Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3506 54831 53826 2026-09-12T18:17:48Z CommonsDelinker 71 Removing [[:c:File:Battle_of_Dimawe_1852.jpg|Battle_of_Dimawe_1852.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:ChemSim|ChemSim]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Battle of Dimawe 1852.jpg|]]. 54831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Batswana |image = [[File:Bechuana Congregation (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society cropped.jpg|none|250px]] |image_caption = Setshwantsho sa phuthego ya Batswana le [[David Livingstone]], ka [[Mokgatlho wa Borongwa wa Lontone]], ka 1900 |population = |region1 = {{flag|Botswana}} |pop1 = Palo ya Batswana ga e itsiwe, palo ya morafe ya bofelo e e neng ya dirwa ka 1946 (Tlou, 1985) kwa dikgaolong tse pedi - Kwa Ngamiland Batswana ba morafe e ne e le halofo ya palo ya batho ba e seng Batswana (7,000 vs 16 000) (Wayeyi a le nosi) (Tlou 1985). Kwa Kgaolong ya Bogare, batho ba e seng Batswana - segolobogolo Ba-Kalanga, ba ne ba le bantsi go feta Batswana. Batswana ba fitlhelwa kwa karolong e e kwa borwa ya Naga eno. Walter le Ringenberg (1994) ba fopholetsa gore batho ba e seng Batswana ba dira 90% ya baagi. RETENG, e leng mokgatlho o o sa bolong go buelela go balwa ga morafe go botsa morafe wa baagi kwa ntle ga katlego, o dirile patlisiso e e dirisitseng tshedimosetso ya 2001 Population mme ya fopholetsa gore Batswana ba morafe ba dira 17,9% ya baagi fa ba e seng Batswana ba dira 60%. E re ka Setswana e le puo e e dirisiwang go ruta kwa sekolong, gone jaanong mo e ka nnang 78% ya baagi ba Botswana ba kgona go bua Setswana (Central Statistics Office, 2001) ka maemo a a farologaneng a bokgoni le go tlhaloganya. |ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|South Africa}} |pop2 = 3,900,000 ([[Setswana|Ba ba buang Setswana]]) |ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa's 2011 Census|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Statistics South Africa|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2005-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505140723/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf}}</ref> |languages = [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] |religions = [[Bokeresete]] le [[Bodumedi jwa setso jwa Afrika]]. |related = Batho ba [[Bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa|bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa]] |footnotes = }} '''Batho ba letso la Setswana''' (''Batswana'', mo bongweng ''Motswana'') ke batho ba ba tlholegang mo borwa jwa [[Aforika]]. Puo ya [[Setswana]] e buiwa ke batho ba letso la setlhopha sa Bantu ba ba tswang kwa dipuong tsa kwa Niger–Congo. Batho ba letso la Setswana ba aga bontlha jwa selekanyo sa masome a boferabobedi jwa palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ "CIA – The World Factbook".] Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Batswana ba nna kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Botswana le [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-bophirima]], [[Kapa Bokone]], [[Gauteng]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]] le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tswana "Tswana &#x7C; Culture & Traditions &#x7C; Britannica".]</ref> == Ditso == === Bonno pele ga bokolone le tlhabololo ya magosi === Batswana ke morafe o o buang Setswana wa magosi a mantsi, ba ba nnag kwa borwa jwa Aforika (bontlha jwa Namibia wa gompieno, Botswana le Aforika Borwa). Pele ga molao wa bokolone, ditshaba tse di buang Setswana di ne di kgaogantswe ka merafe, gantsi e agilwe ka losika. Puso e ne e le ya kgosi, o a neng a laola ka dikhansele le ditirelo tse dingwe tsa setso. Mo tsamaong ya nako, merafe e mentsi ya Batswana e ne ya atologa ya nna le nonof ka go kopana, go fuduga le go thibelela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng ga borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>Smith, Edwin W. (1956). "Sebetwane and the Ma ''Kololo''". ''African Studies''. '''15''' (2): 49–74. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185608706984 10.1080/00020185608706984.]</ref><ref>RAMSAY, JEFF (19 November 2018). [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-vekuhane-makololo-and-malozi/news-101048 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Vekuhane, Makololo And Malozi"]. ''Mmegi Blogs''.</ref> Sepolotiki sa Batswana se ne se supagala ka tlhatlologanyo ya bonno, khumo ya dikgomo le ditsamaiso tsa melao, ngwao boswa, lonyalo, tiriso ya lefatshe le selegae. Lengwe la mafelo a ntlha go nniwa ke kwa Toutswe kwa botlhaba jwa kwa e leneg Botswana gompieno, ba ikaegile ka mefuta ya dikgomo tsa Setswana di le mo masakeng e le khumo ya bone. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba batho ba ba buang puo ya Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo (go tswa kwa nokeng ya Vaal go ya Botswana) ga go ise go itsiwe letsatsi le le tlhomamisitsweng, le ntswa kakanyetso ya dingwaga di le makgolo a marataro tsa motlha wa gompieno e ka nna boammaruri. Go rua dikgomo mo go tseneletseng mo go ne ga atlega ga tswelela pele go fitlhelela ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mararo. Batho ba botlhe ba ne ba amangwa ke ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di le mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Limpopo go ya lewatleng la Indian, le dithoto go tswa kwa Asia di tshwana le dibaga, di ne tsa tsena kwa Batswaneng, ba rekisa dinaka tsa tlou, gouta le dinaka tsa ditshukudu. Ditiro tsa diatla tsa ngwao di ne di akaretsa go bopa dinkgwana, go dira ka tshipi, go betla ka logong, go loga ditlatlana le go suga matlalo. Banna gantsi ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa go betla le go dirisa tshipi fa basadi ba ne ba amana thata le go bopa dinkgwana le go aga matlo a setswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250224003641/https://www.tothevictoriafalls.com/vfpages/people/makololo.html "To the Victoria Falls – The Makololo".] ''tothevictoriafalls.com''.</ref><ref>Livingstone, David (1857). ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa''. London: John Murray.</ref><ref>Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom''. Heinemann. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0435089658|<bdi>978-0435089658</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Parsons, Neil (2010). ''Botswana: A Short History''. Macmillan Education. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0333570104|<bdi>978-0333570104</bdi>.]]</ref> Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa gompieno di tlhageletse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone. Se dikwalo tse di se supang ke gore Bangwaketse ba ne ba nnile morafe o o nonofileng thata mo kgaolong. Mo pusong ya ga [[Makaba II]], [[Bangwaketse]] ba ne ba ruile dikgomo di le dintsi mo mafelong a a sekaka a a sireletsegileng ba dirisa serodumo sa bone sa sesole go tlhasela ba ba mabapi. Magosi a mangwe a a mo kgaolong eo, ka nako eo, ba ne ba na le dikete di le lesome, ka jalo ba ne ba atlegile. Mangwe a mafelo a e ne e le Kaditshwene, kwa e neng e le motsemogolo wa ngwao wa Bahurutshe, mongwe wa merafe e emegolo ya Batswana, gape e le lefelo la boremelelo la go tlhama le go gweba. Le bonwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mane kwa go nang le kopore le tshipi.<ref>Boeyens, Jan C. A. (2000). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271812285_In_Search_of_Kaditshwene In Search of Kaditshwene".] ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. doi:10.2307/3888888. JSTOR&nbsp;3888888.</ref> Masalela a manno a mangwe a matona a Batswana, a matlotla a Kweneng, a fitlhelwa kwa Suikerbosrand Reserve kwa Aforika Borwa. Lefelo le go ntswe kw go lone go tswa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go tsena lesome le borobabongwe, e ne e le lone le letona le le neng le nniwa ke batho ba ba buang Setswana pele ga ma Yuropa ba goroga. Mafelo a le mmalwa a a nang le mabotana a lorako a mo lefelong leo le le dikhilomithara di le lesome ka boleele le di le pedi ka bophara.<ref>Sadr, Karim (1 June 2019). [https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.703735763296284 "Kweneng: How to lose a precolonial city".] ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''74''' (209): 56–62.</ref><ref>Sadr, Karim (9 July 2019). [https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml "Kweneng: A Newly Discovered Pre-Colonial Capital Near Johannesburg"]. ''Journal of African Archaeology''. '''17''' (1): 1–22. doi:[https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml 10.1163/21915784-20190001.] ISSN&nbsp;1612-1651.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/08/laser-technology-shines-light-on-south-african-lost-city-of-kweneng "Laser technology shines light on South African 'lost city' of Kweneng".] ''the Guardian''. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Go kopana le barongwa ba kwa Yuropa le Sekeresete (legare la lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe) === [[Setshwantsho:Robert Moffat (1795-1883), Scottish Missionary (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-014).jpg|left|thumb|151x151px|Robert Moffat (1795 go tsena 1883) Morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish]] Ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe di le fa gare, barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ne ba aga mafelo mo dkgaolong tsa Batswana. Ditirelo tsa borongwa di ne di na le seabe mo go anameng ga Sekeresete le go simolodisa ditsela tse disha tsa thuto, kitso le go rotloediwa ke mafelo. Dikgosi di le mmalwa di ne tsa amogela Sekeresete kgotsa tsa letla go anama ga sone, mo go neng ga baka phetogo e e bonalang ya ngwao. Go diriwa Bakeresete ga Batswana ke kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Aforika, bogolo jang ka gore e fetotse borongwa jo bo kgakala go tsena kwa Kalahari go nna lefelo la go ithuta dipuo le go gatisa.<ref name=":0">Schapera, Isaac (1970). ''Tribal Innovators: Tswana Chiefs and Social Change 1795–1940''. Athlone Press.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi, London Missionary Society (LMS) e ne ya ya kwa bokone e tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa. Setswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuo tsa pele tsa Sotho-Tswana go kwalwa ke batsamai ba Yuropa le baithuti. Ditshupo tsa pele tsa thuto ya diteme di akaretsa dikwalo tsa ga Heinrich Lichtenstein tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le borataro, tsa salwa morago ke dikgobokanyo tsa go tlhaloganya puo le kelotlhoko ya puo tse di dirilweng ke barongwa le batlhatlhami ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Dikwalo tse tsa pele di nnile le seabe mo diporojekeng tsa barongwa tsa go ranola le mo mananeong a a neng a letla tiriso ya Setswana se se kwadilweng mo thutong ya sedumedi le dibuka tse di gatisitsweng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone, Robert Moffat, morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish, o ne a tlhama lefelo la borongwa la Kuruman mo morafeng wa Batlhaping (morafe wa Batswana). Moffat o ne a lemoga gore gore Sekeresete se tsene mo bathong se tshwanetse go buiwa ka puo ya mo gae, selo se se ne se sa diriwe ke barongwa ba bangwe ka bone ba ne ba ikaegile ka baranodi. O ne a tsaya dingwaga a nna le Batswana, a ithuta ka fa ba buang ka teng ka Setswana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo, bontlha jwa ntlha jwa mafoko a a molemo bo ne jwa gatisiwa ka Setswana, e le lokwalo lwa ga Luke. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bosupa, baebele ya ntlha e ne ya ranolwa ya gatisiwa ka puo ya borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>[https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/africa/botswana/history-and-culture "Botswana – History and Culture".] ''iexplore.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Botswana.html#google_vignette "Culture of Botswana – history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family".] ''everyculture.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ditiro tsa ngwao tsa sedumedi, di akaretsa go tlotla bagolwagolwane le meletlo ya setso, di ne tsa fokotsega mo ditshabeng dingwe fa Sekeresete se ntse se anama. Ditiro dingwe tsa setso di tshwana le go nyala lefufa, di ne di ganediwa thata ebile di sa rotloediwe ke ditlhopha tsa barongwa le baokamedi ba dikolone.<ref name=":0" /> == Dikgotlhang le dintwa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe == === Dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi tsa pele: tlhakatlhakano ya Difaqane/ Mfecane (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi lesome le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane) === Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, magosi a Batswana a ne a amilwe ke go tlhoka go iketla ga kgaolo mo go neng go bidiwa Difaqane (leina le lengwe e le Mfecane). Nako e, e ne e supagala ka ntwa e e anameng, go fudusiwa ga batho, le go phutlhama kgotsa go agiwa sesha ga ditshaba go kgabaganya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa ditlhopha tse di tshotseng dibetsa tse di neng di fuduga di ya kwa bokone kwa e leng Aforika Borwa gompieno, mafelo a Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one ka bontsi a ne a tlhaselwa kgotsa ba patelediwa go fuduga. Batswana bangwe ba ne ba nonotsha mekgwa ya bone ya go iphemela, ba aga sesha mafelo a bonno, ba bo ba tlhopha bateledipele ba polotiki e le go tsibogela ditlhaselo tse. Nako e, e nnile le seabe mo go tlhabologeng ga mafelo a Batswana a a nonofileng le go gaisa jaaka Bangwaketse, bakwena le Bangwato.<ref>Schapera, Isaac (1938). ''A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom''. Oxford University Press.