDF). ''Statistics Botswana''. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</ref> ==== * 101,713 (2001); * 98,568 (2003). * 173,327 (2006) * 297,233 (2008) * 297,971 (2011) * 365,650 (2014). == Megala ya letheka == === Ditsela tse dikgolo tse di dirisiwang: === * 160,500 lines, 134th in the world (2012);<ref name=":0" /> * 136,900 (2006). === Mogala wa selula o o dirisiwang: === * Mela e le dimilione di le 3,1, ya bo129 mo lefatsheng (2012);<ref name=":0" /> === Thulaganyo ya thelefouno [2] === * Tekanyetso ya kakaretso: Botswana e tsaya karolo mo maitekong a tlhabololo ya kgaolo; go atolosa tsamaiso ya dijithale ka botlalo ka dikhebole tsa fiber-optic tse di golaganyang ditikwatikwe tse dikgolo tsa baagi kwa botlhaba mmogo le tsamaiso ya megala e e bulegileng, dikgolagano tsa radio ya microwave le diteishene tsa tlhaeletsano tsa radiotelephone (2011); * Mo malapeng: theledensiti ya mogala o o tlhomameng e fokotsegile mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mme jaanong e eme ka mo e ka nnang difouno di le 7 mo bathong ba le 100; theledensiti ya mogala o o tsamayang ka disele jaanong e feta difouno di le 140 mo bathong ba le 100 (2011); * Boditšhabatšhaba: khoutu ya naga - 267; megala ya boditšhabatšhaba e dirwa ka sathalaete, ka go dirisa go founa ka tlhamalalo ga boditšhabatšhaba; dikgolagano tsa boditšhabatšhaba di le 2; di-digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011). == ISDB-T == === Dikarolo: === * E tshegetsa kgaso ya ISDB-T (13 segments). * MPEG-2/ MPEG-4 AVC/ H.264 HD/ SD video. * DiVX E tsamaelana le 480i / 480p / 720p / 1080i/ 1080p video formats. Go sekaseka thelebishene yotlhe le diteishene tsa radio ka tsela e e itirisang le ka seatla. * Karolo ya setshwantsho e le 16:9 le 4:3. * Segopotso sa dikanala di le 1000. * Taolo ya batsadi. * Dithanolo tsa Teletext / Bit map. * E tsamaelana le ETSI. * E ne ya thusa gore EPG e bereke malatsi a le 7. * VBI Teletext e tshegetsa 6 MHz e e beilweng ke software Auto / Manual program search. * E tshegetsa dipuo tse dintsi. == Internet == === Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Internet: .bw === ==== Badirisi ba Internet: ==== * 241,272 users, 148th in the world; 11.5% of the population, 166th in the world (2012);<ref name=":1">Calculated using penetration rate and population data from [https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060848/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php|date=2017-03-29}}, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013</ref> * 120,000 users, 154th in the world (2009);<ref name=":0" /> * 80,000 ya badirisi (2007). ==== Internet e e golaganeng le Internet: ==== * 16,407 di-subscriptions tsa broadband tse di tlhomameng, 134th mo lefatsheng; 0.8% ya baagi, 143rd mo lefatsheng;<ref name=":1" /> * 348,124 tsa di-subscription tsa wireless broadband, 102nd mo lefatsheng; 16.6% ya baagi, 76th mo lefatsheng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170710054412/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx|date=2019-07-26}}, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref> ==== Di-host tsa Internet: ==== * Baeng ba le 1,806 (2012);<ref name=":0" /> * Baamogedi ba le 6 374 (2008). Diaterese tsa Internet tsa IPv4: 100,096 di a abelwa, e e kwa tlase ga 0.05% ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe, 47.7 diaterese ka batho ba le 1000 (2012).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003851/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html Population,] The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.</ref> ==== Internet Service Providers: ==== * 11 ISPs (2001); * 2 ISPs (1999). ADSL e setse e tsentswe mo mafelong a a latelang: [[Gaborone]], Tlkokweng, Mogoditsane, Phakalane, Francistown, Lobatse, Palapye, Maun, Kasane, Selibe-Phikwe, Letlhakane, Jwaneng, le Orapa.<ref>[https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10crcc0.14 "THE ITIL FOUNDATION EXAM"], ''ITIL Foundation Essentials ITIL 4 Edition - The ultimate revision guide, second edition'', IT Governance Publishing, p.&#x20;76, 2020-04-16, doi:10.2307/j.ctv10crcc0.14, retrieved 2022-11-15</ref> == Metswedi == md7eh0n42fts4whtm52xzmisfqh3djc Lefelo la mabenkele la Gamecity 0 14660 53849 53237 2026-08-03T09:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53849 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefelo la mabenkele la Gamecity ke lefelo le le kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]. Mo nakong ya gompieno le na le mabenkele a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borataro. mme a mangwe a tla bo a setse a le teng fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=194&dir=2012/may/friday11/ Botswana malls in the grip of cartels".] Mmegi Online. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=4577/ "The Parlotones billed to perform in Botswana"]. ''Botswana Gazette''. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021165626/http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/08/16/tourism-expo-botswana-held/ Tourism Expo Botswana Held"]. ''The Voice''. 16 August 2013. Archived from [http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/08/16/tourism-expo-botswana-held/ the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192313/http://voicesofbotswana.com/content/places-go "Places to go".] Voices of Botswana. Archived from [http://voicesofbotswana.com/content/places-go/ the origina]l on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-food-restaurants-and-accommodation.html "Botswana food, restaurants and accommodation".] Knowbotswana.com. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref> Kago eno ke ya kopone ya Turnstar Holdings Limited ya kwa Botswana e bile e laolwa ke yone. Marekisetso a a itsegeng ba akaretsa: * [[Checkers (Lebentlele la marekisetso)|Checkers]] Hyper - Dijo * [[Woolworths (Aforika Borwa)|Woolworths]] - Dijo, Diaparo * [[Edgars]] - Diaparo, Ditlolo * [[Mr. Price]] - Diaparo * [[Choppies]] - Maranayne * [[Toys "R" Us]] - ditshamikisiwa tsa Bana * [[Ster-Kinekor]] - Difilimi Stuttafords e ne e le lebenkele la thwathwa go fitlha le tswalwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa.<ref>Nash, Dallas (9 August 2017). [http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/style/item/2702-garlick-dead.html "Garlick dead"]. Botswana Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</ref> Marekisetso a dijo a bojelo a itsegeng: * [[KFC]] * [[Wimpy]] * [[Nando's]] Dibanka tse di itsegeng: * Banka ya BancABC<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183712/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=12300&GroupID=3 BancABC opens Game City branch". ''S'']''unday Standard - Online Edition''. Sundaystandard.info. 26 October 2011. Archived from [http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=12300&GroupID=3 the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.bancabc.co.bw/contact-us.aspx "Contact us]". BancABC. Retrieved 21 October 201 Includes list of bank locations.</ref> * Banka ya Barclays <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021181730/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14396&GroupID=3 "Barclays Game City branch opens its doors"]. ''Sunday Standard - Online Edition''. Sundaystandard.info. 2 July 2012. Archived from [http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14396&GroupID=3 the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013</ref> * Banka ya First National <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=6565&dir=2010/November/Thursday18 "FNB introduces scheme to save time at new branch"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 21 October 2013</ref> * Banka ya Stanbic * Banka ya Standard Chartered <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173224/http://www.standardchartered.co.bw/personal-banking/services/branch-banking-hours/en/ "Personal Banking - Services - Branch Banking Hours"]. Standard Chartered Bank Botswana. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173222/http://www.standardchartered.co.bw/bw/branches/en/ "Branches"]. Standard Chartered Bank Botswana. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref> == Metswedi == gd4c6grv6jh6nk9bgua090ko0e3c1vy Kgetsi ya Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu 0 14679 53843 53318 2026-08-03T08:23:27Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsheko e e amanang le Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/ Sedudu''' ( [[Botswana]] / [[Namibia]] ) e ne e le tsheko fa pele ga Kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe( ICJ ) e e neng e amana le kganetsano ya [[Sedudu|Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu]] . Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe gore setlhaketlhake seo ke kgaolo ya Botswana.<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia)'', Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045.</ref> == Kganetsano ya kgaolo == Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ntlha ya mafoko a a sena boammaruri a tumalano e e amanang le molelwane wa bokone fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa bokolone tsa Jeremane le [[United Kingdom]] e e neng ya rarabolola dikgatlhego tsa thuto ya lefatshe fa gare ga Aforika Borwa-Bophirima jwa Jeremane le [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] mo Tumalanong ya Heligoland-Zanzibar e e neng ya beiwa monwana ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe. Tumalano eno e ne e balega jaana "kwa Borwabophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], lefelo la tlhotlheletso la Jeremane le kgaogantswe jaana":<blockquote>Go ya kwa botlhaba ka mola o o simololang kwa ntlheng e e umakilweng fa godimo mme o latela dikirii tsa masome a mabedi tsa longitute ya botlhaba go ya kwa ntlheng ya marakanelo a yone le dikirii tsa masome a mabedi le bobedi ya latitšhutu ya borwa . Mola o bo o latedisa selekanyo se sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa masome a mabedi le motso sa boleele jwa botlhaba, o latela selekanyo se sa boleele go ya kwa bokone go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa lesome le borobabobedi sa latitšhutu ya borwa, o tsamaya go bapa le selekanyo seno sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a yone le [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] . Fano e fologa mo morading wa mosele o mogolo go fitlha e kopana le [[Zambesi|Zambezi]], kwa e felelang teng. Go tlhaloganngwa gore ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo eJeremane e tla neelwa tetla ya go tsena mahala go tswa kwa lefelong la yone le le sireleditsweng go ya kwa Zambezi ka go dirisa karolo ya lefatshe e e seng kwa tlase ga dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo&nbsp;ka bophara mo ntlheng epe fela. Kgaolo ya tlhotlheletso ya Great Britain e lekanyeditswe kwa bophirima le bokonebophirima ka mola o o tlhalositsweng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e akaretsa [[Letsha la Ngami]] .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230424171447/https://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of July 1, 1890, in: Das Staatsarchiv] (1891). ''Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der Gegenwart.'' Vol. 51. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. 151.</ref> </blockquote>Lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno e ne e le Jeremane Borwabophirima jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe; Ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le ne le itsege ka leina la [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] . == Tshimologo ya ditsamaiso == Mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana a dirile tumalano e e faphegileng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro go rarabolola kgotlhang ya bone ka go e isa kwa ICJ. Ka fa tlase ga dipeelo tsa tumalano e e faphegileng, mafatshe a mabedi a kopile Kgotlatshekelo go "tlhomamisa, mo motheong wa Tumalano ya Anglo-German ya Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le melao le melawana ya molao wa mafatshefatshe wa molelwane magareng ga Namibia le Botswana go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu le maemo a semolao a setlhaketlhake".<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 2.</ref> Mafatshe o o mabedi a ne a fetisetsa tumalano eno kwa Kgotlatshekelong ka lekwalo le le kopanetsweng la Motsheganong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro. == Tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo == Go ya ka mokwalo wa Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe, Great Britain le Jeremane di ne tsa bona mola o o kgaoganyang magareng ga dikarolo tsa tsonae tsa tlhotlheletso mo "moseleng o mogolo" wa Noka ya Chobe. Kganetsano ya nnete magareng ga mafatshe e ne e amana le lefelo la "mosele o mogolo" oo, ka Botswana, go ngangiwa gore ke mosele o o tsamayang kwa bokone jwa Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu mme Namibia e re mosele o o tsamayang kwa borwa jwa setlhaketlhake. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe e ne e sa tlhalose kgopolo ya "mosele o mogolo", Kgotlatshekelo ka bo yone e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa gore ke mosele ofe o mogolo wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa setlhaketlhake. Go dira jalo, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya akanyetsa boteng le bophara jwa mosele, kelelo (ke gore, selekanyo sa metsi a a rwalwang), thulaganyo ya moalo le go kgona go tsamaya mo moseleng. Morago ga go sekaseka dipalo tse di rometsweng ke mafatshe ka bobedi, mmogo le dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo lefelong ka dipaka tse di farologaneng, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka gore "mosele o o kwa bokone wa [[Noka ya Chobe]] go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o tshwanetse go tsewa e le mosele wa one o mogolo".<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 41.