Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Basarwa 0 2280 54910 53825 2026-09-14T19:28:27Z IntergratedLearning 12501 Created by translating the section "Definition" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371037254|San peoples]]" 54910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:San_peoples|Basarwa]]''' [[:en:San_peoples|- Wikipedia]] {{Infobox Ethnic group|group=basarwa|image=[[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|frameless|upright=1.5]]|image_caption=[[ǃKung people|ǃKung]] children in [[Namibia]]|related_groups=[[Khoekhoe]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]], [[Basters]], [[Coloureds]]|religions=[[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]]|languages='''Native'''<br/>Languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] families <br/>'''Also'''<br/>[[Tswana language|Tswana]]{{•}} [[Kgalagadi language|Kgalagadi]]{{•}} [[Afrikaans]]{{•}} [[English language|English]]{{•}}[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|pop50=1,200|region50={{flag|Zimbabwe}}|pop40=ca. 16,000|region40={{flag|Angola}}|pop30=ca. 7,000|region30={{flag|South Africa}}|pop20=63,500|region20={{flag|Botswana}}|pop11=71,201 (2023 census)<ref name="Census2023"/>|region11={{flag|Namibia}}|population=ca. 160,000}} Batho ba letso la masarwa, kgotsa Batho ba ko sekgweng, ke maloko a ditso dipe tsa tlholego tsa batsomi-baphuthi ba Aforika e e kwa borwa, le ditso tsa bogologolo tse di setseng tsa kgaolo.<ref>"[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/foragers-first-peoples-kalahari-san-today Foragers to First Peoples: The Kalahari San Today | Cultural Survival]". ''www.culturalsurvival.org''. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref>[a] Ditlhaloso dingwe tsa tshekatsheko ya dijini di akantsha gore ba ne ba farologana le batho ba bangwe go tloga ka dingwaga di le 100 go ya go 220,000 tse di fetileng.<ref /> Dikgaolo tsa bone tsa bosheng tsa bagologolwane di akaretsa [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]],[3] le [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ba-Sarwa ba bua, kgotsa bagologolwane ba bone ba ne ba bua, dipuo tsa malapa a dipuo tsa [[:en:Khoe_languages|Khoe]], [[:en:Tuu_languages|Tuu]], le [[:en:Kxʼa_languages|Kxʼa]], mme di ka tlhalosiwa jaaka batho fela ka go farologana le badisa ba ba bapileng jaaka Ba-[[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le ditlogolwana tsa makhubu a bosheng a bofaladi jaaka [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Ba-Bantu]], [[:en:Europeans|Bayuropa]], le [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|Ba-Asia Borwa.]] Ka ngwaga wa 2017, lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le legae la Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse masome a marataro le boraro le makgolo a a matlhano, mme se sa dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha ya borobabobedi mo lekgolong.<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Sapignoli, Maria (8 May 2019). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800 The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana"]. In Fleming, Christopher; Manning, Matthew (eds.). ''Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Wellbeing'' (1st&#x20;ed.). [[:en:Routledge|Routledge]]. pp.&#x20;170–183. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781138909175|9781138909175]]</bdi> &#x2013; via [[:en:ResearchGate|ResearchGate.]]</ref>Batho ba Basarwa ba le dikete di le masome a supa le bongwe le makgolo mabedi le bongwe ba ne ba balelwa kwa lefatshe la Namibia ka ngwaga wa 2023, mme se se dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le karolo ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha nne mo lekgolong<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241110234059/https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report]" (PDF). Namibia Statistics Agency. Archived from [https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.</ref> Basarwa ke lereo la Khoekhoe le le nyatsang le le neng la amogelwa ke baithuta-loago ba Bophirima; baemedi ba merafe ya basarwa ba boletse gore ba rata go bidiwa merafe ya bone ka go farologana ka ngwaga wa 2003. == Tlhaloso == [[Setshwantsho:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa kabo ya segompieno ya dipuo tsa "Khoisan". Dikgaolo tse di nang le moriti wa botala jwa loapi le botala, mme tse di kwa botlhaba jwa tsone, ke tsa batho ba Basarwa.]] Basarwa kgotsa Ba-Bushmen ke batho ba borwa jwa Afrika ba ka setso ba neng ba tshela botshelo jwa [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|go tsoma]] [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|le go kokoanya]] mme ba ne ba bua dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu ka [[:en:Click_consonants|ditumammogo tsa click]] (ka jalo go sa akarediwe Ba-Twa, Ba-Kwisi le Ba-Cimba, mme gape le Ba-Kwadi le Ba-Damara). Ba ba akaretsa babui ba malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo ba ba nnang fa gare ga [[:en:Okavango_River|Noka ya Okavango]] kwa lefatsheng la Botswana le lefelo la [[:en:Etosha_National_Park|Bosetšhaba ya Etosha]] kwa bokonebophirima jwa lefatshe la Namibia, e e atologelang kwa godimo go ya kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Angola; batho ba bogare ba bontsi jwa mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana, go atologela kwa mafatsheng a Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]; le batho ba borwa kwa bogareng jwa Kalahari go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], ba mmogo le Khoekhoe e leng masalela a bofelo a batho ba tlholego ba ba neng ba le bantsi pele ba borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Barnard, Alan (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C Anthropology and the Bushman]''. Oxford: Berg. pp.&#x20;4–7. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781847883308|9781847883308]]</bdi>.</ref> == Maina == Maina a "Bushmen" le "San" ka bobedi ke mafoko a a farologaneng. Basarwa ga ba na lefoko le le kopanetsweng la bona ka dipuo tsa bona. "San" e tswa mo lefokong le le nyatsang la [[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le le dirisiwang go kaya batho ba ba batlang dijo ba ba senang dikgomo kgotsa khumo e nngwe, go tswa mo moding saa "go tsaya mo mmung" le bontsi -n mo [[:en:Haiǁom_dialect|puong ya Haiǁom]].[<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092420/http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05]". WIMSA. p.&#x20;58. Archived from [http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 the original] on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. <q>the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering'</q></ref><ref>"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, ''i.e.'' men ''par excellence''), they called those other tribes ''Sā'', the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term ''Hottentot'' to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the ''Khoikhoi'', the so-called ''Hottentot proper''; the other the ''San'' (''Sā'') or ''Bushmen''." – Theophilus Hahn, ''Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi'' (1881), p. 3.</ref> "Bushmen" ke lereo la bogologolo la khabara, fela "San" e ne ya amogelwa thata kwa Bophirima kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Lereo Bushmen, go tswa mo Dutch Bosjesmans ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bosupa, le santse le dirisiwa ke ba bangwe le go itshupa, fela jaanong le tsewa e le le nyatsang kgotsa le nyatsa ke Maaforika Borwa a le mantsi.<ref>Guenther, Mathias (2006). "Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse". In Solway, Jacqueline (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ovykFTcuPLMC The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice]''. New York: [[:en:Berghahn_Books|Berghahn Books]]. pp.&#x20;181–182. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781845451158|9781845451158]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Britten, Sarah (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C ''McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult''.] Johannesburg: 30° South. pp.&#x20;18–19. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781920143183|9781920143183]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community]''. Ohio University Press. p.&#x20;28. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781920143183|9780896804425]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2008, tiriso ya boesman (se e leng se [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] sa segompieno se se lekanang le "Bushman") mo pampiring ya dikgang ya [[:en:Die_Burger|''Die Burger'']] e ne ya tlisiwa fa pele ga [[:en:Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act,_2000|Kgotlatshekelo ya Tekatekano]]. Lekgotla la Basarwa le ne la neela bosupi jwa gore ga le na kganetso le tiriso ya yone mo maemong a a siameng, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola gore tiriso ya lereo le e ne e se ya lenyatso.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds "Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds]". [[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]. 11 April 2008. Schroeder, Fatima (14 April 2008). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/court-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406#.UtJP9NIW2yg "Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech"]. IOL."Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."</ref> Basarwa ba ipitsa merafe ya bona ka bongwe, jaaka [[:en:ǃKung_people|ǃkung]] (e gape e kwalwang ''ǃxuun'', go akaretsa le [[:en:Juǀʼhoansi|Juǀʼhoansi]]), [[:en:ǀXam_language|ǀxam]], [[:en:Nǁng_language|Nǁnǂe]] (karolo ya ǂKhomani), [[:en:Khwe_language|Kxoe]] (Khwe le ǁAni), [[:en:Haiǁom|Haiǁom]], [[:en:Ncoakhoe|Ncoakhoe]], [[:en:Tshwa_language|Tshuwau]], [[:en:Gǁana_language|Gǁana le Gǁwau]], jalo jalo.<ref>Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of -Hunters and Gatherers'', Cambridge University Press, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/052157109X|052157109X]]</bdi></ref><ref>Smith, Andrew Brown (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition]''. Cape Town: New Africa Books. p.&#x20;2. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780864864192|9780864864192]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge". In Smith, Claire; Wobst, H. Martin (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice]''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p.&#x20;209. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781134391554|9781134391554]]</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":2">"[http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name]?". ''[[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]''. 5 September 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025938/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name Archived] from the original on 17 January 2012.</ref><ref>Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). "[http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782 The first people]". ''The Witness''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184714/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782 Archived] from the original on 14 October 2013.</ref> Baemedi ba batho ba ba basarwa ka ngwaga wa 2003 ba boletse gore ba rata tiriso ya maina a setlhopha ka bongwe, fa go kgonega, go na le tiriso ya lereo le le kopanetsweng la ''Basarwa''.<ref>Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in Stellenbosch. Schlebusch, Carina (25 March 2010). "[[doi:10.1038/464487a|Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study]]". ''[[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]]''. '''464''' (7288): 487. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464..487S 2010Natur.464..487S]. doi:[[doi:10.1038/464487a|10.1038/464487a]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20336115 20336115] </ref> Go amogelwa ga lereo la Khoekhoe la ''Basarwa'' mo thutong ya setho ya Bophirima go simolotse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, mme le le sa ntse le le lereo le le tlwaelesegileng mo dikwalong tsa setso tsa puo ya Seesemane, le fa moragonyana bakwadi bangwe ba ne ba boela kwa go diriseng leina la Bushmen.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Sailer, Steve (20 June 2002). "[http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/ Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo]'?". UPI. "The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist [[:en:Henry_Harpending|Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"</ref> Motswako wa batho ba [[:en:Khoisan|''Khoisan'']] o dirisiwa go kaya Khoi ya modisa le San e e batlang dijo mmogo. E tlhamilwe ke Leonhard Schulze ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920 mme ya tumisiwa ke [[:en:Isaac_Schapera|Isaac Schapera]] ka ngwaga wa 1930. Tiriso ya San mo thutong ya setho e ne ya kgaoganngwa le motswako wa ''Khoisan'',<ref>"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." [[:en:Joseph_Greenberg|Joseph Greenberg]], ''[[:en:The_Languages_of_Africa|The Languages of Africa]]'' (1963), p. 66.</ref> ka gonne go begilwe gore leina la ''San'' le tsewa jaaka go nyatsa mo dikarolong tsa Kalahari bogare<ref>Mountain, Alan (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2d1iJo6_UC First People of the Cape]''. Claremont: New Africa Books. pp.&#x20;23–24. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780864866233|9780864866233]]</bdi>.</ref>. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, lereo ''San'' le ne le dirisiwa ka kakaretso ke batho ba teng ka bobone.<ref>Lee, Richard B. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAKAAAAQBAJ The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi]'' (Fourth&#x20;ed.). [[:en:Cengage_Learning|Cengage Learning]]. p.&#x20;9. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781133713531|9781133713531]]</bdi>.</ref> Go amogelwa ga lereo go ne ga etelwa pele ke dikopano di le mmalwa tse di neng di tshwerwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990 kwa baemedi ba ba neng ba ngangisana ka go amogelwa ga lereo le le kopanetsweng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003084749/http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43 General Questions]". ''ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre''. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</ref><ref>Dieckmann, Ute (2007). "Shifting Identities". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ePQlF_x4vYC Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation]''. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp.&#x20;300–302. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783905758009|9783905758009]]</bdi>.</ref> Dikopano tse di ne di akaretsa Bokopano jwa Phitlhelelo e e Tlwaelegileng ya Tlhabololo e e neng e rulagantswe ke [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana]] e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa toropong ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] ka ngwaga wa 1993,<ref name=":2" /> Kopano ya kakaretso ya ntlha ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga ya Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Batho ba ba Tlholegileng mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA) e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa lefatsheng la Namibia le bokopano jwa ngwaga wa 1997 kwa toropong ya [[:en:Cape_Town|Cape Town]] e bua ka. "Boitshupo jwa Khoisan le Boswa jwa Setso" jo bo rulagantsweng ke [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|Mmadikolo wa Western Cape]].<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm "San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa"]. ''Kalahari Peoples Fund''. Archived from [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm the original] on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref> Lereo ''San'' jaanong ke tlwaelo mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa, mme le dirisiwa semmuso mo blazon ya [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa|sekano sa bosetšhaba]]. "Lekgotla la Ba-San la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa" le le emetseng merafe ya Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa le tlhomilwe jaaka karolo ya WIMSA ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref name=":16">Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030418003427/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret]". ''National Geographic News''. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html the original] on 18 April 2003.</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:Rachel_Wynberg|Wynberg, Rachel]]; Chennells, Roger (2009). "Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1yrvafKoV2UC Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case]''. Dordrecht: Springer. p.&#x20;102. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789048131235|9789048131235]]</bdi>.</ref> Lereo ''Basarwa'' (bongwe Mosarwa) le dirisediwa ke basarwa mmogo mo lefatsheng la Botswana.<ref>Suzman, James (2001). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260422044901/https://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/sanintro.pdf Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa]'' (PDF). Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. pp.&#x20;3–4. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/99916-765-3-8|<bdi>99916-765-3-8</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030418002510/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana"]. ''National Geographic News''. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html the original] on 18 April 2003.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060409191312/http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html Basarwa Relocation – Introduction]". Government of Botswana. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html the original] on 9 April 2006.</ref> Ditlhongwa tsa [[:en:Tswana_language#Nouns|setlhopha sa]] [[:en:Tswana_language#Nouns|leina]] sa mo-/ba- di dirisiwa mo bathong; mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Masarwa'', o o nang le ditlhongwa tsa ''le-/ma-'' tse di dirisiwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse di sa itsegeng, o a kgopisa mme o ne wa fetolwa ka nako ya boipuso.