</ref> === '''Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro: Ntwa ya Batswana le Maburu:''' [[Ntwa ya Dimawe]] === Motlha o o bone go ya magoletsa ga go dira Batswana masole, ga mmogo le go nna le dibetsa le dipitse ka mafarattlhatlha a kgwebo. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano, kgwebo le barekisi ba kolone ya Kapa e ne ya simologa ya thusa magosi a Batswana go ikaga gape. Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato le Batawana ba ne ba dirisanammogo go laola kgwebo ya dinaka tsa tlou, ba dirisa dipoelo go reka dipitse le ditlhobolo, mo go neng ag ba letla go nna le taolo mo Botswana wa gompieno. Tsamaiso e e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, le masome a robabobedi, ka jalo Basarwa, Bakalaka, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong le merafe e mengwe e mebotlana e ne e gateletswe ke Batswana.<ref name=":1">Ramsay, Jeff (1 January 1991). [https://journals.co.za/content/botnotes/23/1/AJA052550590_916 "The Batswana-Boer War of 1852–53: how the Batswana achieved victory".] ''Botswana Notes & Records''. '''23''' (1). ISSN&nbsp;0525-5090.</ref> Morago ga loeto lo logolo, Maburu go tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa ba ne ba itlhoma o melelwaneng ya mafelo a bagolwagolwane ba Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one kwa Transvaal. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi, bokopano jwa magosi a Batswana bo eteletswe pele ke Sechele I bo ne jwa gana go fudusiwa ke Maburu, mo go neng ga baka ntwa ya Dimawe e e neng e lowa ka marumo le ditlhobolo tse di telele le molelo. Le ntswa e ne e le Maburu ba eteletswe pele ke Pieter Scholtz le Paul Kruger, e le bateledipele ba ntwa ya maburu, ba ba simolotseng ntwa, ke bone ba ba feletseng ba ikgogela morago, mo go neng ga salwa morago ke ditlhaselo tsa Batswana tsa go ipusolosetsa kwa kgolong ya nako eo ya Marique kwa Transvaal, kwa magae a Maburu, metse le masimo a neng a fisitswe. Morago ga dingwaga di robabobedi tsa dikgotlhang le ditlhaselo, ba ne ba nna le tumalano ya kagiso kwa Potchefstroom ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro. Go tswa foo, molelwane wa gompieno wa Aforika Borwa le Botswana o ne wa dumalanwa, Maburu le Batswana ba ne ba gweba mmogo ba bereka sentle ka kagiso.<ref name=":1" /> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bone: Ntwa ya Batswana le Matebele: Ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi === Fa melelwane ya Batswana kwa borwa e ne e sireleditswe ka ntlha ya tumalano ya kagiso le Maburu, go ne go santse go na le bodiphatsa kwa bokone ka Batswana ba ne ba itemogela ditlhaselo go tswa mo masoleng a Matebele ba ba neng ba thibeletse kwa borwa jwa Zimbabwe. Batlhasedi ba Matebele ba ne ba tlhasela ditshaba gangwe le gape gaufi le kgaolo ya Okavango, ba lebagane le loruo le batshwarwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone, Batawana ka fa tlase ga ga Kgosi Moremi ba ne ba lwantsha masole a Matebele gaufi le Toteng, le kwa Khutiyabasadi. Ntwa e ne ya tswelela go nna ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi, kwa Batawana ba engwe nokeng ke Bayei ba neng ba fenya batlhasedi ba Matebele ba dirisa ditlhobolo, mekgwa ya go tsietsa, e e siametseng kgaolo ya Okavango. Ntwa e gakologelwa e le phenyo e tona ya Batswana, e e nnileng le seabe mo go latlhegelweng ke serodumo ga Matebele mo kgaolong eo le go nonotsha go etelela pele ga Batawana kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana. Le ntswa ntwa ya kwa Khutiyabasadi e ne e le phenyo e tona ya Batawana le go fenya Matebele, mo kgaolong ya Wayeyi, se e neng e le tshegofatso e e e tlhakaneng. Le ntswa ba ne ba na le seabe mo phenyong ya Matebele a a neng a sa ratiwe, nngwe ya ditlamorago e ne e le go nonofa ga Batawana mo kgaolong eo ba ba gatelela ka Moremi a ntse sebaka gaufi le Nokaneng.<ref>Ramsay, Jeff. [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-guns-of-khutiyabasadi-ii/news-95208 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)".] ''Mmegi Blogs''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone: Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Matebele === Ntwa ya ntlha ya Matebele e lolwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone kwa Zimbabwe wa gompieno. British South Africa Company e ne e sena mephato ya sesole e e fetang makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano kwa sepodising sa British South Africa Company, ka palo e e sa itsegaleng ya baithaopi ba diokolone le Batswana ba le makgolo a supa fa godimo ba ba neg ba gwanta go ya Bulawayo go tswa kwa borwa ba eteletswe pele ke Khama III, Kgosi o a neng a na le tlhotlheletso e e kwa godimo mo magosing a Batswana, gape a ne a dirisana thata le ba Britain. Mephato ya Salisbury le Fort Victoria e ne ya gwantela kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le boraro. Mophato wa bogosi go tswa kwa Bechuanaland o ne o seo. Ba ne ba tshwanetse go gwanta ka Phalane a le lesome le borobaobedi ba ya kwa bokone kwa Bulawayo mme ba ne ba nna le kgotlhang e e seng ya sepe le Matebele gaufi le Mphoeng ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mabedi. Ba ne ba goroga kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwatsele a le lesome le botlhano, tiego e e ka tswang e thusitse lefelo le le neng le nniwa ke ba Chartered Company le lesha go kopanngwa le Bechuanaland Protectorate. Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana go ne go supa go aga botsalano le keletso ya baeteledipele ba Batswana go lwantsha nonofo ya Matebele ba ba neng ba kile ba lwantsha dikgaolo tsa Batswana ka go di tlhasela. Morago ga tatlhegelo ya Matebele, maatla a dikolone tsa Britain a ne a atologa go ya kwa bokone, ba oketsa taolo mo kagolong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260213121911/https://www.bsap.org/hiscampaigns.html "BSAP History: Campaigns".] ''bsap.org''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Merafe le babusi ka go farologanya== ===Botswana=== Botswana wa gompieno o pele a neng a bidiwa ''British protectorate of Bechuanaland'') o filwe leina le a reelelwa ka Batswana. Merafe ee robabobedi e e 'tumileng' mo lefatsheng leo e bua puo ya Setswana. Merafe yotlhe e, e busiwa ke dikgosi. Yo motona ke ''[[wikt:Kgosikgolo|Kgosikgolo]]'' , yo o busang [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] (lekgotla le le gakololang palamente ya lefatshe). Motho o o nnang mo Botswana ke Motswana, fa ba le bantsi ke Batswana.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/we-are-batswana-they-call-us-batswanan/ "We are Batswana; they call us Batswanan".] Linguist Chair. ''Sunday Standard''. Gaborone. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/spotlighting-the-world-factbook-as-we-bid-a-fond-farewell/ "Botswana, People and Society, Nationality".] ''The World Factbook''. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Merafe e e tumileng ya Batswana ke: * [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela|Bakgatla]] * [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]] * [[Balete]] * [[Bangwato]] * [[Bangwaketse|BaNgwaketse]] * [[Barolong]] * [[Batawana]] * [[Batlokwa]] * [[Bahurutshe]] * [[Bakubung]] * [[Batshweneng]] * [[Batlhaping]] * [[Batlharo]] <ref>[http://www.moumo.co.za/history.html "History".] ''Moumo.co.za''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Modimo o o nko e e metsi== Modimo o o nko e metsi Gantsi ga re lemoge fa tikologo ya rona e ama puo ya rona. Mo Setswaneng go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di amang ka fa re buang ka teng. Dingwe tsa tsone ga re di tseye tsiya, ga re tseye fa di ka nna le seabe sepe se se utlwalang mo go ameng ka fa re dirisang puo ka teng. Mme selo se se fitlhelwa mo puong nngwe le nngwe. Tsaya sekai, morafe wa MaEskimo (bangwe ba ka nna ba tsaya fa ke kgetholola, ba batla gore ke bitse morafe o ke re BaEskimo – ba tlaa nkinela diatla metsing.) go dumelwa fa o na le mafoko a mantsi a a rayang kapoko ka kapoko ke karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone. Fela kapoko e le karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone, rona jaaka Batswana kgomo ke yone pinagare ya itsholelo ya malwapa ka bontsi. Batswana ka ngwao re ba rua kgomo. E re ntswa dinamanyane di foforwa ke leuba, kgotsa bontsi bo hularela temo, kgomo e santse e le sesupo sa itsholelo e bile monna yo kgomo tsa gagwe di thibang marang a letsatsi o tlotlega setšhabeng. Kgomo e humisitse puo ya rona thata. Re ka akanya ka mafoko a mantsi a a amanang le kgomo. Ga re kitla re kgona go a nankola otlhe mme re tlaa kgotlha fela ka lotlhokwa. Le rona fela jaaka MaEsekimo re na le kgumo e e boitshegang ya mafoko a a rayang kgomo. A re simolole fela ka gore ngwana wa kgomo o bidiwa namane, mme re bo re tswelela ka go tlhalosa dinamane. Mohungwana ke namane e e fitlhetsweng mo kgomong mmaayo a sena go swa. Lebotlana ke namane e e leng gone e tsalwang. Lesolemotlhabana ke lebotlana le le godileng. Lesole ke namane e e tiileng e e godileng. Moalolelo ke namane e e tlogedisitsweng go anya mmaayo. Kgomo e tonanyana e e sa fagolwang re e bitsa re re poo. Sempoo ke poo e e sa fagolegang sentle. Tshikela ke poo e e fagtsweng e godile. Mo kgomong tse di namagadi re a tle re re, letsetse ke kgomo e fetsa go tsala. Lephusa lone ke kgomo e dusitse e palangwe ke poo. Kgomo e e gangwang yone re e bitsa leradu. Fa e sa ntshe maši a mantsi re e bitsa re re motete. Fusa ke kgomo, e sena go koba namane gore e sa tlhole e anya – ra re e husitse. Mageri ke mašwi a e leng gone a remang a re a bitsang themisani. Moreba one ke kgomo e e sa tsaleng. ==Khumo ya mafoko mo setswaneng== Ke lekile go supa fa Setswana se humile mafoko a a rayang kgomo ka kgomo e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya matshelo a Batswana. Mafoko le diane di di ntsi tse di buang ka kgomo. Go na le ditumelo tsa Setswana tse di amanang le kgomo. Go dumelwa gore fa kgomo e jele lesapo la motho madi a yone a tlhakana le maši. Gape Batswana ba dumela fa dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo di sa siamela batho bangwe. Go na le dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo tse di jewang ke bomme, dingwe e nne tsa borra fa bagodi ba na le tsa bone. Dinama tse di tshwanang le bo telele, diphilo, mokoto le dinama tse dingwe ga di jewe ke mongwe le mongwe. Ka jalo kgomo ke karolo ya tumelo ya Setswana, ke sone se bangwe ba e bitsang modimo o o nko e metsi, le fa nna ke ebisa sešabo fela. Dikai re ka tsaya tse dintsi go supa fa re le baruakgomo, ka jalo a re kgwe mowa di ise di timela batho ba ga matshaba le kgomo matlogela temo e le seholela ==Aforika Borwa== Bontsi jwa Batswana ba nna kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke bangwe ba batho ba letso la mmala wa sebilo, mme gape [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] ke nngwe ya dipuo di le somelebongwe tsa semmuso tsa naga ya Aforika Borwa. Pele ga ngwaga wa 1994, Batswana ba kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e le baagi ba [[Bophuthatswana]] e leng bontlha bongwe jwa karolo ya dinaga tsa Bantustan. Ba kgaogantswe jalo ka nako ya dintwa tsa kwa Aforika Borwa tsa tlhaolele. Mo bogosing jwa Setswana go tla ''[[wikt:kgosi|Kgosi]]'' (go bo go tla yo motona ebong ''Kgosikgolo''): *Bafokeng (Lefelo la Rustenburg) **Bafokeng **Bafokeng Ba Ga Motlatla * Batlhaping (Batshwara ditlhapi ba kwa lefelong la Taung), ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800, Batlhaping ke setlhopa kgotsa karolo ya barolong go tswa go Lowe, ke babina tholo ka tsalo eseng tlhapi (Ba ana tlhapi), bane ba bidiwa Batlhaping fela morago ga go sala fa nokeng ba tshwara ditlhapi, le mororo ele Barolong. Botlhe ba tshwanela ke go tsaya tholo jaaka phologolo ya bonne ka go tshwana. ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhudu ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhutswane ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Maidi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Mothibi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Bantsijang * Batlôkwa ** Batlôkwa Ba Ga Sedumedi ** Batlokwa Ba Bogatsu ** Batlokwa Boo Matlapane * Barôlông Barratlou ** Barolong Boorratlou Boomokalaka **Barôlông Barratlou Boomariba ** Barôlông Barratlou Booseitshiro ** Barôlông Barratlou Boomakgobi ** Barôlông Boo Ratlou Ba Ga Phoi * Barôlông Baseleka * Barôlông Barrapulana * Barôlông Barratshidi * Barôlông Ba Ga Molefe Ba Moata * Barôlông Ba Ga Makgobi * Barolong Boo Morakile * Barôlông Boo Lefifi * Barôlông Ba Ga Moroka (Puthaditjaba, Free State, SA) * Barolong Ba Ga Phathudi * Bahurutshe (ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800 mo lefelong le le sa itseweng, ba bobedi ba ba ileng ba kopana le Bahurutshe ba Boomokgatlha gape le Bahurutshe Bagamoilwa, gape morago ba kgaogana gape). Mo ditsong le ne le kwadiwa gotwe ''Bahurutshe''. * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mothogae * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Gopane * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Le-Ncoe * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mokgoswa * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Suping * Bakgatla, ba kgaogane go nna ditlhopha tsa ** Bakgatla ba Kgafela ** Bakgatla ba Mosetlha ** Bakgatla ba Mmakau ** Bakgatla ba Mocha ** Bakgatla ba Seabe ** Bakgatla ba Moche ** Bakgatla ba Mmanaana * Bakwena ** Bakwena Ba Ga Molopyane ** Bakwena Ba Mare A Phogole ** Bakwena Ba Magopa ** Bakwena Boo Modimosana Ba Ga Mmatau ** Bakwena Ba Morare (Madikwe) ** Bakwena Ba Ga Sechele (Molepolole) * Batlharo ba kgaoganela kwa: (Kuruman, SA) ** Batlharo Ba Ga Lotlhware ** Batlharo Ba Ga Masibi * Bapo * Bapo Ba Ga Mogale * Baphalane Ba Ramokoka * Baphalane Ba Mantserre * Batlhako Boo Mututu Ba Ga Mabe * Baphiring * Bataung Ba Moubane * Bataung Ba Hlalele * Baphuting Ba Ga Nawa * Batloung Ba Ga Shole * Bakubung Ba Ratheo (Ledig/Patsima, Mankwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Bakubung ba ga Marakwana * Ba Nare * Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa (Pitsedisulejang, Madikwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Batlhalerwa * Batlhako (Bokone-Bophirima, Mabeskraal) * Batlhako ba Matutu * Batlhako ba Leema ===Mafelo a sele=== Mo [[Namibia]] gape le [[Zimbabwe]] Batswana ga ba age bope bontlha jwa merafe ya mafatshe e gope. Mme mo Namibia bonntse jwa Batswana ke Batlharo ba ba agang mo Metsweding, Mokaleng le Gobabis. ==Leruo== '''Tswana''' ke leina le lengwe la mefutla ya lerui la mo Botswana. ; Dikgomo : Tswana (kgomo) :Dinku :Dipudi :Dipitsi ; Ditonki : Ditonki tsa Batswana di dirisiwa thata mo nakong ya leuba. ==Dipadi tse dingwe == <references></references> * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Botswana_native.html tsebe ya WorldStatesmen ka tsa polotiki le bodiredi jwa semmuso, goya ka lefatshe lengwe le lengwe] *http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula015001/pula015001004.pdf [[Karolo:Setso]] 9q64zxpvbv1aqnvtialgmvdukws6bau 0 8800 54832 52647 2026-09-12T18:17:51Z CommonsDelinker 71 Removing [[:c:File:Battle_of_Dimawe_1852.jpg|Battle_of_Dimawe_1852.