</ref> Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya bolela gore e ka se kgone go tsaya tshwetso go tswa mo dilong tsa dimmepe" ka ntlha ya go tlhoka mmepe ope o o bontshang semmuso maikaelelo a batho ba ba neng ba le mo Tumalanong ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le "ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamisegeng le go sa tlhomamang" ga dimmepe tse di rometsweng ke Botswana le Namibia. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya sekaseka ngangisano e nngwe ya Namibia ya gore lone (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga lone) le ne le na le setlhogo se se laolang sa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu ka ntlha ya go dirisa taolo ya boipuso mo go sone go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga, ka kitso e e tletseng le kamogelo ke balaodi ba Botswana (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga yone). Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela gore le fa batho ba Subia ba Caprivi Strip (kgaolo e e leng ya Namibia) ka boammaruri ba ne ba dirisa setlhaketlhake se ka dingwaga di le dintsi, ba ne ba dira jalo ka dinako tse di rileng, go ya ka dipaka, le ka maikaelelo a temothuo fela, kwa ntle ga gore go tlhomamisege gore ba ne ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng se sa go dira tiro ya puso ya balaodi ba Zambezi. Ka jalo Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gana kgang e.<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 87.</ref> Morago ga go fetsa ka gore molelwane fa gare ga Botswana le Namibia go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o latela mola wa go dira dipatlisiso tse di kwa teng thata mo moseleng o o kwa bokone wa Chobe le gore setlhaketlhake se se bopile karolo ya kgaolo ya [[Kasane Communiqué|Botswana]], Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gakologelwa gore, go ya ka dipeelano tsa tumalano e e dirilweng ka Motsheganong " ( go mongwe le mongwe gore go tla nna le go tsamaya ga dikepe go go sa kgorelediweng ga dikepe tsa baagi ba bone le difolaga mo meseleng e e dikologileng setlhaketlhake. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenggenhager |first=Luregn |last2=Mogende |first2=Emmanuel |date=2024 |title=Nature conservation, borders and violence along the Chobe River between Botswana and Namibia in the twentieth and twenty-first century |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2024.2415024 |issn=0886-5655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Namibia]] [[Karolo:Botswana]] f8zx5k8t9b1ihtfz1gkv808uk59ownm Dipitse mo Botswana 0 14699 53832 53724 2026-08-03T04:24:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53832 wikitext text/x-wiki Pitse e ne ya tlisiwa kwa [[Botswana]] go tswa kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]] ke babatlisisi le bakoloniale ba Yuropa mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Palo ya dipitse e ne ya oketsega thata mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, fa naga e sena go bona boipuso, ka ntlha ya go bo di ne di dirisediwa go tsoma le go bo di ne di sa tlhole di dirisiwa go rwala dithoto. Ka palo ya batho ba ba fetang dikete tse masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, dipitse di dirisetswa go tsoma, dikgaisano tsa mabelo le maeto a [[bojanala]]. Dipitse di bonwa thata kwa [[Maun]] le kwa dikgaolong tsa Bophirima, koo motlhaba wa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] o dirang gore go nne thata go tsamaya ka dikoloi. Kwa [[Botswana]] go na le mefuta e le lesome le bobedi ya dipitse, go akaretsa le dipitse tsa Arabia le tsa mofuta wa Thoroughbred. Gape go na le malwetse a le mmalwa a a bolayang dipitse, go akaretsa bolwetse jwa dipitse jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], nagana le rabies. == Ditso tsa Dipitse == [[Pitse ya selegae]] ga se karolo ya [[ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] ebile ga se ya selegae mo lefatseng leno,<ref name=":0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFSenyatso1996]{{Harvtxt|Senyatso|1996|p=53}}</ref> e e itsegeng thata ka dipitse tsa naga , mofuta o o itsegeng thata<ref>Levin, Howard (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=f9ZKxGG2KPMC&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT48 ''A History of Horses Told by Horses: Horse Sense for Humans''.] Morgan James Publishing. p.&#x20;48. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-61448-416-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-61448-416-5</bdi>.]]</ref> o o neng wa nna teng pele ga [[phiri e e nang le marontho]].<ref>Diedrich, Cajus (2010)[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618210000443 . "Specialized horse killers in Europe: Foetal horse remains in the Late Pleistocene Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic) and actualistic comparisons to modern African spotted hyenas as zebra hunters".] ''Quaternary International, Climate Dynamics and Prehistoric Occupation: Eurasian Perspectives on Environmental Archaeology''. '''220''' (1): 174-18. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QuInt.220..174D Bibcode:2010QuInt.220..174D.] [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023|doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023.]] Retrieved 27 February 2023.</ref> Dipitse tsa ntlha tse di tlisitsweng mo borwa jwa Aferika di ne tsa tswa kwa [[Cape Town]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le bosupa.<ref>Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen; Sponenberg, Dan (2016). ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding'' (6th&#x20;ed.). CAB International. p.&#x20;1107. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-466-8|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-84593-466-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa dipitse tsa Botswana di ne di rekwa go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref name=":0" /> Go na le direkoto tsa dipatlisiso tsa kgaolo e e neng ya nna [[Bechuanaland]] mme morago ya nna Botswana ke monna wa lekgowa [[William Cornwallis Harris]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le borataro, a latelwa ke bapalami ba bangwe ba basweu ba Yuropa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane.<ref name=":10">Itard, Jacques (1986). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJNAAAAYAAJ&q=cheval+Botswana ''Les glossines ou mouches tsé-tsé, Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux''.] Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-85985-114-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85985-114-9|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-2-85985-114-9</bdi>.]]</ref> === Ka fa tlase ga Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885-1966) === Fa kgaolo e e itsegeng jaaka "Bechuanaland" e ne e bolelwa e le lefelo le le sireleditsweng ke Boritane ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ele masome a mabedi le bongwe,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bone, go ne ga tsaya dibeke di le thataro fela gore mapodisi, a bontsi jwa one a neng a tswa kwa Boritane, a simolole go rulaganya go laola kgaolo e ntšha.<ref name=":1">Hamley, Richard (2000). . Covos Day''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8FAQAAIAAJ&q=horse+police+Bechuanaland The Regiment: A History and the Uniforms of the British South Africa Police]''. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-620-25394-9|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-25394-9</bdi>.]]</ref>Tsona di ne di akaretsa sepodisi se se palameng, se se neng se dirisiwa go laola molelwane magareng ga Bechuanaland le Afrika Borwa. <ref>Bussy, William (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UQoEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+Bechuanaland&pg=PT51 ''The British South African Police: Origins and Early History 1885–1901''.] Lulu Press, Inc. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-913294-33-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-913294-33-5</bdi>.]]</ref> <ref name=":1" />Bechuanaland Mounted Police, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885)<ref>Noyoo, Ndangwa (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPQyEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=PA45 Social Welfare and Social Work in Southern Africa, African Sun Media]''. African Sun Media. p.&#x20;45. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-928480-76-1|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-928480-76-1</bdi>.]]</ref> ke Major Stanley Lowe go boloka thulaganyo le go thibela bogodu jwa dikgomo,<ref>Great Britain Colonial Office (1882). ''T[https://books.google.com/books?id=ef0wAQAAMAAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=RA8-PA58 ransvaal: Further Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of the Transvaal & Adjacent Territories...Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ef0wAQAAMAAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=RA8-PA58 .] G.E.B. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode. p.&#x20;58.</ref>e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke Bechuanaland Border Police ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889) go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890).<ref>Central Africa Historical Association (1975). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c3UvAQAAIAAJ&q=horse+police+Bechuanaland ''Rhodesian History: The Journal of the Central Africa Historical Association''.] The Journal of the Central Africa Historical Association. pp.&#x20;104–106.</ref> Bosupi jwa gore batho ba lefelo leno ba ne ba kopana le dipitse bo bonwa moragonyana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le borataro (1916), [[Khama III|Khama]], Kgosi (kgosana ya morafe wa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]] kwa Bechuanaland, o ne a itewa mo lengoleng ke pitse; o ne a laletsa morwawe Sekgoma II, yo o neng a le kwa botshwarong dingwaga di le lesome, go busa kwa [[Serowe]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=7}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone (1954), mokwadi John Brown o ne a tlhalosa go nna teng ga dipone mo kgaolong ya Gordonia ya Sekaka sa Kalahari, fa a ne a kile a akanya gore sekaka e ne e se tikologo e e siametseng dipitse.<ref>Brown, John (1954). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA1AQAAIAAJ The Thirsty Land, Hodder and Stoughton]''. p.&#x20;132.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961) palo ya dipitse tsa Botswana e ne e lekanyeditswe go nna dikete tse supa le makgolo a le marataro le masome a marataro le boraro (7 663).<ref name=":11">Mortensen, Chris (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9CESEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=SA8-PA73 The Handbook of Horses and Donkeys: Introduction to Ownership and Care]''. 5m Books Ltd. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-912178-99-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-912178-99-5</bdi>.]]</ref>Pitse ya selegae e tlhalosiwa jaaka "mohumagadi wa dikgomo tsa Botswana", ka gore tlhotlhwa ya yona ke dikgomo di le tharo go ya go di le borataro , kgotsa diesele di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome a mararo .<ref name=":12">Lee, Richard (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9085AAAAIAAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA405 ''The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society''.] CUP Archive. p.&#x20;504. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22578-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-521-22578-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Banna ba kgaolo ya Nyae Nyae ba ne ba tlwaetse go tsoma ditshukudu ba palame dipitse, fela puso ya South West Africa e ne ya goeletsa gore se se seng molaong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953). Go tloga ka nako eo, dipitse di ne tsa dirisiwa thata jaaka sepalangwa, mme go tsoma go ne ga tswelela ka kelotlhoko.<ref name=":2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock2015]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|2015|p=226}}</ref>Ditlhaselo tsa go tsoma di dirwa bosigo, fa batsomi ba sa kgoneng go bonwa. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock2015]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|2015|p=225}}</ref>The Dobe! Kung e ne e ikaegile thata ka go tsoma kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1960), fa palo ya bone e ne e gola mme ba ikaegile ka go dirisa dipitse, ditlhobolo le dikoloi tse di tsamayang ka dikoloi. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|pp=180–181}})</ref> === Fa e sale Botswana e tsaa boipuso (1966 go fitlha jaanong) === [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Police service in the 1970s.jpg|thumb|Mapodisi a Botswana a a tsamayang ka dipitse ka bo1970]] Tlhabololo ya ditsela le dipalangwa e dirile gore go se ka ga tlhola go dirisiwa dipitse mo mafelong mangwe a a nang le batho ba le bantsi.<ref name=":0" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, palo ya dipitse e ne ya gola go tswa go dikete di le lesomele motso ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go ya go dikete di le masome a mararo le bone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobongwe (1990). <ref name=":0" />Lengwe la mabaka a magolo a a dirileng gore go nne le phetogo eno e ne e le go tuma ga go tsoma ka dipitse.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=190}}</ref> Go palama pitse e ne ya nna mokgwa o o atlegileng thata wa go tsoma ka dingwaga tsa lesome makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa.<ref name=":3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=186}}</ref>Ka ngwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) le bo ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaboedi (1980), [[Basarwa]] ba [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] ba ne ba simolola go tsoma ka go palame dipitse, mme ka nako e le nngwe ba ne ba tlogela go dirisa metsu e e nang le botlhole go na le go dirisa marumo, ka ntlha ya lebelo le le neng le dirwa ke go palama dipitse, <ref>Mitchell, Peter (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=w07CBwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA316 Horse Nations: The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492]''. OUP Oxford. p.