[<ref name=":3">Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa]". ''Kalahari Peoples Fund''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215202/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm the original] on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</ref><ref>Bennett, Bruce. "[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/plnam.htm Botswana historical place names and terminology]". ''Thuto.org''. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|University of Botswana]] History Department. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</ref> Kwa lefatsheng la Angola, ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa ''mucancalas'',<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250122184842/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/140/1403765149.pdf ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos]'' (PDF) (in Portuguese), Utrecht, Netherlands: Rhino Resource Center, 2013, retrieved 19 February 2016</ref> kgotsa ''bosquímanos'' (phetolelo ya [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]] ya lereo la [[:en:Dutch_language|Sedatšhe]] le le kayang "Ba-Bushmen"). Mareo ''Amasili'' le [[:en:Twa|Batwa]] ka dinako tse dingwe a dirisiwa mo go bone kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3" /> Basarwa gape ba bidiwa ''Batwa'' ke [[:en:Xhosa_people|batho ba]] [[:en:Xhosa_people|ba Xhosa]] le ''Baroa'' ke [[:en:Sotho_people|batho ba Sotho]].<ref>Moran, Shane (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1sSYP4g7MC Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language]''. Rochester, NY: [[:en:University_of_Rochester_Press|University of Rochester Press]]. p.&#x20;3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781580462945|9781580462945]]</bdi>.</ref> Lereo la Bantu Batwa le kaya batho ba merafe epe fela e e batlang dijo mme ka jalo le kopana le mareo a a dirisiwang go "[[:en:Pygmyism|Pygmoid]]" [[:en:Southern_Twa|Twa ya Borwa]] ya Aforika Borwa-Bogare. == Ditso == === Ditlholego === Le fa go na le kganetsano nngwe mo gare ga bo ra maranyane ba loago, go na le tumalano ka kakaretso mo go boleleng gore merafe ya segompieno e e tlhalosiwang jaaka Basarwa e tswa mo merafeng ya bogologolo ya Neolithic ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika. Dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome tse di fetileng, ditlhopha tse tsa loago di ne tsa anama go tswa kwa mafatsheng a Tanzania, Zambia le Angola go ya kwa tlase kwa Cape Agulhas.<ref name=":5">Mellet, Patric Tariq (2020). ''The lie of 1652: a decolonised history of land'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Tafelberg, an imprint of NB Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-624-08970-4|<bdi>978-0-624-08970-4</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":4" /> Ka jalo, Basarwa ba ka tsewa jaaka bangwe ba ditso tsa bogologolo mo Lefatsheng.<ref>Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_dFYq4oFeYC&q=san+kalahari Environmental Protection and Human Rights]''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. p.&#x20;640. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76638-8|<bdi>978-0-521-76638-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba ba amanang le kgotsa ba ba tshwanang le Basarwa ba ne ba nna mo mabopong a a kwa borwa go ralala naga yotlhe ya ditlhatshana ya botlhaba mme ba ka tswa ba bopile tsweletso ya [[:en:Sangoan|Sangoan]] go tswa kwa [[:en:Red_Sea|Lewatleng le Lehibidu]] go ya kwa [[:en:Cape_of_Good_Hope|Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo]].<ref>Smith, Malvern van Wyk (1 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world]''. [[:en:NYU_Press|NYU Press]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-834-9|<bdi>978-1-86814-834-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mileniamong wa ntlha B.C.E., Mellet o umaka ditlhopha tse pedi tse di neng di laola kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Ya ntlha e ne e le Ba-Tshua San, ba ba neng ba aname go kgabaganya se ga jaana e leng mafatshe a Botswana, Zimbabwe le Zambia, mme ka togamaano ba ne ba nna mo lefelong la [[:en:Shashe_River|Shashe]]-[[:en:Limpopo_River|Limpopo]]. Setlhopha sa bobedi, se se neng se le kwa Bophirima o ko pele, e ne e le Ba-Khwe San, ba kgaolo ya bone e neng e akaretsa lefatshe la Botswana wa gompieno, lefatshe la Namibia,lefatshe la Angola le lefatshe la Zambia.<ref name=":5" /> Go nna teng ga Basarwa mo lefatshen la Botswana mo ditsong go bonala thata mo kgaolong ya Lentswe la Tsodilo kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la Botswana. Ditlhopha tse pedi di ne tsa dirisana le merafe e mengwe e e neng e nna mo lefelong leno mo diphudugong tsa bona tsa go fuduga go ya kwa borwa, go akaretsa ditlhopha dingwe tsa badisa ba bafaladi, ba moragonyana ba neng ba fetoga go nna Khoekhoe, gammogo le badisa-balemirui ka nako ya [[:en:Bantu_expansion|katoloso ya Bantu]] ngwaga wa dikete di le pedi Pele ga Baebele go fitlha ngwaga wa sekete se le sengwe Morago ga Baebele. Mo thulaganyong e, Basarwa ba ne ba lelekwa ka bontlhabongwe mo mafatsheng a bone a bagologolwane kgotsa ba akarediwa ke ditlhopha tse di buang Se-Bantu.<ref name=":6">Mlambo, A. S. (2014). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam/mode/2up?view=theater A history of Zimbabwe]''. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02170-9|<bdi>978-1-107-02170-9</bdi>.]]</ref> (go tswa kwa lekwalong la lesome le bongwe go ya kwa lesomeng le bobedi) Basarwa ba ne ba dumelwa fa ba na le kgolagano e e gaufi le meya ya bogologolo ya naga, mme gantsi ba ne ba retologela kwa go bona ke merafe e mengwe go dira pula, jaaka go ne go ntse kwa [[:en:Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]]. [[:en:Shamanism|Dingaka]] tsa Basarwa di ne di tla tsena mo maibing mme di tsene mo lefatsheng la mewa ka botsone go tshwara diphologolo tse di amanang le pula.<ref>Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (1 October 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 ''Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State''.] Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-920655-06-8|<bdi>978-1-920655-06-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka jalo, Mellet o bolela gore Basarwa ba ka bo ba nnile le seabe mo metheong ya ntlha ya [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]] le go tsalwa morago ga moo ga mafatshe a [[:en:Thulamela|Thulamela]], [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe o]] [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|mogolo]], [[:en:Mutapa_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Mutapa]] le tse dingwe.<ref name=":5" />: (go tswa mo lekwalong la masome a mtlhano le bobedi go ya kwa lekwalong la masome a matlhano le bone) === Dinako tsa pele ga bokoloniale === [[Setshwantsho:Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png|thumb|Banna ba Sekgwa ba ba neng ba tlhometse go ya go tsaya loeto, ka ngwga wa 1804]] Ka ntlha ya mokgwa wa bone wa go itshidisa o o ikaegileng thata ka go tsoma le go batla dijo, Basarwa ba ne ba kgona go fuduga le go anama ka bonako go feta ditso tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemirui, mme go dumelwa fa ba ne ba anama go ya kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa ya gompieno, go akaretsa le lebopo la Borwa, pele ga batho ba [[:en:Khoekhoe_people|Khoe]] le [[:en:Bantu_peoples|Bantu]]. Go a kgonega gore ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba disa dinku tse dinnye.<ref name=":5" />:lekwalo la masome a marataro le boraro) Morago ga makgolo a borataro le masome a matlhano morago ga baebele, jaaka fa BaKhoe le BaXhosa ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefelong la [[:en:Eastern_Cape|Eastern Cape]] ya gompieno mme morago ga sekete morago ga baebele, kwa lefelong la [[:en:Western_Cape|Western Cape]], bontsi jwa Basarwa ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa mafelong a mannye a a fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle, ba ne ba fudugela kwa mafelong a mannye fela a a kwa thoko ga lewatle.<ref name=":5" /> (lekwalo la masome a mane le borataro go fitlha lekwalo la masome a mane le bosupa) Ka tlwaelo e ne e le batho le go [[:en:Semi-nomadic|kgarakgatshega mme e seng thata]] , ba tsamaya ka dipaka mo mafelong a a rileng a a tlhalositsweng go ikaegilwe ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa tse di jaaka metsi, diphologolo tsa naga, le dimela tse di jewang.<ref name=":13">Anaya, James (2 June 2010). [http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana] (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2.</ref> Basarwa ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna makoko a go tsoma, mme ba ne ba sena dikgotla kgotsa dikgosi, ka ditshwetso di tsewa ke bagolwane.<ref name=":7">Ajayi, Ademola (2005). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&q=historiography Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Peoples]". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set''. Routledge. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45670-2|<bdi>978-1-135-45670-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Ditšhaba tsa ntlha tsa San di tlogetse boswa jo bo humileng jwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng go ralala Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":6" />:(lekwalo la lesome le le bongwe go ya kwa lekwalong la lesome le bobedi) tse di bontshang go tsoma, dintwa, botshelo jwa selegae, le ditiragalo tsa diinane.<ref name=":7" /> === Go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le polao ya semorafe ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe === Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa ntlha morago ga gore Madatšhe a nne kwa Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo ka fa tlase ga ga Jan van Riebeeck ka ngwaga wa 1652, bogolo jwa baagi ba Kapa ya Basarwa bo ne bo fopholediwa go nna dikete dile tharo go ya go diketeng dile tlhano,<ref name=":0">Szalay, M. (1995). The San and the Colonization of the Cape, 1770–1879: Conflict, Incorporation, Acculturation. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</ref>(tsebe ya lekgolo le borobabobedi)<ref name=":9">Adhikari, Mohamed (2014). The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San People. Cape Town: UCT Press.</ref> (tsebe ya masome a mabedi le bone): ba ne ba na le kgolagano le bakoloni ba ba amanang le bona ba lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe. Se se ne sa fetoga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, fa balemirui ba ne ba simolola go fudugela kwa mafelong a a kwa teng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1714, fa [[:en:Dutch_East_India_Company|Komopne ya Dutch East India]] (kgotsa VOC) e ne e simolola thulaganyo ya moraka wa kadimo, e e neng e tlamela balemirui ba diruiwa ba ba ratang ka ditshwanelo tsa go fula mo lefatsheng le le sa nonang thata mo bogare jwa Kapa jo bo omileng. Melawana e e ne ya tlhola setlhopha se sešwa sa loago, [[:en:Trekboers|balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga]], kgotsa badisa ba ba tsamayang ka bontlhabongwe, ba ba neng ba fuduga le leruo la bona kwa mafelong a go fitlha ga jaana a neng a agilwe ke ditlhopha tsa Basarwa.<ref name=":9" />: ( tsebe ya masome a mabedi le borobabobedi go fitlha kwa tsebeng ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe) Jaaka fa go nna teng ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga bao mo lefatsheng le le omileng go ne ga gakatsa maitemogelo a bone a tlholego a a neng a agilwe ke Basarwa, Basarwa ne ba tshela ka go idiwa ditsompelo tsa tlholego tse baneng ba tshela ka tsone (ebong lefatshe, metsi, diphologolo le dimela). Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa gore balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga ba ne ba nna mo dikhuting tsa metsi, ba thuntsha diphologolo tse Basarwa ba neng ba tshela ka tsone go dira digwapa, ba fula go feta selekanyo le go senya ditshedi le dimela le tikologo e di tshelang mo go yone.<ref name=":10">Newton-King, S. (1999). Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>( tsebe ya masome a borobabongwe go ya kwa lekgolong) <ref name=":11">Penn, S. (2005). The Forgotten Frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape's Northern Frontier in the 18th Century. Cape Town: Double Storey.</ref>( tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi go ya kwa makgolong a mabedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi) Mo bontsing jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi, go tsenelela ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga go ne ga nna kwa teng, ga dira gore Basarwa ba gane ka go tlhasela Maburu, ba tlhasela leruo la bona mme ka dinako tse dingwe ba bogisa kgotsa ba kgaola batswasetlhabelo ba bona ditokololo ..<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabobedi) Ditlhaselo tse tsa Basarwa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe di ne tsa rotloetsa balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fudugago dirisa ditlhopana tsa sesole tse di itsegeng jaaka di-''commando'' - pele go tlhatloga maeto a kotlhao, morago ga moo go oketsega go thibela ditlhaselo tse di ka nnang teng .<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe go ya kwa masome a mane le bongwe) Tiriso ya dikgoka kgatlhanong le San di ne tsa lemogwa mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1700, tsa bo 1730, le bogareng jwa bo dingwaga tsa bo 1750. Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1770 go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1790, tiriso ya dikgoka e e ne ya akaretsa go bapa le molelwane wa [[:en:Dutch_Cape_Colony|Koloni ya Kapa ya Dutch]]. Mo dingwageng tse tse di masome a mararo tsa bofelo tsa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi , tiro ya ditlhopha tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng e ne ya nna selo sa ka metlha sa bofelo jwa mariga, mme e ne e akaretsa go dikologa kampa ya Basarwa bosigo le go tlhasela ka mahube, go bolaya banna botlhe mo lefelong leo. Basadi le bana gantsi ba ne ba bolawa, mme gape ba ne ba ka tsewa botshwarwa.<ref name=":9" />: (tsebe ya masome a mane le botlhano go ya kwa masomeng a mane le bosupa) Mo godimo ga dipolao tsa ka gale tsa ditlhopha tse dinnye, go ne go na le dipolao tse dikgolo tse mo go tsona makgolokgolo a Basarwa ba neng ba ka bolawa mo tlhaselong e le nngwe.,<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a mane le borobabobedi go ya kwa masomeng a mane le borobabongwe) <ref>Penn, S. (2005). The Forgotten Frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape's Northern Frontier in the 18th Century. Cape Town: Double Storey.</ref>(tsebe ya makgolo a le mabedi le masome a mabedi e borataro). Ditiro tse tsa bosetlhogo jo bo feteletseng gantsi di ne di siamisiwa ke kgopolo ya bosemorafe ya gore batsomi-baphuthi ba Basarwa e ne e se batho ka botlalo, kgotsa e ne e le ba setlhopha se se kwa tlase sa batho ba ba neng ba atlholetswe go nyelela .<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le bobedi go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano le botlhano) .Ka ngwaga wa 1777, morago ga masomesome a dingwaga a go phimola mo go sa atlegang go bitsa go ikgapa, kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) e ne ya tshegetsa semmuso melawana ya go fedisa Basarwa .<ref name=":12">Van der Merwe, P.J. (1937). Die Noordwaardse Beweging van die Boere Voor die Groot Trek, 1770–1842. The Hague: W.P. van Stockum. </ref>(tsebe ya masome a mane le bongwe) <ref>Smith A.; Malherbe C.; Guenther M.; Berens P. (2000). The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: David Philip. p. 47.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi, fa Maesemane a ne a tsaya taolo ya [[:en:Cape_colony|koloni ya Kapa]], ​​diketekete tsa Basarwa di ne di bolailwe mme di pateleditswe go direla batswakwa. [[:en:British_Empire|Makgowa]] [[:en:British_Empire|a ma British]] a ne a leka melawana ya go [[:en:Cultural_assimilation|tsena mo setsong sa ba bangwe]] go dira gore Basarwa ba amogele mokgwa wa botshelo wa temothuo,<ref name=":9" />:(tsebe ya masome a marataro le bongwe go ya kwa tsebeng ya masomeng a marataro le bone) fela mokgwa o o ne wa palelwa thata. Gape ga ba a atlega mo go emiseng ditlhaselo tsa setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole tse di sa tlhomamang kgatlhanong le Basarwa, le fa palo ya dintsho e ne ya fokotsega thata fa e bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa paka ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC)- dipalo tsa semmuso tsa puso, tse ruri di sa felelang, di supa gore Basarwa ba le diketetse pedi, makgolo a le mane le masome a borobabobedi ba ne ba bolawa mme ba le makgolo a marataro le masome amatlhano le bone ba ne ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng tsa kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC), se se ne se farologane le batho ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bosupa ba ba neng ba bolawa le ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le bobedi ba ba neng ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa puso ya Borithane le Batavia.<ref name=":12" /> (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le boraro le tsebe ya masome borobabongwe le boraro) .Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850, go nna teng ga Basarwa mo go ikemetseng jaaka batsomi-baphuthi go ne go setse go sa tlhomama thata mme ka iketlo bontsi jwa Basarwa bo ne jwa golagana le balemirui, ka ntlha ya kopano ya matshosetsi, go tshola basadi le bana, le tlala .<ref name=":9" />: Gape go na le bosupi bongwe jwa go ananya ga bana ba Basarwa le dinku kgotsa dipodi, jo bo neng jwa thibelwa ka ngwaga wa 1817,<ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a supa go ya kwa tsebeng ya masome a supa le bongwe) jo bo neng jwa lebisa kwa kgwebisanong ya bana mo sephiring ..<ref>Philip, J. (1828). Researches in South Africa, 2 vols. London: James Duncan. p. vol. II, 265–66.</ref> Go bapa le molelwane wa Bokone wa [[:en:Cape_Colony|Koloni ya Kapa]], ​​Basarwa le bone ba ne ba tlhaselwa le go bolawa ke ditlhopha tsa badisa tse di jaaka [[:en:Griqua_people|Griqua]], Korana le 'Bastard'.<ref name=":9" />: (tsebe ya masome a supa le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a supa le bone). Ka ngwaga wa 1863, [https://digitalbleeklloyd.uct.ac.za/louis-anthing.html Louis Anthing] o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne go se naBasarwa ba ba fetang makgolo a matlhano ba ba neng ba setse mo nageng yotlhe, le gore ne ba nale seemo se se maswe thata, ba lebaganwe ke tlala. Dintwa tsa Korana tsa dingwaga tsa 1868 go ya kwa 69, dingwaga tsa 1878 go ya kwa 79 le dingwaga tsa bo 1870s, tseo tse e leng gore batho bangwe ba |xam ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo letlhakoreng la Korana, di ne tsa baka polao, tlala kgotsa botshwarwa le bokgobeng jwa Basarwa ya bofelo ya Kapa.