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:ChemSim|ChemSim]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Battle of Dimawe 1852.jpg|]]. 54832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Dimawe Hill 20200627a.jpg|thumb|Lentswê la Dimawe]] Ntwa ya '''Dimawe''' e lolwe gareng ga merafe e le mmalwa ya [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]] le batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi kgwedi ya Phatwe. Batswana ba ne ba fenya ntwa kwa thabeng ya Dimawe ka taelo ya ga [[:en:Sechele_I|Kgosi Sechele I]] wa [[:en:Koena_tribe|Bakwena]].<ref name=":0">Kruger, Paul;Teixeira de Mattos. [https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/memoirsofpaulkr00krug "The memoirs of Paul Kruger".] ''library.si.edu''. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref><ref>Fysh, Graham (2018). "1". [https://www.amazon.com/Massacre-Dimawe-Hill-ignited-Stories-ebook/dp/B07FZDSG8F/ref=sr_1_1?crid=11777ZU4P5LAP&keywords=massacre+at+dimawe+hill&qid=1642456369&s=books&sprefix=massacre+at+dimawe+hill%2Cstripbooks%2C130&sr=1-1 ''Massacre at Dimawe Hill''.]</ref><ref>Leonard, Andrew (8 September 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307213128/http://www.salon.com/2006/09/08/botswana/ "The battle of Dimawe".] ''Salon''. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> == Motheo == Go ya ka [[:en:Paul_Kruger|Paul Kruger,]] kgosi ya Bakgatla-ba-ga-Mmanaana, [[Kgosi Mosielele]] o ne a bolaile batho ba le bantsi kwa lefatsheng la [[Aforika Borwa]] mme a siela kwa go [[Sechele I]], o a neng a gana go mo neela batho ba lotso lwa Seburu are "o o batlang Mosielele o ka tla go mo tsaya mo mpeng ya me". Se e ne e le go supa fa a ne a fitlhile Mosielele fela jaaka dijo tse a di jeleng.<ref name=":0" /> Fa batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ba ne ba goroga, Sechele I o ne a romela morongwa kwa moeteleding wa bone Commandant Scholtz go tlhalosa fa a ka se dire sepa mo letsatsing la kamoso ka e tla bo e le letsatsi la Tshipi mme o tla buisana le bone ka Mosupologo. O ne a bolela le gore ba mo neele kofi le sukiri. Commandant Scholtz o ne a tlhalosa fa a na le kofi le sukiri mme go sena tse a ka di abang. O ne a tshepisa go ba fa pepere ka Mosupologo.<ref name=":0" /> == Ntwa == === Tshimologo ya Ntwa === Ntwa e simologile mo mosong wa Mosupologo. Fa ntwa e ntse e tsweletse Paul Kruger o ne a gobadiwa ke lerumo le le neg le sa mo lebagana,<ref name=":0" /> mme le ne la kgagolaka baki ya gagwe mo sehubeng.<ref name=":0" /> Bakwena ba ne ba na le kitso ka dithaba tse di gaufi ka jalo ba di dirisa go lebelela ntwa le go iphitlha.<ref name=":1">Legodimo.2012</ref> Kgosi Sechele o ne a laola gore basadi le bana ba iphitlhe; mosadi wa ga Sechele o ka nako e o a neng a itsholofetse o ne a fitlhiwa mo logageng lwa Mmasechele lo lo kgakajana.<ref name=":1" /> Fa masole a lotso lwa Seburu ba ne ba pagama dithaba, bagaka ba ga Sechele ba ne ba reledisa majwe a matona mo thabeng gore a thule ba ba neng ba lwa le bone.<ref name=":1" /> Go ya ka dipego, Batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ba ne ba gapa Dimawe ba dirisa ma [[Aferika|Aforika]] ba ba neng ba ba tshwere go iphitlha ba bo ba pateletsa Batswana go emisa ntwa, ka jalo ba pateletsa Sechele go sia.<ref name=":2">Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff (13 June 2018). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=VslaDwAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+dimawe&pg=PA44&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20dimawe&f=false ''Historical Dictionary of Botswana''.] Rowman & Littlefield. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1133-8|<bdi>978-1-5381-1133-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Ba ne ba tshwara beng ga e ba ka tshwara makgolo a mane, bontsi e le bana le basadi, ba ba neng ba ba dirisa go bereka kwa ditshimong tsa bone,<ref name=":2" /> mo go yang ka [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] e neng e le bokgoba.<ref name=":3">Ross, Andrew C. (15 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=6R9gf-lAhPUC&dq=battle+of+dimawe&pg=PA74&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20dimawe&f=false David Livingstone: Mission and Empire]''. A&C Black. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-565-9|<bdi>978-1-85285-565-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Morago ga moo ba ne ba tsena mo ntlong ya ga David Livingstone kwa [[Kolobeng Mission|Kolobeng mission]],<ref name=":2" /> mme ba fitlhela lefelo la go baakanya ditllhobolo, le didirisiwa tsa ntwa.<ref name=":0" /> === Tlhaselo ya Batswana === Le ntswa Batswana ba ne ba fentswe pele, Sechele o ne a boa mme a tlhasela ka ditlhobolo tsa ma Europa,<ref name=":4">Shillington.2005</ref>mo go neng ga bolaya batho ba le mmalwa, mme ba ba le kgatlhanong le bone ba boela morago, se sa baka gore Batswana ba boelwe ke lefatshe la bone.<ref name=":3" /> Batswana ba ne ba tloga ba ya go tlhasela ditshimo tsa baba ba bone go fitlhela tumalano e bewa monwana.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=OKcvAQAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+dimawe&redir_esc=y ''History and African Studies Seminar Series''.] University of Natal, History and African Studies Seminar. 1997.</ref> == Ditlamorago == Morago ga ntwa, merafe ya [[Batswana]] e ne ya kgaogana, [[Bakwena]] ba ne ba ya Ditlhakane le Dithubaruba fa Bahurutshe ba ne ba thibelela kwa nokeng ya Kolobeng gaufi le thata ya Dimawe.<ref name=":3" /> Tumalano gareng ga Batswana le Maburu e ne ya bewa mowana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a matlhano le boraro kgwedi ya Firikgong.<ref name=":4" /> Sechele o ne a leka go tsena mo mosepeleng wa go ya [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|Great Britain]] go kopa tshireletso gape kgatlhanong le bone, mme o ne a busiwa fa a goroga kwa [[Cape Town]].<ref name=":3" /> Ba Britain ba ne ba sa batle go dira tumalano epe le Batswana ka seo se ne se tla bo se le kgatlhanong le botsalano jwa bone le Maburu.<ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo maiteko a a ntlha a ne a rotloetsa mosepele wa bobedi o o neng wa atlega go tsamaile [[Khama III|Kgosi Khama III]], [[:en:Sebele_I|Kgosi Sebele I]] le [[Bathoen I|Kgosi Bathoen I]] ba ba neng ba kopa gore Botswana a tsenngwe mo [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]].<ref>Generated from: [[:en:Template:Sfn|Sfn]]</ref> Fa Sechele a ne a le mo tseleng go ya Britain, masole a gagwe a ne a kopana le setlhophana sa Maburu ba ba neng ba tshoga mme ba rulaganya go busa bana ba gagwe ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke molaodi wa bone.<ref name=":1" /> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] == Metswedi == 11ye0euge2ed0ipfxi7168uf7bwdhby 0 12913 54835 48378 2026-09-13T00:35:23Z Ngwanana 12523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367385843|Donkey]]" 54835 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tonki''' kgotsa '''esele''' ke pitse e e ruiwang mo gae. E tswa mo esele ya naga ya Aforika, ''Equus africanus'', mme e ka tlhaolwa jaaka mofutapotlana wa yona, '''''Equus africanus asinus''''', kgotsa jaaka mofuta o o farologaneng, '''''Equus asinus''''' . [ 1 ] E ne e ruilwe mo Aforika dingwaga di ka nna 5000–7000 tse di fetileng, [ 1 ] mme e ntse e dirisiwa thata jaaka phologolo e e dirang fa e sale ka nako eo. Go nale ditonki tse di fetang dimilione di le 40 mo lefatsheng, bontsi jwa tsone di mo dinageng tse di seng di tlhabologe , kwa di dirisiwang jaaka diphologolo tse di gogwang kgotsa tse di dirisiwang go phuthela merwalo . Le fa ditonki tse di dira di amanngwa le tse di tshelang mo kgotsa kwa tlase ga selekanyo sa go iphedisa, dipalo tse dinnye tsa ditonki kgotsa diesele di bolokilwe go tsadisa, jaaka diruiwa tsa mo gae, le go sireletsa leruo kwa dinageng tse di tlhabologileng. Tonki e tona e e godileng ya bong ba monna ke ''jeke'' kgotsa ''jekase'', e namagadi e e godileng ke ''jeni'', ''esele ya jeni'', kgotsa ''jenete'', mme tonki e e santseng e gola ya bong bope fela ke ''namane'' . Dijeke gantsi di kopanngwa le dipitse tse di namagadi ( dipitse tse di namagadi ) go tlhagisa ''dimmeile'' ; motswako o o sa tlwaelegang wa pitse e tona ( stallion ) le jeni ke ''hini''. Ka tlwaelo, leina la saense la tonki ke ''Equus asinus asinus'', mo motheong wa molawana wa go tla pele o o dirisiwang mo maineng a diphologolo mo saenseng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Khomišene ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Zoological Nomenclature e ne ya laela ka 2003 gore fa ditlhopha tsa ditshedi tsa mo gae le tsa naga di tsewa e le mefutapotlana ya mofuta o o tlwaelegileng, leina la saense la mofuta o o tlhaga ke lone le le tlang pele, tota le fa mofuta oo o ne o tlhalosiwa morago ga mofutapotlana wa mo gae. Se se raya gore leina le le maleba la saense la tonki ke ''Equus africanus asinus'' fa e tsewa jaaka mofutapotlana le ''Equus asinus'' fa e tsewa jaaka mofuta. Ka nako nngwe,go ne go dirisiwa lekaelagongwe ''esele'' le le neng e le lereo le le tlwaelegileng thata la go kaya tonki. Tiriso ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya ''tonki'' e ne e le ka 1784 kgotsa ka 1785 . [ 11 ] Le fa lefoko ''esele'' le na le mafoko a a tshwanang le one mo dipuong tse dingwe tse dintsi tsa Se-Indo-Yuropa, ''tonki'' ke lefoko le le seng bonolo go tlhaloganyega sentle le le iseng le supiwe leina le le tshwanang le lone le le ka ikanngwang. Dikakanyo ka ga go tswa ga yone di akaretsa tse di latelang: sp8sorqimac05f1rhsjtiswcr0jd9de 0 15030 54833 54816 2026-09-12T18:19:37Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 54833 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Khoisan | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:San_tribesman.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[San people|San]] man of [[Namibia]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Total population |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |~ 400,000<ref>Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k [[Nama people]] (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k [[Damara people]] (1996): James Stuart Olson, « Damara » in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010): </ref> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x2009;2010</span>) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Regions with significant populations |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[South Africa]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Languages |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Afrikaans]],<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFParkinson2016">Parkinson, Christian (2016-06-14). </cite></ref> [[Khoe-Kwadi languages]], [[Kxʼa languages]], [[Tuu languages]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Religion |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mainly [[Christianity in Africa|Christian]] and [[African Traditional Religion|African traditional religions]] ([[San religion]]) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Related ethnic groups |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Tswana people|Tswana]], [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], [[Coloured]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]] |} === Sekhoisan === Khoisan kgotsa Khoe-Sān ke lereo le le akaretsang merafe e e farologaneng e e seng ya Bantu ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika e ka tlwaelo e buang dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu, e kopanya batho ba Khoekhoen le ba Sān. Batho ba MaKhoisan ka tlwaelo ba bua dipuo tsa go tobetsa. Ba tsewa e le ditšhaba tsa hisetori go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika, ba ntse ba le kwa godimo go fitlha fa batho ba Banthu ba atologa le go dirwa kolone ke BaYuropa. MaKhoisan ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a sa siamelang temo-thuo ya Banthu, go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Kapa go ya kwa Namibia le Botswana, koo batho ba BaKhoekhoe ba BaNama le BaDamara e leng ditlhopha tse di tumileng. Go tswakana go go tseneletseng le ditlhopha tse di buang SeBantu go supiwa ke go anama ga medumo ya go tobetsa mo dipuong di le dintsi tsa Bantu tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa SeXhosa.