&#x20;316. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100881-8|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-19-100881-8</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":4">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996</ref>jaaka go bontshitswe ke dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng kwa kgaolong ya Xai/Xai ([[Ngamiland]]) magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa e boraro (1973) le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980).<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=199}}</ref> Seno e ne e le phetogo e kgolo mo thulaganyong ya bone ya go tsoma le mo go atlegeng ga bone: go dirisiwa ga dipitse go ne ga oketsa lefelo le le neng le tlhatlhobiwa ka nako ya go tsoma. <ref name=":3" />Mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) le bo) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobongwe(1990, basha ba ba neng ba kgona go reka kgotsa go hira pitse ba ne ba rata mokgwa ono wa go tsoma ka lerumo, ka ntlha ya go fetisa bokgoni jwa go palama.<ref name=":3" /> == Ditiriso == [[Setshwantsho:Africa on the move, horse prep.jpg|thumb|Go baakanyetsa pitse go palangwa, ka ngwaga wa 2020]] Fela jaaka tonki, pitse e santse e dirisiwa jaaka sepalangwa se se gogwang ke dipitse le jaaka sepalangwa se se gogwang ke dipitse. <ref name=":0" /><ref>Birke, Lynda; Thompson, Kirrilly (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNZCDwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT35 ''(Un)Stable Relations: Horses, Humans and Social Agency''.] Routledge. pp.&#x20;35–36. I[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38101-3|SBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-317-38101-3</bdi>.]]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, e dirisiwa fela mo ntlheng eno kwa dikgaolong tsa Bophirima le Maun, ka ntlha ya maemo a a maswe a ditsela, tse gantsi di tletseng seretse. <ref name=":0" /> Dipitse gantsi di a palama go na le go nna di bofilwe. <ref name=":0" />Badisa ba dinku tsa Karakul kwa borwa jwa Kalahari ba dirisa dipitse, diesele le diesele. <ref>Nsoso, Shalaulani; Madimabe, Moleboge (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228480831 "A survey of Karakul sheep farmers in Southern Kalahari, Botswana: management practices and constraints to improving production".] ''South African Journal of Animal Science''. '''4''': 23–27.</ref>Beng ba dipitse tsa go tsoma ba dirisa diphologolo tsa bone go dira ditiro tse dingwe tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":5">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=197}}</ref> The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) database recognizes one national equestrian federation in Botswana, the Horse Society of Botswana (HSB).<ref name=":6">[https://data.fei.org/NFPages/NF/Details/Federation/18/THE-HORSE-SOCIETY-OF-BOTSWANA- ''NATIONAL FEDERATION – BOTSWANA – (BOT)''.] Fédération équestre internationale. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</ref> Mokgatlho wa boditšhabatšhaba wa metshameko ya go palama dipitse (FEI) o lemoga lekgotla la bosetšhaba la go palama dipitse kwa Botswana, Mokgatlho wa Dipitse wa Botswana (HSB).<ref name=":6" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, naga ga e ise e ke e gape metlele wa kgaisano ya dipitse ya boditšhabatšhaba (World Equestrian Games kgotsa Olympic Games).<ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Mokgatlho wa Dipitse wa Botswana o rulaganya dikgaisano di le lesome tsa semmuso mo nageng: di le nne tsa go tlola, e le nngwe ya go apara, e le nngwe ya go kgweetsa, di le tlhano tsa go palama, e le nngwe ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go apara le e le nngwe ya go dirisa ditshipi. <ref name=":6" /> Mo thuto patlisiso ya gagwe e e neng ya sirelediwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020) kwa mmadikolo wa Botswana, Tinieri Maeresera a re boloko jwa dipitse bo ka kgona go nontsha masimo a Cenchrus ciliaris. <ref>Maeresera, Tinieri (2020). [https://researchhub.buan.ac.bw/handle/13049/303 "Comparative assessment of the effects of horse manure and urea as nitrogen sources on seed yield, forage production and nutritional quality of Cenchrus ciliaris post seed harvesting".] ''Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources''.</ref> == Go tsoma == [[Setshwantsho:Field assistants collecting gemsbok specimen..jpg|thumb|Fa go ne re tsongwa kgama ya Oryx ka dipitse ka ngwaga wa 1909]] Go tsoma ka dipitse go letleletswe semolao ka fa tlase ga molao wa Botswana, go letla batho ba ba tlholegang koo go tsoma mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng ka thuso ya dipitse, ditlhobolo le dintša tsa go tsoma. <ref>Prins, Herbert; Grootenhuis, Jan; Dolan, Thomas (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HZpfBgAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT554 ''Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use''.] Springer Science & Business Media. p.&#x20;554. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-011-4012-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-94-011-4012-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":7">{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=188}}</ref>Molao wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) wa Wildlife and National Parks Wildlife Act wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) o thibela go tsoma go tswa mo dikoloing tse di tsamayang ka dikoloi, se se tlhalosang tiriso ya dipitse.<ref name=":2" />Melao ya Botswana e farologane le ya Namibia e e bapileng le yone, e e thibelang go tsoma ka dipitse gotlhelele. <ref name=":7" /> Go tsoma dipitse go tlwaelegile thata mo molelwaneng wa Botswana le [[Namibia]].<ref name=":2" /> Ba-Mbanderu ba e dirisa go tsoma sekgala se seleele, ka dinako tse dingwe ba tsamaya le ! Kung.<ref name=":5" />Mo e ka nnang nngwe tharong ya batsomi ba Xai/Xai ba tlwaelane le go tsoma ka dipitse ba tshotse ditlhobolo kgotsa marumo.<ref>[[:en:Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996|Hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=203}}</ref> Go tsoma o palame pitse go mosola thata mo go tsomeng di-eland, di-giraffe, le di-oryx gazelle.<ref name=":4" /> Gape e dira sentle thata mo go tsomeng di-antelope tse dikgolo, jaaka eland (Taurotragus oryx). <ref name=":3" />Gape go na le go tsomiwa ga nama ya diphologolo tsa naga (segolo thata kwa Okavango delta), go ikaegile ka tlhabololo ya bosheng ya mekgwa ya go lelekisa dipitse, e e leng kotsi mo bojanala. <ref>Rogan, Matthew; Lindsey, Peter; Tambling, Craig; Golabek, Krystyna (2017). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717306432https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717306432 "Illegal bushmeat hunters compete with predators and threaten wild herbivore populations in a global tourism hotspot".] ''Biological Conservation''. '''210''': 233–242. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BCons.210..233R Bibcode:2017BCons.210..233R.] [[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.020]]. [[hdl:2263/63592]]. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</ref> === Boitshoko === Go ya ka moporesidente wa Botswana Endurance Riding Association (BERA), Sharon Du Plessis, tlwaelo ya bosetšhaba ya go palama ka go itshoka e simolotse kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), fa bapalami ba le mmalwa ba Botswana ba ne ba lemoga gore go na le ba ba lekaneng go ka rulaganya dikgaisano tse di nang le mosola mo nageng ya bone, go na le go etela Afrika Borwa. [ Mokgwa ono o ne wa nna botlhokwa ka iketlo, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006) o ne o na le ditlelapa di le pedi tsa selegae, e nngwe kwa Ghanzi mme e nngwe kwa Lobatse. <ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Du Plessis|2007|p=90}}</ref> BERA e dirisa thulaganyo ya vet-gate mo dikgaisanong tsa yone, go ya ka melao e e tlhomilweng ke Fédération équestre internationale.<ref name=":8" />Nako ya dikgaisano tsa mabelo a go itshoka gantsi e simolola ka Tlhakole go fitlha ka Seetebosigo, fa dithemperetšha di ka nna mogote thata.<ref name=":8" />Go tshwarwa dikgaisano tsa mabelo di ka nna thataro ngwaga le ngwaga mo Botswana, gantsi di feta 80 km.<ref name=":9">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFDu_Plessis2007]{{Harvtxt|Du Plessis|2007|p=91}}</ref> Nngwe ya dikgaisano tse di tumileng thata tsa go itshoka e tshwarelwa kwa Tau Tona Lodge kwa Ghanzi, kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari. <ref name=":8" />Lebelo la Lobatse, tiragalo e nngwe e e tlotlegang, e diragala mo mmung o o nang le matlapa mme e ngoka batsayakarolo go tswa kwa Spain, Abu Dhabi, Britain, Namibia le Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":8" /> Bakgweetsi ba Botswana ba gaisana mo Aforika Borwa go tsenela dikgaisanyo tsa sekgala se seleele tse di tlhokegang mo dikgaisanong tsa World Endurance Championships.<ref name=":9" /> Boitshoko gantsi bo dirwa le pitse ya Arabia, mofuta o o tsadisitsweng kwa Botswana. <ref name=":9" /> === Di-safari === [[Setshwantsho:The Horses Of Paje.jpg|thumb|Dipitse tse di berekang mo kgaolong ya Paje ka ngwaga wa 2020]] Botswana ke nngwe ya mafelo a a rategang thata mo Aforika a bojanala jwa go palama dipitse, mo setlhopheng sa bojanala jwa boithabiso. <ref>Ollenburg, Claudia (2005)[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14724040508668437 . "Worldwide Structure of the Equestrian Tourism Sector"]. ''Journal of Ecotourism''. '''4''' (1): 47–55. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JEcot...4...47O Bibcode:2005JEcot...4...47O]. [[doi:10.1080/14724040508668437|doi:10.1080/14724040508668437.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153381147 S2CID&#x20;153381147]. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso ya sekao e e phasaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) e bontsha gore ditiro tsa go palama dipitse di anaanelwa thata jaaka karolo ya mokgwa wa bojanala jwa tikologo. <ref>Vumbunu, Tonderai; Viviers, Pierre-Andre; Du Plessis, Engelina (2021). [https://bioone.org/journals/african-journal-of-wildlife-research/volume-51/issue-1/056.051.0019/A-Demand-Based-Analysis-of-Ecotourism-Product-Diversification-in-Botswana/10.3957/056.051.0019.short "A Demand-Based Analysis of Ecotourism Product Diversification in Botswana"]. ''African Journal of Wildlife Research''. '''51''' (1). [[doi:10.3957/056.051.0019|doi:10.3957/056.051.0019.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233577944 S2CID&#x20;233577944.] Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba dibuka tsa kaelo ba tlhalosa Botswana (ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ( 2022) jaaka nngwe ya mafelo a mantle a Afrika a go ka tsaya leeto la go palama pitse, segolo thata ka ntlha ya mefutafuta ya diphologolo tsa naga. <ref>Doganieri, Elise (2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn-HEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA87 ''The Official Amazing Race Travel Companion: More Than 20 Years of Roadblocks, Detours, and Real-Life Activities to Experience Around the Globe''.] Simon and Schuster. p.&#x20;87. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7739-3|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-9821-7739-3</bdi>.]]</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2SY_AQAAIAAJ&q=horse+botswana ''Botswana & Namibia''.] Lonely Planet. 2010. p.&#x20;160. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-922-0|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-74104-922-0</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":13">Buckley, Ralf (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UZpnOF0u_PgC&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA310 ''Adventure Tourism''.] CABI. p.&#x20;310. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-84593-123-0</bdi>.</ref>Di-safari tse ka kakaretso di beetswe bapalami ba ba fetang dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ba ba iketlang mo mekgweng yotlhe e meraro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=300}}</ref><ref name=":13" />Go na le di-safari tse di tsamayang ka dipitse mo Okavango Delta<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=314}}</ref> le go bapa le Noka ya Zambezi, gape le dikoloi tse di gogwang ke dipitse tsa setaele sa Victoria.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=479}}</ref>Se ke tiro e e ka nnang kotsi, jaaka dibatana (ditau, jalo le jalo) di ka tlhasela dipitse.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=316}}</ref> Mefuta ya dipitse tse di dirisiwang mo safari e akaretsa Thoroughbreds, Half-bloods, Arabs, Anglo-Arabs, Friesian crosses le dipitse tsa metshameko tsa selegae, sefapaano magareng ga Boer le American Saddlebred.<ref name=":14">McIntyre, Chris (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7rFcDwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA389 Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe and Northern Kalahari]''. Bradt Travel Guides. p.&#x20;389. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-78477-093-8</bdi>.</ref>Tsotlhe di katisitswe mme di na le boleele jo bo magareng ga 1,42 m le 1,73 m.<ref name=":14" /> == Go tsadisa == [[Setshwantsho:A horse in Mochudi.jpg|thumb|Dipitse tse pedi kwa Mochudi ka ngwaga wa 2022]] Batswana, ke batho ba badisa, ba tlwaetse go tsadisa mefuta yotlhe ya diphologolo tsa mo gae. <ref>Amanze, James (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=J5bXAAAAMAAJ&q=horse+botswana ''African Traditional Religions and Culture in Botswana: A Comprehensive Textbook''.] Pula Press. p.&#x20;308. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-99912-61-98-0</bdi>.</ref>Ba le mmalwa fela ! Kung o simolotse go nna le dipitse ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masom a marataro (1960), e ka tswa e le tsa gagwe kgotsa e le karolo ya tiro ya molemirui wa mosweu.<ref name=":12" /> Buka ya Equine Science (2017) ga e na tshekatsheko ya palo ya dipitse tsa Botswana;<ref>Parker, Rick (2018). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/en/title/1054197727 Equine science]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-305-94972-0</bdi>.</ref>le fa go ntse jalo, Chris J. Mortensen o supa go ya ka data go tswa go Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng (FAO) go nna teng ga letsomane la 30 907 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).<ref name=":11" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), Oladimeji Idowu Oladele le Milly Monkhei ba ne ba neela tshedimosetso e e latelang ya bong le e e lekanyeditsweng ya go nna le palogotlhe ya dipitse di le dikete di le masome mabedi le botlhano makgolo a mararo masome a robabobedi le bosupa mo lefatsheng: {| class="wikitable" |+Palo ya dipitse ka kgaolo mo Botswana le bong<ref>Oladele, Oladimeji (2008). [https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd20/10/olad20156.htm ''Gender ownership patterns of livestock in Botswana''.] Vol.&nbsp;20. [[:en:African_Study_Monographs|African Study Monographs.]] Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> !Kgaolo !Dipitse tsa borre !Dipitse tsa bomme |- |Kgaolo ya borwa |dikete di le tharo makgolo a mararo lesome le borarato |makgolo a matlhano masome a mabedi le borataro |- |Kgaolo ya [[Gaborone]] |dikete di le pedi, masome a supa le borobabaongwe |makgolo a mararo le masome a supa |- |Kgaolo ya legare |dikete di le nne, makgolo a supa, masome a robabongwe le botlhano |makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabaongwe |- |Kgaolo ya [[Francistown]] |makgolo a robabaobedi masome a marataro le borobabaongwe |lekgolo masome a marataro le borobabobedi |- |Kgaolo ya [[Maun]] |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a mararo lesome le borobabongwe |sekete, makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le borataro |- |Kgaolo ya bophirima |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le botlhano |makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bone |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome a mabedi le motso, makgolo a marataro masome a matlhano le boraro |dikete di le tharo, makgolo a supa masome a mararo le bone |} Maun le dikgaolo tsa Bophirima di tsadisa dipitse tse dintsi. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFOladele2008]{{Harvtxt|Oladele|2008|p=3}}</ref>Gape go na le dipharologano tsa thutafatshe mo go nneng le dipitse: basadi mo kgaolong ya Maun ba na le dipitse tse dintsi go feta ba kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFOladele2008]{{Harvtxt|Oladele|2008|p=1}}</ref> Ga go itsiwe go le gontsi ka go ruiwa ga dipitse mo lefelong leno.<ref name=":0" />Bontsi jwa dipitse kwa Botswana di tsholwa mo dipolaseng tsa setso, tse go ka diregang gore di dirisa mokgwa o monnye o o laolwang wa go tsadisa ka go tlhopha. <ref name=":0" /> === Mefuta e e tsadisitsweng === [[Setshwantsho:Shepherd on donkey on the move.jpg|thumb|Morui wa mo polaseng o ipaakanyetsa go fudusa dipodi tsa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 2019]] Database ya DAD-IS e na le mefuta e le lesome le bobedi ya dipitse tse di dirisiwang ga jaana mo Botswana, le fa e le gore bontsi jwa tsona ga se mefuta e e tlholegileng mo lefelong leo: Appaloosa, Arabian, South African Boer, Hanoverian, Kalahari pony, Nooitgedachter, Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Tswana, Warmblood le Welsh pony.<ref>Système d’Information sur la Diversité des Animaux Domestiques. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250822113508/https://www.fao.org/dad-is/browse-by-country-and-species/fr/ "Races par espèces et pays".] Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Dipitse tsa mofuta o o feletseng di tsadisetswa mo lefelong leo go tsadisa, go dira tiro ya go palama dipitse le go dira lotseno, mmogo le mabaka a setso a a jaaka mabelo a dipitse le go palama dipitse.<ref>DAD-IS[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Thoroughbred&lang=fr . "Thoroughbred / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Appaloosa,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Appaloosa&lang=fr "Appaloosa / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Quarter Horse,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Quarter%20Horse&lang=fr "Quarter Horse / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Nooitgedacht,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Nooitgedachter&lang=fr "Nooitgedachter / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Arabian<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Arab&lang=fr "Arab / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>le dipitse tsa metshameko<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Warm%20blood&lang=fr "Warmblood / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>di tsadisetswa mabaka a a tshwanang, go tlaleletsa go tsoma, go lema ka ditlhopha le go busetsa boloko. Boer gape e dirisetswa bana go palama dipitse. <ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Boerperd&lang=fr "Boerperd / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Tswana e tsadisetswa merero e e fa godimo, gammogo le nama ya yona.<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Tswana&lang=fr "Tswana / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ga go na tshedimosetso e e leng teng ka tiriso ya Hanoverian<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Hanoverian&lang=fr "Hanoverian / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>kgotsa Welsh.<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Welsh%20Pony&lang=fr "Welsh Pony / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> Pony ya Kalahari<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Kalahari%20pony&lang=fr "Kalahari pony / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>e tlhalosiwa jaaka "mofuta o o tlwaeditsweng wa selegae", mme ga go na tshedimosetso ya palo ya batho kgotsa tiriso e e leng teng. === Malwetse le go tshwaediwa ke megare === Botswana e na le bolwetse jwa rabies, jo bo ka amang dipitse ka sewelo (3.13% ya dikgetse tsa rabies tse di lemogilweng mo nageng eo magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe e masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006).<ref>Moagabo, Keabetswe; Monyame, K. B.; Baipoledi, Eddie; Letshwenyo, Moetapele; Mapitse, Neo; Hyera, Joseph (2009). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC86404 "A retrospective longitudinal study of animal and human rabies in Botswana 1989–2006".] ''Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research''. '''76''' (4): 399–407. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v76i4.24. PMID&#x20;21344790. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref>Go ne ga begwa gore go na le ditlhaselo tse dintsi tsa equine influenza mo Afrika Borwa, Lesotho le Namibia, gaufi le molelwane le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1987), mme ga go na dikgetsi dipe tse di begilweng mo Botswana; fela fa ditlhaselo di sena go begwa, mesepele ya dipitse e ne ya thibelwa.<ref>Guthrie, Alan; Stevens, Kim; Bosman, P. P. (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13108343 "The circumstances surrounding the outbreak and spread of equine influenza in South Africa"]. ''Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)''. '''18''' (1): 179–185. doi:10.20506/rst.18.1.1155. PMID&#x20;10190213. Retrieved 30 September 2022</ref> ==== Dintshi tsa Tsetse le Nagana ==== Mafelo a a mogote thata a borwa jwa Afrika a tletse ka dintsi tsa tsetse (Glossina), tse di fetisang trypanosomes, e leng dipharasaete tsa madi tse di bakang bolwetse jo bo bolayang mo dipaleng, nagana. <ref name=":10" /><ref name=":10" />Dintshi tseno di fitlhelwa go bapa le noka ya Limpopo, segolo thata fa e kopanang le noka ya Pongola. Mojanala Frank Vardon o ne a ribolola ditshenekegi tseno mo kgaolong eno fa a ne a tsamaya ka pitse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le botlhano (1845) kgotsa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le borataro (1846).<ref name=":10" /> ==== Bolwetse jwa dipitse jwa Aferika ==== Bolwetse jwa dipitse tsa Afrika ke mogare o o anamisiwang ke dinonyane tse dinnye tse di senyang borwa jwa Afrika ka metlha. <ref>Clarence-Smith, William (2008). [http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:844165/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Southeast Asia and Southern Africa in the Maritime Horse Trade of the Indian Ocean, c. 1800–1914"] (PDF). ''Breed of Empire: The "Invention" of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950''</ref>Tlhokomelo ya malwetse a leroborobo e bontsha gore magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), go ne ga lemogiwa dikgetse tsa kalafi di le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe kwa Botswana, tsotlhe mo dipitseng tse di sa entiwang. <ref name=":15">Hyera, Joseph; Baipoledi, Eddie (2008). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC99752 "A serological survey of African horse sickness in Botswana: research communication".] ''Journal of the South African Veterinary Association''. '''79''' (1): 44–45. doi:10.4102/jsava.v79i1.240. hdl:10520/EJC99752. PMID&#x20;18678192. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref><ref name=":15" />Mefuta ya dibaketeria tse di fitlhelwang mo Botswana ke Culicoides miombo le Culicoides imicola,<ref name=":16">Diarra, Maryam; Fall, Moussa; Fall, Assane; Diop, Aliou (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973751 "Seasonal dynamics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, potential vectors of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses in the Niayes area of Senegal"]. ''Parasites & Vectors''. '''7''' (1): 147. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-147. PMC&#x20;3973751. PMID&#x20;24690198.</ref>e e fitlhelwang gantsi go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997).<ref>Mushi, E.Z.; Isa, J. F. W.; Chabo, R. G.; Binta, M. G. (1998). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006152500642 "Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with horses at Mogoditshane, Gaborone, Botswana"]. ''Veterinary Research Communications''. '''22''' (5): 295–297. doi:10.1023/A:1006152500642. PMID&#x20;9778774. S2CID&#x20;26615166. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Se se na le ditlamorago tsa ikonomi mo beng ba dipitse (sekao, barulaganyi ba safari), mme gape go na le tatlhegelo ya maikutlo. <ref>Carelesen, Louise (2013). [https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/eqhe.2013.1.9.35 "African horse sickness".] ''Equine Health''. '''2013''' (9): 35–37. doi:10.12968/eqhe.2013.1.9.35. Retrieved 30 September 2022</ref>Di-carnivores tse di jang nama ya pitse e e tshwaeditsweng di ka nna tsa tshwaetsega.<ref>Alexander, Kathleen; Kat, Pieter; House, James; House, Carol (1995). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/037811359500059J "African horse sickness and African carnivores"]. ''Veterinary Microbiology''. '''47''' (1): 133–140. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(95)00059-J. PMID&#x20;8604545. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Go na le matsholo a go oketsa kitso ya beng ba dipitse le go ba dira gore ba entiwe.<ref name=":16" /> == Ngwao == Mo bukeng ya The Long Ride Home (2014), mokwadi Rupert Isaacson o bua ka loeto lwa gagwe le morwa wa gagwe wa autistic Rowan go palama dipitse mo gare ga Ba-Bushmen ba Namibia, mme kwa Botswana.<ref>Isaacson, Rupert (2016)[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUeDQAAQBAJ&dq=L%27enfant-cheval+Botswana&pg=PT103 . ''L'Enfant et le cheval de vent: L'extraordinaire voyage qui a changé une vie'']. Albin Michel. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-2-226-42154-8</bdi>.</ref>Isaacson o ne a thibelwa go tswa mo Botswana ka ntlha ya tshegetso ya gagwe ya batho ba San mo kgotlhang ya lefatshe la bagologolo mo Botswana.<ref>Savin, Tristan (2009)[https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/en-selle-avec-rupert-isaacson_825636.html . ''En selle avec Rupert Isaacson'']. L'Express. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == , 3a2rizts7d3s4m4mp5lciqp0g4sh8f9 Cashless Society (band) 0 14744 53831 53700 2026-08-03T03:08:05Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cashless Society''' gape e itsiwe jaaka '''The Hard Cashless Society''' kgotsa '''THC Society''' ke setlhopha sa hip hop sa borwa jwa Afrika go tswa kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]] le [[Johannesburg]], '''Afrika Borwa'''. Setlhopha se se na le Snazz D (Julian Du Plessis), Draztik (Dave Balsher), X-Amount (Kwezi Ngcakani), Black Intellect (Jerry Kai Lewis), Fat Free (Salim Mosidinyane) & DJ IQ (yo o tlogetseng setlhopha, fa a boela kwa Queens, NY), setlhopha se se ne sa dira dithotloetso tsa moragonyana tsa bataki ba bangwe ba ba neng ba na le megopolo e e tshwanang le Criminal (Alfred Chirwa), Tizeye (Tyrone Phillips) & Gemini (Thabiso Mofokeng) (wa morago le ene ke leloko la Groundworks) ba ikgolaganya le go bopa setlhopha se se itsegeng jaaka Cashless Society. == Ditso == Dingwaga tsa ntlha Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999) go ne ga tlhomiwa laeborari e e ikemetseng ya Unreleased Records ke CEO Draztik le DJ IQ go tswa kwa Gaborone, Botswana, le X-Amount go tswa kwa Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165808/http://www.africasgateway.com/2002/01/06/cashless-society/ "We speak to Draztik from Cashless Society"]. AfricasGateway.</ref>Kgopolo e ne e le go dira lefelo la go bulela talente e e golang ya hip-hop mo borwa jwa Aforika ba ba neng ba akanya gore ba ne ba kgaphelwa kwa thoko go tswa mo lefatsheng la mmino ke intaseteri. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010515220940/http://www.africanhiphop.com/ "Unreleased Records"]. ''Africanhiphop.com''. Archived from the original on 15 May 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref>Cashless Society e ne e le nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha go saena le Unreleased Records ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe(1999). Setlhopha se ne se na le Draztik, X-Amount, Snazz D, Black Intellect, Slim a.k.a. Fat Free le DJ IQ.<ref name=":0" />Ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di neng di saenetse kwa pele mo labeleng e ne e le Organik Interfaze (Draztik, Slim le DJ IQ) le Nativity (Fifth Light, L biz, Carnage le Swarthy) ditlhopha tse pedi tse di tswang kwa Gaborone, Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> Leina la Cashless Society le akaretsa setlhopha ka bokao jo bo gabedi: go se nne le madi, jaaka mo bokamosong jwa ikonomi ya polasetiki ya lefatshe la segompieno le go se nne le madi jaaka mo Aforika, e jaanong e leng naga e e humanegileng go gaisa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Charry, Eric S. (2012). "Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World". ''Eric S. Charry''. ISBN&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0253003072|<bdi>978-0253003072</bdi>.]]</ref> Draztik, Slim le DJ IQ e ne e le baamogedi ba lenaneo la radio la beke le beke la Strictly Hip-Hop mo seteisheneng sa radio sa RBII kwa Botswana.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816225345/http://www.africaserver.nl/rumba-kali/ "One nation under a groove".] Africanhiphop.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000.</ref> Gape e ne e le maloko a setlhopha sa Organik Interfaze, Ba bararo ba ne ba fetsa nako e ntsi kwa moseja, ka Draztik a golela kwa Sacramento, California, Slim a belegetswe le go golela kwa New York City le DJ IQ a golela kwa Queens, [[New York,]] pele botlhe ba boela kwa Botswana.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816225345/http://www.africaserver.nl/rumba-kali/ "Feedin' Botswana Hip Hop headz"]. Africanhiphop.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000.</ref> X-Amount le Snazz D ba ne ba tswa kwa Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa mme ba ne ba bopa setlhopha sa Gun of a Nation (Zulu, "Isizwe se zi bhamu") mmogo. Morwa wa lesole la pele la ntwa la MK la Afrika Borwa, X-Amount o ne a tsholelwa mo kampeng ya sesole kwa [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya|Kenya,]] pele a fudugela kwa Toronto, Canada, a le dingwaga di le robedi. O ne a boela mo Afrika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Black Intellect, le yone e e tswang kwa Johannesburg, e tsholetswe kwa [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone, mme ya golela kwa [[Baltimore]], Maryland, pele e fudugela kwa Afrika Borwa le go tsenela setlhopha sa Cashless Society.<ref name=":0" /> === Blaze Tha Breaks === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000) Bobbito Garcia, Rre. Len le Jean Grae ba ne ba ya kwa Afrika Borwa go tswa kwa New York City go ya go tshameka mo Afrika Borwa ka lekgetlho la ntlha. Bobbito o ne a golola single ya Cashless Society "Blaze tha Breaks" b/w Mizchif "Place for a Wife" mo Independent Fondle 'Em Records ya gagwe ka 2000 fa ba boela kwa United States.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160406233612/http://www.matadorrecords.com/mr_len "Mr. Len profile"]. ''Matador Records''. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref> Letlhakore la A la rekoto, 'Blaze Tha Breaks' le ne la bona Snazz D, X-Amount le Black Intellect ba opela ka pina ya ga Nina Simone e e dirilweng ke Draztik le X-Amount. B-Side e ne e na le Mizchif le Tsakani Mhinga ba opela "Place for a Wife" ka morethetho wa ga Richard The 3rd. Go anamisiwa ga yone go ne ga dirwa ke Fat Beats mme rekoto e ne ya nna e nngwe ya tsa ntlha go anamisiwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe ke moopedi wa hip-hop wa mo Afrika Borwa. E ne ya gololwa kwa borwa jwa Afrika ka Unreleased Records ngwaga o o latelang, mme e ne ya tlhagisiwa gape mo kgobokanong ya "Farewell Fondle 'Em" e e golotsweng ka Definitive Jux.<ref name=":2">[https://www.discogs.com/Cashless-Society-Blaze-Tha-Breaks/release/1118048 "Cashless Society – Blaze Tha Breaks".] discogs. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/farewell-fondle-em-mw0000591736 "Farewell Fondle 'Em – Various Artists".] AllMusic. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> Kgololo ya Aforika Borwa gape e na le dipina tsa ‘ditso’, ‘Dira gore go diragale’ le Blaze Tha Breaks (Remix). Karolo e e tokafaditsweng ya CD e bontsha dibuka tsa botshelo tse di feletseng mmogo le bidio ya mmino wa 'Blaze Tha Breaks'.<ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://www.publicenemyafrica.com/the-history-of-south-african-hip-hop-by-rashid-ray/ "The History of South African hip-hop"]. Public Enemy Africa.</ref> === ''African Raw Material Vol. 1'' === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003) setlhopha se ne sa golola alebamo ya sona ya ntlha e e tletseng ya 'African Raw Material bolumo ya ntlha' mo kgatisong ya bona ya Direkoto tse di sa Kgololwang ka kabo e e neng e tshwarwa ke Sony BMG Africa. E ne e na le diponagalo tsa baeng ke Tumi, Mizchif le Masauko ba Blk Sonshine.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225259/http://www.africasgateway.com/2003/11/11/unreleased-records-african-raw-material-vol-1-plus-upcoming-events/ "Unreleased Records: African Raw Material VOL 1 plus upcoming events".] ''AfricasGateway.com''. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Alebamo e ne ya bona setlhopha se oketsa maloko a mangwe e leng Criminal, Tizeye le Gemini, fa DJ IQ ene a ne a tlogetse setlhopha go ya go fudugela kwa Queens, kwa New York. Sekebekwa ke moopedi wa mmino wa repe yo o tswang kwa [[Lilongwe,]] [[Malawi]], Tizeye go tswa kwa Johannesburg le Gemini moopedi wa mmino wa repe le motlhagisi go tswa kwa Motsekapa yo gape e leng leloko la Groundworks.<ref>[http://www.rock.co.za/amuzine/120404.htm "SA Top Selling CDs".] South African Rock Digest.</ref> === ''Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1,2)'' === Pina ya ntlha e e tswang mo alebamong ya 'Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)' e ne ya amogelwa sentle. Pina e ne e na le Snazz, X-Amount le Fat Free ba diragatsa pina e e tlhagisitsweng ke Draztik. Video e e neng e kaelwa ke Andrew Wessels e ne ya filimiwa kwa [[Sekakang sa Kalahari]] mme ya dira gore setlhopha seno se bone awate kwa Dikabong tsa Mmino tsa Aforika Borwa mo ngwageng oo tsa bidio e e gaisang.<ref>[http://koolout.co.za/?p=9751 "KoolOut: #TBT: Cashless Society – Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)".] KoolOut.co.za.</ref>Pina e ne gape e tlhagelela mo kokoanyong ya 'Silvertab Harambe Dope Sessions' e e golotsweng ke Direkoto tsa DIY mme ya gatisiwa ke Direkoto tsa Diokobatsi tsa Aforika. Pokello e ne e entswe ka dipina tse boutilweng ke bareetsi ba Bush Radio. E ne gape e tlhagisiwa mo kokoanyong ya 'Rhyme 'N Reason' e e neng ya gololwa ke Ready Rolled Records ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Various-Rhyme-N-Reason/release/1140933 "Various Artists – Rhyme N' Reason".] discogs. 2004.</ref> === ''Taxi Wars'' === Single ya bobedi e e tswang mo alebamong ya 'Taxi Wars' e ne ya amogelwa sentle ka go lekana. Pina e ne e tlhagisitswe ke Gemini mme ya mmona a repa mmogo le Snazz D le X-Amount. Pina e ne ya thusa go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa dikgaolo tsa dikhomišene tsa dithekisi kwa Johannesburg. Bidio e ne e kaelwa ke Wessels le ene mme gape e ne ya bontshiwa mo kgatisong ya CD/DVD ya 'Afrolution Vol. 1 – Pokello ya Hip Hop ya Aforika ya Ntlha' e lokollotswe direkotong tsa Afrolution.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Various-Afrolution-Vol-1-The-Original-African-Hip-Hop-Compilation/release/1140520 "Various Artists – Afrolution Vol. 1".] discogs. 2005.</ref> Pina ya '8-3-1 (Ke a go Rata)', e e neng e neetswe Johannesburg, e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo Pineng ya Modumo ya Yizo Yizo 3 e e neng ya gololwa mo Khamphaning ya Direkoto ya CCP.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160408151634/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2004/04/25/C1/33/01.html "Yizo Yizo 3 unleashes a powerful ensemble of talent".] ''City Press''. South Africa. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref>Mo ngwageng oo, Mokgatlho wa Cashless o ne wa gapa dikabelo di le tharo tsa SAMA, mmogo le dikabelo di le nne kwa 'dikabong tsa Hip-Hop Indaba' tsa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Cape Town.<ref>[http://africasacountry.com/2015/03/sahiphop2014-looking-back-at-the-year-that-was/ "#SAHipHop2014: Looking Back at the Year That Was".] ''Africasacountry.com''. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Setlhopha seno se ne sa tlhagelela mo khabareng ya kgatiso ya ntlha ya makasine wa HYPE, e leng kgatiso ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba ya hip-hop mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[http://www.hypemagazine.co.za/ "HYPE Magazine".] Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Ngwaga o o latelang o ne wa bona direkoto tse di sa gololwang tsa go rekota baopedi ba Snazz D le Young Nations ba tlhagelela mo papatsong ya ntlha ya hip-hop ya CNN Inside Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160414183242/http://consciousness.co.za/thoughts-of-a-young-nation/ "Thoughts of a Young Nation".] ''Consciousness.co.za''. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> == Discography == === Dikgatiso === ; Albums<ref name=":3">[https://www.discogs.com/artist/106756-Cashless-Society "Cashless Society – Discography".] discogs. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</ref> ;* '''''African Raw Material Vol. 1'' – Cashless Society, Unreleased Records (CDUR 1000) (2003)''' ; Singles<ref name=":3" /> ;* ''Blaze Tha Breaks'' – Cashless Society b/w "Place for a Wife" – Mizchif, Fondle 'Em Records (FE-SA1) (2000) ;* ''Blaze Tha Breaks'' – Cashless Society, Unreleased Records (CDUR 001) (2001) === Guest appearances === ; * "Blaze Tha Breaks" by Cashless Society on ''Sweet Sixteen: Vol. 16'' – DJ MK, MK Enterprizes (MK-16) (2000) * "Blaze Tha Breaks" (featuring Snazz D, Black Intellect & X-Amount) by Cashless Society on ''Farewell Fondle 'Em'' – V.A., Definitive Jux (DJX-19) (2001) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''Silvertab Harambe Dope Sessions'' – Various Artists, DIY Records (2003) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''Rhyme 'N Reason'' – Various Artists, Ready Rolled Records (RRRCD 009) (2004) * "8-3-1 (I Love You)" by Cashless Society on ''Yizo Yizo 3'' – Various Artists, CCP Record Company (CDYIZO (WL) 3) (2004) * "Dolly Partin'" by Cashless Society on ''Smirnoff Spin Hype Sessions Vol. 1'' – Various Artists, HYPE Magazine (2005) * "Taxi Wars" by Cashless Society on ''Afrolution Vol. 1 – The Original African Hip Hop Collection'' – Various Artists, Afrolution Records (afrolution001) (2005) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''African Grooves Volume 13'' – Various Artists, Blue Pie (2008) == Go etela mafatshe, Dipontsho tse di Botlhokwa le Bo be ga kgang == Cashless Society e tshamekile le go nna setlhogo sa dipontsho mo Aforika Borwa le Botswana ka bobedi. Ba ne ba bulela Dead Prez le Blak Twang kwa Johannesburg le Gaborone ka bobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a roabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999). Setlhopha seno gape se ne sa bulela [[Jean Grae]], [[Rre Len]] le [[Bobbito]] kwa Johannesburg. Di ne di tlhagisiwa mo khabareng ya Makasine wa HYPE mo kgatisong ya ntlha ya kgatiso eno. Makasine wa ntlha wa naga ka bophara wa hip-hop o o neng wa gatisiwa le mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://stfrancisredblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/mzansi-wednesdayz-remembering-_-cashless-society/ "Remembering Cashless Society"]. ''Remembering Mzanzi Wednesdays''. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</ref> == Maloko a setlhopha sa mmino == * Dave Balsher (Draztik) – producer, lyricist * Alfred Chirwa (Criminal) – lyricist * Julian Du Plessis (Snazz D) – producer, lyricist * Jerry Kai Lewis (Black Intellect) – lyricist * Thabiso Mofokeng (Gemini) – producer, lyricist * Salim Mosidinyane (Fat Free) – lyricist * Kwezi Ngcakani (X-Amount) – producer, lyricist * Tyrone Phillips (Tizeye) – lyricist == Dietsele == === Dietsele tse di fentsweng === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ngwaga !seetsele !seetsele sa eng |- |2004 |Best Hip-Hop Album (African Raw Material Vol. 1) |SAMA |- |2004 |Best South African Rap Song (Hottentot Hop Bantu 1,2) |SAMA |- |2004 |Best South African Music Video (Hottentot Hop Bantu 1,2 |SAMA |} == Metswedi == rbtjvvq0fg078fp63ph8jpbdt9hddow Jorge Duarte 0 14769 53842 53567 2026-08-03T07:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Miguel Costa Duarte''', a itsege mo mafatsheng a mangwe a [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka leina la '''Miguel da Costa''', ke mookamedi wa dithopha tsa kgwele ya dinao wa Mopotokisi o labofelo a neng a okametse setlhopha sa AI-Ittihad (kwa [[Tripoli]]).<ref>[https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2020-12-12/a-africa-de-jorge-duarte/871339 "A África de Jorge Duarte".] abola.pt</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana == Duarte o simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao a le mmotlana.<ref>[https://defesadeespinho.sapo.pt/2021/11/06/jorge-duarte-treinador-de-futebol-quero-continuar-a-fazer-coisas-em-equipas-que-nao-estejam-a-espera-que-os-titulos-acontecam/ "Jorge Duarte (treinador de futebol): "Quero continuar a fazer coisas em equipas que não estejam à espera que os títulos aconteçam"".] sapo.pt</ref> Fa tshameka e le monana, Duarte o ne a nna bontlha jwa sekolo sa banana sa kgwele ya dinao sa [[Portugal]] sa Porto.