<ref name=":9" />( tsebe ya masome a supa le borataro) Kamogelo ya tiriso ya dikgoka, tshenyo ya mmele le ya setso ya Cape San jaaka polao ya semorafe ga e a nna ka bongwefela jwa pelo. Boraditso ba ba neng ba kwala pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lefoko polao ya batho ba ne ba kaya e le ''ntwa ya go fedisa'',<ref>''Stow, G. (1964). The Native Races of South Africa: A History of the Intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu Into the Hunting Grounds of the Bushmen, the Aborigines of the Country. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 233, 575.''</ref> ''go nyelela'',<ref>MacMillan, W.M. (1968). The Cape Colour Question: A Historical Survey. Cape Town: Balkema. p. 26.</ref>''go fedisa''.<ref>MacCrone, I.D. (1937). Race Attitudes in South Africa: Historical, Experimental and Psychological Studies. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 104–5.</ref> Bakwadi ba bošeng ba dirisitse lefoko polao ya semorafe.,<ref name=":10" /> (tsebe ya lekgolo le lesome le bobedi )<ref>Smith, A. (1991). "'On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in southern Africa',". African Studies. 50 (1): 510.</ref><ref>Skotnes, P. (1996). Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press. p. 17.</ref><ref>Morris A. (1996). 'Trophy skulls: museums and the San',. Cape Town: in Miscast, ed. Skotnes. </ref> ka N. Penn a rata go kaya ‘polao ya semorafe e e sa felelang’ kgotsa ‘ntwa e e neng e atamela polao ya semorafe’<ref name=":11" />: (tsebe ya lekgolo le masome a mabedi le boraro) ka gonne Basarwa ba ne ba sa dirise dipolao tsotlhe tse di rulagantsweng. Moithuta-batho Miklós Szalay e nnile lentswe le le tlhageletseng thata la barutegi le le ganetsang go dirisa letshwao la polao ya semorafe mo go senyeng setšhaba sa Cape San, a nganga gore setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole di ne di diretswe thata go batlela balemirui ba Maburu badiri le gore melawana ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) ya ngwaga wa 1777 e ne e le mokgwa o o neng o sa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":0" /> (tsebe ya lesome le bongwe le tsebe ya lesome le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a mararo le boraro), Le fa go ntse jalo, Adhikari <ref name=":9" /> (tsebe ya masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go yakwa masomeng a borobabobedi le bosupa) e bontsha gore mabaka a ga Szalay a ganediwa ke bosupi, bogolosegolo palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa e e bolailweng go ya go ba ba dirilweng batshwarwa mo pakeng ya dingwaga tsa 1770 go ya kwa go tsa 1795, le ntlha ya gore le go dira basadi le bana makgoba go nnile le seabe mo go phutlhameng ga setšhaba sa Basarwa. Mabapi le maitemogelo a batho ba Basarwa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika, go na le bosupi jwa gore le bone ba ne ba lebane le matshosetsi a a tswelelang a go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le tiriso ya dikgoka mo bokaong jwa go tsenelela ga karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a a mantsi ya Europe, le fa go ntse jalo ditlhopha dingwe di ne tsa kgona go tshela. Kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane wa Borwa Bophirima jwa Aforika]], bogolosegolo mo kgaolong e e simololang kwa [[:en:Otavi|Otavi]] go ya kwa [[:en:Gobabis|Gobabis]], tiriso ya dikgoka e e maswe go gaisa ya polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tsa Basarwa e diragetse magareng ga ngwaga wa 1912 le ngwaga wa 1915.<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (2009). "Hiding in Full View: The "Forgotten" Bushman Genocides of Namibia". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 4 (1: Article 4).</ref> Morago ga taelo ya ga Mmusi wa lefatshe la Germany e e neng e tshegetsa go thuntshiwa ga batho ba Basarwa, go ne ga romelwa go feta dipatorolo di le makgolo a mane tse di neng di lwantsha Basarwa di ne tsa romelwa magareng ga ngwaga wa 1911 le 1913, mme palo ya Basarwa mo lefelong leo e ne ya wela tlase go tswa ko diketeng di le borobabobedi le diketeng tse lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1913 go ya ko diketeng di le tharo le makgolo a marataro ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (6 August 2025). [https://theconversation.com/namibias-forgotten-genocide-how-bushmen-were-hunted-and-killed-under-german-colonial-rule-261267#:~:text=Accordingly%2C%20the%20German%20governor%20ordered,known%20as%20South%20West%20Africa. "Namibia's forgotten genocide: how Bushmen were hunted and killed under German colonial rule]". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 February 2026.</ref>. Morago ga gore kgaolo e tsewe ke lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1915, go na le bosupi jwa gore puso ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa gape e ne ya ntsha di tetla tsa gore batho ba tsome Basarwa kwa Aforika wa Borwa Bophirima (lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno), mme ya bofelo go begwa e ne ya ntshiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314082909/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0102/feature6/ "More to explore", Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers seek a foothold"]. [[:en:National_Geographic|National Geographic]]. Archived from [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0102/feature6/ the original] on 14 March 2016.</ref> Mo koloning ya [[:en:Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland]], kgaolo ya Ghanzi, e e neng e tsewa jaaka kago ya phemelo ya merafe ya Basarwa, e ne ya kgaoganngwa mo gare ga balemirui ba dikgomo ba basweu mo sephatlong sa bobedi ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe, go pateletsa batho ba Basarwa go nna se se bidiwang "Ba-Bushmen ba polase", ba dira jaaka badisa ba dikgomo.<ref>Hermans, J. (1977). "Official Policy Towards the Bushmen of Botswana: A Review, Part 1". Botswana Notes & Records. 9: 55–67.</ref> Mo pakeng yotlhe ya bokoloniale, ba ne ba itemogela go fudusiwa le go kgaphelwa thoko gape.<ref>Kelso, C. (1993). "The Landless Bushmen". Africa Report. 38 (2): 51–54.</ref> === Baagi ba San mo dinageng tsa Aforika tse di tlositsweng mo bokoloniale === Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, merafe ya Basarwa e ne ya fetogela kwa temothuong ka ntlha ya mananeo a segompieno a a neng a laetswe ke puso. Le fa tsela ya botshelo e fetogile, di ile tsa re fa tshedimosetso e ntsi mo thutong ya batho le ya digotso. Thutopatlisiso nngwe e e anameng ya mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Aforika, e e weditsweng ka ngwaga wa 2009, e fitlhetse gore mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Basarwa e ne e le mo gare ga tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo tsa dipalopalo tsotlhe di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bongwe tse di tserweng disampole.<ref>Connor, Steve (1 May 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html "World's most ancient race traced in DNA study"]. [[:en:The_Independent|''The Independent'']].</ref><ref name=":14">Gill, Victoria (1 May 2009). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm Africa's genetic secrets unlocked]" (online edition). [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm Archived] from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</ref><ref>Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. -M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357 "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"]. [[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]. 324 (5930): 1035–1044. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T 2009Sci...324.1035T.] doi:[[doi:10.1126/science.1172257|10.1126/science.1172257]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357 2947357]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144 19407144].</ref> Ditlhopha dingwe tsa Basarwa ke nngwe ya "ditlhopha tsa baagi ba bagologolwane" di le lesome le bone tse di itsegeng tse di setseng di le teng; ke gore, "ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang lwa digotso, ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang le go tshwana mo setsong sa bone le mo dipharologanong tsa dipuo tsa bone".<ref name=":14" /> Le fa go na le dintlha dingwe tse di siameng tsa mananeo a tlhabololo a puso tse di begilweng ke maloko a merafe ya Basarwa le [[:en:Bakgalagadi|Bakgalagadi]] mo lefatsheng la Botswana, bontsi bo buile ka maikutlo a a tlhomameng a go kgaphelwa thoko mo dithulaganyong tsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa puso, mme bontsi jwa Basarwa le Bakgalagadi ba latofaditswe ka go itemogela kgethololo ya lotso mo karolong ya puso.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya borobabobedi go ya kwa tsebeng ya borobabongwe). [[:en:United_States_Department_of_State|Lephata la Merero ya Lefatshe la United States]] le tlhalositse kgethololo e e tswelelang kgatlhanong le batho ba Basarwa, kgotsa ''Basarwa'', mo lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2013 jaaka "tlhobaelo e kgolo ya ditshwanelo tsa batho" ya lefatshe leo .<ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report] (PDF). [[:en:United_States_Department_of_State|United States Department of State.]]</ref> (tsebe ya ntlha) == Loago == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:San_healing_practices|Mekgwa ya go fodisa ya Ba]]''[[:en:San_healing_practices|''sarwa'']]'', [[:en:San_rock_art|botaki jwa matlapa jwa Ba]]''[[:en:San_rock_art|''sarwa'']]'', le [[:en:San_religion|bodumedi jwa Basarwa]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Naro Bushmen drinking water from the bi bulb plant, Botswana 2008.jpg|thumb|Go nwa metsi go tswa mo sejalong sa bi bulb]] [[Setshwantsho:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|Go tshuba molelo ka diatla]] [[:en:Kinship_system|Thulaganyo ya losika]] lwa Basarwa e bontsha ditso tsa bone jaaka ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di tsamayang tsa go batla dijo ka tlwaelo. Bolosika jwa Basarwa bo tshwana le jwa [[:en:Inuit_kinship|losika lwa Inuit]], jo bo dirisang setlhopha se se tshwanang sa mareo jaaka mo ditsong tsa lefatshekgolo le le na leng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe mme bo oketsa ka molao wa leina le molao wa dingwaga tsa go tlhomamisa gore ke mareo afe a a tshwanetseng go dirisiwa. Molao wa dingwaga o rarabolola tlhakatlhakano nngwe le nngwe e e tlhagelelang ka ntlha ya mareo a losika, ka gonne yo mogolo mo bathong ba babedi ka metlha o swetsa gore o bitse yo mmotlana eng. Go na le maina a le mmalwa fela a a tsamayang (mo e ka nnang maina a le masome a mararo le botlhano ka bong), mme ngwana mongwe le mongwe o bidiwa ka rremogolo le mmèmogolo kgotsa wa losika yo mongwe, mme ga a ise a ko a bidiwe ka batsadi ba gagwe.[citation needed] [[Setshwantsho:San-man preparing poison arrows, using roasted seeds of Bobgunnia madagascariensis and innards of Diamphidia nigroornata, Namibia 2007-3.jpg|thumb|Go baakanyetsa metswi ya botlhole]] [[Setshwantsho:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|Monna wa Mosarwa]] Bana ga ba na ditiro tsa loago kwa ntle ga go tshameka, mme boitapoloso bo botlhokwa thata mo Basan ba dingwaga tsotlhe. Go dirisiwa nako e ntsi mo motlotlong, mo metlaeng, mo mminong le mo metantshong e e boitshepo. Basadi e ka nna baeteledipele ba ditlhopha tsa malapa a bone. Gape di ka dira ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa lelapa le tsa setlhopha mme tsa bolela gore ke tsa tsone tsa dikhuti tsa metsi le mafelo a go batla dijo. Basadi ba amega thata mo go phutheng dijo, mme ka dinako tse dingwe gape ba nna le seabe mo go tsomeng.<ref name=":8">"[https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_bushmen.html San - Bushmen - Kalahari, South Africa]..." www.krugerpark.co.za. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref> Metsi a botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa Basarwa. Ka nako ya komelelo e telele, ba dirisa didiba tsa go nwa metsi gore di kgone go tsaya metsi. Go dira mekoti ya go kgobokanya metsi sentle, Basarwa ba gotlha mosima o o boteng fa motlhaba o leng metsi teng, mme ba tsenye kutu e telele ya bojang jo bo khuti mo mosimeng. Go dirisiwa [[:en:Ostrich_egg|lee la mpšhe]] le le senang sepe go tsaya metsi. Metsi a gogelwa mo lotlhakeng go tswa mo motlhabeng, go tsena mo molomong, mme morago a tsamaye go fologa lotlhaka lo longwe go tsena mo leeng la mpshe.<ref name=":8" /> Ka tlwaelo, Basarwa e ne e le setšhaba se se lekalekanang.<ref>Marjorie Shostak, 1983, ''Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman''. New York: [[:en:Vintage_Books|Vintage Books]]. Page 10.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba na le [[:en:Tribal_chief|dikgosi]] tsa boswa, taolo ya bone e ne e lekanyeditswe. Basarwa ba ne ba tsaya ditshwetso mo gare ga bona ka [[:en:Consensus_decision-making|tumalano]], ka basadi ba tshwarwa jaaka ba ba lekanang mo go tseyeng ditshwetso.<ref>Shostak 1983: 13</ref> Itsholelo ya Basarwa e ne e le [[:en:Gift_economy|itsholelo ya dimpho]], e e neng e ikaegile ka go naana dimpho ka metlha go na le go gweba kgotsa go reka dithoto le ditirelo.<ref>Shostak 1983: 9, 25</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1994, bokana ka karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano ya dikamano tsa San e ne e le tsa [[:en:Monogamy|mosadi a le mongwe]].<ref>Goldsmith, Timothy H. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=93Q8DwAAQBAJ&dq=san+people+are+a+monogamous&pg=PA61 The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links Between Evolution and Behavior.] [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. pp. 61–62. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509393-3|978-0-19-509393-3.]] Retrieved 18 March 2025.</ref> === Go itshidisa === Metse e farologana ka go nna thata go tswa mo mafelong a tshireletso ya pula ya bosigo mo dikgakologong tse di bothitho (fa batho ba tsamaya ka nako tsotlhe go batla botala jo bo tlhogang), go ya kwa mekgwatlheng e e rulagantsweng semmuso, tse mo go tsone batho ba phuthegelang mo pakeng ya komelelo go dikologa dikhutsi tsa metsi tsa se nnela ruri. Tshimologo ya dikgakologo ke paka e e thata go gaisa: paka e e mogote ya komelelo e e latelang mariga a a tsidifetseng, a a omileng, fa bontsi jwa dijalo di santse di sule kgotsa di sa dire sepe, mme ditlamelo tsa manoko a letlhafula di fedile. Nama e botlhokwa thata mo dikgweding tsa komelelo fa diphologolo tsa naga di sa kgone go nna kgakala le metsi a a boelang morago.[citation needed] Basadi ba phutha maungo, dithlowana, dituber, di kwii tsa sekgwa le dilo tse dingwe tsa dimela gore setlhopha se di je. Mae a [[:en:Ostrich|ntšhe]] a a kgobokanngwa, mme dikgapetla tsa one tse di senang sepe di dirisiwa jaaka ditshodi tsa metsi. Ditshidinyana di tlamela ka gongwe karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya dikotla ​​tsa diphologolo tse di jewang, gantsi ka paka ya komelelo. Go ikaegile ka lefelo, Basarwa ba ja mefuta e le lesme le borobabobedi go ya go e le lekgolong le bone, go akaretsa ditsie, dikhukhwane, diboko, dirurubele, dirurubele, le metlhwa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA39 Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40]. See page 19: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&q=san&pg=PA19https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&q=san&pg=PA19 for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon] More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: Mathias [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtyI0b1CiDkC&pg=PA111 Georg Guenther (1999). Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society. p111.]</ref> Didirisiwa tsa basadi tsa setso tsa go phutha di le motlhofo go dirisiwa e bile dira tiro ka botlalo: setlhako sa letlalo, kobo, kobo e e bidiwang ''kaross'' go rwala dijo, dikgong tsa molelo, dikgetsi tse dinnye, thobane ya go epa, mme gongwe, mofuta o monnye wa kaross go belega lesea.[citation needed][[Image:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|300px|1000- to 2000-year-old San-paintings near [[Murewa]] [[Zimbabwe]] ]] Banna, mme go akanngwa gore ke basadi fa ba tsamaya le bone, ba tsoma mo maetong a maleele a a lapisang a go latedisa. Di bolaya diphologolo tsa tsona di dirisa [[:en:Bow_and_arrow|bora le metswi]] le [[:en:Spear|marumo]] a a tlhomilweng mo [[:en:Diamphotoxin|diamphotoxin]], [[:en:Arrow_poison|botlhole jwa motsu]] jo bo dirang ka iketlo jo bo tlhagisiwang ke [[:en:Larva|dibokwana]] tsa khukhwana tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Diamphidia|''Diamphidia'']]. === Ditso tsa bogologolo === [[Setshwantsho:Wandering hunters (Masarwa bushmen), North Kalahari Desert.jpg|thumb|Batsomi ba ba kgarakgatshegang (Batlhaba ba Masarwa), sekake sa Kalahari Bokone, se se gatisitsweng ka ngwaga 1892 (go tswa mo setshwantshong sa ga H. A. Bryden)]] Setlhopha sa didiriswa tse di batlang di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang ke Basarwa ba segompieno mme di simolotse ka dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a manè le bobedi Pele ga Baebele di ribolotswe kwa [[:en:Border_Cave|Logageng lwa Molelwane]] kwa [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal]] ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>Crumpton [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]], Nick (31 July 2012). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19069560 Earliest evidence of modern human culture found]".</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, se go akanngwang gore ke ngwao ya bogologolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng se ranolwa jaaka bosupi jo bo tla dirang gore setso sa Basarwa e nne setso sa bogologolo go gaisa se se santseng se dirisiwa gompieno.