<ref name=":1">https://www.goodthingsguy.com/eldorado-parks-art-walkway-gets-a-khoi-san-heritage-chapter/</ref> Bontsi jwa batho ba BaKhoisan ke ditlogolwana tsa go phatlalala ga batho ba segompieno go ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng. (Le fa go le jalo, bona fa tlase go bona tiro ya bosheng e e tshegetsang kakanyo ya dikgaolo tse dintsi e e supang gore Ba-Khoisan e ka nna motswedi wa batho ba segompieno.) Dipuo tsa bone di na le go tshwana go le gonnye fela, go go akaretsang go nna teng ga medumo ya go tobetsa. Ga go na bosupi jwa gore di tswa mo puong e le nngwe fela e e tlwaelegileng ya ntlhantlha, mme di kgaogantswe ka bonnye jwa malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo tse di sa amaneng (Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu le Kxʼa). Go ile ga akantshiwa gore BaKhoekhoe ba ka tswa ba emela ba ba neng ba goroga kwa Borwa jwa Aforika morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa, ba ka tswa ba ne ba sutisiwa ke go atologa ga batho ba Banthu ba ba neng ba fitlha mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng tse di magareng ga di le 1 500 le 2 000 tse di fetileng.<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/news/cogta-committee-flags-key-issues-ahead-tabling-traditional-and-khoisan-leaders-bill</ref> Ba-Sān ba tsewa e le batho ba ba batlang dijo kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari le kwa mafelong a Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho le Afrika Borwa. Lefoko sān le tswa mo puong ya SeKhoekhoe mme le raya batho ba ba batlang dijo ("ba ba phuthang dilo mo mmung") ba ba se nang leruo. Ka jalo, le ne le dirisiwa go bua ka batho botlhe ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba ba neng ba kopana le batho ba ba buang SeKhoekhoe, mme gantsi le ne le bua ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo. E ne e farologana le ditlhopha tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemi, e bile e ne e sa amane ka gope le morafe ope o o rileng.<ref>https://www.africanews.com/2026/03/23/dignity-restored-remains-of-63-khoisan-people-reburied-in-south-africa/</ref> Le fa gone go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le tsela eno ya go tshela, lefoko leno le kaya dilo tsa ikonomi e seng tsa setso kgotsa tsa lotso. Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya tsena mo tirisong e e anameng ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.<ref name=":2">https://www.citizen.co.za/highway-mail/lnn/article/khoisan-chief-refuses-to-leave-union-buildings-despite-3rd-eviction-notice/</ref> == Leina == Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya simolola go dirisiwa ka bophara ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.<ref>https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/koranna-clan-calls-for-formal-recognition-of-khoisan/</ref> Ka nako ya Bokoloniale/Apartheid, batho ba ba buang Se-Afrikaans ba ba nang le lotso lwa se-Khoesān le bone ba ne ba bidiwa Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Kaap Swartes) kgotsa Western Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Wes-Kaap Swartes). Se se ne se direlwa go ba farologanya le batho ba ba buang SeBantu, baagi ba bangwe ba Aforika ba Aforika Borwa ba le bona ba neng ba na le losika lo lo botlhokwa lwa BaKhoe-San.<ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-25-khoisan-leader-crawford-fraser-dies-leavleaving-legacy-of-activism-and-community/</ref> Lereo Khoisan (le gape le kwadiwang KhoiSan, KhoiSan, KhoeSan) le ne la tsenngwa mo tirisong ya Aforika Borwa jaaka leina le le itlhalosang morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990. Fa e sale ka bo 2010, go ntse go na le mokgatlho wa badiraditshupetso wa Ba-Khoisan, ba batla go amogelwa le ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe go tswa go puso le morafe wa basweu o o nang le dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe la poraefete la naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba le bantsi ba tsaya lefoko leno le le thata ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mmalwa. Mellet a re Leonhard Schultze-Jena, yo o simolotseng go dirisa lereo le, o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke tlhaolele e e tlhokang go emelana le yone: 47 Sa bobedi, batho ba San ba na le go gana leina le, jaaka le tlhagisitswe ke setlhopha sa bakwadi ba BaSan ba tshegediwa ke WIMSA, ba ba tlhalosang gore: "BaSan ba kgatlhanong le go kopanngwa mmogo le modisa yo o maatla thata wa ga jaana KhoeKhoen ka ntlha ya mabaka a thuto le a puo": 224 Lebaka la boraro ke gore kamano magareng ga batho ba Khoekhoe le ba San mo hisetoring e nnile e e raraaneng ka bosupi jwa gore makomando a a nang le seabe sa Khoekhoe kgotsa boeteledipele jwa Khoekhoe bo nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo polaong ya morafe kgatlhanong le batho ba Cape San mo ngwagakgolong wa bo18 le wa bo19.<ref>https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4b0b67a416b946a39572666f684a5628</ref> [[File:San-Mann_beim_Sammeln_der_Teufelskralle_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|San man collecting [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]]] == Hisetori == [[File:InitialExpansionMitogenome.PNG|thumb|Lefelo le le batlileng le tshwana le kwa L0d le L0k haplogroups di simologileng teng kwa borwa jwa Afrika, e e kwadilweng dingwaga tse di fetang 90 000 tse di fetileng ke Behar et al. (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=Doron M. |last2=Villems |first2=Richard |last3=Soodyall |first3=Himla |last4=Blue-Smith |first4=Jason |last5=Pereira |first5=Luisa |last6=Metspalu |first6=Ene |last7=Scozzari |first7=Rosaria |last8=Makkan |first8=Heeran |last9=Tzur |first9=Shay |last10=Comas |first10=David |last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume |last12=Quintana-Murci |first12=Lluis |last13=Tyler-Smith |first13=Chris |last14=Wells |first14=R. Spencer |last15=Rosset |first15=Saharon |display-authors=2 |date=2008 |title=The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1130–1140 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 |pmc=2427203 |pmid=18439549 |quote=Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)}}</ref>]] Go akantshiwa gore bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba segompieno ba ne ba atologela kwa borwa jwa Aforika (go tswa kwa Botlhaba kgotsa Bogare jwa Aforika) pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng mme gongwe le pele ga dingwaga di le 260 000 tse di fetileng. Kwa tshimologong ya MIS 5 "megadrought" dingwaga tse 130,000 tse di fetileng, go ne go na le ditlhopha tse pedi tsa bagologolwane ba batho mo Aforika; ba ba tshotseng mt-DNA haplogroup Lo kwa borwa jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng Khoi-San, le ba ba tshotseng haplogroup L1-6 kwa bogare/botlhaba jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng mongwe le mongwe o sele. [tshupiso e tlhokegang] Setlhopha se se ne sa dira gore go nne le baagi ba San ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi. Leqhubu la moraorao la ho falla, ho pota kapa pele ho qaleho ya Mehla e Tlwaelehileng, le ile la hlahisa batho ba Khoe, bao e neng e le badisa.<ref name=":3">https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/khoisan-praise-singer-boosts-sas-linguistic-diversity-pansalb/</ref> Ka ntlha ya go atologa ga bone le go kgaogana ga bone go go sa le gale, baagi ba bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba ne ba fopholediwa gore ba ne ba emetse "batho ba le bantsi go gaisa" ka nako e ntsi ya tatelano ya nako ya batho ba segompieno, go tloga ka go kgaogana ga bone pele ga 150 kya go fitlha ka go nna le batho ba le 70 kya kwa Eurasia. Di ne di aname thata go feta gompieno, ka ntlha ya go nyelela ga tsone ka nako ya go atologa ga batho ba Banthu. Ba ne ba gasagasame go ralala bontsi jwa borwa le borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika. Gape go ne go na le go fuduga go go botlhokwa ga ba ba tshotseng L0 go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika magareng ga 120 le 75 kya. Rito et al. (2013) ba fopholetsa gore kgatelelo go tswa go go huduga go go ntseng jalo go ka nna ga ba ga nna le seabe mo go phatlalaleng ga batho ba Aforika Botlhaba go tswa mo Aforika ka 70 kya.<ref>https://iol.co.za/news/2025-11-25-crawford-fraser-prominent-khoisan-chief-and-advocate-dies-at-51/</ref> Tiro ya bosheng jaana e ile ya akantsha gore kgopolo ya gore go na le mafelo a a farologaneng e ka tshegediwa ke tshedimosetso ya bosheng ya dijini tsa batho. Phuputso ya 2023 e phatlalatsweng koranteng ya Nature e fana ka maikutlo a hore dintlha tsa jwale tsa lefutso di ka utlwisiswa hantle jwalo ka ha di bontsha metswako ya kahare ya mehlodi e mengata ya baahi ho pholletsa le Aforika, ho kenyeletswa le baahi ba baholo ba Khoisan. === Motlha wa Morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa === [[File:Schematic_representation_of_the_major_inferred_migrations_involving_mtDNA_haplogroup_L0.png|thumb|Schematic representation of the "out of South Africa" migration of the post-Eemian Middle to Late Stone Age (after 100 kya) inferred from mtDNA haplogroup L0 in modern African populations (Rito et al. 2013).<ref name="Rito2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rito |first=Teresa |last2=Richards |first2=Martin B. |last3=Fernandes |first3=Verónica |last4=Alshamali |first4=Farida |last5=Cerny |first5=Viktor |last6=Pereira |first6=Luísa |last7=Soares |first7=Pedro |last8=Gilbert |first8=Tom |display-authors=2 |date=2013 |title=The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=8 |issue=11 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...880031R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080031 |pmc=3827445 |pmid=24236171 |doi-access=free |article-number=e80031}}</ref>]] Batho ba BaSan ba e neng e le bagologolwane ba Ba-Khoisan ba ne ba aname go ralala karolo e kgolo ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika go ralala Motlha wa Letlapa wa Bogologolo morago ga dingwaga di ka nna 75 ka. Go ile ga akantshiwa gore go ne ga nna le koketsego e nngwe gape e e diragetseng dingwaga di ka nna 20 pelenyana ga foo. Rosti le ba bangwe ba akantsha gore go na le kamano ya go atologa ga bosheng jaana le go anama ga ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa mo dipuong tsa Aforika Botlhaba (puo ya Se-Hadza).<ref name=":4">https://vocfm.co.za/khoisan-languages-face-extinction-amid-heritage-month-reflections/</ref> Madirelo a Sangoan a morago ga Motlha wa Leje a ne a le kwa borwa jwa Aforika mo mafelong a pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga metara (1000 mm; 39.4 in). Batho ba San le ba Khoi ba gompieno ba tshwana le ba ba emelwang ke masalela a marapo a bogologolo a Sangoan. Kgatlhanong le tlhaloso ya setso e e fitlhelang tshimologo e e tshwanang ya BaKhoi le BaSan, bosupi jo bongwe bo supile gore bagologolwane ba batho ba BaKhoi ke bafaladi ba temothuo ba pele ga batho ba Bantu ba ba sa tswang go goroga mo borwa jwa Aforika ba ba tlogetseng temothuo jaaka tlelaemete e ne e omelela mme ba ikamanya le BaSan jaaka batsomi-ba-kopanyi kgotsa ba ne ba tswelela go nna badisa. Ka go goroga ga badisa le badisa ba Banthoid mo Aforika Borwa dingwaga di ka nna 2,300 tse di fetileng, ditlhabololo tsa puo moragonyana di ne tsa bonala ka go amogela ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa le mafoko a a adimilweng go tswa mo dipuong tsa bogologolo tsa Khoe-San. Tsona di tlhotlheleditse tlhagelelo ya merafe e e kopantsweng ya balemirui le badisa le batsomi, e e neng ya feleletsa e dirile gore go nne le merafe ya segompieno, e e kopantsweng ya dipuo tsa tlholego e e fitlhelwang gompieno mo Aforika Borwa, Botswana le Namibia (sekao, mo bathong ba MaXhosa, Basotho, Batswana le MaZulu ba Aforika Borwa).<ref>https://dailyvoice.co.za/news/2026-02-26-down-with-the-click-khoisan-teen-finally-gets-his-cultural-name-recognised-on-sa-id-in-historic-victory/</ref> Gompieno ditlhopha tseno di emela bontsi jwa dimilione tsa ditlogolwana tsa bogologolo tsa Ba-Khoe-San. === Nako ya Sehisetori === Ba-Khoikhoi ba ne ba tsena mo hisitoring fa ba ne ba kopana la ntlha le babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi, mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le 1.000 morago ga gore Ba-Bantu ba ba leleke. Palo ya baagi ba lefelo leo e ne ya fokotsega fa BaKhoi ba sena go tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana jo bo neng bo tswa kwa Yuropa. BaKhoi ba ne ba tlhasela BaYuropa gangwe le gape fa Khampani ya Dutch East India e ne e thiba mafulo a bone a setso gore go se ka ga nna le dipolasi. Mokgatlho wa loago wa BaKhoikhoi o ne wa senngwa thata mme kwa bofelong wa senngwa ke go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale le go gapiwa ga lefatshe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo17 go ya pele. Fa thulaganyo ya loago e ntse e senyega, batho bangwe ba BaKhoikhoi ba ne ba nna mo dipolaseng mme ba nna batlhanka (bondservants) kgotsa badiri ba mo dipolaseng; ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsenngwa mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di le teng tsa BaKhoi le malapa a BaXhosa. Georg Schmidt, Morwarra Moravia go tswa Herrnhut, Saxony, jaanong Jeremane, o ne a tlhoma Genadendal ka 1738, e e neng e le seteishene sa ntlha sa thero mo borwa jwa Aforika, mo bathong ba Khoi kwa Baviaanskloof mo Dithabeng tsa Riviersonderend. Baagi ba bogologolo ba Yuropa ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba nyalana le basadi ba BaKhoikhoi, mme seno se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le batho ba le bantsi ba merafe e e farologaneng ba jaanong ba itsegeng e le BaGriqua. Batho ba Griqua ba ne ba tla fudugela kwa go seo ka nako eo e neng e le melelwane ya mafelo a a bolokilweng a BaXhosa mme ba tlhoma Griqualand Botlhaba, eo e neng e na le bontsi jwa baagi ba BaXhosa.