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200922012454/https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/estorias-made-in/made-in/tem-dois-nomes-foi-campeao-no-uganda-e-e-lider-no-botswana "Tem dois nomes, foi campeão no Uganda e é líder no Botswana".] iol.pt (Archived). Archived from the original on 2020-09-22.</ref> Morago ga go bona dikgobalo, o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go etelela pele ditlhopha.<ref>[https://www.espinho.tv/noticias/a-conversa-com-jorge-duarte-treinador-de-futebol "À CONVERSA COM… JORGE DUARTE"]. espinho.tv.</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya go okamela ditlhopha == Mo Aforika, Duarte o itsege ka leina la Miguel da Costa.<ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/score/where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-title-winning-da-costa--1769270 "Where did it all go wrong for title winning Da Costa?".] monitor.co.ug.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, Duarte o ne a thapiwa e le mookamedi wa setlhopha sa [[Uganda]] sa vipers.<ref>[https://observer.ug/sports/miguel-da-costa-remains-right-man-for-vipers-sc-if/ "Miguel Da Costa remains right man for Vipers SC".] observer.ug.</ref> O ne a thusa setlhopha seo go fenya kgaisano ya liki.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/soccer/uganda/story/3510152/vipers-title-win-was-no-fluke-miguel-da-costa "Vipers' title win was no fluke - Miguel da Costa"]. ''espn.com''.</ref> le fa gpo ntse jalo, mokgwa wa go tshameka wa setlhopha se mo taolong ya gagwe o ne o supiwa o sa kgatlhe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230123111858/https://thesportspearl.com/2023/01/13/what-does-success-look-like-for-a-foreign-manager-at-vipers/ "What Does Success Look Like for a Foreign Manager at Vipers?".] thesportspearl.com.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi o ne a tlogela setlhopha seo.<ref>[https://www.pmldaily.com/sports/2018/07/even-a-kagame-cup-triumph-could-not-have-saved-da-costa.html "Why coach Da Costa was axed by Vipers SC". p]mldaily.com.</ref> Morago ga foo, o ne a thapiwa go okamela setlhopha sa [[Botswana]] sa [[Setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa Jwaneng Galaxy F.C.|Jwaneng Galaxy]].<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sport/da-costa-pleads-for-more-foreigners-in-teams/news "Da Costa Pleads for more foreigners in teams"]. mmegi.bw.</ref> O ne a fiwa tiro ya go fenya liki ke setlhopha.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/sport/two-bulls-in-one-kraal-a-recipe-for-disaster/ "Two 'bulls' in one kraal, a recipe for disaster?"]. thegazette.news.</ref> O thusitse setlhopha go fenya liki ya sone ya ntlha.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga foo, o ne a thapiwa e le mookamedi wa setlhopha sa [[Libya]] sa AI-Ittihad (Tripoli).<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/portugal/correio-da-manha-weekend/20210130/283527978488696 "Jorge Duarte, "OS TREINOS SÃO ASSISTIDOS POR CINCO MIL PESOAS"" &#x2013;] via pressreader.com.</ref> O na le teseletso ya bokatisi ya UEFA B.<ref>[https://kawowo.com/2017/03/08/not-vacation-says-new-vipers-coach/ "I am not here on a vacation, says new Vipers Coach"]. kawowo.com.</ref> == Metswedi == 1329lk0f4fgtgeek8jrg36t8mate8ov Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi 0 14819 53848 53737 2026-08-03T09:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi''' ( KAZA TFCA ) ke lefelo la bobedi ka botona la tshomarelo ya tlholego le naga mo lefatsheng, le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya mafatshefatshe ya mafatshe a le matlhano mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] . E akaretsa karolo e tona ya [[Zambesi|Noka ya Zambezi]] godimo le dikgampu tsa Okavango le makgobokgobo, Caprivi Strip ya [[Namibia]], bontlha jo bo kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa [[Angola]], borwa-bophirima jwa [[Zambia]], naga e e kwa bokone jwa [[Botswana]] le bophirima jwa [[Zimbabwe]] . Legare la kgaolo e, ke kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|noka ya Zambezi le Chobe]] di kopanelang teng, kwa melelwane ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe di kopanang teng. E akaretsa mafelo a boiketlo a le mmalwa ga mmogo le mafelo a tlholego, a akaretsa [[Chobe National Park]], Hwange National Park, le [[Diphororo tsa Victoria]]. Kgaolo e, e na le Ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, e le palo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka bophara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-19 |title=Southern African Peace Parks - Peace Parks Foundation - The Global Solution |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219160424/http://www.peaceparks.org/Parks_1022100000_0_0_0_0_8_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Kavango-Zambezi.htm |archive-date=2009-12-19 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> == Ditso == Kakanyo e e simolotswe ke mokgatlho kgaolo ya botlhophi ya Shoshong le letlole la lefatshe lotlhe la tlholego . E tlhotlheleditswe ke lenaneo la bojanala jwa kwa godimo ga noka ya Zambezi le ya Okavango ga mmogo le batsamaisi ba ditswammung tsa melelwane e mene. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, matona a a nang le maikarabelo a bojanala kwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia le Zimbabwe a ne a kopana kwa Katima Mulilo, kwa Namibia, go buisana ka porojeke eo. <ref name="peaceparks">{{Cite web |title=Kavango Zambezi Park Development |url=http://peaceparks.com/Stories_1022100000_8_0_0_0_672_Kavango-Zambezi+TFCA+Park+Development.htm |access-date=2010-09-07 |publisher=Peace Parks Foundation}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) le ne la ema nokeng KAZA TFCA jaaka porojeke ya SADC, mme moragonyana ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro mafatshe a matlhano a a dirisanang mmogo a ne a baya monwana tumalano kwa Victoria Falls, kwa Zimbabwe. <ref name="peaceparks" /> Go agiwa ga lefelo le go ne ga tlhomamisiwa ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, ka tumalano e e neng ya bewa monwana ke baeteledipele ba dipuso tsa mafatshe a matlhano a a neng a tsaya karolo. <ref name="Zeitung">{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Allgemeine |date=2012-03-16 |title=KAZA: Größtes Naturschutzgebiet in Afrika eröffnet |url=https://www.az.com.na/nachrichten/kaza-grsstes-naturschutzgebiet-in-afrika-erffnet |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Pulo semmuso ya lefelo le e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, kwa Katima Mulilo. <ref name="Zeitung" /> Dithuso tsa madi di tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng. Metswedi e, e akaretsa banka ya Tlhabololo ya KfW, puso ya Jeremane, Banka ya Lefatshe (World Bank), lefatshe la the Netherlands, le la Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donors |url=https://kavangozambezi.org/en/about/donors |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=kavangozambezi.org |language=en-gb |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109210139/https://kavangozambezi.org/en/about/donors |url-status=dead }}</ref> Go ne ga ithutiwa ka di[[tau]] mo lefelong le lotlhe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elliot, N.B. |last2=Cushman, S.A. |last3=Macdonald, D.W. |last4=Loveridge, A.J. |year=2014 |title=The devil is in the dispersers: predictions of landscape connectivity change with demography |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1169–1178 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, dipuso tsa mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe di ne tsa simolodisa teseletso mesepele e e tshwanang le ya KAZA, e e letlang ba ba e tshotseng go tsamaya ka tshosologo go kgabaganya melelwane mo teng ga lefelo la tshomarelo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170721140724/http://www.kazavisa.info/index.php/about/zambia-zimbabwe-visa-info "KAZA Visa for Zambia and Zimbabwe".] Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Dikarolo == [[Setshwantsho:Kavango-Zambezi_Transfrontier_Conservation_map_de.png|right|thumb| Mmepe wa puo ya Sejeremane wa lefelo la tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi]] Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango–Zambezi le botona jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Kavango Zambezi .:. Peace Parks Foundation |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002224/http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid=27&mid=1008 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mo lefatsheng le, lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong le kwa Angola, masome a mararo mo lekgolong kwa Botswana, lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Namibia,masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong kwa Zambia, le lesome le bone mo lekgolong kwa Zimbabwe.  Dikhilomithara di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabobedi le bosupa le lekgolo masome a mararo le bobedi tsa lefatshe le le akareditsweng ke [[Protected area|mafelo a a sireleditsweng]] a a setseng a le teng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=KAZA-TFCA |url=http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508162547/http://www.kavangozambezi.org/about_kaza.php |archive-date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref> Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a akareditsweng ke a a latelang: '''kwa Zambia:''' * [[Kafue National Park]] * [[Liuwa Plain National Park]] * [[Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park]] * [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] * [[Zambezi National Park]] kwa tlase '''kwa Namibia:''' * [[Bwabwata National Park]] * [[Khaudum National Park]] * [[Mangetti National Park]] * [[Mudumu National Park]] * [[Nkasa Rupara National Park]] '''mo Botswana:''' * [[Chobe National Park]] * [[Makgadikgadi pans|Makgadikgadi Pan]] * [[Nxai Pan National Park]] * [[Moremi Game Reserve|Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi]] '''kwa Zimbabwe:''' * [[Chizarira National Park]] * [[Hwange National Park Airport|Hwange National Park]] * [[Kazuma Pan National Park]] * [[Mana Pools National Park]] * [[Matusadona National Park]] * Lefelo la itloso bodutu la [[Diphororo tsa Victoria]] * [[Zambezi National Park]] '''kwa Angola:''' * [[Luengue-luiana National Park]] * [[Longa-Mavinga National Park]] == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Diphologolo tsa naga tsa Zambia]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} f3m8p8cy0leae9flcpdamg8xdwmww1y Anthony Pesela 0 14821 53824 53742 2026-08-03T00:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Pesela''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) ke motshameki wa Botswana yo o itsegeng ka go taboga sekgala sa dimetara di le makgolo a mane (400). O ne a gapa sekgele sa gouta kwa [[World Athletics U20 Championships]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe(2021)<ref>[https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/athletics/sa-claim-4-more-medals-at-u20-world-champs-20210821 "SA claim 4 more medals at U20 World Champs]". Sport. Retrieved 21 August 2021</ref><ref>Philémon (21 August 2021)[https://web.archive.org/web/20210821233714/https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/athletics-world-u20-africa-takes-all-the-medals-in-the-200m/ . "Athletics - World U20: Africa takes all the medals in the 200m". Sport News Africa]. Retrieved 21 August 2021</ref> == Metswedi == 1d5np2u8miwel34mb9oimluh9nd56ac Brandon Wilson (Motshamiki wa kgwele ya Dinao wa Botswana) 0 14822 53830 53743 2026-08-03T02:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brandon James Wilson''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa moitsanape yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa mo gare wa tshireletso mo setlhopheng sa Super League Bali United. Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa Australia a sa le mmotlana mme moragonyana a fudugela kwa England go tshamekela Burnley pele a tshamekela Stockport County. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), o ne a boela kwa Australia go tshamekela Perth Glory. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Wilson o tsholetswe kwa Gaborone, Botswana ke batsadi ba Maesemane mme o goletse kwa Doncaster, England go tloga a le dingwaga di le pedi. O ne a fudugela kwa Western Australia a le dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160911202330/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/burnleys-boys-down-under Burnley's boys from Down Under".] FourFourTwo. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016</ref> == Tiro ya go tshameka == Wilson o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa Burnley ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013).<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160911220044/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/burnleys-brandon-wilson-keeping-options-open Burnley's Brandon Wilson keeping options open".] FourFourTwo. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> O ne a adimelwa kwa Stockport County ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref>[http://www.clitheroeadvertiser.co.uk/sport/burnley-fc/latest-news/aussie-wilson-links-up-with-stockport-1-7820530 Aussie Wilson links up with Stockport]". Clitheroe Advertiser and Times. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), Wilson o ne a boela kwa Western Australia a baya monwana tumelano le setlhopha sa Perth Glory go tshameka mo A-League. <ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/football/a-league/teams/perth/perth-glory-signs-wabred-midfielder-brandon-wilson-with-english-side-burnley/news-story/90536d9c0c082844544b80038920131b Perth Glory signs WA-bred midfielder Brandon Wilson with English side Burnley".] The Sunday Times. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref>O ne a simolola go tshamekela Perth Glory ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e thola lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) fa ba ne ba fenya Brisbane Roar 2-0 mo Sejaneng sa FFA sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170307052534/http://www.theffacup.com.au/matchcentre/Brisbane-Roar-FC-v-Perth-Glory/862148 Brisbane Roar FC vs Perth Glory, FFA Cup, Round of 32, 10th Aug 2016".] 31 July 2017</ref>Wilson o ne a tshameka jaaka motshameki wa kwa bogareng, mme a supa fa a kgona go dira dilo tse dintsi ka go tshameka jaaka motshameki wa kwa morago wa kwa Melbourne Victory ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Newcastle Jets e ne ya itsise gore Wilson o beile monwana tumelano le setlhopha ka tumalano ya nakwana go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) mo A-League Men.<ref>Gardiner, James (28 February 2022). [https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7636972/former-olyroo-to-add-starch-to-jets-midfield/ "Former Olyroo to add starch to Jets midfield".] The Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Wilson o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng sa Australia sa ba baya ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi (20) go ya kwa Laos go tsenela dikgaisano tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) AFC U-19 Championship. <ref>[http://www.foxsports.com.au/breaking-news/young-socceroos-squad-named-for-upcoming-afc-u19-championship-qualifiers-in-laos/news-story/67f30a9fd8dd95835e3d1fee11a84475 Young Socceroos squad named for upcoming AFC U19 Championship Qualifiers in Laos".] Fox Sports. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016</ref>O ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa gagwe sa ntlha ka go fenya Laos.<ref>"[http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=9672&stageid=374&tMode=C&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Laos 0–2 Australia".] Asian Football Confederation. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</ref> 9Gape o na le tshwanelo ya go emela Botswana le Engelane kwa maemong a maemo a a kwa godimo.<ref>[http://www.thegazette.news/?p=16105 "I would love to play for the Zebras – Wilson]". 25 August 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boferabongwe (2019), e ne e le mongwe wa batshameki ba le bane ba ba neng ba kgaotswe ke Australia U23 ka ntlha ya "boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50471012 Four Australia Under-23 players banned after complaint from woman"]. BBC Sport. 19 November 2019.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), o ne a bitswa go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa bo setšhaba sa Botswana mme ga a ise a kgone go tshameka ka ntlha ya mathata a go bona boagi jwa Botswana le go amogela phaseporoto ya Botswana jaaka moagi wa Australia, ka Botswana ga jaana e sa letlelele boagi jwa bobedi. Le fa go ntse jalo, Wilson o tsere karolo mo dikampeng tsa katiso le setlhopha.<ref>Mosekiemang, Kenneth (5 December 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231214120806/https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/38979/sport/immigration-law-delays-wilsons-zebras-debut/ "Immigration Law Delays Wilson's Zebras Debut".] Weekend Post. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</ref><ref>Dube, Mqondisi (10 February 2024). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/no-progress-in-wilsons-citizenship-push/news No progress in Wilson's citizenship push"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</ref> == Ditlotla == Perth Glory A-League: Ditona 2018-2019 == Metswedi == ghz8sdxzos7n77w22e0ans6b7xybwmu Helemete 0 14826 53839 53749 2026-08-03T06:49:52Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helmete''' ke mofuta wa didiriswa tsa tshireletso tse apariwang go sireletsa tlhogo . Ka tlwaelo, helemete e thusa go sireletsa legata le boboko jwa motho . Dihelemete dingwe di apariwa fela mo meletlong kgotsa e le matshwao a seriti (sekao, helemete ya lepodise kwa [[United Kingdom]] ) tse di senang tiro ya tshireletso ka dinako tse dingwe di a aparwa. Masole a rwala dihelemete tsa ntwa, tse gantsi di dirilweng ka Kevlar kgotsa ditlhale tse dingwe tse di botlhofo tsa maitirelo . Lefoko ''helmet'' le tswa mo go ''helm'', lefoko la Seesemane sa bogologolo le le kayang seaparo sa tshireletso ya tlhogo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=helmet (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/helmet |publisher=etymonline.com}}</ref> Dihelemete di dirisiwa mo metshamekong e le mentsi ( sekao, bapagami ba dipitse, kgwele ya dinao ya Amerika, hoki ya aese, kirikete, baseball, go relela mo dithabeng, go latlhela le go palama matlapa ) ; ditiro tse di kotsi tsa tiro jaaka kago, meepo, mapodisi a a thibelang dikhuduego, difofane tsa sesole, le mo dilong tsa dipalangwa ( sekao , dihelemete tsa dithuthuthu le dihelemete tsa dibaesekele ) . Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, bontsi jwa dihelemete di dirilwe ka resini kgotsa polasetiki, e e ka nonotshiwang ka ditlhale tse di jaaka aramiti . Bangwe ba batlhokomedi ba diphologolo tsa naga ba kwa Borithane ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 18 le wa bo 19 ba ne ba rwele dihelemete tse di dirilweng ka lotlhaka lo lo bofilweng mmogo ka tlhaka e e segilweng . <ref name="TLA">{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Harry |year=1985 |title=The Long Affray |publisher=[[Secker & Warburg]] |isbn=0-436-20102-X |location=London}}</ref> Bayuropa kwa boboatsatsi gantsi ba ne ba rwala helemete ya pith, e e tlhabolotsweng mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 19 mme e dirilwe ka pith kgotsa cork . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pith Helmet {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2020/the-pith-helmet |website=Historians.org}}</ref> Mo tirisong ya sesole mo makgolong a dingwaga a bo 19–20 di ne tsa bona dihelemete di le mmalwa tsa letlalo, bogolosegolo mo gare ga bafofisi le badiri ba ditanka mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 20. Mo malatsing a ntlha a koloi, bakgweetsi bangwe le bone ba ne ba dirisa mofuta ono wa go rwala ditlhogo, mme dihelemete tsa ntlha tsa kgwele ya dinao le tsone di ne di dirilwe ka letlalo. Mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II, badiri ba difofane ba Amerika, Soviet, Jeremane, Italy le Fora ba ne ba rwala dihelemete tsa letlalo, bakgweetsi ba difofane ba Jeremane ba ne ba itira tsa bone ka fa tlase ga beret pele ga ba di latlha ka bobedi mme ba fetogela kwa dihelemete tsa letsela. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">leng?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Motlha wa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha le ya Bobedi le one o ne wa bona go tsoga gape ga dihelemete tsa sesole tsa tshipi, segolobogolo helemete ya Brodie le ya Stahlhelm . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2019 |title=Why were WWII helmet designs so different by country & which design was the most effective? |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/why-were-wwii-helmet-designs.html |website=War History Online}}</ref> Dihelmete tsa segompieno di na le ditiriso tse dintsi thata, go akaretsa le dihelmete tse di fetotsweng go tsamaisana le ditlhokego tse di rileng tsa ditiro tse dintsi tsa diatleletiki le mafelo a tiro, mme dihelmete tseno gantsi di akaretsa dipolasetiki le dilo tse dingwe tsa maitirelo ka ntlha ya bokete jwa tsone jo bo botlhofo le bokgoni jwa go monya go tshoga. Mengwe ya mefuta ya mafaratlhatlha a matirelo a a dirisiwang go dira dihelemete mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga e akaretsa mafaratlhatlha a aramide, tse di jaaka Kevlar le Twaron . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Materials of Motorcycle Helmets |url=https://thedrivebook.com/most-common-materials-of-motorcycle-helmets/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729211211/https://thedrivebook.com/most-common-materials-of-motorcycle-helmets/ |archive-date=2021-07-29 |access-date= |website= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dihelemete tsa dikoloi tsa mabelo di akaretsa thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa tlhogo le molala e e dirang gore helemete (le tlhogo) e nne e gokeletswe mo mmeleng fa di thulana thata. k4k8er5pimkkn6lt92jb4i1sfua2vc2 Khunololamoraba 0 14841 53845 53797 2026-08-03T08:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefokophiri''', leo ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwang '''khoutu ya sephiri''', ke tshedimosetso ya sephiri, gantsi e le motseletsele wa ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao,e e diriswang go netefatsa boitshupo jwa modirisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- no specified --> |title=password |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Password |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Ka tlwaelo, go ne go solofetswe gore mafokophiri di tshwa ka tlhogo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Pratik |last2=Om |first2=Hari |date=6 May 2016 |title=An Efficient Remote User Password Authentication Scheme based on Rabin's Cryptosystem |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |journal=[[Wireless Personal Communications]] |language=en |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=217–244 |doi=10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |issn=0929-6212 |s2cid=21912076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mme palo e kgolo ya ditirelo tse di sireleditsweng ka mafokophiri tse motho yo o tlwaelegileng a di fitlhelelang e ka dira gore go tshwara mafokophiri tse di kgethegileng tsa tirelo nngwe le nngwe go se ka ga nna mosola. <ref name="nordpass100">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannon |date=21 October 2020 |title=Average person has 100 passwords - study |url=https://securitybrief.co.nz/story/average-person-has-100-passwords-study |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=SecurityBrief New Zealand |publisher=TechDay}}</ref> Ka go dirisa mareo a Dikaelo tsa Boitshupo jwa Dijithale tsa NIST, sephiri se tshwarwa ke mongwe yo o bidiwang ''mokopi(claimant)'' fa motho kgotsa mokgatlho o o netefatsang boitshupo jwa mokopi o bidiwa '''mmoledi(verifier)''' . Fa mokopi a bontsha ka katlego kitso ya nomoro ya sephiri go motlhomamisi ka porothokholo e e tlhomilweng ya netefatso, <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=authentication protocol |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication_protocol |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> mmoledi a ka swetsa ka gore mokopi ke mang. Ka kakaretso,lefokophiri ke tatelano ya ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao a mangwe. Fa ditlhaka tsotlhe tse di letleletsweng di lekanyeditswe go nna dinomoro fela, sephiri seo gantsi se bidiwa nomoro ya boitshupo ya motho (PIN). Le fa e na le leina, lefokophiri ga e tlhoke go nna lefoko la mmatota; eleruri, lefoko le le seng (ka tlhaloganyo ya bukantswe) le ka nna thata go le fopholetsa, e leng selo se se eletsegang sa lefokophiri. Sephiri se se tshwarwang ka tlhogo se se nang le tatelano ya mafoko kgotsa mokwalo o mongwe o o kgaogantsweng ka diphatlha ka dinako tse dingwe se bidiwa polelwana ya sephiri . Polelwana ya sephiri e tshwana le lefokophiri mo tirisong, fela ya ntlha ka kakaretso e telele go bona tshireletsego e e oketsegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=Passphrase |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Passphrase |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Mafokophiri di ntse di dirisiwa go tloga bogologolo tala. Badisa ba ne ba laela batho ba ba neng ba batla go tsena mo lefelong le le rileng gore ba neele '''lefokophiri''' kgotsa '''lefoko la tebelo''', mme ba ne ba tla letla fela motho kgotsa setlhopha go feta fa ba itse nomoro ya sephiri . Polybius o tlhalosa tsamaiso ya go anamisa mafoko a go tlhokomela mo sesoleng sa Roma ka tsela e e latelang:<blockquote>Tsela e ba tlhomamisang tikologo e e fetang ya lefoko la tebelo la bosigo ka yone e ka tsela e e latelang: go tswa mo setlhopheng sa bolesome sa mophato mongwe le mongwe wa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao le a a palameng dipitse, setlhopha se se thibeletseng kwa ntlheng e e kwa tlase ya mmila, go tlhophiwa monna yo o gololwang mo tirong ya go disa, mme o nna teng letsatsi le letsatsi fa letsatsi le phirima, o ya kwa tanteng ya molaodi wa sesole,mme o amogela lefoko la tebelo go tswa kwa go ene.Lefoko leo le kwalwa mo letlapang la logong le le kwadilweng lefoko mo go lone – o a tsamaya, mme fa a boela kwa a nnang teng o fetisetsa lefoko la tebelo le letlapana fa pele ga basupi kwa molaoding wa maniple e e latelang, yo le ene a le fetisetsang kwa go yo o bapileng le ene. Botlhe ba dira jalo go fitlha e fitlha kwa di- maniple tsa ntlha, tse di neng di thibeletse gaufi le ditante tsa di-tribune. Bano ba morago ba patelesega go isa letlapa leno kwa dikgotlatshekelong pele ga go nna lefifi. Gore fa botlhe ba ba ntshitsweng ba ka busiwa, tribune e itse gore lefoko la tebelo le neetswe di-maniple tsotlhe, mme le fetile mo go botlhe mo tseleng ya lone ya go boela kwa go ene. Fa go na le nngwe ya tsone e e tlhaelang, o dira dipatlisiso ka nako e le nngwe, ka a itse ka matshwao gore letlapa le sa boa le tswa kwa letlhakoreng lefe, mme ope fela yo o ikarabelang ka go emisa o kopana le kotlhao e e mo tshwanetseng. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Roman Military System|url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm|access-date=2026-05-27|work=[[About.com]]|archivedate=2008-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011711/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm}}</ref></blockquote>Mafokophiri a a neng a dirisiwa mo sesoleng a ne fetoga gore a se ka a akaretsa lefokophiri le karabo ya lefokophiri; ka sekai mo malatsing a ntlha a Ntwa ya Normandy, masole a a fofang ka diparachute a U.S. 101st Airborne Division a ne a dirisa lefokophiri le le reng flash, le le neng le buiwa jaaka potso ya netefatso, mme karabo e e siameng e ne e le "thunder" . Kgwetlho le karabo di ne di fetolwa malatsi mangwe le mangwe a le mararo. Batlhabani ba difofane ba Amerika le bone ba ne ba dirisa sedirisiwa se se bidiwang "kirikete" ka D-Day ka tsela e e tumileng mo boemong jwa thulaganyo ya di-password jaaka mokgwa o o kgethegileng wa go itshupa ka nakwana; tobetsa e le nngwe ya tshipi e e neng e neelwa ke sedirisiwa boemong jwa nomoro ya sephiri e ne e tshwanetse go kopana le go tobetsa ga bobedi go araba. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark Bando |year=2007 |title=101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |publisher=Mbi Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7603-2984-9 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602083437/http://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mafokophiri a ntse a dirisiwa mo dikhomputareng fa e sa le ka malatsing a ntlha a khomphiutha. Tsamaiso ya go Abelana Nako e e Tshwaraganang (CTSS), e leng tsamaiso e e neng ya tlhagisiwa kwa MIT ka 1961, e ne e le tsamaiso ya ntlha ya khomputara go dirisa go tsena ka lefokophiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Troy |date=26 July 2017 |title=Passwords Evolved: Authentication Guidance for the Modern Era |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/passwords-evolved-authentication-guidance-for-the-modern-era/ |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> CTSS e ne e na le taelo ya LOGIN e e neng e kopa nomoro ya sephiri sa modirisi. "Morago ga go thaepa LEFOKOPHIRI, tsamaiso e tima mokgwa wa go gatisa, fa go kgonega, gore modirisi a kgone go thaepa nomoro ya gagwe ya sephiri." <ref>{{Cite book |last=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |author-link=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1965 |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System |url=https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/CTSS-Documents/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide_1966.pdf |edition=2nd |pages=282}}</ref> Mo masimologong a bo1970, Robert Morris o ne a tlhama thulaganyo ya go boloka dikhunololamoraba tsa go tsena ka sebopego sa hashed jaaka karolo ya tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Unix . Tsamaiso eno e ne e theilwe mo motšhineng o o etsisitsweng wa Hagelin rotor crypto, mme e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo Kgatisong ya bo6 ya Unix ka 1974. Mofuta wa moragonyana wa dikgatotharabololo tsa gagwe, tse di bidiwang crypt(3), di ne tsa dirisa letswai la dintlhanyana di le 12 mme tsa dirisa mofuta o o fetotsweng wa dikgatotharabololo tsa DES makgetlo a le 25 go fokotsa kotsi ya go tlhaselwa ga bukantswe e e dirilweng pele ga nako . <ref name="cm.bell-labs.com">{{Cite journal |last=Morris, Robert |last2=Thompson, Ken |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=Password Security: A Case History |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359168.359172 |url-status=live |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=594–597 |citeseerx=10.1.1.135.2097 |doi=10.1145/359168.359172 |s2cid=207656012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322053727/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/passwd.ps |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, maina a badirisi le dikhunololamoraba di dirisiwa thata ke batho ka nako ya go tsena mo webosaeteng e e laolang go tsena mo ditsamaisong tsa khomphutha tse di sireleditsweng, [[Founo ya selula|difouno tsa selula]], dikhoutara tsa TV ya kheibole, metšhini e e itirisang ya go ntsha madi (di - ATM), jj. le eleng go bala lekwalodikgang la mo mosong mo Internet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tariq |first=Muneeb |date=2025-03-26 |title=10 Uses of Passwords |url=https://educatecomputer.com/uses-of-passwords/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Educate Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> 6r2ccx8n56grhx4s2np7db4q5ne5lak Lefokophiri 0 14842 53850 53798 2026-08-03T09:22:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefokophiri''', leo ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwang '''khoutu ya sephiri''', ke tshedimosetso ya sephiri, gantsi e le motseletsele wa ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao,e e diriswang go netefatsa boitshupo jwa modirisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- no specified --> |title=password |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Password |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Ka tlwaelo, go ne go solofetswe gore mafokophiri di tshwa ka tlhogo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranjan |first=Pratik |last2=Om |first2=Hari |date=6 May 2016 |title=An Efficient Remote User Password Authentication Scheme based on Rabin's Cryptosystem |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |journal=[[Wireless Personal Communications]] |language=en |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=217–244 |doi=10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5 |issn=0929-6212 |s2cid=21912076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mme palo e kgolo ya ditirelo tse di sireleditsweng ka mafokophiri tse motho yo o tlwaelegileng a di fitlhelelang e ka dira gore go tshwara mafokophiri tse di kgethegileng tsa tirelo nngwe le nngwe go se ka ga nna mosola. <ref name="nordpass100">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannon |date=21 October 2020 |title=Average person has 100 passwords - study |url=https://securitybrief.co.nz/story/average-person-has-100-passwords-study |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=SecurityBrief New Zealand |publisher=TechDay}}</ref> Ka go dirisa mareo a Dikaelo tsa Boitshupo jwa Dijithale tsa NIST, sephiri se tshwarwa ke mongwe yo o bidiwang ''mokopi(claimant)'' fa motho kgotsa mokgatlho o o netefatsang boitshupo jwa mokopi o bidiwa '''mmoledi(verifier)''' . Fa mokopi a bontsha ka katlego kitso ya nomoro ya sephiri go motlhomamisi ka porothokholo e e tlhomilweng ya netefatso, <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=authentication protocol |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication_protocol |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> mmoledi a ka swetsa ka gore mokopi ke mang. Ka kakaretso,lefokophiri ke tatelano ya ditlhaka,dinomoro kgotsa matshwao a mangwe. Fa ditlhaka tsotlhe tse di letleletsweng di lekanyeditswe go nna dinomoro fela, sephiri seo gantsi se bidiwa nomoro ya boitshupo ya motho (PIN). Le fa e na le leina, lefokophiri ga e tlhoke go nna lefoko la mmatota; eleruri, lefoko le le seng (ka tlhaloganyo ya bukantswe) le ka nna thata go le fopholetsa, e leng selo se se eletsegang sa lefokophiri. Sephiri se se tshwarwang ka tlhogo se se nang le tatelano ya mafoko kgotsa mokwalo o mongwe o o kgaogantsweng ka diphatlha ka dinako tse dingwe se bidiwa polelwana ya sephiri . Polelwana ya sephiri e tshwana le lefokophiri mo tirisong, fela ya ntlha ka kakaretso e telele go bona tshireletsego e e oketsegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- no byline --> |date=<!-- not specified --> |title=Passphrase |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Passphrase |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Computer Security Resource Center: Glossary |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]}}</ref> Mafokophiri di ntse di dirisiwa go tloga bogologolo tala. Badisa ba ne ba laela batho ba ba neng ba batla go tsena mo lefelong le le rileng gore ba neele '''lefokophiri''' kgotsa '''lefoko la tebelo''', mme ba ne ba tla letla fela motho kgotsa setlhopha go feta fa ba itse nomoro ya sephiri . Polybius o tlhalosa tsamaiso ya go anamisa mafoko a go tlhokomela mo sesoleng sa Roma ka tsela e e latelang:<blockquote>Tsela e ba tlhomamisang tikologo e e fetang ya lefoko la tebelo la bosigo ka yone e ka tsela e e latelang: go tswa mo setlhopheng sa bolesome sa mophato mongwe le mongwe wa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao le a a palameng dipitse, setlhopha se se thibeletseng kwa ntlheng e e kwa tlase ya mmila, go tlhophiwa monna yo o gololwang mo tirong ya go disa, mme o nna teng letsatsi le letsatsi fa letsatsi le phirima, o ya kwa tanteng ya molaodi wa sesole,mme o amogela lefoko la tebelo go tswa kwa go ene.Lefoko leo le kwalwa mo letlapang la logong le le kwadilweng lefoko mo go lone – o a tsamaya, mme fa a boela kwa a nnang teng o fetisetsa lefoko la tebelo le letlapana fa pele ga basupi kwa molaoding wa maniple e e latelang, yo le ene a le fetisetsang kwa go yo o bapileng le ene. Botlhe ba dira jalo go fitlha e fitlha kwa di- maniple tsa ntlha, tse di neng di thibeletse gaufi le ditante tsa di-tribune. Bano ba morago ba patelesega go isa letlapa leno kwa dikgotlatshekelong pele ga go nna lefifi. Gore fa botlhe ba ba ntshitsweng ba ka busiwa, tribune e itse gore lefoko la tebelo le neetswe di-maniple tsotlhe, mme le fetile mo go botlhe mo tseleng ya lone ya go boela kwa go ene. Fa go na le nngwe ya tsone e e tlhaelang, o dira dipatlisiso ka nako e le nngwe, ka a itse ka matshwao gore letlapa le sa boa le tswa kwa letlhakoreng lefe, mme ope fela yo o ikarabelang ka go emisa o kopana le kotlhao e e mo tshwanetseng. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Roman Military System|url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm|access-date=2026-05-27|work=[[About.com]]|archivedate=2008-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011711/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm}}</ref></blockquote>Mafokophiri a a neng a dirisiwa mo sesoleng a ne fetoga gore a se ka a akaretsa lefokophiri le karabo ya lefokophiri; ka sekai mo malatsing a ntlha a Ntwa ya Normandy, masole a a fofang ka diparachute a U.S. 101st Airborne Division a ne a dirisa lefokophiri le le reng flash, le le neng le buiwa jaaka potso ya netefatso, mme karabo e e siameng e ne e le "thunder" . Kgwetlho le karabo di ne di fetolwa malatsi mangwe le mangwe a le mararo. Batlhabani ba difofane ba Amerika le bone ba ne ba dirisa sedirisiwa se se bidiwang "kirikete" ka D-Day ka tsela e e tumileng mo boemong jwa thulaganyo ya di-password jaaka mokgwa o o kgethegileng wa go itshupa ka nakwana; tobetsa e le nngwe ya tshipi e e neng e neelwa ke sedirisiwa boemong jwa nomoro ya sephiri e ne e tshwanetse go kopana le go tobetsa ga bobedi go araba. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark Bando |year=2007 |title=101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |publisher=Mbi Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7603-2984-9 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602083437/http://books.google.com/books?id=cBSBtgAACAAJ |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mafokophiri a ntse a dirisiwa mo dikhomputareng fa e sa le ka malatsing a ntlha a khomphiutha. Tsamaiso ya go Abelana Nako e e Tshwaraganang (CTSS), e leng tsamaiso e e neng ya tlhagisiwa kwa MIT ka 1961, e ne e le tsamaiso ya ntlha ya khomputara go dirisa go tsena ka lefokophiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Troy |date=26 July 2017 |title=Passwords Evolved: Authentication Guidance for the Modern Era |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/passwords-evolved-authentication-guidance-for-the-modern-era/ |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> CTSS e ne e na le taelo ya LOGIN e e neng e kopa nomoro ya sephiri sa modirisi. "Morago ga go thaepa LEFOKOPHIRI, tsamaiso e tima mokgwa wa go gatisa, fa go kgonega, gore modirisi a kgone go thaepa nomoro ya gagwe ya sephiri." <ref>{{Cite book |last=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |author-link=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1965 |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System |url=https://people.csail.mit.edu/saltzer/Multics/CTSS-Documents/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide_1966.pdf |edition=2nd |pages=282}}</ref> Mo masimologong a bo1970, Robert Morris o ne a tlhama thulaganyo ya go boloka dikhunololamoraba tsa go tsena ka sebopego sa hashed jaaka karolo ya tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Unix . Tsamaiso eno e ne e theilwe mo motšhineng o o etsisitsweng wa Hagelin rotor crypto, mme e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo Kgatisong ya bo6 ya Unix ka 1974. Mofuta wa moragonyana wa dikgatotharabololo tsa gagwe, tse di bidiwang crypt(3), di ne tsa dirisa letswai la dintlhanyana di le 12 mme tsa dirisa mofuta o o fetotsweng wa dikgatotharabololo tsa DES makgetlo a le 25 go fokotsa kotsi ya go tlhaselwa ga bukantswe e e dirilweng pele ga nako . <ref name="cm.bell-labs.com">{{Cite journal |last=Morris, Robert |last2=Thompson, Ken |name-list-style=amp |year=1979 |title=Password Security: A Case History |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359168.359172 |url-status=live |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=594–597 |citeseerx=10.1.1.135.2097 |doi=10.1145/359168.359172 |s2cid=207656012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322053727/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/passwd.ps |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, maina a badirisi le dikhunololamoraba di dirisiwa thata ke batho ka nako ya go tsena mo webosaeteng e e laolang go tsena mo ditsamaisong tsa khomphutha tse di sireleditsweng, [[Founo ya selula|difouno tsa selula]], dikhoutara tsa TV ya kheibole, metšhini e e itirisang ya go ntsha madi (di - ATM), jj. le eleng go bala lekwalodikgang la mo mosong mo Internet. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tariq |first=Muneeb |date=2025-03-26 |title=10 Uses of Passwords |url=https://educatecomputer.com/uses-of-passwords/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Educate Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> 6r2ccx8n56grhx4s2np7db4q5ne5lak