<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061130081347.htm "World's Oldest Ritual Discovered -- Worshipped the Python 70,000 Years Ago"]</ref><ref>[https://www.world-archaeology.com/world/africa/botswana/ritual-organised-activity-identified-as-worlds-oldest/ "Ritual: Organised Activity Identified as World's Oldest"]6 March 2007</ref><ref>[http://afrol.com/articles/23093 "Afrol News - World's oldest religion discovered in Botswana"]</ref><ref>[https://damienmarieathope.com/2017/03/stone-snake-of-south-africa-first-human-worship-70000/ "Stone Snake of South Africa: "first human worship" 70,000 years ago | Damien Marie AtHope"] </ref> [<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Disputed_statement|go ganetsanwa]] (ka ntlha ya: Bosupi ga bo ise bo ke bo gatisiwe) – [[:en:Talk:San_peoples#World's_oldest_ritual_claim|''buisana'']]]. Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore merafe mengwe ya Basarwa e ntse e nna mo dikgaolong tsa sekaka tsa Kalahari; le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bofelong mo e ka nnang merafe e mengwe yotlhe ya San kwa borwa jwa Aforika e ne ya patelesega go tsena mo kgaolong e. Basarwa ba Kalahari ba ne ba sala mo lehumeng fa baagisani ba bona ba ba humileng ba ne ba ba ganela ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe. Go ise go ye kae, kwa lefatshe la Botswana le lefatshe la Namibia, ba ne ba fitlhela kgaolo ya bone e fokoditswe thata.<ref>"The modern day Bushmen / San" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618001626/http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp|date=18 June 2011}}. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref> === Segotso === Dithuto tse di farologaneng tsa di chromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng di bontsha gore Basarwa ba rwele dingwe tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ya Y ya batho tsa dichromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng tsa batho tse di farologaneng thata (tse di nang le dikala tsa ntlha). Ditlhopha tse tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ke ditlhotshwana tse di rileng tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome tsa [[:en:Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)|A]] le [[:en:Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)|B]], e leng dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo [[:en:Phylogenetic_tree|setlhareng]] sa chromosome ya bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng ya Y sa motho.<ref name=":15">Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). [[doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|"African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages]]". ''[[:en:Current_Biology|Current Biology]]''. '''13''' (6): 464–73. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CBio...13..464K 2003CBio...13..464K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646128 12646128]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52862939 52862939].</ref><ref>Hammer, MF; Karafet, TM; Redd, AJ; Jarjanazi, H; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Soodyall, H; Zegura, SL (2001). [http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdfhttp://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdf "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity]" (PDF). [[:en:Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution|''Molecular Biology and Evolution''.]] '''18''' (7): 1189–203. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906|10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420360 11420360].</ref><ref>Naidoo, Thijessen; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Makkan, Heeran; Patel, Pareen; Mahabeer, Rajeshree; Erasmus, Johannes C.; Soodyall, Himla (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483 "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations".] ''Investigative Genetics''. '''1''' (1): 6. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6|10.1186/2041-2223-1-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483 2988483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21092339 21092339].</ref> Dithuto tsa [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial]] gape di neelana ka bosupi jwa gore Basarwa e rwele makgetlo a a kwa godimo a dikala tsa ntlha tsa [[:en:Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup|setlhopa sa dijini tse di tshwanang mo setlhareng]] tsa sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial ya motho. Sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang (DNA) e e motho a e tsayang fela mo go mmaagwe. Setlhopha sa di-mitochondria se se farologaneng thata (se se nang le dikala tsa ntlha), [[:en:Haplogroup_L0|L0d]], se supilwe ka makgetlo a sone a a kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Basarwa tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa.<ref name=":15" /><ref>Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288201 "MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations"]. [[:en:The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics|''The American Journal of Human Genetics''.]] '''66''' (4): 1362–83. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/302848|10.1086/302848]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288201 1288201]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10739760 10739760].</ref><ref>Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T. B.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Reed, F. A.; Mountain, J. L. (2007). [[doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155|"History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation"]]. [[:en:Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution|''Molecular Biology and Evolution''.]] '''24''' (10): 2180–95. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155|10.1093/molbev/msm155]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656633 17656633].</ref><ref>Schlebusch, Carina M.; Naidoo, Thijessen; Soodyall, Himla (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". ''Electrophoresis''. '''30''' (21): 3657–64. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/elps.200900197|10.1002/elps.200900197]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19810027 19810027]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19515426 19515426].</ref> Mo patlisisong e e gatisitsweng ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2011, Brenna Henn le badirammogo ba gagwe ba fitlhetse gore Ba-ǂKhomani San, mmogo le batho ba [[:en:Sandawe_people|Sandawe]] le [[:en:Hadza_people|Hadza]] ba [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], e ne e le batho ba ba farologaneng thata ka dijini go gaisa batho bape ba ba tshelang ba ba neng ba ithutiwa. Tekanyo e e kwa godimo e ya pharologano ya dijini e supa tshimologo ya batho ba segompieno ka mmele.<ref>Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). [https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44431/1/1017511108.full.pdf "Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans"] (PDF). ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]''. '''108''' (13). [[:en:National_Academy_of_Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]: 5154–62. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108|10.1073/pnas.1017511108]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069156 3069156]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383195 21383195].</ref><ref>Kaplan, Matt (2011). [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/ "Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]''. [[:en:Nature_Publishing_Group|Nature Publishing Group]]. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2008 e ne ya akantsha gore Basarwa ba ka tswa ba ne ba kgaogantswe le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa bagologolwane dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le matlhano go ya go diketeng tse lekgolo mme moragonyana ba kopana gape, ba kopana gape le setlhopha sotlhe sa dijini tsa batho.<ref>Rincon, Paul (24 April 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7358868.stm "Human line 'nearly split in two'"]. ''[[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]''. Retrieved 31 December 2009.</ref> Patlisiso ya ka ga sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 ya tatelano e e feletseng ya tshedimosetso yotlhe ya dijini ya batho (genome) e bontshitse gore bagologolwane ba Basarwa ba gompieno ba ba neng ba tshela ka go tsoma le go kokoanya dijo ba simolotse go kgaogana le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa batho mo Aforika mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng (200 000), mme ba ne ba setse ba kgaogane ka botlalo mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le lekgolo tse di fetileng (100 000). === Kgotlhang ya lefatshe la borraetsho mo Botswana === [[Setshwantsho:Bosquimanos-Grassland Bushmen Lodge, Botswana 09.jpg|thumb|Lelwapa la Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana]] Go ya ka baporofesara Robert K. Hitchcock, le Wayne A. Babchuk, "Ka ngwaga wa 1652, fa batho ba batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe ba ne ba tlhoma go nna teng ga bone ka nako e e tletseng kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, go ne go na le Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mararo (300 000) le Ba-Khoekhoe ba le dikete tse makgolo a borataro(600 000) kwa Borwa jwa Ba-Khoekhoe. Ka nako ya dikgato tsa ntlha tsa bokoloniale bo bo neng bo dirwa ke batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe mo bathong ba [[:en:Khoekhoe|Khoekhoe]] le Basarwa ba le diketekete ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo ka ntlha ya polao ya semorafe, polao, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mo mmeleng, le malwetse. Go ne go na le dikgetse tsa "go tsoma ga Bushman" mo ditlhopheng tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole ([[:en:Paramilitary|ditlhotswana tse di tsamayang tsa sesole]] kgotsa di-posses) di neng di batla go romela Basarwa le Khoekhoe kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref>Hitchcock, Robert K.; Babchuk, Wayne A. (2017), "Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa", [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203790830-7/genocide-khoekhoe-san-peoples-southern-africa-robert-hitchcock-wayne-babchuk ''Genocide of Indigenous Peoples'',] pp.&#x20;143–171, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780203790830-7|10.4324/9780203790830-7,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780203790830|9780203790830]]</bdi>, retrieved 25 March 2023</ref> Bontsi jwa [[:en:Aboriginal_people|naga ya batho ba tlholego]] mo lefatsheng la Botswana, go akaretsa le naga e e neng e nnilwe ke batho ba Basarwa (kgotsa Basarwa), e ne ya gapiwa ka nako ya bokoloniale. Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe le go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa tlholego go ne ga tswelela morago ga boipuso jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya boraro) Basarwa ba amilwe thata ke go tsenelela ga batho ba le bantsi le balemirui ba e seng ba tlholego mo lefatsheng la bone la setso. Melawana ya puso go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 di ne tsa fetisetsa kgaolo e e botlhokwa ya lefatshe le ka tlwaelo e neng e le la Basarwa go merafe e mentsi ya [[:en:Agro-pastoralist|badisa-temothuo]] le baagi ba basweu.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya lesomele botlhano) Bontsi jwa melawana ya puso mabapi le lefatshe e ne e na le tshekamelo ya go rata batho ba ba laolang ba Tswana le Bakgaladi ba bannye.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya bobedi) Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe ke seabe se segolo mo mathateng a a lebaganeng le batho ba tlholego ba lefatshe la Botswana, go akaretsa segolobogolo go lelekwa ga Basarwa mo Lefelo la Pabalesego ya Diphologolo la Bogare jwa Kalahari.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya bobedi) Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e ne ya swetsa ka gore botlhe ba ba nnang mo teng ga lefelo leo ba fudusediwe kwa mafelong a bonno a a kwa ntle ga lone. Go tshwenngwa ga baagi, go tlhatlhamololwa ga mafaratlhatlha, le go thibelwa ga go tsoma go lebega go dirisitswe go tlhotlheletsa baagi go tsamaya.<ref name=":13" /> (tsebe ya lesome le borataro) Puso e ganne gore go fuduga gope go ne ga patelediwa.[90] Go ne ga latela ntwa ya semolao.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20061220110621/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back]". ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. 13 December 2006. Archived from [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html the original] on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2006.</ref> Melawana ya go fudusiwa e ka tswa e ne e ikaeletse go tlhofofatsa meepo ya diteemane ke [[:en:Gem_Diamonds|Gem Diamonds]] mo teng ga lefelo la polokelo.<ref name=":13" />: (tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi) == Tumalano ya kitso ya setso ya Hoodia == [[:en:Hoodia_gordonii|Hoodia gordonii]], e e dirisiwang ke Basarwa, e ne ya fiwa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi ke [[:en:Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research|Lekgotla la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense le Madirelo]] (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 1998, ka ntlha ya boleng jwa yone jo bo akanngwang jwa go gatelela keletso ya dijo, le fa, go ya ka tshekatsheko ya ngwaga wa 2006, go se na bosupi jo bo gatisitsweng jwa saense jo bo neng bo tshegetsa semela sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa hoodia e fokotsa tlala mo bathung.<ref>Kathleen Doheney, [http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/hoodia-lots-of-hoopla-little-science?page=1 "Hoodia: Lots of Hoopla, Little Science; Few studies support the promise of the South African appetite suppressant, but believers abound]", WebMD, September 6, 2006, Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Retrieved March 24, 2007</ref> Tetla e ne ya fiwa kompone ya [[:en:Phytopharm|Phytopharm]], ya tlhabololo ya motswako wa khemikhale o o dirang mo sejalong sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa Hoodia, wa P57 (mofuta wa motswako wa khemikhale o o nang le karolo ya sukiri mo sebopegong sa one), go dirisiwa jaaka seritibatsi sa melemo sa go ja dijo tse di rileng. Fa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi e e sena go itsisiwe kwa Basarweng, go ne ga fitlhelelwa tumalano ya go abelana dipoelo magareng ga bona le Lekgotla la Patlisiso ya Saense le Madirelo (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 2003. Se se ne se tla abela Basarwa dituelo tsa dipoelo tsa kitso ya bona ya tlholego.<ref>Wynberg, R. (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030858/http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248 Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing]". ''The Journal of World Intellectual Property''. '''7''' (6): 851–876. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x|10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x]]. Archived from [http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248 the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref> Ka nako ya kgang ya semolao, batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba emetswe le go thusiwa ke Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Ditlhophapotlana tsa Naga mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA), Lekgotla la Basarwa la lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le Setheo sa Basarwa sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":4" /> Tumalano e ya go abelana dipoelo ke nngwe ya tsa ntlha go fa batshodi ba kitso ya setso e e dirisediwang go rekisa diritibatsi go nna le dituelo.Dipeelo tsa tumalano e di a ganediwa, ka ntlha ya go bonala fa di sa latele ka botlalo Melawana ya Bonn ya go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa dijini le go abelana dipoelo, jaaka go tlhalositswe mo Tumalanong ya Lefatshe ka Bophara ka ga Pharologano ya Ditshedi ([[:en:Convention_on_Biological_Diversity|Convention on Biological Diversity]] – CBD).<ref>Tully, S. (2003). "[https://www.cbd.int/doc/articles/2003/A-00457.pdf The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing"] (PDF). ''Review of European Community and International Environmental Law''. '''12''': 84–98. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/1467-9388.00346.</ref> Basarwa ga ba ise ba bone dipoelo dipe go tswa mo tumalanong e, ka gonne motswako wa metlhakanyo o o bopilweng ka dikarolwana tsa dilo (chemical) o o ntshitsweng mo Hoodia wa P57 ga o ise o tlhabololwe semolao le go rekisiwa jaaka sehlahisoa sa kalafi. [[Setshwantsho:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa, kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe]] == Boemedi mo metsweding ya dikgang == === Dieemedi tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Southafrica468bushman.