<ref>https://novanews.co.za/tygerburger/khoisan-community-protest-for-land-rights-in-strandfontein/</ref> [[File:Khoikhoi-nedersetting_-_1711.png|thumb|Lefelo la Ba-Khoikhoi kwa Table Bay, jaaka go bontshitswe mo mokwalong wa ga Abraham Bogaert wa Historische Reizen, 1711.]] Andries Stockenström o thusitse go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go nna la "Kat River" la BaKhoi gaufi le molelwane wa botlhaba wa Cape Colony. Metse e ne ya gola le go atologa, mme Kat River ka bonako e ne ya nna kgaolo e kgolo le e e atlegileng ya Kapa e e neng e ikemetse ka nosi. Batho ba bontsi ba ne ba bua Seaforikanse, e leng BaGonaqua Khoi, fela lefelo la bonno le ne la simolola go ngoka Ba-Khoi ba bangwe, BaXhosa le ditlhopha tsa merafe e e kopaneng tsa Kapa.<ref name=":5">https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/khoisan-chief-in-court-for-alleged-assault-of-elderly-men-for-trespassing-on-ancestral-land-20260226-1167</ref> Dintwa tsa "Bushman Wars" (1673-1677) e ne e le karabo ya baagi ba BaSan go thopiwa le go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale ke bajaki ba BaDutch. Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga, MaKhoikhoi ba kwa Kapa Bophirima ba ne ba nna mo nageng e e neng e laolwa ke MaDutch. Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bontsi jwa MaKhoisan ba ne ba dira jaaka 'badiri ba ba thapilweng,' ba ne ba sa farologane thata le makgoba. Fa go lejwa ka tsela ya loago, fa modiri a ne a le kgakala le Cape Town, go ne go nna thata le go feta go isa dikuno tsa temothuo kwa marekisetsong. Go ntshiwa ga dilaesense tsa phulo kwa bokone jwa Noka ya Berg mo go se ka nako eo e neng e le Tulbagh Basin go ne ga rotloetsa kgolo ya bokoloniale mo lefelong leo. Thulaganyo e ya go fudusiwa ga lefatshe e ne ya dira gore MaKhoijhou ba latlhegelwe ke lefatshe la bone le leruo la bone mmogo le phetogo e kgolo mo tlhabololong ya loago, ikonomi le sepolotiki. Morago ga go fenngwa ga botsuolodi jwa BaXhosa ka 1853, puso e ntšhwa ya Kapa e ne ya leka go neela MaKhoi ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki go thibela go se kgotsofale ga bomorafe mo isagweng. Puso e ne ya dira molao wa Cape franchise ka 1853, o o neng o laela gore baagi botlhe ba banna ba ba neng ba le mo tekong e e kwa tlase ya thoto, go sa kgathalesege mmala wa bone, ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go tlhopha le go batla go tlhophiwa mo Palamenteng. Tlhatlhobo ya thoto e ne e le tsela e e sa tlhamalalang ya Puso ya Kapa ya Borithane (e e neng ya tsaya marapo go tswa go ya Ba-Dutch ka 1812) go boloka tsamaiso ya puso e e theilweng mo bomorafeng ka gore ka kakaretso ke basweu fela ba ba neng ba na le thoto e e lekaneng go ka fitlhelela tlhatlhobo. Mo polaong ya morafe ya Herero le Nama kwa German South-West Africa, go fopholediwa gore go ne ga bolawa Ba-Nama ba feta 10 000 ka 1904-1908. [[File:Buschmänner_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|San family in Namibia]] Ba-San ba Kalahari ba ne ba tlhalosiwa mo bukeng ya Specimens of Bushman Folklore e e kwadilweng ke Wilhelm H. I. Bleek le Lucy C. Lloyd (1911). Ba ne ba tlisiwa mo lefatsheng le le tletseng lefatshe ka bophara ka bo1950 ke mokwadi wa mo Afrika Borwa e bong Laurens van der Post mo terameng ya thelebišene ya dikarolo di le thataro. Kganetsano ya lefatshe la bagologolwane kwa Botswana e ama Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), e e tlhomilweng ka 1961 ka ntlha ya diphologolo tsa naga, fa Ba-San bone ba ne ba letlelelwa go tswelela ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo wa go tsoma le go kgobokanya. Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, puso ya Botswana e ne ya simolola leano la go "rulaganya" banni ba CKGR kwa ntle ga lefelo leno. Ka 2002, puso e ne ya kgaola ditirelo tsotlhe tsa baagi ba CKGR. Go ne ga simololwa ntwa ya semolao, mme ka 2006 Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Botswana e ne ya ntsha katlholo ya gore banni ba koo ba ne ba tlositswe ka dikgoka e bile e se kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, pholisi ya go fudusa batho e ne ya tswelela, mme ka 2012 batho ba BaSan (Basarwa) ba ne ba ikuela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng go pateletsa puso go amogela ditshwanelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe le metswedi. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele ka 1994, lereo "Khoisan" ka iketlo le ne la simolola go dirisiwa jaaka leina le le itlhophileng ke MaKhoikhoi a Aforika Borwa jaaka baemedi ba "ditšhaba tsa ntlha" tsa Aforika Borwa kgatlhanong le bontsi jwa Banthu ba ba busang. Khonferense ya "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" e ne ya rulaganngwa ke Yunibesiti ya Kapa Bophirima ka 1997, le "Khoisan activism" e begilwe mo metsweding ya dikgang ya Aforika Borwa go simolola ka 2015. Puso ya Aforika Borwa e letleletse malapa a BaKhoisan (go fitlha ka 1998) go tsweletsa ditopo tsa lefatshe tse di neng di le teng pele ga 1913. Motlatsamodulasetilo wa Khomišene ya Ditlhokego tsa Naga ya Aforika Borwa, Thami Mdontswa, o boletse gore go tla tlhokega gore go nne le diphetogo mo molaotheong go kgontsha batho ba Ba-Khoisan go tsweletsa ditlhokego tsa bona tsa lefatshe le bagologolwane ba bone ba neng ba tlositswe mo go lona pele ga 9 Seetebosigo 1913.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Sameul_Daniell_-_Khoisan_besig_om_sprinkane_te_braai_-_1804.jpg|"Bosjemans frying locusts", aquatint by Samuel Daniell (1805). File:In_Search_of_the_San_08.jpg|Basadi ba San kwa Namibia (1984 setshwantsho) File:Bushman_camp.jpg|Bushman camp 2005 </gallery>Ka 2025, baemedi ba morafe wa BaKhoisan ba ne ba batla go amogelwa jaaka morafe wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa, ba buelela go amogelwa ga boeteledipele jwa bone jwa setso le ditshwanelo tsa bone mo lefatsheng la bagologolwane ba bona. Mo ntlheng e, Regent Xami Thomas o lemogilwe jaaka moemedi wa batho ba Khoisan. O gatisitse kamano ya batho ba MaKhoisan le lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, a tshwantsha kamano ya bone le ya Bajuta le lefatshe la Iseraele. Jaaka karolo ya maiteko a bone a go batla ditshwanelo tsa bona tsa selegae le tsa naga, batho ba MaKhoisan ba ne ba isa memorantamo kwa Palamenteng ya Aforika Borwa, ba kopa go amogelwa semmuso ga maemo a bona a a kgethegileng.<ref name=":5" /> === Diphitlhelelo === Ka 2019, borasaense ba Yunibesithi ya Free State ba ne ba ribolola ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng tsa dingwaga di le 8 000 tse di dirilweng ke batho ba BaKhoisan. Ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng di ne di supa phologolo ya noka, pitse le tshukudu mo 'Noga ya Pula' mo thulaganyong ya thulo ya Vredefort, e e ka nnang ya nna le botlhokwa jwa semoya malebana le ditlhamane tsa pula tsa BaKhoisan. == Thubakanyo Kgatlhanong le Ba-Khoisan == Ka nako ya polao ya morafe ya Herero le Nama, go ne ga bolawa BaNama ba ka nna 10 000, setlhopha sa BaKhoekhoe, le palo e e sa itsiweng ya Ba-San mo letsholong la polao le le neng la dirwa ke Puso ya Bokolone ya Jeremane magareng ga 1904 le 1908. === Go fudusiwa ka dikgoka kwa Botswana === Kwa Botswana, batho ba le bantsi ba Ba-San ba ba tlholegileng koo ba ne ba fudusiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bone ba isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go ba dira gore ba fuduge, ba ne ba ganelwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone mme ba ne ba lebanwe ke go tshwarwa fa ba ne ba ka tsoma, e e neng e le motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa dijo. Naga ya bone e mo gare ga lefelo le le humileng thata la taemane mo lefatsheng. Ka semmuso, puso e ganetsa gore go na le kamano epe le meepo mme e bolela gore go fudusiwa ke go boloka diphologolo tsa naga le tikologo, le fa batho ba San ba ntse ba tshela mo lefatsheng ka dingwaga tse di sekete. Mo mafelong a go beetsweng batho mo go one, ba kgaratlhela go bona tiro, mme go nwa bojalwa go aname. [[File:African_language_families_en.svg|thumb|Botala: Go anamisiwa ga dipuo tsa Se-Khoisan tsa segompieno tse di buiwang ke batho ba Ba-Khoi le Ba-San, mmogo le puo ya Se-Sandawe ya batho ba Se-Sandawe le puo ya Se-Hadza sa kwa Tanzania.]] "Dipuo tsa Khoisan" di ne tsa akantshiwa jaaka setlhopha sa dipuo ke Joseph Greenberg ka 1955.[ Kamano ya bone ya dijini e ne ya belaelwa moragonyana mo ngwagakgolong wa bo20, mme lefoko leno jaanong le dirisiwa thata jaaka lefoko la boiketlo ntle le go kaya gore go na le kutlwano ya dijini, fela jaaka "Papua" le "Australia". Karolo e e di kopanyang e e tlhomologileng thata ke ditumammogo tsa tsone tse di gatelelang.<ref name=":4" /> Di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha di le pedi, le palo ya dipuo tse di farologaneng tse di ka nnang teng. Tswana Lelapa la Kxʼa le ne la akantshiwa ka 2010, le kopanya puo ya ʼAmkoe ( ⁇ Hoan) le setlhopha sa dipuo tsa Kung (Juu). Kung e akaretsa dipuo di ka nna lesome le bobedi, mme ga go na pharologano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga tsone. Sands et al. (2010) ba tshitshinya karoganyo mo ditlhopheng di le nne: Northern-Kung (Sekele), e buiwa kwa Angola go dikologa dinoka tsa Cunene, Cubango, Cuito, le Cuando (mme gone jaanong go na le batshabi ba le bantsi kwa Namibia), Northern-Central-Kung (Ekoka), e buiwa kwa Namibia fa gare ga Noka ya Ovambo le molelwane wa Angola, Central- Kung, e buiwa gaufi le Grootfontein, Namibia, kwa bophirima jwa Noka ya Omatako le kwa borwa jwa Noka ya Ovambo South-eastern-Kung (Ju-ʼhoan), e buiwa kwa Botswana kwa botlhaba jwa Okavango Delta, le kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Namibia go tswa gaufi le Windhoek go ya Rundu, Gobabis, le Caprivi Strip.<ref name=":3" /> Lelapa la Khoi (Khoe) le kgaogantswe ka Khoikhoi (Khoekhoe le dipuo tsa Khoemana) le lekala la Kalahari (Tshu-Khwe). Lekala la Kalahari la Khoe le akaretsa Shua le Tsoa (ka dipuo), le Kxoe, Naro, G ⁇ ana le ⁇ Haba (ka dipuo). Khoe gape e ile ya amanngwa le Kwadi ("Kwadi-Khoe"), le puo ya Sandawe ya kwa Tanzania ("Khoe-Sandawe"). Puo ya SeHadza ya kwa Tanzania e ile ya amanngwa le setlhopha sa SeKhoisan ka ntlha ya go nna gone ga ditumammogo tse di tsenang. BaKhoisan ke bangwe ba batho ba le mmalwa ba ba nang le dipopego tse di nang le dipopego tse di tshwanang le tsa batho ba bangwe kwa ntle ga Asia Botlhaba. Gantsi di na le moriri o o bopegileng jaaka e kete o dikologilwe ka tsela e e gagametseng thata, mofuta wa moriri o o sokameng o ka dinako tse dingwe o bidiwang "peppercorn" ka gonne o kgona go dikologa ka tsela e e farologaneng mo tlhogong. Charles Darwin o kwadile ka ga BaKhoisan le tlhopho ya bong mo go The Descent of Man ka 1882, a tlhalosa gore steatopygia ya bone, e e bonwang thata mo basading, e nnile teng ka ntlha ya tlhopho ya bong mo thutong ya motho, le gore "karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele e tlhagelela ka tsela e e gakgamatsang". Go ya ka hisetori, bomme bangwe ba ne ba bonwa ke baithutadiphologolo ba na le dipounama tse dinnye tse di telele, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di neng di tlhagelela go fitlha go disentimetara tse 10 (3.9 in) ka fa tlase ga kgeleswa fa ba eme. Le fa e kwadilwe sentle, maitlhomo a tiro eno le mantswe a basadi ba ba e dirang ga se gantsi a sekasekiwang mo patlisisong.<ref name=":2" /> Mo dingwageng tsa bo1990, dipatlisiso tsa genomic tsa batho ba lefatshe di fitlhetse gore chromosome Y ya banna ba San e na le dipopego tse di rileng tsa polymorphisms tse di farologaneng le tsa batho ba bangwe botlhe. Ka ntlha ya gore Y chromosome e sireleditswe thata fa gare ga dikokomana, mofuta ono wa DNA test o dirisiwa go bona gore a ditlhopha tse di farologaneng di ne tsa kgaogana leng, mme ka jalo e le losika lwa bone lwa bofelo lo lo tshwanang. Bakwadi ba dipatlisiso tse ba akantsha gore BaSan e ka nna ya bo e le bangwe ba batho ba ntlha go farologana le bagologolwane ba ga jaana ba batho botlhe ba ba leng teng. Dipatlisiso tse di farologaneng tsa Y-chromosome di netefaditse gore Ba-Khoisan ba na le dingwe tsa di-haplogroups tsa Y-chromosome tse di farologaneng (tsa bogologolo). Di haplogroup tse ke di sub-group tse di rileng tsa di haplogroup A le B, dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo setlhareng sa Y-chromosome ya motho. Go tshwana le se se bonweng mo dipatlisisong tsa Y-chromosome, dipatlisiso tsa mitochondrial DNA gape di bontshitse bosupi jwa gore batho ba BaKhoisan ba na le makgolokgolo a makgolokgolo a makala a pele a haplogroup mo setlhareng sa mitochondrial DNA ya motho. Mitochondrial haplogroup e e farologaneng thata (kgologolo) Lod, e lemogilwe ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Khoi le San tsa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1" /> Diphuputso tse ding tsa genomic di senotse hape hore dihlopha tsa Khoisan di ile tsa susumetswa ke 9 ho isa ho 30% ya metsoako ya dijini dilemong tse dikete tse mmalwa tse fetileng ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Botjhabela ba neng ba jara karolo ya motsoako wa Eurasia. Mo godimo ga moo, ba baya tshimologo ya Afrika Botlhaba ya paterone haplogroup E1b1b e e fitlhelwang mo dipopolong tse tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mmogo le go tsenngwa ga bodisa mo kgaolong.[ 58] Pampiri e e lemogile gape gore katoloso ya Banthu e nnile le thotloetso e e bonalang ya dijini mo ditlhopheng di le mmalwa tsa BaKhoisan. Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa PCA, losika lwa Aforika Botlhaba bo lo lemogilweng mo dijining tsa batho ba ba buang Khoe-Kwadi le ba bangwe ba borwa jwa Afrika lo amana le motho wa kwa Tanzania Luxmanda. Baitseanape ba dijini ka 2024 ba ne ba tsaya dikai tsa masalela a bogologolo a dingwaga di le 10 000 a Aforika Borwa kwa Oakhurst Rockshelter. Batho ba ba neng ba tlhatlhobiwa ba ne ba na le kamano e e nonofileng ya dijini le Ba-San le Ba-Khoe. Go tla morago ga ditlhopha tsa badisa le temothuo mo dingwageng tse di fetileng di le 2,000 go tla fetola genepool ya dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mme bontsi jwa Ba-Khoisan ba a boloka, mme ba tshwana le letshwao la dijini tsa batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba bagolo.<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/12/22/371672272/the-khoisan-once-were-kings-of-the-planet-what-happened</ref> == Bogare == Ka 21 Lwetse 2020, Yunibesiti ya Cape Town e ne ya simolola Khoi le San Centre ya yona e ntšhwa, ka lenaneo la dikirii ya digraduate le le rulaganyeditsweng go simololwa mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefelo leno le tla tshegetsa le go nonotsha tirisanommogo eno mo dikomiting tsa patlisiso ya puo (go akaretsa Khoekhoegowab), masalela a a boitshepo a batho, lefatshe le bong. Ditlogolwana di le dintsi tsa batho ba Khoisan ba santse ba nna mo Cape Flats. == Dintlha == == Bona gape == == Metswedi == == Buka ya tshedimosetso == [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Sekhoisan]] [[Karolo:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa]] br16e24gz4skxbkgomas9u3hvuyuxl8 0 15036 54827 2026-09-12T15:09:25Z MmaBaggio 11091 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Kgaolo ya Mary Jackson (Motaki) 54827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Jackson''' (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le botlhano) ke motaki wa mo Afrika-Amerika wa [[botaki jwa Fiber]] . O itsege thata ka go loga ditlatlana ka lotlaka a dirisa mekgwa ya setso e e kopantsweng le mekgwa ya segompieno. Motsadi wa kwa South Carolina e e gaufi le lotshitshi mme e le setlogolo sa dikokomana tsa baopedi ba Gullah, Jackson o ne a abelwa thotloetso ya [[:en:MacArthur_Fellows_Program|MacArthur Foundation]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi ka "go sutisa ngwao mo ditseleng tse disha tse di kgatlhisang".<ref name=":1">[https://www.macfound.org/fellows/800/ "Mary Jackson Fiber Artist"]. ''MacArthur Foundation''. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</ref> Mary Jackson ke moamogedi wa 2010 National Heritage Fellowship go tswa go National Endowment for the Arts.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200519210507/https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/2010 "NEA National Heritage Fellowships 2010".] ''www.arts.gov''. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from [https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/2010 the original] on May 19, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</ref> {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Mary Jackson|image=JacksonM ACC CoF2018.jpg|caption=Jackson ka ngwaga wa 2018|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1945|2|15}}<ref name="Master of Traditional Arts" />|birth_place=[[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]]|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->|spouse=Stoney Jackson}} == Ditso == Jackson o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le botlhano<ref name=":3">[http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/151 "Mary Jackson".] ''Master of Traditional Arts''. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</ref>. O goletse kwa motseng wa [[:en:Gullah|Gullah]] wa [[:en:Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina|Mount Pleasant]], kwa ntle fela ga [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]]. A rutiwa ke mmaagwe le nkokoagwe, Jackson o simolotse go loga ditlatlana tsa lotlhaka a na le dingwaga di le nne.<ref name=":4">Mitchell, Shane; Bick, Elizabeth (June 13, 2024). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/13/arts/basket-weaver-mary-jackson.html A Basket Maker Keeping Alive, and Reinventing, an Ancestral Craft".] ''The New York Times''. ISSN&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved June 18, 2024.</ref> Ngwao le maranyane a go loga ditlatlana tsa lotlhaka a fetisitswe go tswa kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe, e simolotse ka makgoba a Aforika Bophirima a a neng a tlisiwa kwa lotshitshing lwa South Carolina mo tahimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a supa. <ref name=":3" /> Ka nako ya bonana jwa gagwe, Jackson, mmogo le bomonnawe le bontsalae ba ne ba kokoana mo lwapeng ya ga nkokoagwe go mo thusa go loga ditlatlana .<ref>Hunt, Stephanie; Edwards, Peter Frank (May 2019). [https://charlestonmag.com/features/sweetgrass_basket_artist_mary_jackson "Sweetgrass Basket Artist Mary Jackson".] ''Charleston Magazine''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115021131/https://charlestonmag.com/features/sweetgrass_basket_artist_mary_jackson Archived] from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</ref> Fa a sena go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane, Jackson o ne a fudugela kwa New York City, kwa a neng a tsena sekolo sa bokwaledi gone mme a ya go direla kompone ya [[Metropolitan Insurance Company]]. Jackson o ne a nna kwa New York dingwaga di le lesome. Fa a ntse a le kwa New York City, o ne a etela mafelo a disupisiwa tsa ngwao le ditshwantsho mme a simolola go kokoanya ditshwantsho tsa segompieno le ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng. <ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134015/https://craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/root-and-branch "Root and Branch".] ''American Craft Council''. Archived from [https://craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/root-and-branch the original] on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</ref><ref name=":6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180312094104/http://www.craftinamerica.org/artists/mary-jackson/ "Mary Jackson".] ''Craft in America''. Archived from [http://www.craftinamerica.org/artists/mary-jackson/ the original] on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</ref> Jackson o ne a boela kwa South Carolina ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi mme a tswelela go dira jaaka mokwaledi. Jackson o ne a bolelelwa ke ba lelwapa le ditsala gore Letlhaka le le dirisiwang go dira ditlatlana le simolola go nyelela. Ka tiro ya gagwe kwa Charleston Community Center, o ne a kgona go bona tetla go tswa go beng ba lefatshe ba lefelo leo gore ba letle go rojwa ga Letlhaka ke badiri ba mo lefelong leo ba ba dirang ditlatlana mo lefatsheng le le neng le emetse go tlhabololwa. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa, Jackson o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela tiro gore a nne kwa gae le ngwana wa gagwe wa mosimane wa dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi yo o neng a na le bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa phupelo. Fa a ntse a le kwa gae, o ne a simolola go dira Ditlatlana gape mme a rekisa Ditlatlana tsa gagwe kwa mmarakeng wa toropo kwa Charleston.<ref name=":7">Brown, Nic. [http://gardenandgun.com/feature/a-lowcountry-legend-mary-jackson/ "A lowcountry legend: Mary Jackson"]. ''Garden and Gun Magazine''. Retrieved March 14, 2018.</ref>Ka nako eno, Jackson o ne a simolola go itirela dilo tsa gagwe. E re ka Jackson a ne a dirisa Letlhaka, ditlhare tsa palmetto, dinalete tsa phaene le ditlhatshana mo tirong ya gagwe, Ditlatlana tsa gagwe tse di dirilweng ka botswerere le tse di dirilweng ka tsela e ntšha di ne tsa simolola go ngoka kgatlhego. O ne a lalediwa go supa Ditlatlana tsa gagwe kwa Smithsonian Craft Show ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone. Tiragalo eo e ne ya fetola botshelo jwa ga Jackson. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Jackson o amogetse dietsele di le dintsi, go akaretsa le MacArthur genius grant ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. Dithoto tsa gagwe di supilwe kwa [[:en:Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum|Smithsonian American Art Museum]], The White House Collection of American Crafts, kwa Museum of Arts and Design kwa New York, kwa Museum of Fine Arts kwa Boston, kwa [[:en:Charles_H._Wright_Museum_of_African_American_History|Museum of African American History]] kwa Detroit, le kwa National Museum of [[:en:National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture|African American History and Culture.]]<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> Jaaka Tautona yo o simolotseng Mokgatlho wa Badiri ba Ditlatlana wa Mount Pleasant Sweetgrass, Jackson o tsweletse ka go dira le badiri ba Ditlatlana ba selegae, badiredi ba puso, ba ba sireletsang, le ba ba lemang mo go faloleng Letlhaka go tswa mo mafelong a a rulaganyeditsweng go tlhabolola le go bo jala gape mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng. <ref name=":5" /> O sa ntse a dira Ditlatlana ka Lotlhaka tse di dirilweng go ya ka ngwao e e tswang mo bagologolwaneng ba gagwe. Ditlatlana tseno di simologile kwa Afrika Bophirima, mme tsa tlisiwa kwa Amerika ke makgoba. Gone jaanong Jackson o nna kwa Charleston le monna wa gagwe, Stoney. Papusi ya gagwe le lefelo gagwe la ditsupiso di kwa [[:en:Johns_Island,_South_Carolina|Johns Island]].<ref name=":4" /> == Dietsele le ditlotla == * 1993 Lifetime Achievement Award go tswa kwa National Museum for Women in the Arts[10] * 2008 MacArthur Genius Grant [1] * 2008 United States Artists Donnelley Fellowship [1] * 2008 Environmental Stewardship Award of Achievement go tswa kwa South Carolina Aquarium [1] * 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, College of Charleston[10] * 2010 National Heritage Fellowship go tswa go National Endowment for the Arts[3] * 2018 College of Fellows, American Craft Council Archived August 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine [1] == External Links == 30wohb711b5uqdqgf8o7ek86xuiukhv 0 15037 54828 2026-09-12T16:54:39Z Cruiselady 12522 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373415749|HIV]]" 54828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Divaerase tsa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele''' ( '''HIVs''' ) ke mefuta e mebedi ya ''Lentivirus'' ( setlhophannye sa retrovirus ) e e tshwaetsang batho. Fa nako ntse e tsamaya, di baka [[HIV/AIDS|bolwetse jwa go tlhaela masole a mmele]] (AIDS), <ref name="pmid8493571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RA |date=May 1993 |title=How does HIV cause AIDS? |journal=Science |volume=260 |issue=5112 |pages=1273–9 |bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W |doi=10.1126/science.8493571 |pmid=8493571}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18947296">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA |year=2009 |title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=60 |pages=471–84 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549 |pmc=2716400 |pmid=18947296}}</ref> boemo jo mo go bone go palelwa ga masole a mmele go go yang kwa pele go dumelang gore ditshwaetsego tse di ka lokelang bophelo mo kotsing le dikankere di tswelele pele. <ref name="pmid27611681">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P |year=2016 |title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704 |pmc=5017746 |pmid=27611681 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0162704}}</ref> Ntle le kalafii, bogare ba palo ya nako ya go phela morago ga go tshwaediwa ke HIV e fopholediwa go nna dijara di le 9 go ya go di le 11, go ikaegile ka mofuta ole monnye wa HIV . <ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web |last=UNAIDS |last2=WHO |date=December 2007 |title=2007 AIDS epidemic update |url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16 |page=16}}</ref> Mo mabakeng mantsi, HIV e tshelanwang ka thobalano mme [[HIV/AIDS|e tshelanwa]] ka go ama kana go fetisiwa ga madi, pele ga go rota, peo ya senna, le diedi tsa sesadi . <ref name="PARTNER2-2019">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J |date=June 2019 |title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study |journal=Lancet |volume=393 |issue=10189 |pages=2428–2438 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0 |pmc=6584382 |pmid=31056293 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA">{{Cite journal |author-link3=Anthony S. Fauci |vauthors=Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS |date=February 2019 |title=HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=5 |pages=451–452 |doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167 |pmid=30629090 |s2cid=58599661}}</ref> Phetiso e e sa kopaneleng dikobo e ka etsagala go tswa go mme yo o tshwaetsegileng go ya kwa leseeng la gagwe ka nako ya [[boimana]], ka nako ya pelegi ka go tlhakana le madi a gagwe kgotsa seedi sa sesadi, le ka [[Mashi a lebele|maswi a letswele]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J |year=2012 |title=HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739 |pmc=3375288 |pmid=22719248 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1002739}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2009 |title=Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-537464-3 |veditors=Hahn RA, Inhorn MC |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |pages=449 |oclc=192042314}}</ref> <ref name="Mead">{{Cite journal |last=Mead MN |year=2008 |title=Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html |url-status=dead |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=A426–34 |bibcode=2008EnvHP.116.a426M |doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a426 |pmc=2569122 |pmid=18941560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106182431/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html |archive-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> Mo dieding tse tsa mmele, HIV e teng jaaka dikarolonnye tsa mogare tse di gololesegileng le mogare mo diseleng tsa masole a mmele tse di sa amegang. Dipatlisiso di tlhagisitse ( mo barataning ba bong jo bo tshwanang le ba bong jo bo sa tshwaneng ) gore HIV ga e tshelanwe ka nako ya thobalano kwa ntle ga kgotlhopo fa mokapelo wa gago yo o nang le HIV a na le megare e e sa itsegeng . <ref name="PARTNER2-2019" /> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA" /> [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] 8ugmjkqadmyd3nn9bl8fobtprvk4o63 0 15038 54829 2026-09-12T18:02:51Z Cruiselady 12522 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374176876|Bird]]" 54829 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Dinonyane''' ke setlhopha sa diphologolo tsa lerapo la mokokotlo tse di nang le madi a a thutafetseng tse di agang setlhopha sa '''Di-Aves''', tse di nopolwang ka mafofa, metlhagare e senang meno, go baa mae a a nang le dikgapetla tse di popota, selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa metaboliki, [[pelo]] e e nang le dikamora di le 4, le lerapo le le nonofileng mme le le botlhofo . Dinonyane di tshela lefatshe ka bophara mme bogolo jwa tsone bo simolola ka disentimetara di ka nna 5.5 (2.2 mo) nonyane ya hummingbird ya notshi go ya go 2.8 m (9 ft 2 mo) mpshe e e tlwaelegileng . Go nale mefuta e e tshelang e e fetang 11 000 mme e arogantswe ka ditlhopha di le 44 . Go feta halofo ya mefuta ya dinonyane tsa lefatshe ke dinonyane tsa passerine kana tsa "perching". Mo e ka nnang dinonyane tsotlhe di nale diphuka tse kgolo ya tsone e sa tshwaneng go ya ka mokgwa wa bophelo wa mofuta mongwe le mongwe. Diphuka, tse e leng maoto a a kwa pele a a fetotsweng, di ne tsa dira gore dinonyane di kgone go ka fofa, le fa gone go fetoga ga dinonyane go ya kwa pele go dirile gore dinonyane tse dingwe di se ka tsa kgona go ka fofa, go ballwa le diratite, dipenguin, le mefuta e e sa tshwaneng ya ditlhaketlhake tse di nnang teng mo bonnong boo . Ditlhopha tse di itsiweng fela tse di senang diphuka ke dinonyane tsa moa le tsa tlou tse di sa tlholeng di ka bonwa . Dinonyane ke tsone fela ditokololo tse di sa ntseng di bonwa tsa Dinosauria, mme ke mofuta wa di-theropod tsa paravian . Thulaganyo ya go silwa ga dijo le ya go hema ya dinonyane le yone e fetotswe ka tsela e e tlhomologileng gore e kgone go fofa. Mefuta mengwe ya dinonyane tsa ditikologo tsa mo metsing, thatathata dinonyane tsa lewatle le dinonyane dingwe tsa metsi, di ile tsa fetoga go ya pele go thuma. Thuto ya dinonyane e bitswa thuto ya dinonyane . kyz0d98uukh4o177dijtpirr9z7l18j 0 15039 54830 2026-09-12T18:07:48Z Reagoleboga 10854 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372235691|Spinach]]" 54830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|name=Spinach|image=Spinacia oleracea Spinazie bloeiend.jpg|genus=Spinacia|species=oleracea|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|image2=Illustration Spinacia oleracea1.jpg}} Sepinatšhe (Spinacia oleracea) ke semela se se nang le matlhare a matala se se tlholegang kwa Asia Bogare le Bophirima. Ke wa setlhopha sa Caryophyllales, lelapa la Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Matlhare a yone ke merogo e e tlwaelegileng e e jewang e le foreshe, e apeilwe kgotsa e bolokilwe (go dirisiwa mekgwa ya go e boloka jaaka go e tsenya mo dithineng, go e gatsetsa kgotsa go e ntsha metsi mo mmeleng). Tatso ya yone e farologana thata fa e apeilwe le fa e sa apewa: selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa oxalate se ka fokodiwa ka go tshasa. Ke semela sa ngwaga le ngwaga (ga se gantsi se jalwa gabedi), se gola go fitlha go 30 cm (1 ft). Sepinatšhe se ka nna sa fetsa mariga mo mafelong a a nang le tlelaemete e e tsididi. Matlhare a a farologana, a a bonolo, a a nang le mae go ya go a a khutlotharo, mme a farologana thata ka bogolo: 2-30 cm (1-12 in) ka boleele le 1-15 cm (1⁄2 ⁇ 6 in) ka bophara, ka matlhare a magolo kwa tlase ga semela le matlhare a mannye kwa godimo mo setlhareng se se thunyang. Dithunya tsa sone ga di bonale, di mmala o o serolwana, di bophara jwa 3-4 mm, mme di gola go nna setlhotswana sa maungo a a thata, a a omeletseng, a a nang le dithunya tse di bophara jwa 5-10 mm tse di nang le dipeo di le mmalwa. Ka 2024, ntshokuno ya lefatshe ya sepinatšhe e ne e le ditone di le dimilione di le 31, mme China e le nosi e ne e le 92% ya palogotlhe. == Tlhamane == Lefoko la Seesemane "spinach" le simologile kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 14 go tswa mo lefokong la Sefora sa bogologolo la espinache. Leina le le tsene mo dipuong tsa kwa Yuropa go tswa mo Selatineng sa bogare spinagium, le le tserweng mo Searabieng sa Andalusian, isbinakh, le le tswang mo Sepereseng aspānā. == Thulaganyo ya go kgaoganya == Sepinatšhe se se tlwaelegileng (S. oleracea) se ne se tsewa e le sa lelapa la Chenopodiaceae, fela ka 2003 lelapa leo le ne la kopanngwa le la Amaranthaceae ka tatelano ya Caryophyllales. Mo lelapeng la Amaranthaceae sensu lato, Sepinatšhe ke sa leloko la Chenopodioideae. == Tlhaloso == Go farologana le dimela tse dingwe tse di thunyang tse di dirisiwang jaaka merogo, sejenakisi ke semela sa dioecious, se se rayang gore dimela tse di farologaneng di ka nna le dithunya tsa sesadi kgotsa tsa tonanyana.<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200"> File:Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers,_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach male flowers File:Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers,_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach female flowers File:Spinach_seeds_round.jpg|Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar File:Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg|Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar </gallery> == Hisetori == Sepinatšhe go akanngwa gore se simolotse dingwaga di ka nna 2000 tse di fetileng kwa Persia wa bogologolo koo se neng sa tsenngwa kwa India mme morago kwa China wa bogologolo ka Nepal ka 647 CE jaaka "sejalo sa Persian". Ka 827 CE, Maarabia a ne a tsenya sepinatšhe kwa Sicily. Bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo kwadilweng jwa sepinatšhe kwa Mediterranean bo ne jwa kwalwa mo mekwalong e le meraro ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga: buka ya kalafi ya ga al-Rāzī (e e itsegeng e le Rhazes kwa Bophirima) le mo dibukeng tse pedi tsa temothuo, e nngwe e kwadilwe ke Ibn Waḥshīyah mme e nngwe ke Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Sepinatšhe e ne ya nna sejalo se se tumileng thata kwa Mediterranean ya Arabia mme ya fitlha kwa Pheninsuleng ya Iberia mo karolong ya bofelo ya lekgolo la bo 12 la dingwaga, kwa Ibn al-Awwām a neng a se bitsa raʼīs al-buqūl, 'kgosi ya merogo ya matlhare a matala'.[ Sepinatšhe e ne e le setlhogo sa thutapuo ya lekgolo la bo 11 la dingwaga ya ga Ibn Ḥajjāj. [tswedi e e botoka e a tlhokega] Sepinatšhe se ne sa tlhagelela la ntlha kwa Engelane le kwa Fora ka lekgolo la bo 14 la dingwaga, gongwe ka Iberia, mme se ne sa dirisiwa thata ka gonne se ne se tlhagelela kwa tshimologong ya dikgakologo fa merogo e e foreshe ya mo lefelong leo e ne e sa bonwe. Sepinatšhe se umakiwa mo bukeng ya ntlha e e itsegeng ya Seesemane ya go apaya, Forme of Cury (1390), koo e bidiwang 'spinnedge' le 'spynoches'. Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, beine e e neng e nonotshitswe ka matute a sepinatšhe e ne e fiwa masole a Mafora a a gobetseng ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa go dutla ga bone madi. == Tiriso ka go apaya ==   Sepinatšhe se se sa apewang se na le 91% ya metsi, 4% ya dikhabohaetereite, 3% ya poroteine, e bile se na le mafura a mannye (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le dikilojoule di le 97 tsa dikilojoule di le 23 tsa dikilojoule tsa maatla a dijo, segolobogolo fa se le sesha, se tsidifaditswe, se bedisitswe kgotsa se bedisitswe ka bonako. Ke motswedi o o nonneng (20% kgotsa go feta wa Daily Value, DV) wa vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, le folate (31-52% DV), e e nang le vitamin K e e kwa godimo thata (403% DV) (tafole). Sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o lekaneng (10-19% ya DV) wa dibitamine tsa B, riboflavin le vitamin B6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, le dietary fiber (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le di-oxalate, tse di ka kgoreletsang go monwa ga calcium le aene mo maleng le mo maleng a mannye. Sepinatšhe se se apeilweng, se se jaaka se se tsentsweng metsi, se na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa di-oxalate, se se letlang gore di-micronutrient dingwe di monngwe ka botlalo. Go apaya sepinatšhe go fokotsa selekanyo sa bitamine C thata, ka gonne fa se gotediwa se a senyega. Maemo a folate le ona a ka fokotsega, ka gore folate e na le go tshologela mo seeding sa go apaya. Sepinatšhe se humile ka dinitrate le di-nitrite, tse di ka fetang selekanyo se se babalesegileng fa se ka jewa thata. 1] Sepinatšhe se jewa se sa apewa, se tsenngwa mo disalateng, e bile se apewa mo disupong, mo di-curry kgotsa mo di-casserole. Dijo tse di nang le sepinatšhe jaaka motswako wa konokono di akaretsa salate ya sepinatšhe, sopo ya sepinatšhe, dipinatšhe, saag paneer, pkhali, ispanakhi matsvnit, le spanakopita. Mo dijong tsa setso tsa Sefora, sejo se se dirilweng ka sepinatšhe se ka tlhalosiwa jaaka à la Florentine.<gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Home_cooked_Chicken_Florentine_in_2021.jpg|Chicken Florentine, meaning with spinach File:Spanakopita.jpg|Spanakopita, a Greek spinach pastry File:Mutton_saag.jpg|Saag gosht, an Indian dish </gallery> {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:12em; text-align:center;" |+Spinach production <br /><br />2024, millions of tonnes<br /><br /> | China |28.3 |- | United States |0.3 |- | Japan |0.2 |- | Turkey |0.2 |- |'''World''' |'''30.7''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web |year=2026 |title=Spinach production in 2024; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=24 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> |} Ka 2024, lefatshe le ne la ntsha diperesente di le 31 tsa dimilione tsa ditone tsa sepinatšhe, mme China e le yone fela e neng e ntsha diperesente di le 92 tsa palogotlhe eo (tafole). Sepinatšhe se se sa tswang go apewa se rekisiwa se le sephaphathi, se kopantswe kgotsa se phuthetswe mo dikgetsaneng. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa boleng jwa sona jwa dikotla fa se bolokilwe go feta malatsi a le mmalwa. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se pakelwa mo moyeng kgotsa mo gase ya naeterojene go dira gore se nne lobaka lo loleele se sa senyege. Le fa gone go tsidifatsa go fokotsa matswela ano go nna malatsi a ka nna robedi, sejenakisi se se sa tswang go apewa se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa se se mo go sone sa folate le carotenoid mo nakong eno. Gore e bolokwe nako e telele, e ka tsenngwa mo thining, kgotsa ya omisiwa kgotsa ya apewa le go tsidifadiwa. Sepinatšhe sengwe se se phuthetsweng se tsenngwa marang gore se bolaye dibakateria dipe fela tse di kotsi. The Food and Drug Administration e dumela gore matlhare a sepinatšhe a tshubiwe ka marang go fitlha ka selekanyo sa dikilogerama di le 4,0, se se se nang le seabe kgotsa se se nang le seabe se se potlana mo dikoteng tsa dikotla. Sepinatšhe se ka nna le kgotlelo e e kwa godimo ya cadmium go ikaegile ka mmu le lefelo le se jalwang mo go lone. Ka ntlha ya gore sepinatšhe se na le vitamin K e ntsi, batho ba ba dirisang warfarin e e thibelang go dutla ga madi, e e dirang ka go thibela vitamin K, ba laelwa go fokotsa go ja sepinatšhe (le merogo e mengwe e e nang le matlhare a matala). [[File:ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg|alt=A cartoon depicting a mother telling her daughter "It's broccoli, dear" over a dish at a dining table. The child answers: "I say it's spinach, and I say the hell with it.". It is signed by Carl Rose.|thumb|The American phrase "I say it's spinach" meaning "nonsense" comes from a 1928 cartoon in ''The New Yorker''.<ref name="harper">{{Cite web |last=Douglas Harper |title=spinach (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=spinach&searchmode=term |access-date=February 2, 2014 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>]] Moanelwa wa dikhomiki Popeye the Sailor Man o tshwantshiwa a ntse a nonofa ka go ja sepinatšhe se se mo thining. Mafoko a pina e e tsamaelanang le yone ke: "Ke nonofile go fitlha kwa bokhutlong [sic], 'cuz I eats me spinach". Se gantsi se bakwa ke iron e e mo sepinatšheng, mme ka 1932 Popeye o ne a re "sepinatšhe se tletse ka vitamin A" mme ke sone se se dirang gore batho ba nonofe ba bo ba nne le botsogo jo bo siameng. Se se diragalang ke gore, sejenakisi ga se motswedi o o botoka wa aene go na le merogo e mengwe e mentsi. Kgopolo e e fosagetseng ya gore sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o siameng thata wa aene mo dijong ke tlhamane ya selegae ya borutegi. == Bona gape == == Dintlha == == Metswedi == ly1ha3is2nfhbx3qupyp89ttaon14wd 54834 54830 2026-09-12T18:25:54Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 54834 wikitext text/x-wiki === Sepinatšhe === Sepinatšhe (Spinacia oleracea) ke semela se se nang le matlhare a matala se se tlholegang kwa Asia Bogare le Bophirima. Ke wa setlhopha sa Caryophyllales, lelapa la Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Matlhare a yone ke merogo e e tlwaelegileng e e jewang e le foreshe, e apeilwe kgotsa e bolokilwe (go dirisiwa mekgwa ya go e boloka jaaka go e tsenya mo dithineng, go e gatsetsa kgotsa go e ntsha metsi mo mmeleng). Tatso ya yone e farologana thata fa e apeilwe le fa e sa apewa: selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa oxalate se ka fokodiwa ka go tshasa.