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng kwa Cederberg, kwa lefelong la Western Cape]] Basarwa ba [[:en:Kalahari|Kalahari]] ba ne ba tlisiwa lantlha mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe le le kopaneng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 ke mokwadi wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa [[:en:Laurens_van_der_Post|Laurens van der Post]]. Van der Post o goletse mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa, mme o ne a na le kgatlhego e e tlotlegang ya botshelo jotlhe ya ditso tsa batho ba naga ya Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1955, o ne a laelwa ke [[:en:BBC|Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC)]] go ya kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari le setlhopha sa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso go batla Basarwa. Dintlha tse di neng di tsewa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang e e gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso di ne tsa fetolwa go nna ditshwantsho tse di ratiwang thata tsa sesupa ditshwantso tsa dikarolo di le thataro ngwaga moragonyana. E kgweediwa ke kgatlhego ya botshelo jotlhe ya "morafe o o nyeletseng" ono, Van der Post o ne a gatisa buka ya ngwaga wa 1958 ka ga leeto leo, e e bidiwang ''Lefatshe le le Latlhegileng la Kalahari''. E ne e tshwanetse go nna buka ya gagwe e e tumileng thata. [[Setshwantsho:San-Elephant Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa]] Ka ngwaga wa 1961, o ne a gatisa ''Pelo ya Motsomi'', kanelo e a e dumelang mo matsenong e dirisa dibuka tse pedi tse di fetileng tsa dikgang le diiinane jaaka "mofuta wa Baebele ya Motlha wa Matlapa", e leng [[:en:Specimens_of_Bushman_Folklore|Dikao tsa Diiinane tsa Basarwa']] ( ngwaga wa 1911), tse di [[:en:Folkloristics|kokoantsweng]] ke [[:en:Wilhelm_Bleek|Wilhelm H. I. Bleek]] and [[:en:Lucy_Lloyd|Lucy C. Lloyd]], and [[:en:Dorothea_Bleek|Dorothea Bleek's]] ''Seleetswane le Tsala ya gagwe.'' Tiro ya ga Van der Post e ne ya tlisa dingwao tsa tlholego tsa Aforika kwa didikadikeng tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara e le lekgetlo la ntlha, mme batho bangwe ba ne ba e nyatsa jaaka karolo ya pono ya motho wa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le bo 1960, ba bolela gore o ne a tlhalosa Basarwa jaaka fela "bana ba Tlholego" kgotsa le e leng "baitseanape ba masaitsiweng ba tikologo". Ka ngwaga wa 1992, John Perrot le setlhopha sa gagwe ba ne ba gatisa buka e e bidiwang ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220401015629/http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/sites/book-site.htm Bush for the Bushman]'' — e e neng e tlhalosiwa jaaka "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220129141019/http://www.savethesan.org/ boikuelo jo bo tswang mo seemong se se maswe]" mo boemong jwa Basarwa ba tlholego, e e neng e lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng sa boditšhabatšhaba mme e bile e kopa dipuso go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika go tlotla le go busetsa ditshwanelo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe tsa Basarwa botlhe. == Ditokomane le tshedimosetso tsa boammaruri == John Marshall, morwa wa moithuta-loago wa [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard]] e bong [[:en:Lorna_Marshall|Lorna Marshall]], o kwadile matshelo a Basarwa kwa kgaolong ya Nyae Nyae kwa lefatsheng la Namibia mo pakeng e e tsayang dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa gagwe sa ntlha sa ''The Hunters'', se bontsha go tsoma ga thutlwa. ''Lelapa la Kalahari'' (ngwaga wa 2002) ke motseletsele o o kwalang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano mo matshelong a ''Juǀʼhoansi'' a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1951 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2000. Marshall e ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhagafetseng wa lebaka la Basarwa mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref>Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rtHR8_gK_WwC The Old Way: A Story of the First People]''. Macmillan. pp.&#x20;xiii, 45–47. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781429954518|9781429954518]]</bdi>.</ref> Kgaitsadie [[:en:Elizabeth_Marshall_Thomas|Elizabeth Marshall Thomas]] o ne a kwala dibuka di le mmalwa le di pego di le mmalwa ka ga Basarwa, a ikaegile ka bontlhabongwe mo maitemogelong a gagwe a go nna le batho ba fa setso sa bone se ne se santse se le teng. ''Batho ba ba Senang Kotsi,'' e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959, le ''Tsela ya Bogologolo'': ''Kgang ya Batho ba Ntlha'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2006, ke tse pedi tsa tsone. John Marshall le Adrienne Miesmer ba kwadile matshelo a batho ba ǃKung ba Basarwa magareng ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le 1978 kwa ''Nǃai'', Kgang ya ''Mosadi wa ǃKung''.<ref>N!ai; Marshall, John; Marshall-Cabezas, Sue; Miesner, Adrienne; Mbulu, Letta (2004), [http://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?ANTH;763708 ''N!ai: the story of a !Kung woman'',] Documentary Educational Resources (Firm), Public Broadcasting Associates, Documentary Educational Resources, retrieved 30 March 2024</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260208235437/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/reflecting-nai-story-kung-woman "Reflecting on N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman".] ''africa.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref>Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se, se e leng pego ya mosadi yo o goletseng fa Basarwa ba neng ba tshela jaaka batsomi-baphuthi ba ba ikemetseng, mme moragonyana a patelesega go tshela botshelo jwa go ikaega ka ba bangwe mo setšhabeng se se tlhomilweng ke puso kwa Tsumkwe, e bontsha ka fa matshelo a [[:en:ǃKung_people|batho ba ǃKung]], ba ba neng ba tshela dingwaga di le sekete jaaka batsomi ba ba kokoanyang, a neng a fetolelwa ruri ka tshegetso e nnye thata fa ba ne ba tshegediwa.<ref>Kray, C. (1978) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman]'" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html|date=14 July 2008}}. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013.</ref> Modiri wa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa Richard Wicksteed o tlhagisitse ditokomane di le mmalwa ka ga setso sa Basarwa, ditso le maemo a gone jaana; tse di akaretsa ''Mo Mafelong a Modimo / Iindawo ZikaThixo'' (ngwaga wa 1995) ka ga boswa jwa setso jwa Basarwa kwa borwa jwa Drakensberg; ''Loso lwa Mobushman'' (ngwaga wa 2002) ka polao ya molatedi wa Mosarwa Optel Rooi ke mapodisi a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa; ''The Will To Survive'' (ngwaga wa 2009), e e akaretsang ditso le maemo a merafe ya Basarwa mo borwa jwa Aforika gompieno; le ''Lefatshe la Me ke Seriti sa Me'' (ngwaga wa 2009) ka ga kgaratlho ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe ya Basarwa kwa [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari Bogare la Lefatshe la Botswana]].[citation needed] Tokomane ka ga go tsoma ga Basarwa e e bidiwang, ''Mmino o o Mogolo'': ''Kgang ya Motsomi'' (ngwaga wa 2000), e e kaetsweng ke Damon le [[:en:Craig_Foster_(filmmaker)|Craig Foster]]. Se se ne sa sekasekwa ke [[:en:Lawrence_Van_Gelder|Lawrence Van Gelder]] wa [[:en:New_York_Times|New York Times]], yo o neng a re setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se "se nale tiro ya go somarela le go tlhoma loso."<ref>Van Gelder, Lawrence (29 September 2000). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/movies/film-in-review-the-great-dance.html?pagewanted=print&src=p A Hunter's Story]". ''T[[:en:The_New_York_Times|he New York Times]]''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|.]]</ref> Buka ya ga [[:en:Spencer_Wells|Spencer Wells]] ya ngwaga wa 2003 ya ''[[:en:The_Journey_of_Man|The Journey of Man]]''—e e amanang le lenaneo la Dijini ya National Geographic—e tlotla ka tshekatsheko ya [[:en:Genetics|dijini]] tsa Basarwa mme e bolela gore [[:en:Genetic_markers|matshwao a bone a dijini]] e ne e le one a ntlha go kgaogana le a bagologolwane ba bontsi jwa batho ba bangwe ba segompieno (''Homo sapiens sapiens''). Tokomane ya [[:en:PBS|Tirelo ya Phatlalatso ya Setšhaba (PBS)]] e e theilweng mo bukeng e latela matshwao ano go ralala lefatshe lotlhe, e bontsha gore batho botlhe ba ka latedisiwa go boela kwa [[:en:African_continent|karolong e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Aforika]] (bona [[:en:Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans|Tshimologo ya bosheng ya Aforika ya batho ba segompieno]], se se bidiwang "go tswa mo Aforika" kakanyo).[citation needed] Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa [[:en:The_Life_of_Mammals#10._.22Food_for_Thought.22|''The Life of Mammals'']] ( ngwaga wa 2003) o akaretsa ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tsa Basarwa ya tlholego ya sekaka sa Kalahari e [[:en:Persistence_hunt|tsoma mo go sa kgaotseng]] ga [[:en:Kudu|kudu]] mo maemong a a bogale a sekaka.<ref>[[:en:David_Attenborough|Attenborough, David]] (5 February 2003). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o "Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)"]. ''[[:en:The_Life_of_Mammals|The Life of Mammals]]''. BBC. [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/826HMLoiE_o Archived] from the original on 4 November 2021.</ref> E fa setshwantsho sa kafa motho wa bogologolo a ka tswang a ne a latelela le go tshwara diphologolo ka gone a sa dirise dibetsa tse dintsi. Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa [[:en:How_Art_Made_the_World|Kafa Botaki bo Dirileng Lefatshe ka Gone (''How Art Made the World)'']] (wa ngwaga ya 2005) o bapisa [[:en:Rock_art_of_the_Bushmen|ditshwantsho tsa logaga tsa Basarwa]] tsa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng le [[:en:Ice_Age_art|ditshwantsho tsa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Europe tsa Paleolithic]] tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bone.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/pictures/san/ "How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa"]. ''www.pbs.org''. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga tsone, ditiro tsa Basarwa di ka bontsha mabaka a ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo tsa magaga. Mogasi [[:en:Nigel_Spivey|Nigel Spivey]] o dirisa thata tiro ya ga Moporofesara [[:en:David_Lewis-Williams|David Lewis-Williams]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155006/http://6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br/ "Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR".] ''6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br''. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</ref> yo maemo a a kwa godimo a thuto ya Mmadikolo ya PhD ya gagwe e neng e na le setlhogo se se reng "Go Dumela le go Bona (Believing and Seeing): Bokao jwa tshwantshetso mo ditshwantshong tsa matlapa tsa kwa borwa jwa Basarwa". Lewis-Williams o tshwantsha dikamano magareng ga botaki jwa pele ga ditso mo lefatsheng lotlhe, a bo a bo golaganya le dingwao tsa shaman le maemo a go tsenwa ke tlhaloganyo (trance). == Ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso le mmino == [[Setshwantsho:Rock painting in Twyfelfontein3.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se takilweng mo lefikeng sa monna mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein]] Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1969, [[:en:Lost_in_the_Desert|Go latlhega mo sekakeng (Lost in the Desert)]], se bontsha mosimane yo monnye, yo o latlhegileng mo sekakeng, yo o kopanang le setlhopha sa Basarwa ba ba kgarakgatshegang. Ba mo thusa mme morago ba mo latlhe ka ntlha ya go sa tlhaloganye mo go bakilweng ke go tlhoka puo le setso se se tshwanang. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se ne se laolwa ke [[:en:Jamie_Uys|Jamie Uys]], yo o neng a boela kwa Basarweng morago ga dingwaga di le lesome ka [[:en:The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy|Medimo e tshwanetse ya bo e dira dilo tse di sa tlwaelegang (The Gods Must Be Crazy)]], e e neng ya itshupa e le katlego ya boditšhabatšhaba. Metlae e e bontsha kopano ya ntlha ya setlhopha sa Basarwa ba Kalahari le [[:en:Cultural_artifact|sediriswa]] se se dirilweng ka diatla go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le kwa ntle (lebotlolo la [[:en:Coca-Cola|Coca-Cola]]). Ka nako ya fa setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se e ne se dirwa, ba ǃKung ba ne ba sa tswa go patelediwa go tsena mo metseng e e sa direng sepe, mme Basarwa ba ba neng ba thapilwe jaaka badiragatsi ba ne ba tlhakantswe tlhogo ke ditaelo tsa go diragatsa dipheteletso tse di sa nepagalang tsa botshelo jwa bone jwa go tsoma le go phutha jo bo batlileng bo tlogetswe.<ref>''[[:en:Nǃai,_the_Story_of_a_ǃKung_Woman|Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]].'' Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.</ref> "[[:en:Eh_Hee|Eh Hee]]" ka [[:en:Dave_Matthews_Band|Dave Matthews Band]] e kwadilwe jaaka go tsosa mmino le setso sa Basarwa. Mo kgannyeng e e neng ya bolelelwa bareetsi ba [[:en:Radio_City_Music_Hall|Radio City]] (mofuta o o rulagantsweng wa yone o tlhagelela mo mofuteng wa sedirisiwa sa polokelo ya tshedimosetso sa DVD wa [[:en:Live_at_Radio_City|Live at Radio City]]), Matthews o gakologelwa a utlwa mmino wa Basarwa mme, fa a botsa mokaedi wa gagwe gore mafoko a dipina tsa bone ke afe, o ne a bolelelwa gore "ga go na mafoko a dipina tseo, ka gonne dipina tseo, re ne re ntse re di opela pele ha batho ba nna le mafoko." O tswelela ka go tlhalosa pina eo e le "tlotlo ya gagwe ya go kopana le... batho ba ba gatetseng pele thata mo lefatsheng le legolo la legodimo le le dikologang naledi kgotsa letsatsi." === Buka ya maitemogelo a motho === [[Setshwantsho:Giraffe, Twyfelfontein.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se gabilweng mo lefikeng sa thutlwa mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein]] Mo bukeng ya maitemogelo a ga [[:en:Peter_Godwin_(writer)|Peter Godwin]] [[:en:When_a_Crocodile_Eats_the_Sun|''Fa Kwena e Ja Letsatsi ( When a Crocodile Eats the Sun,)'']], o umaka nako ya gagwe e a e feditseng le Basarwa go dira kabelo nngwe. Setlhogo sa gagwe se tswa mo tumelong ya Basarwa ya gore phifalo ya letsatsi e diragala fa kwena e ja letsatsi.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] === Dipadi === Dipadi tse pedi tsa ga [[:en:Laurens_van_der_Post|Laurens van der Post]], ''Kgang e e Tshwanang le Phefo (A Story Like The Wind)'' (ya ngwaga wa 1972) le tatelano ya yona, Lefelo le le Kgakala ( ''A Far Off Place)''( ya ngwaga wa 1974), tse di dirilweng setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1993, di bua ka ga mosimane wa mosweu yo o kopanang le Mosarwa yo o kgarakgatshegang le mosadi wa gagwe, le ka fa botshelo jwa Basarwa le bokgoni jwa go itshedisa bo bolokang batho ba sekaka.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] [[:en:The_Covenant_(novel)|''Kgolagano ( The Covenant'']]'')'' ya ga [[:en:James_A._Michener|James A. Michener]] ( ya ngwaga wa 1980) ke tiro ya ditshedimoso tsa nnete tsa ditso e e totileng lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Karolo ya ntlha ya buka e amana le loeto lwa morafe wa Basarwa lo lo neng lwa simololwa mo e ka nnang ka dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le boraro Pele ga Motlha wa Rona (13 000 BCE). Mo pading ya ga [[:en:Wilbur_Smith|Wilbur Smith]] ya [[:en:The_Burning_Shore|The Burning Shore]] (karolo mo [[:en:Courtneys_of_Africa_book_series|motseletseleng wa dibuka tsa Courtneys of Africa]]), batho ba Basarwa ba tlhagisiwa ka badiragatsi ba bagolo ba babedi, O'wa le H'ani; Smith o tlhalosa dikgaratlho tsa Basarwa, ditso tsa bone, le ditumelo tsa bone ka botlalo jo bogolo. Baanelwa ba Basarwa le bone ba tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tse dingwe tse dintsi, gantsi ba dira jaaka balatedi le dikaelo tsa badiragatsi ba bagolo ba ga Smith.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Padi ya ga [[:en:Norman_Rush|Norman Rush]] ya ngwaga wa 1991 ya [[:en:Mating_(novel)|Mating]] e bontsha kampa ya Basarwa gaufi le toropo ya lefatshe la Botswana (ya kakanyo) kwa tirokgolo e beilweng teng.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ga [[:en:Tad_Williams|Tad Williams]] tse di kgang e kgolo e e bogale tsa [[:en:Otherland|Otherland]] o bontsha Mosarwa wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa yo o bidiwang ǃXabbu, yo Williams a ipolelang gore o itlhametswe thata, mme e seng kemedi e e nepagetseng. Mo pading, Williams o bitsa dintlha tsa diiinane le setso sa Basarwa.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Ka ngwaga wa 2007, [[:en:David_Gilman_(writer)|David Gilman]] o ne a gatisa buka ya ''Mowa wa ga Diabolo'' (''The Devil's Breath)''. Mongwe wa baanelwabagolo, e ne ele mosimane yo monnye wa Mosarwa yo o bidiwang ǃKoga, o dirisa mekgwa ya setso go thusa moanelwa Max Gordon go kgabaganya lefatshe la Namibia.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Alexander McCall Smith o kwadile motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ditiragalo tse di diragetseng kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Molekane wa moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele wa [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|Setheo sa Matseka sa Basadi sa ntlha ( ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency)'']] Rre J. L. B. Matekoni, o godisa bana ba babedi ba masiela ba Basarwa, kgaitsadie le morwarraagwe Motholeli le Puso.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] Basarwa ba tlhagelela mo dipading di le mmalwa tsa ga Michael Stanley (leina la ga Michael Sears le Stanley Trollip), bogolosegolo mo go Loso lwa Seleetswane (''Death of the Mantis)''. Mo bukeng ya ga [[:en:Christopher_Hope_(novelist)|Christopher Hope]] ya ''Darkest England'', mogaka wa Mosarwa, David Mungo Booi, o fiwa tiro ke batho ba morafe ka ene go kopa Kgosigadi tshireletso e a kileng a e solofetsa, le go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go tlhama kolone mo setlhaketlhakeng. O ne a ribolola lefatshe la Engelane ka mokgwa wa batlhotlhomisi ba Bophirima ba lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga.[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|nopolo e a tlhokega]]] == Batho ba ba tlhomologileng == === ǃkung === * Nǃxau ǂToma * Segosi === Gǁana === * Roy Sesana [[Setshwantsho:!Kweiten-ta ken (also known as Rachel or Griet) 1870s.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa ga ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen fa a ne a le kwa lefelong la Mowbray ka ngwaga wa 1874 go fitlhela ngwaga wa 1875]] === lxam === * Dia!kwane * ǁkabo ǃkweiten-le-Ken === ǂKhomani kgotsa Nǁnǂe === * Dawid Kruiper (yo o buang Sekhoekhoe) * Elsie Vaalbooi (yo o buang Se-Nǁng) * Katrina Esau (yo o buang Se-Nǁng) === Naro === * Cg'ose Ntcox'o * Coexʼae Qgam == Tlhaloso == Ba-San kgotsa Ba-Bushmen ke batho ba borwa jwa Afrika ba ka tlwaelo ba neng ba tshela botshelo jwa go tsoma le go kokoanya mme ba bua dipuo tse e seng tsa Se-Bantu ka ditumammogo tsa click (ka jalo a sa akaretse Se-Twa, Se-Kwisi le Se-Cimba, mme gape le Se-Kwadi le Se-Damara). Bano ba akaretsa babui ba dipuo tse tharo tse di farologaneng ba ba nnang fa gare ga [[Noka ya Okavango]] kwa Botswana le Etosha Phaka ya Bosetshaba kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Namibia]], go ya kwa borwa jwa [[Angola]]; batho ba bogare jwa [[Namibia]] le Botswana, go ya go [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe]]; le batho ba borwa kwa bogare jwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Kalahari]] go ya go [[Noka ya Molopo]], ba mmogo le Ba-Khoekhoe e leng masalela a bofelo a batho ba tlholego ba ba neng ba le bantsi mo nakong e e fetileng ba borwa ba Aforika.<ref name="Barnard">{{Cite book |last=Barnard |first=Alan |year=2007 |title=Anthropology and the Bushman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C |publisher=Berg |isbn=9781847883308 |location=Oxford |pages=4–7}}</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:First_People_of_the_Kalahari|Batho ba Ntlha ba Kalahari]] * [[:en:Kalahari_Debate|Kganetsano ya Kalahari]] * [[:en:Khoisan|Basarwa]] * [[:en:Negro_of_Banyoles|Negro ya Banyoles]] * [[:en:Botswanan_art#San_art|Botaki jwa Botswana § Botaki jwa Basarwa]] * [[:en:Strandloper_(people)|Strandloper]] * [[:en:Vaalpens|Vaalpens]] * [[:en:Contemporary_San_Art|Botaki jwa Segompieno]] * [[:en:!Khwa_ttu|!Kwa ttu]] * [[:en:Contemporary_San_art|Botaki jwa segompieno]] == Dintlha == Bakanoki bangwe ba ganetsa gore ngwao le boitshupo ga di ka ke tsa tsewa e le tse di tlhomameng kgotsa tse di sa fetogeng, segolobogolo mo pakeng e telele jaana .