<ref>https://a-z-animals.com/blog/missing-since-1985-the-spinach-pipefish-is-back-on-record/</ref> Ke semela sa ngwaga le ngwaga (ga se gantsi se jalwa gabedi), se gola go fitlha go 30 cm (1 ft). Sepinatšhe se ka nna sa fetsa mariga mo mafelong a a nang le tlelaemete e e tsididi. Matlhare a a farologana, a a bonolo, a a nang le mae go ya go a a khutlotharo, mme a farologana thata ka bogolo: 2-30 cm (1-12 in) ka boleele le 1-15 cm (1⁄2 ⁇ 6 in) ka bophara, ka matlhare a magolo kwa tlase ga semela le matlhare a mannye kwa godimo mo setlhareng se se thunyang. Dithunya tsa sone ga di bonale, di mmala o o serolwana, di bophara jwa 3-4 mm, mme di gola go nna setlhotswana sa maungo a a thata, a a omeletseng, a a nang le dithunya tse di bophara jwa 5-10 mm tse di nang le dipeo di le mmalwa.<ref name=":1">https://nltimes.nl/2026/08/29/spinach-now-ranks-pesticide-contaminated-vegetable-dutch-guide</ref> Ka 2024, ntshokuno ya lefatshe ya sepinatšhe e ne e le ditone di le dimilione di le 31, mme China e le nosi e ne e le 92% ya palogotlhe. == Tlhamane == Lefoko la Seesemane "spinach" le simologile kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 14 go tswa mo lefokong la Sefora sa bogologolo la espinache. Leina le le tsene mo dipuong tsa kwa Yuropa go tswa mo Selatineng sa bogare spinagium, le le tserweng mo Searabieng sa Andalusian, isbinakh, le le tswang mo Sepereseng aspānā.<ref>https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9868227/south-african-spinach-grower-loses-90-of-crop-to-drought-and-disease/</ref> == Thulaganyo ya go kgaoganya == Sepinatšhe se se tlwaelegileng (S. oleracea) se ne se tsewa e le sa lelapa la Chenopodiaceae, fela ka 2003 lelapa leo le ne la kopanngwa le la Amaranthaceae ka tatelano ya Caryophyllales. Mo lelapeng la Amaranthaceae sensu lato, Sepinatšhe ke sa leloko la Chenopodioideae.<ref>https://www.seriouseats.com/why-baby-spinach-took-over-12110171</ref> == Tlhaloso == Go farologana le dimela tse dingwe tse di thunyang tse di dirisiwang jaaka merogo, sejenakisi ke semela sa dioecious, se se rayang gore dimela tse di farologaneng di ka nna le dithunya tsa sesadi kgotsa tsa tonanyana.<ref name=":2">https://www.eatingwell.com/store-spinach-oxo-glass-container-amazon-12009197</ref><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200"> File:Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers,_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach male flowers File:Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers,_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach female flowers File:Spinach_seeds_round.jpg|Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar File:Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg|Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar </gallery> == Hisetori == Sepinatšhe go akanngwa gore se simolotse dingwaga di ka nna 2000 tse di fetileng kwa Persia wa bogologolo koo se neng sa tsenngwa kwa India mme morago kwa China wa bogologolo ka Nepal ka 647 CE jaaka "sejalo sa Persian". Ka 827 CE, Maarabia a ne a tsenya sepinatšhe kwa Sicily. Bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo kwadilweng jwa sepinatšhe kwa Mediterranean bo ne jwa kwalwa mo mekwalong e le meraro ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga: buka ya kalafi ya ga al-Rāzī (e e itsegeng e le Rhazes kwa Bophirima) le mo dibukeng tse pedi tsa temothuo, e nngwe e kwadilwe ke Ibn Waḥshīyah mme e nngwe ke Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Sepinatšhe e ne ya nna sejalo se se tumileng thata kwa Mediterranean ya Arabia mme ya fitlha kwa Pheninsuleng ya Iberia mo karolong ya bofelo ya lekgolo la bo 12 la dingwaga, kwa Ibn al-Awwām a neng a se bitsa raʼīs al-buqūl, 'kgosi ya merogo ya matlhare a matala'.[ Sepinatšhe e ne e le setlhogo sa thutapuo ya lekgolo la bo 11 la dingwaga ya ga Ibn Ḥajjāj. [tswedi e e botoka e a tlhokega].<ref>https://www.realsimple.com/kale-vs-spinach-8773614</ref> Sepinatšhe se ne sa tlhagelela la ntlha kwa Engelane le kwa Fora ka lekgolo la bo 14 la dingwaga, gongwe ka Iberia, mme se ne sa dirisiwa thata ka gonne se ne se tlhagelela kwa tshimologong ya dikgakologo fa merogo e e foreshe ya mo lefelong leo e ne e sa bonwe. Sepinatšhe se umakiwa mo bukeng ya ntlha e e itsegeng ya Seesemane ya go apaya, Forme of Cury (1390), koo e bidiwang 'spinnedge' le 'spynoches'. Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, beine e e neng e nonotshitswe ka matute a sepinatšhe e ne e fiwa masole a Mafora a a gobetseng ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa go dutla ga bone madi.<ref>https://www.simplyrecipes.com/do-you-need-to-wash-bagged-spinach-experts-11946438</ref> == Tiriso ka go apaya ==   Sepinatšhe se se sa apewang se na le 91% ya metsi, 4% ya dikhabohaetereite, 3% ya poroteine, e bile se na le mafura a mannye (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le dikilojoule di le 97 tsa dikilojoule di le 23 tsa dikilojoule tsa maatla a dijo, segolobogolo fa se le sesha, se tsidifaditswe, se bedisitswe kgotsa se bedisitswe ka bonako. Ke motswedi o o nonneng (20% kgotsa go feta wa Daily Value, DV) wa vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, le folate (31-52% DV), e e nang le vitamin K e e kwa godimo thata (403% DV) (tafole). Sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o lekaneng (10-19% ya DV) wa dibitamine tsa B, riboflavin le vitamin B6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, le dietary fiber (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le di-oxalate, tse di ka kgoreletsang go monwa ga calcium le aene mo maleng le mo maleng a mannye. Sepinatšhe se se apeilweng, se se jaaka se se tsentsweng metsi, se na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa di-oxalate, se se letlang gore di-micronutrient dingwe di monngwe ka botlalo.<ref name=":2" /> Go apaya sepinatšhe go fokotsa selekanyo sa bitamine C thata, ka gonne fa se gotediwa se a senyega. Maemo a folate le ona a ka fokotsega, ka gore folate e na le go tshologela mo seeding sa go apaya. Sepinatšhe se humile ka dinitrate le di-nitrite, tse di ka fetang selekanyo se se babalesegileng fa se ka jewa thata. 1] Sepinatšhe se jewa se sa apewa, se tsenngwa mo disalateng, e bile se apewa mo disupong, mo di-curry kgotsa mo di-casserole. Dijo tse di nang le sepinatšhe jaaka motswako wa konokono di akaretsa salate ya sepinatšhe, sopo ya sepinatšhe, dipinatšhe, saag paneer, pkhali, ispanakhi matsvnit, le spanakopita. Mo dijong tsa setso tsa Sefora, sejo se se dirilweng ka sepinatšhe se ka tlhalosiwa jaaka à la Florentine.<gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Home_cooked_Chicken_Florentine_in_2021.jpg|Chicken Florentine, meaning with spinach File:Spanakopita.jpg|Spanakopita, a Greek spinach pastry File:Mutton_saag.jpg|Saag gosht, an Indian dish </gallery> {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:12em; text-align:center;" |+Spinach production <br /><br />2024, millions of tonnes<br /><br /> | China |28.3 |- | United States |0.3 |- | Japan |0.2 |- | Turkey |0.2 |- |'''World''' |'''30.7''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web |year=2026 |title=Spinach production in 2024; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=24 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> |} Ka 2024, lefatshe le ne la ntsha diperesente di le 31 tsa dimilione tsa ditone tsa sepinatšhe, mme China e le yone fela e neng e ntsha diperesente di le 92 tsa palogotlhe eo (tafole).<ref name=":1" /> Sepinatšhe se se sa tswang go apewa se rekisiwa se le sephaphathi, se kopantswe kgotsa se phuthetswe mo dikgetsaneng. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa boleng jwa sona jwa dikotla fa se bolokilwe go feta malatsi a le mmalwa. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se pakelwa mo moyeng kgotsa mo gase ya naeterojene go dira gore se nne lobaka lo loleele se sa senyege. Le fa gone go tsidifatsa go fokotsa matswela ano go nna malatsi a ka nna robedi, sejenakisi se se sa tswang go apewa se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa se se mo go sone sa folate le carotenoid mo nakong eno. Gore e bolokwe nako e telele, e ka tsenngwa mo thining, kgotsa ya omisiwa kgotsa ya apewa le go tsidifadiwa.<ref>https://www.eatingwell.com/vegetables-to-reduce-visceral-fat-11800068</ref> Sepinatšhe sengwe se se phuthetsweng se tsenngwa marang gore se bolaye dibakateria dipe fela tse di kotsi. The Food and Drug Administration e dumela gore matlhare a sepinatšhe a tshubiwe ka marang go fitlha ka selekanyo sa dikilogerama di le 4,0, se se se nang le seabe kgotsa se se nang le seabe se se potlana mo dikoteng tsa dikotla. Sepinatšhe se ka nna le kgotlelo e e kwa godimo ya cadmium go ikaegile ka mmu le lefelo le se jalwang mo go lone. Ka ntlha ya gore sepinatšhe se na le vitamin K e ntsi, batho ba ba dirisang warfarin e e thibelang go dutla ga madi, e e dirang ka go thibela vitamin K, ba laelwa go fokotsa go ja sepinatšhe (le merogo e mengwe e e nang le matlhare a matala).<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1636651/full</ref> [[File:ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg|alt=A cartoon depicting a mother telling her daughter "It's broccoli, dear" over a dish at a dining table. The child answers: "I say it's spinach, and I say the hell with it.". It is signed by Carl Rose.|thumb|The American phrase "I say it's spinach" meaning "nonsense" comes from a 1928 cartoon in ''The New Yorker''.<ref name="harper">{{Cite web |last=Douglas Harper |title=spinach (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=spinach&searchmode=term |access-date=February 2, 2014 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>]] Moanelwa wa dikhomiki Popeye the Sailor Man o tshwantshiwa a ntse a nonofa ka go ja sepinatšhe se se mo thining. Mafoko a pina e e tsamaelanang le yone ke: "Ke nonofile go fitlha kwa bokhutlong [sic], 'cuz I eats me spinach". Se gantsi se bakwa ke iron e e mo sepinatšheng, mme ka 1932 Popeye o ne a re "sepinatšhe se tletse ka vitamin A" mme ke sone se se dirang gore batho ba nonofe ba bo ba nne le botsogo jo bo siameng.<ref>https://www.health.com/eating-spinach-regularly-11923353</ref> Se se diragalang ke gore, sejenakisi ga se motswedi o o botoka wa aene go na le merogo e mengwe e mentsi. Kgopolo e e fosagetseng ya gore sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o siameng thata wa aene mo dijong ke tlhamane ya selegae ya borutegi.<ref>https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/garden/plants/a65821258/vegetables-to-plant-august-autumn-harvest/</ref> == Bona gape == == Dintlha == == Metswedi == nsz7y5fqvmbryc1myszvda5xlwc2apv 0 15040 54836 2026-09-13T00:51:55Z Ngwanana 12523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312220799|Irish goat]]" 54836 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Podi ya Ireland''' ke mofuta wa podi tsa selegae tsa Ireland . Ke mofuta wa maikaelelo a mabedi, o o dirisetswang nama le mašwi . [ 4 ] Mofuta o wa podi o mo kotsing ya go nyelela mme o ka tshela fela mo ditlhopheng tsa diphologolo tse di tlhaga . [ 3 ] Mofuta o wa podi o farologane le Podi ya Bilberry ya Waterford . [ 4 ] == Hisetori == Podi ya Ireland ke podi ya setso ya selegae ya Ireland. Buka ya motlhape e simolotswe ka 1918 . [ 4 ] Ka 1994 palo ya mefuta ya 6650 e ne ya begwa mo polokelotshedimosetsong ya mefuta ya DAD-IS ya Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhabakopano, [ 2 ] mme ka 2007 maemo a yona a tshomarelo a ne a kwalwa ke FAO jaaka " a a seng mo kotsing " . [ 1 ] Go simolola ka nako e e fetogile mofuta o o mo kotsing ya go nyelela : ka 2019 dipalo tsa mefuta di ne tsa begwa e le 25–30, mme maemo a tshomarelo a ne a le "mo kotsing". [ 2 ] Go ya ka The Old Irish Goat Society, e tshela fela mo ditlhopheng tsa diphologolo tse di tlhaga mme e nyeletse fa e le mo gae. [ 3 ] E ne e se mo lenaaneng la dipodi la Terasete ya go Falola Mefuta e e sa Tlwaelegang ka 2019. [ 5 ] . == Dipharologantsho == Podi ya Irish e na le moriri o moleele, e na le ditedu le dinaka mobonneng le bosading; moriri wa yona o ka nna montsho, bosetlha kgotsa bosweu. [ 4 ] 0t0frvrm11c7w3bds86e0p80b4ikpzt 0 15041 54837 2026-09-13T01:43:21Z Ngwanana 12523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342372913|Estonian Native horse]]" 54837 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hisetori == Mo nakong ya lekgolong la bo some le bongwe la dingwaga, mokwadi wa ditiragalo e bong Adam wa kwa Bremen o ne a tsaya gore Ba-Estonia ba humile ka gauta le dipitse tse di siameng.  Dipitse tsa Estonia di ne di romelwa kwa [[Russia]] ka Novgorod mo lekgolong la dingwaga tsa bolesome le bone le bolesome le botlhano. [ 6 ] Maiteko a ntlha a a kwadilweng a go tokafatsa Baagi ba Estonia a simolotse morago ga gore polasa e tlhongwe ya diphologolo tsa Tori kwa Tori ka 1856, kwa Kgaolong ya Pärnu kwa borwabophirima jwa Estonia, kwa diruiwa tsa tlholego di neng tsa ruiwa ka go tlhopha . Gape e ne ya kopanngwa le mefuta ya dipitse tse di botlhofo le tse di palangwang , mme seno sa dira gore go simolwe Tori . [ 6 ] Barui ba le bantsi ba letlelela metlhape ya bona go tshela ka fa tlase ga maemo a mafulo a tlhago ntle le ka nako ya mariga, mme mofuta o o tshela sentle ka furu fela.  Klepper ka tlwaelo e ne e dirisediwa dipalangwa le go dira tiro ya temothuo. [ 9 ] Mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi le bongwe e dirisiwa jaaka pitse e e palangwang kgotsa mo tirong e e botlhofo ya go tshwara dithapo; dingwe di dirisiwa mo intasetering ya bojanala go isa baeng kwa mafelong a a kgatlhang. [ 9 ] 49gl1x597yh6j8fe9humhk45nawced5