<ref>Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/primordialism-and-the-pleistocene-san-of-southern-africa/45D6E61597C34A496AB5A0B6FA1C7632 "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa]". ''Antiquity''. '''90''' (352).</ref> ==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Botswana]] bj4i1tncjmptda6g3zpmyusmaacfz94 Lefelo la Tsodilo 0 3497 54873 54119 2026-09-14T13:51:20Z IntergratedLearning 12501 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370375449|Tsodilo]]" 54873 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Dithaba tsa Tsodilo(Setswana: Lefelo la Tsodilo) ke Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la UNESCO(WHS), le le nang botaki jwa matlapa, mafelo a tshireletso ya matlapa, dikhuti tse di kwa tlase le magaga kwa Botswana, Borwa jwa Aforika. E ne ya tsenngwa mo lenaaneng la WHS ka ngwaga wa 2001 ka ntlha ya bodumedi jwa yone jo bo kgethegileng mo bathong ba lefelo leo, mmogo le rekoto ya yone e e kgethegileng ya go nna ga batho mo dingwageng di le diketekete. [[UNESCO]] e fopholetsa gore go na le ditshwantsho tse di fetang 4500 tsa mo lefikeng mo lefelong leno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thebe |first=Phenyo |title=Intangible Heritage at Tsodilo Hills |url=https://www.academia.edu/4460523}}</ref> Lefelo leno le na le dithaba di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di itsegeng jaaka Child Hill, Female Hill, le Male Hill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Staurset |first=Sigrid |title=Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana |url=https://www.academia.edu/6144421}}</ref> == Thutafatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana_map.png|left|thumb|193x193px|Mmapa wa Botswana]] Go na le dithota di le nne tse dikgolo. Bogodimo jo bo kwa godimo thata ke dimetara di le 1,400 AMSL,e leng nngwe ya dintlha tse di kwa godimo thata kwa Botswana. Dithaba tse nne gantsi di tlhalosiwa jaaka "Tona" (e e kwa godimodimo), "Tshegadi", "Ngwana", mmogo le thotobolo e e sa bidiwang.<ref name=":0" /> Di ka nna dikilometara di le 40 go tswa kwa [[Shakawe]] mme di ka fitlhelelwa ka tsela ya mmu e e nang le maemo a a siameng.&nbsp; Go na le lefelo le le laolwang la go kampa fa gare ga dithota tse pedi tse dikgolo, le le nang le dishawara le matlwana a boithomelo. E gaufi le ditshwantsho tse di tumileng thata tsa San mo lefelong leno, Laurens van der Post panel [go tlhokega tlhaloso], morago ga mokwadi wa Aforika Borwa yo o neng a tlhalosa ditshwantsho tseno la ntlha mo bukeng ya gagwe ya 1958 ya The Lost World of the Kalahari.  Go na le musiamo o monnye le lebala la boemafofane gaufi le lefelo la go kampa. == Boithutamarope == [[Setshwantsho:Laurens_van_der_Post_Panel.jpg|left|thumb|Phanele sa Laurens van der Post, 2006]] Batho ba dirisitse dithota tsa Tsodilo go penta le go dira meetlo ka diketekete tsa dingwaga. [[UNESCO]] e fopholetsa gore dithaba di na le mafelo a le 500 a a emelang dingwaga di le diketekete tsa go nna ga batho. Botaki jwa mafika a dithaba bo amanngwa le batsomi ba lefelo leo. Go dumelwa gore bagologolwane ba Ba-[[Basarwa|San]] ba ne ba dira dingwe tsa ditshwantsho kwa Tsodilo, mme gape e ne e le bone ba ba neng ba nna mo magageng le mo matlapeng. Go na le bosupi jwa gore Batho ba Ba-Bantu ba ne ba ikarabela ka dingwe tsa ditiro tsa botaki tse di mo dithabeng.<ref name="rhino">{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Lawrence |last2=Murphy |first2=Michael |last3=Campbell |first3=Alec |last4=Brook |first4=George |date=1996 |title=Excavations at the Tsodilo Hills Rhino Cave |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=28 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40980131}}</ref> Dingwe tsa ditshwantsho tseno di ile tsa kwalwa dingwaga di le 24 000 pele ga foo. === Logaga lwa Tshukudu === Rhino Cave e kwa ntlheng ya bokone ya Female Hill mme e na le mabota a mabedi a magolo a ditshwantsho di leng mo go one. Setshwantsho sa White Rhino (se logaga lo reeletsweng ka sone) se mo loboteng lo lo kwa bokone, mme se kgaogantswe ke setshwantsho se sengwe sa Giraffe.<ref name="rhino" /> Go epololwa ga boalo jwa logaga go fitlhetse dilo tse dintsi tsa lithic. Logaga lono ga lo na kgapetla ya lee la mpšhe, dilo tsa marapo, dilo tsa letsopa kgotsa tshipi, mme go ne go na le dikarolwana di le mmalwa tsa kgapetla tsa mongongo tse di fitlhetsweng mo boalong jwa Moragonyana jwa Motlha wa Mantswe.<ref name="rhino" /> [[Setshwantsho:Giraffe_Rock_Art_Painting_Tsodilo.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Botaki sa Giraffe Rock: Tsodilo Hills]] [[Karolo:North-West District (Botswana)]] [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] tua65uto5souzcqfzsspgfnsb2gqwf7 Tlou ya Aforika 0 12736 54878 53986 2026-09-14T14:34:15Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050133/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> Fa kgwebo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dinaka tsa ditlou e ne e simolola gape ka ngwaga wa 2006, tlhokego le tlhwatlhwa ya manaka a ditlou di ne tsa oketsega kwa Asia. [[:en:Zakouma_National_Park|Kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba ya Zakouma]] kwa Chad, go feta ditlou di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa bolawa magareng ga ngwaga wa 2005 le 2010. Paka eo e ne e sena balebeledi ba ba lekaneng go lwantsha go tsoma ka tsela e e seng molaong, e bile dibetsa tsa bone di ne di setse kwa morago. Ditlhopha tse di neng di rulagantswe sentle di ne tsa nolofatsa go rekisa dinaka tseo ka bokukuntshwane go feta ka Sudan.<ref>Poilecot, P. (2010). "[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)"]]. ''Bois et Forêts des Tropiques''. '''303''' (303): 93–102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier):[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454]].</ref> Puso ya Tanzania e ne ya akanyetsa gore go feta ditlou di le dikete di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano di ne tsa bolawa ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ka tsela e e seng molaong magareng ga ngwaga wa 2009 le 2014, se se emelang tatlhegelo ya karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong.<ref>Mathiesen, K. (2015). "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/02/tanzania-epicentre-of-elephant-poaching-census-reveals Tanzania elephant population declined by 60% in five years, census reveals"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa koketsego e kgolo ya go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditlou ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong tsa dinaka tsa ditlou di ne di isiwa kwa China.<ref>[[:en:Jeffrey_Gettleman|Gettleman, J.]] (2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html "Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits"]. The New York Times.</ref> China e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo thata wa dinaka tsa ditlou a a tsomilweng ka tsela e e seng molaong. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015, e ne ya itsise gore e tla emisa ka iketlo go dira le go rekisa ka molao ditlhagisiwa tsotlhe tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa ditlou.<ref>Ryan, F. (2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally"]. The Guardian.</ref> Dikgotlhang magareng ga ditlou le palo e e golang ya batho ke kgang e kgolo mo tshomarelong ya ditlou.<ref name=":14" /> Go tsenelela ga batho mo mafelong a tlholego a ditlou tsa sekgwa di leng mo go one kgotsa go nna teng ga tsone go go oketsegang mo mafelong a a mabapi go dirile gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka mekgwa ya go kgweetsa ditlhopha tsa ditlou kgakala le batho ka tsela e e babalesegileng. Go tshameka medumo e e gatisitsweng ya [[:en:Western_honey_bee|dinotshe tsa tswina tsa Bophirima]] tse di galefileng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhotlheletseng ditlou go tshaba mo lefelong lengwe.<ref>King, L. E.; [[:en:Iain_Douglas-Hamilton|Douglas-Hamilton, I.]]; Vollrath, F. (2007). "[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees".]] Current Biology. 17 (19): R832–R833. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R832K 2007CBio...17.R832K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17925207 17925207]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30014793 30014793].</ref> Balemirui ba lekile go tshosa ditlou ka ditsela tse di bogale jaaka molelo kgotsa tiriso ya dipepere tsa tšhilisi go bapa le magora go sireletsa dijalo tsa bona.<ref>Snyder, K.; Mneney, P.; Benjamin, B.; Mkilindi, P.; Mbise, N. (2019). "[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania"]]. Oryx. 55 (1): 139–149. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|10.1017/S0030605318001382]].</ref> Matshosetsi a magolo a ditlou tsa Aforika ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go tsomiwa, mo godimo ga matshosetsi a a magolo, a a tshwenyang thata, go ne ga tlhaga matshosetsi a sešweng a a akaretsang dikgoreletsi tse di dirilweng ke batho le phetolo ya naga e e amang thata le go lekanyetsa motsamao le go anamisiwa ga ditlou tsa Aforika. Kago ya magora, ditsela, dintlha tsa metsi tsa maitirelo, le mafatshe a temothuo di begile ditlamorago tse di masisi mo go fetoleng mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego, go kgaoganya mafelo a bodulo, le go lekanyetsa phitlhelelo ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18">Loarie, Scott R.; Van Aarde, R.J.; Pimm, S.L. (2009). "Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns". Biological Conservation. 142 (12): 3086–3098. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008|10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008]].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse tsa maitirelo di ka dira gore ditlou tsa Aforika di itemogele kgaisano e e oketsegileng ka ge metswedi le mafelo a a kgaogantsweng a na le selekanyo mme di tla lebisa kwa kgotlhang e e gagametseng ya batho le ditlou ka ge ditlou di patelesega go atolosa mafelo a tsona go ya kwa kgotsa gaufi le mafelo a temothuo le mafatshe a a laolwang ke batho.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">Blanc, J.J.; Barnes, Richard F.W.; Craig, G.C.; Dublin, H.T.; Thouless, C.R.; Douglas-Hamilton, Ian; Hart, J.A. (2007). African elephant status report 2007: an update from the African elephant database. IUCN. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en|10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0970-3|978-2-8317-0970-3.]]</ref> == Tshomarelo == Ka ngwaga wa 1986, Polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya Ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya simololwa ka boikaelelo jwa go ela tlhoko seemo sa dipalopalo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika. Polokelo ya tshedimosetso e e akaretsa dipholo go tswa mo dipatlisisong tsa kwa godimo, dipalo tsa boloko, dipotsolotso le batho ba selegae le tshedimosetso ka ga go tsoma.<ref>Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). [https://www.dropbox.com/s/7a8w3kk6r9hzm0r/AfESG%20African%20Elephant%20Status%20Report%202016.pdf?dl=1 African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 60. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1813-2|978-2-8317-1813-2]].[permanent dead link]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa1989, [[:en:Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora|Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Diphologolo le Dimela tsa Nag]]<nowiki/>a e ne ya tsenya tlou ya Afrika mo lenaaneng la [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|Mametlelelo]] [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|a ntlha ya CITES]]. Lenaane leno le ne le thibela kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditlou tsa Afrika le dikarolo tsa mmele wa tsone ke dinaga tse di saenileng tumalano ya CITES. Go tsoma ditlou go thibetswe kwa Repaboliking ya Afrika Bogare, kwa Repaboliking ya puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo, kwa Gabon, kwa Côte d’Ivoire le kwa Senegal. Morago ga gore thibelo e tsene tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1990, thekiso ya ditshwantsho tse di [[:en:Ivory_carving|betlilweng tsa lonaka lwa tlou]] mo Aforika Borwa e wetse tlase ka go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200103093454/https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999"] (PDF). Pachyderm. 30 (30): 24–36. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035|10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035.]] Archived from [https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 the original] (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</ref> Ka ntlha ya thibelo ya kgwebisano, palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya boela mannong kwa dinageng tsa [[:en:Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Aforika]].<ref>Blanc, J. J.; Barnes, R. F. W.; Craig, G. C.; Dublin, H. T.; Thouless, C. R.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Hart, J. A. (2007)[https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/SSC-OP-033.pdf . African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 33. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group.</ref> Setlhopha sa Baitseanape ba Ditlou tsa Aforika se tlhomile ''Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Dikgotlhang tsa Batho le Ditlou'' ka maikaelelo a go tlhama maano a go fokotsa dikgotlhang.<ref>Naughton, L.; Rose, R.; Treves, A. (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228594746 The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: A literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon.] Madison: University of Wisconsin.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2005, [[:en:West_African_Elephant_Memorandum_of_Understanding|Memorantamo wa Kutlwano wa Ditlou tsa]] [[:en:West_African_Elephant_Memorandum_of_Understanding|Bophirima jwa Aforika]] o ne wa bewa mowana ke mafatshe a le lesome le bobedi tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika. [[:en:Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals|Tumalano ya Tshomarelo ya Mefuta e e Fudugang ya Diphologolo tsa Naga]] e ne ya tlamela ka tshegetso ya matlole dingwaga di le nne go diragatsa Leano la Tshomarelo ya Ditlou la Aforika Bophirima, le le bopang karolo e e botlhokwa ya tumalano eno ya dipuso.<ref>Dublin, H. (2005). "[https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/17713 African Elephant Specialist Group report"]. Pachyderm (39): 1–9.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, thomelo ya kwa ntle ya ditlou tsa naga tsa Aforika kwa di-zoo go ralala lefatshe e ne ya thibelwa, kwa ntle ga phapogo e e neng ya okediwa ke EU go letla thomelontle mo "maemong a a sa tlwaelegang a mo go one ... go tsewang gore go fudusediwa kwa mafelong a pele ga tsone go tla tlamela ka melemo e e bonalang ya tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika". Pele, thomelontle e ne e letleletswe mo Aforika Borwa ka Zimbabwe e tshwara le go romela ntle masea a ditlou a a fetang lekgolo kwa lefelong la polokelo ya diphologolo tsa naga tsa China fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/27/near-total-ban-imposed-on-sending-wild-african-elephants-to-zoos "Near-total ban imposed on sending wild African elephants to zoos"].</ref> Go fitlhetswe gore tshomarelo ya ditlou ga e tlhole kgwebisano le [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|phokotso ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo]] sa bosa. Le fa diphologolo ka tlwaelo di baka phokotsego ya palo yotlhe ya bokete jwa ditshedi mo lefelong ya logong mme ka jalo le khabone e e fa godimo ga mmu, di rotloetsa [[:en:Carbon_sequestration|go tshwarwa ga khabone mo mmung]].<ref>Sandhage-Hofmann, A.; Linstädter, A.; Kindermann, L.; Angombe, S.; Amelung, W. (2021). [[doi:10.1111/gcb.15779|"Conservation with elevated elephant densities sequesters carbon in soils despite losses of woody biomass"]]. Global Change Biology. 27 (19): 4601–4614. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GCBio..27.4601S 2021GCBio..27.4601S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1111/gcb.15779|:10.1111/gcb.15779]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197679 34197679].</ref> === Ditogamaano tsa tshomarelo === Mekgwa ya tshomarelo ya sešweng ya ditlou tsa Aforika e tsepamisitswe thata mo taolong ya maemo a kgaolo le tlhokomelo ya kgolagano ya tikologo magareng ga mafelo a a kgaoganeng moo mabaka a maitirelo e leng ntlha e kgolo e e tlhotlheletsang palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika. Ka go ranola mo ditselaneng tsa khudugo a diphologolo le ka go tsweletsa kgolagano magareng ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng, e tla tshegetsa mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego le phitlhelelo e e lekalekanang ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18" />Maano a tshomarelo a tla akaretsa maiteko a go koafatsa ditlamorago tsa mafaratlhatlha a batho jaaka go tlosa magora le go tokafatsa thulaganyo ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e tla tshitshinyang go fokotsa go kgaogana ga bonno le kgotlhang ya ditlou tsa batho.<ref name=":18" />  Dintlha tse dingwe tse di tla nonotshang tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika di akaretsa taolo e e gokagantsweng ya boditšhabatšhaba jaaka fa mafelo a ditlou a anamisitswe ka bophara go ralala dipoa tsa Aforika le dikgaolo tsa go lea diphologolo tsa naga, le go kopanngwa ga baagi ba selegae mo thulaganyong ya tshomarelo.<ref name=":19" /> == Tsa Ngwao == [[Setshwantsho:Elephant african mask.jpg|thumb|Maseke o o naleng sebobedo sa tlou kwa Ivory Coast]] Di [[:en:Culture_of_Africa|ngwao tsa Aforika]] ka bontsi di tlotla tlou e le sesupo sa nonofo le maatla.<ref>http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=77". EDGE: Mammal Species Information. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130710032204/http://www.cms.int/species/elephants/index.htm West African Elephants]". Convention on Migratory Species. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref>E gape e tlotliwa ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yone, boleele jwa botshelo, boitshoko, botlhale, moya wa tirisanommogo le [[:en:Loyalty|boikanyego]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130330072035/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/category/exhibitions-education/elephant-animal-and-its-ivory-african-culture "Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture".] Fowler Museum at UCLA. Archived from [http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/category/exhibitions-education/elephant-animal-and-its-ivory-african-culture the original] on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</ref> Bohlokwa jwa yone mo ditumelong bo ikaegile thata ka go e tsaya e le [[:en:Totemism|phologolo e e emelang losika]] kgotsa setlhopha sa batho (totem).<ref>Sukumar, R. (2003). "The capture and use of the African elephant". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–88. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510778-4|978-0-19-510778-4.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935260783 935260783].</ref> Merafe e le mentsi e ne e dumela gore dikgosi tsa yone di tla tsalwa gape e le ditlou fa di sena go tlhokafala. Mo lekgolong la bolesome la dingwaga, batho ba [[:en:Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo-Ukwu]] kwa Nigeria ba ne ba fitlha baeteledipele ba bone ba na le manaka a tlou.<ref>Wylie, D. (2009). Elephant. Reaktion Books. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-615-5|978-1-86189-615-5]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/740873839 740873839].</ref> [[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]] e dirisa dinaka tsa tlou mo [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa|sekapeng sa bosetšhaba]] (letshwao la semmuso la puso kgotsa la naga) go emela botlhale, maatla, tekatekano le botshelo jo bo sa khutleng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120904094036/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm National Coat of Arms"]. South African Government Information. Archived from [http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm the original] on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</ref> Mo [[:en:Kingdom_of_Dahomey|Bogosing jwa Dahomey]] kwa Bophirima jwa Aforika (jo jaanong bo bidiwang [[:en:Benin|Benin]]), tlou e ne e amanngwa le babusi ba lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga ba [[:en:Fon_people|morafe wa Fon]], e bong [[:en:Guezo|Guezo]] le morwawe [[:en:Glele|Glele]].[a] Go dumelwa gore phologolo e e emela nonofo, boswa jwa bogosi le segopotso se se nnang tsotlhe, jaaka go bontshiwa ke maele a a reng: ''"Kwa tlou e fetang mo sekgweng, tsotlhe di a itse,''" le ''"Diphologolo di gata mo lefatsheng, mme tlou yona e gata fa batshe ka maatla.''"<ref>"[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318417 Elephant Figure | Fon peoples | The Met".] The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</ref> Folaga ya bone e ne e na le setshwantsho sa tlou e rwetse serwalo sa bogosi. ==== E le matshwao a bosetšhaba ==== [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Central_African_Republic|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Lefatshe la Bogare jwa Aforika]] se na le tlhogo ya tlou mo karolong e e kwa godimo ka molema ya thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Guinea]] se se neng se dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1958 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1984 se ne se na le tlou ya gouta mo gare ga thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Ivory_Coast|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)]] se dirisa tlhogo ya tlou e le letshwao le legolo la sesupo sa sona. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Rephaboliki ya Congo]] se na le ditlou di le pedi tse di tshwereng thebe. [[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini|Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Eswatini]] se na le tlou le tau tse di emeng tsotlhe di tshegetsa thebe. == Bona gape == * [[:en:Africa's_Elephant_Kingdom|''Bogosi jwa Ditlou jwa Aforika'']] * [[:en:List_of_individual_elephants|Lenaane la ditlou ka bongwe]] Dintlha a. Guezo le Glele ba ne ba busa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1818 go ya go kwa ngwageng wa 1858 le go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1858 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1889, ka go latelana . == Metswedi == <references /> == Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle == * "[https://www.cms.int/en/species/loxodonta-africana Loxodonta africana]". ''Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.'' 2020. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318112402/http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/about_elephants.htm Elephant Information Repository] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318112402/http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/about_elephants.htm|date=18 March 2009}} – An in-depth resource on elephants * [http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/MtElgon/index.htm "Elephant caves" of Mt Elgon National Park] * [https://elephantvoices.org/ ElephantVoices] – Resource on elephant vocal communications * [https://www.elephanttrust.org/ Amboseli Trust for Elephants] – Interactive web site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151107212924/http://anotherelephant.org/ Another Elephant] – A hub for saving the elephants. * David Quammen (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080826010035/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/samburu-elephants/quammen-text "Family ties – The elephants of Samburu"]. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/samburu-elephants/quammen-text the original] on 26 August 2008. * [https://eia-international.org/ EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc] * [https://us.eia.org/ EIA (in the USA) reports etc] * [https://elephantconservation.org/elephants/african-elephants/ International Elephant Foundation] * 8e8qtix4znexvvfmdalqb42iui5qatq Rainwater harvesting 0 13744 54872 54177 2026-09-14T12:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 54872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]] '''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}</ref> go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}</ref> Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}</ref> == __GO BEELETSA METSI A PULA_ == [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]] '''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}</ref> go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}</ref> Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}</ref> == Ditiriso == [[File:03242012Taller_sostenibilidad_lore037.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula, khamphase ya Mexico City, Sekolo sa Monterrey sa Maranyane le Thuto e e kgolwane]] [[File:Cistern_in_the_Mission_District,_San_Francisco,_California.jpg|thumb|Tanka, Kgaolo ya Borongwa, San Fransisko, California]] [[File:Gibraltar_East_Side_Water_Catchments_in_1992.jpg|thumb|Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula, Letlhakore la Botlhaba la Gibraltar, 1992]] [[File:Panarea01.jpg|thumb|Lelwapa, le le nang le dinkgo go kokoanya metsi a pula mo marulelong, Panarea, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Aeolian, kwa bokone jwa Sicily, [[Italia|Italy]] ]] [[File:UDDT_with_rainwater_harvesting_(3441547910).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go kokoanya metsi a pula le go tlhapa diatla mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo kwa [[Kenya]] .]] [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_in_Burkina_Faso_(2957138439).jpg|thumb|Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula kwa Burkina Faso]] [[File:Rainwater_Harvesting_and_Plastic_Pond_2.JPG|thumb|Letamo la Polasetiki la go beeletsa Metsi a Pula, Nepal, 2013 ]] [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_systems_in_Kiribati_(10715703914).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula, kwa Kiribati ]] === Tiriso ya mo gae === Go beeletsa metsi a pula go tswa mo marulelong go dirisiwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang, metsi a mo gae, metsi a leruo, metsi a go nosetsa mo go botlana, le tsela ya go oketsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain Water Harvesting in Flats |url=https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |website=Uttarayangroup |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619085457/https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morales Rojas |first=Eli |last2=Díaz Ortiz |first2=Edwin Adolfo |last3=Medina Tafur |first3=Cesar Augusto |last4=García |first4=Ligia |last5=Oliva |first5=Manuel |last6=Rojas Briceño |first6=Nilton B. |date=2021 |title=A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation |journal=Scientifica |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2021/4136379 |issn=2090-908X |pmc=8548140 |pmid=34712503 |doi-access=free |article-number=4136379}}</ref> Kenya e setse e ntse e atlega ka go beeletsa metsi a pula go dirisiwa mo matlwaneng a boithomelo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go nosetsa. Fa e sa le go tlhongwa Molao wa Metsi wa 2016, Kenya e beile kwa pele go laola madirelo a lone a temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act |url=https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726195032/https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021 |website=2030wrg}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, mafelo mangwe kwa Australia a dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng go apaya le go nwa. <ref name="Amos 174–190">{{Cite journal |last=Amos |first=Caleb Christian |last2=Rahman |first2=Ataur |last3=Karim |first3=Fazlul |last4=Gathenya |first4=John Mwangi |date=November 2018 |title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=202 |pages=174–190 |bibcode=2018JCPro.202..174A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108 |issn=0959-6526 |s2cid=158718294}}</ref> === Temothuo === Mabapi le temothuo ya ditoropo, go beeletsa metsi a pula mo ditoropong go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa go elela ga metsi le merwalela. Go kopanya marulelo a ‘tshomarelo’ a toropo le tse di dirisiwang go beeletsa metsi a pula di fitlhetswe di fokotsa mogote wa dikago ka go feta 1.3 degrees Celsius. Go beeletsa metsi a pula mmogo le temothuo ya ditoropo e ka nna tsela e e ka kgonegang ya go thusa go fitlhelela Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang a Ditšhabakopano a ditoropo tse di phepa le tse di tswelelang, botsogo le boitekanelo, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi ( Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 6 ). Maranyane a teng, le fa go ntse jalo, a tlhoka go tlhabololwa gore a kgone go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e botoka go fokotsa tshenyo, segolobogolo mo lefelong la toropo. Matsholo mo mafatsheng a Caribbean a le matlhano a supile gore go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a a elelang a pula go dirisiwa morago go kgona go fokotsa kotsi ya go latlhegelwa ke bontlhabongwe jwa thobo kgotsa yotlhe ya ngwaga ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya mmu kgotsa metsi . Mo godimo ga moo, dikotsi tse di amanang le morwalela le kgogolego ya mmu ka dipaka tsa pula e ntsi di ne di ka fokotsega. Balemibarui ba bannye, segolo jang ba ba lemang mo dithabeng, ba ka solegelwa molemo thata ke go beeletsa metsi a pula ka gore ba kgona go tshwara metsi a a elelang le go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa kgogolego ya mmu. <ref name="Fletcher-Paul-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher-Paul |first=Dr. Lystra |title=Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |url-status=live |journal=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184846/http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-25 |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi, segolo jang a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Qiang |year=2015 |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-287-964-6 |location=Beijing |page=20 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela mo dithoteng le mo mekgokoloseng. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go beeletswa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . <ref name="PracticalAction-2019">{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting |url=http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110251/https://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |access-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong, matamo le matangwana a ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula gore le mo malatsing a pula e nnye kgotsa e seyo, go nne le a a lekaneng go nosetsa dijalo. === Madirelo === [[Frankfurt airport|Lebala la difofane la Frankfurt]] bo na le thulaganyo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa Jeremane, go bolokwa metsi a a ka nnang dikhubikimitara di le sedikadike se le se ngwe ka ngwaga. Madi a a dirisitsweng mo thulaganyo e e ne e le didikadike di le 1.5 (USD$63 000) ka 1993. Thulaganyo e e kokoanya metsi mo marulelong a theminale e e ntšhwa e e nang le lefelo la disekweremitara di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro le makgolo a le boferabobedi. Metsi a kokoangwa mo kamoreng e ka fa tlase ya lebala la difofane mo ditankeng di thataro tse di nang le bokgoni jwa polokelo ba dikhubiki mithara di le lekgolo. Metsi a dirisiwa thata mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa dimela le go phepafatsa thulaganyo ya go tsidifatsa phefo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting in Germany |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219135902/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |archive-date=2019-02-19 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org}}</ref> Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula go ne ga amogelwa kwa The Velodrome – Phaka ya Diolimpiki ya London – gore go okediwe go itsetsepela ga lefelo le. Go ne ga akanyediwa phokotsego ya tiriso metsi a phaka ye ka masome a le bosupa le boraro mo lekgolong. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga akanngwa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula e ne e le tiriso e e seng mosola thata mo letsenong la madi go oketsa go itsetsepela go na le thulaganyo ya go dirisa metsi a mantsho gape ya phaka. <ref name="ODA-2011">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project |url=http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062004/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=Olympic Delivery Authority}}</ref> == Maranyane == Ka tlwaelo, taolo ya metsi a pula ka go dirisa dibeisane tsa go beeletsa go ne go dira tiro e le nngwe fela. Le fa go ntse jalo, taolo e e tokafaditsweng ya nako ya nnete e dira gore mafaratlhatlha a a nne gabedi jaaka motswedi wa go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa ntle le go senya bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go beeletsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-03 |title=Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud |url=https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805142833/https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |archive-date=2019-08-05 |access-date=11 January 2015 |website=M. C.}}</ref> Se se dirisitswe kwa ntlokgolong ya EPA go ntsha metsi a a bolokilweng pele ga ditiragalo tsa pula ya matlakadibe, ka jalo go lepalepana le seemo sa bosa mme gape go netefadiwa gore metsi a teng go dirisiwa gape morago. Se se na le mosola wa go oketsa boleng jwa metsi a a golotsweng le go fokotsa selekanyo sa metsi a a golotsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tse di kopantsweng tsa go phophoma ga kgopoleswe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |date=2014-11-11 |title=The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114145530/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=CNN Money}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Andrea |title=Making Green Work, and Work Harder |url=http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195602/http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Geosyntec |page=5}}</ref> Ka kakaretso, matamo a go tlhola a agiwa go kgabaganya melatswana go tokafatsa go tsenelela ga metsi a fa godimo mo dikarolong tsa mmu o o ka fa tlase . Go tsenelela ga metsi mo lefelong le le kgobokanetsweng ke metsi la matamo a go tlhola go ka tokafadiwa ka maitirelo go menagane ka go tlhofofatsa mmu yo o ka fa tlase go dirisiwa dilo tse di thunyang tsa ANFO jaaka di dirisiwa mo meepong e e bulegileng . Ka jalo, matamo a a ka fa tlase a a mo lefelong a ka tlatswa ka bofefo go dirisiwa metsi a a leng teng a fa godimo ka botlalo go dirisiwa mo pakeng ya komelelo. === Thulaganyo ya tsamaiso === Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di ka farologana ka botegeniki, go tswa mo dithulaganyong tse di ka tsenngwang ka bokgoni jo bonnye, go ya kwa dithulaganyong tse di itirisang tse di tlhokang go rulaganngwa le go tsenngwa ga maemo a a kwa godimo. Thulaganyo ya motheo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tiro ya diphaephe go na le tiro ya setegeniki, ka gonne mafelo otlhe a go tswa metsi a a tswang mo moseleng wa kago a golagantswe ka lethombo go ya kwa tankeng e e ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e e bolokang metsi. Go na le dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di tsenngwang mo dithulaganyong tse di jalo, jaaka ditlhotlhi tsa pele (bona sekao, setlhotlhi sa vortex ), mesele/mesele, ditshodi tsa polokelo, le go ikaegile ka gore a thulaganyo e na le kgatelelo, gape le dipompo, le didiriswa tsa kalafi jaaka mabone a UV, didiriswa tsa go babalela metsi le didiriswa tsa morago ga go tlhotlha. Dithulaganyo di bogolo jo bo siameng go fitlhelela tlhokego ya metsi mo pakeng yotlhe ya komelelo ka e tshwanetse go nna kgolo go tshegetsa tiriso ya metsi ya letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka tlhamalalo, lefelo le le tshwarang pula jaaka borulelo jwa kago le tshwanetse go nna le legolo jo bo letlang go ka tshegetsa go elela ga metsi mo go lekaneng. Bogolo jwa tanka ya polokelo ya metsi bo tshwanetse go nna bogolo jo bo lekaneng go tshola metsi a a beeleditsweng.Mo dithulaganyong tsa maranyane a a kwa tlase, go dirisiwa mekgwa e le mentsi ya botegeniki jo bo kwa tlase go tshwara metsi a pula: dithulaganyo tsa marulelo, go beeletsa metsi a a kwa godimo, le go pompa metsi a pula a a setseng a tseneletse mo mmung kgotsa a netse mo matangwaneng le go a boloka mo ditankeng. === Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula ka diphanele tsa marang a letsatsi === Metswedi ya metsi ya boleng jo bo siameng gaufi le mafelo a a nang le batho e a tlhokega e bile e ja madi a mantsi mo bajibareking. Mo godimo ga marang a letsatsi le a phefo, metsi a pula ke motswedi o mogolo o o ntšhafadiwang mo lefatsheng lengwe le lengwe. Mafelo a magolo a ntse a khurumediwa ke diphanele tsa PV tsa letsatsi ngwaga le ngwaga mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe. Diphanele tsa letsatsi di ka dirisiwa gape go beeletsa bontsi jwa metsi a pula a a welang mo go tsone mme go nwa metsi a a boleng, a a senang megare le dilo tse di emisitsweng, a ka tlhagisiwa ka dithulaganyo tse di motlhofo tsa go tlhotlha le go bolaya megare ka gore metsi a pula a na le letswai le le kwa tlase thata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems. |url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |archive-date=2018-07-09 |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="inh">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |archive-date=2019-08-10 |access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> Go dirisa metsi a pula go dira didirisiwa tse di okeditsweng boleng jaaka metsi a a nowang a a tsentsweng mo mabotlolong go dira gore dipolante tsa marang a letsatsi tsa PV di nne le dipoelo le mo mafelong a pula e e nang thata kgotsa a a nang le maru ka go dira lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. Bosheng jaana, go kokoanya metsi a pula ka tsela e e somarelang madi mo didibeng tse di leng teng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhatloseng maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa India. === Tse dingwe tse di tlhamilweng === Groasis Waterboxx ke sekai sa maranyane a sekale se se kwa tlase, mo ntlheng e go thusa go jala ditlhare mo lefelong le le omileng. E beeletsa metsi a pula le monyo. Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Botsamaisi jwa Metsi a Pula ke lenaneo la tshomarelo ya metsi le le rotloeditsweng ke UNCCD le Tswaragano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ka Metsi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP) |url=https://droughtclp.unccd.int/blog/global-rainwater-management-program-grmp |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=droughtclp.unccd.int |language=en}}</ref> == Mosola == Go beeletsa metsi a pula go fa thusa ka go phatlalatsa metsi mo go ikemetseng mo dinakong tsa melawana ya dithibelo tsa metsi mo kgaolong, gape mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, gantsi go dirisiwa go tlatsa metsi a a dirisiwang ke botlhe. E tlamela ka metsi fa go nna le leuba, e ka thusa go fokotsa morwalela wa mafelo a a kwa tlase, le go fokotsa tlhokego ya didiba tse di ka kgontshang maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go tswelela. Go beeletsa metsi a pula go oketsa go nna teng ga metsi ka dipaka tsa komelelo ka go oketsa metsi a didiba tse di kgadileng. Metsi a a fa godimo a nna a le teng go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng ka jalo go fokotsa go ikaega ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe fela. Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu ka go timola letswai la mmu. Ga go bake kgotlelo e bile ga go senye tikologo. Go somarela madi e bile go kgonega motlhofo. Go thusa gape mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a nowang, ka metsi a pula a se letswai gape a sena matswai ape a mangwe. Ditiriso tsa go kokoanya metsi a pula mo thulaganyong ya metsi a toropo di tlamela ka mosola o mogolo mo dithulaganyongpotlana tsa tlamelo ya metsi le tsa metsi a a leswe ka go fokotsa tlhokego ya [[Kgotlelesego ya metsi|metsi a a phepa]] mo dithulaganyong tsa phatlalatso ya metsi, metsi a pula a a elelang a mannye mo dithulaganyong tsa kgopoleswe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behzadian |first=k |last2=Kapelan |first2=Z |date=2015 |title=Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/17351/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b.pdf |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=527-528 |pages=220–231 |bibcode=2015ScTEn.527..220B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 |hdl=10871/17351 |pmid=25965035 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le phokotso ya go elela ga metsi a pula a a kgotlelang metsi a a phepa mo dinokeng. Setlhopha segolo sa tiro se remeletse mo tlhabololong ya tshekatsheko ya tsela ya botshelo le mekgwa ya yone ya go dira ditshenyegelo go sekaseka maemo a ditlamorago tsa tikologo le madi a a ka bolokwang ka go tsenya tirisong dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula. <ref name="inh"/> === Phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng === Go beeletsa metsi a pula go thusa ka phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng ka dinako tsa thibelo metsi. Mo mafelong a metsi a a phepa a tlhwatlhwagodimo, kgotsa go leng thata go a bona, go beeletsa a metsi a pula ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a phepa. Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, metsi a pula gantsi a beeletswa go dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa tlaleletso wa metsi go na le motswedi o mogolo, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa metsi tsa lelapa kgotsa selekanyo tiriso ka kakaretso. Metsi a pula a babalesegile go ka nowa fa bajibareki ba dira diphepafatso tse dingwe pele ba ka a nwa. Go bedisa metsig go thusa go bolaya megare. Go oketsa tlaleletso e nngwe mo thulaganyong jaaka diverter ya ntlha ya go tlhatswa le yona ke tsamaiso e e tlwaelegileng go tila dikgotletsi tsa metsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Collection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004255/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-date=2020-04-06 |website=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> === Tlaleletso ka leuba === Fa go nna le leuba, metsi a pula a a neng a beeleditswe mo dikgweding tse di fetileng a ka dirisiwa. Fa pula e le nnye mme gape e sa lepege, tiriso ya thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna botlhokwa mo go tshwareng pula fa e na. Mafatshe a le mantsi a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela go ya kwa tlase. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go kokoanngwa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong mme ditanka di ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula. Mo godimo ga moo, go beeletsa metsi a pula go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo didibeng, mme se se dira gore selekanyo sa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe se kgone go tswelela pele go na le go fokotsega. === Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo === Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo ke mokgwa o o dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa tikologo tsa thulaganyo go tswa mo tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa botshelo jwa yone. Devkota et al, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=J. |last2=Schlachter |first2=H. |last3=Anand |first3=C. |last4=Phillips |first4=R. |last5=Apul |first5=Defne |date=November 2013 |title=Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=130 |pages=397–404 |bibcode=2013JEnvM.130..397D |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015 |pmid=24141064}}</ref> <ref name="Devkota 20152">{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021}}</ref> ba tlhamile mokgwa o o jalo wa go beeletsa metsi a pula, mme ba fitlhela gore moalo wa kago (sekao, dilekanyo) le tiro (sekao, thuto, bonno, jj.) di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go diriweng ga thulaganyo ye. Go emelana le dipharametara tsa tiro tsa dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula, go ne ga tlhamiwa meteriki o mošwa – tekanyetso ya tlhokego go tlamelo (D/S) – e e supang kakanyetso e e siameng ya kago (tlamelo) le tiro (tlhokego) mabapi le tiragatso ya tikologo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula go tsamaisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo. Ka mogopolo wa gore phatlalatso ya metsi a pula ga e boloke fela metsi a a nowang mme gape e boloka metsi a pula a a tsenang mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe (ka jalo a tlhoka go phepafadiwa), dipoloko mo mesing ya tikologo di ne di le kwa godimo fa dikago di golagantswe le mafaratlhatlha a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe fa di bapisiwa le tse di kgaoganeng. <ref name="Devkota 20152"/> === Go fokotsa ditshenyegelo === Le fa dithulaganyo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa RWH di ka tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi mo dikgaolong tse di tlhabologang tse di lebaganeng le lehuma, palogare ya ditshenyegelo tsa thulaganyo ya RWH e ka nna tlhwatlhwagodimo go ikaegile ka mofuta wa maranyane a a dirisiwang. Thuso ya puso le diNGO di ka thusa baagi ba ba lebaganeng le lehuma ka go tlamela ka didirisiwa le thuto e e tlhokegang go tlhama le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa RWH. <ref name="Cain-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Cain |first=Nicholas L. |date=2014 |title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting |journal=Consilience |issue=12 |pages=147–157 |issn=1948-3074 |jstor=26476158}}</ref> Dipatlisiso dingwe di supa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tharabololo e e dirisiwang thata mo tlhaelong ya metsi le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi , ka ntlha ya go somarela ditshenyegelo le go sa senye tikologo. <ref name="Cain-2014"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staddon |first=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |date=17 November 2018 |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=Water International |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 |s2cid=158857347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go aga dithulaganyo tse dišwa tse di bonalang, tse di kopantsweng tsa tlamelo ya metsi, jaaka matamo, go na thata le go senya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lefelo, go baka ditshenyegelo tsa setho tsa kwa ntle, mme go na le tiriso e e lekanyeditsweng, bogolosegolo mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang kgotsa mo merafeng e e humanegileng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go tsenya dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula go netefadiwa ke dipatlisiso di le mmalwa go tlamela baagi ba lefelo ka motswedi wa metsi o o tswelelang, o o patiwang ke bomosola jo bongwe jo bontsi, go akaretsa tshireletso mo merwaleleng le taolo ya go elela ga metsi, le mo dikgaolong tse di humanegileng tota. <ref name="Cain-2014" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Furumai |first=Hiroaki |year=2008 |title=Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan}}</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di sa tlhokeng kago e kgolo kgotsa tlhokomelo ya nako le nako ke moitseanape go tswa kwa ntle ga morafe di siame thata mo tikologong mme di ka solegela batho ba lefelo molemo ka nako e telele. <ref name="Cain-2014" /> Ka jalo, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di ka tsenngwang le go tlhokomelwa ke batho ba lefelo leo di na le ditshono tse dikgolo tsa go amogelwa le go dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi. Tiriso ya maranyane mo lefelong e ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa peeletso mo go beeletseng metsi a pula. Maranyane a mo lefelong la go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna mogopolo o o kgonegang mo dikgaolong tsa magae ka gonne go tlhokega didirisiwa tse dinnye go di aga. Di tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi o o ikanyegang o o ka dirisiwang go atolosa dipoelo tsa temothuo. Ditanka tse di fa godimo ga lefatshe di kgona go beeletsa metsi go dirisiwa mo gae ; le fa go ntse jalo, diyuniti tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna tsa pala go rekwa ke batho ba ba humanegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lunduka |first=Rodney |date=2011 |title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316284488 |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Dikgoreletsi == Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tsela e e dirisiwang thata go boloka metsi a pula mo mafatsheng a nang le dikgang tsa leuba. Dikarolo tse mmalwa tsa dipatlisiso di supile le go simolodisa mefuta le bogeteniki jo bo farologaneng go tlhopha mafelo a a siametseng go beeletswa ga metsi a pula. Dipatlisiso dingwe di ne tsa supiwa le go tlhophiwa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go ka agiwang matamo, mmogo le go bona moagi wa moalo mo ArcMap 10.4.1. Moalo yo o ne wa kopanya dipharametara di le mmalwa, jaaka go kgokologa, bokgoni jwa go elela ga metsi, khurumetso/tiriso ya lefatshe, thulaganyo ya molatswana, boleng jwa mmu, le kitso tsa metsi go bona gore lefelo le siametse go beeletsa a metsi a pula. Metsi a a beeleditsweng go tswa mo dithulaganyong tsa RWH a ka nna mannye ka nako ya pula e e kwa tlase ga palogare mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa ditoropo jaaka Botlhabagare . RWH e mosola mo mafelong a a tlhabologang ka gonne e kokoanya metsi go nosetsa le go dirisiwa mo gae. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a kgobokantsweng a tshwanetse go sefiwa sentle go netefatsa gore a nowa ka pabalesego. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=J. |last2=Husary |first2=S. |last3=Gunkel |first3=A. |last4=Bastian |first4=D. |last5=Grodek |first5=T. |date=2012-03-06 |title=Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |url-status=live |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=715–724 |bibcode=2012HESS...16..715L |doi=10.5194/hess-16-715-2012 |issn=1607-7938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023556/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |archive-date=2022-07-10 |access-date=2020-11-28 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Boleng jwa metsi === Metsi a pula a ka tlhoka go sekasekwa sentle, le go dirisiwa ka tsela e e maleba go lebilwe pabalesego ya one. Ka sekai, kwa kgaolong ya Gansu, go bolaya megare mo metsing ka letsatsi go dirisiwa ka go bedisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo dipitseng tsa letsatsi tsa pharabola pele ga a dirisiwa go nowa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html|last1=Chen|first1=Xuefei|title=Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu|journal=People's Daily Online|date=27 August 2007|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Mekgwa e e bidiwang " maranyane a a maleba " ye etlamela ka megopolo ya go bolaya megare e e mo metsing a a bolokilweng ka tlhwatlhwatlase go a phepafaletsa go nowa. Le fa metsi a pula ka boone e le motswedi o o phepa wa metsi, gantsi a le botoka go feta metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kgotsa metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng kgotsa mo makadibeng, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatch |first=Jacob |title=The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting |url=https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213021007/https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=Hydration Anywhere}}</ref> thulaganyo ya go a kokoanya le go a boloka gantsi e tlogela metsi a kgotlelegile e bile a sa nowe. Metsi a pula a a tsewang mo marulelong a ka nna le mantle a batho, diphologolo le dinonyane, di- moss le di- lichen, lerole le le fokisiwang ke phefo, dikarolwana tse di tswang mo kgotlhelong ya toropo, dibolaya-ditshedi, le di-ione tse di sa tsheleng go tswa mo lewatleng ( Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 ), le digase tse di tswakilweng ( <sub>CO</sub> <sub>x</sub>, <sub>NO</sub> ). Go fitlhetswe selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa dibolaya-ditshedi tmo metsing a pula kwa Yuropa ka dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tse di diragalang mo puleng ya ntlha ka bonako morago ga nako ya komelelo; kgobokano ya dikgotleletsi tse le tse dingwe e fokodiwa thata ka go faposa go elela ga ntlha ga metsi a a elelang go ya kwa matlakaleng. Boleng jo bo tokafaditsweng jwa metsi bo ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go goga go phaphamisiwa (go na le go tswa mo botlaseng jwa tanka) le ka go dirisa motseletsele wa ditanka, gogela morago go tswa mo go tsa bofelo mo motseletseleng. Go sefiwa pele ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng o o dirisiwang mo madirelong go dira gore thulaganyo e nne e itekanetse le go netefatsa gore metsi a a tsenang mo tankeng ga a na motlhaba yo montsi. Kgopolo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula le go a phepafatsa ka marang a letsatsi go nowa mo malapeng a kwa magaeng e tlhamilwe ke Sekolo sa Patlisiso sa Temothuo sa Nimbkar . <ref name="Patange-2020">{{Cite web |title=Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182928/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Ka kgopolo, thulaganyo ya phatlalatso ya metsi e tshwanetse go tsamaisana le boleng jwa metsi le modirisi wa bofelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mantsi a a tlhabologileng thata, metsi a a nowang a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a dirisediwa ditiriso tsotlhe. Mokgwa yo o senya madi le maatla mme o dira gore tikologo e nne le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhokegeng. Go tlamela ka metsi a pula a a fetileng mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go sefa tsa tiriso ya metsi a a sa noweng, jaaka go fetisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa, le go tlhatswa diaparo, e ka nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya leano la taolo ya metsi le le tswelelang. Ditanka tsa metsi a pula gape di ka nna jaaka bonno jwa menang e e nang le megare. Ka ntlha ya seo, go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa go netefatsa gore menang e e namagadi ga e kgone go tsena mo tankeng go baya mae. Ditlhapi tse di jang dibokwana le tsone di ka tsenngwa mo tankeng, kgotsa e ka alafiwa ka dikhemikhale. == Dikai tsa mafatshe == === Canada === == Ditso == Go agiwa le tiriso ya ditanka go boloka metsi a pula go ka latedisiwa go boela kwa Metlheng ya Neolithic, fa ditanka tsa polasetere tse di thibelang metsi di ne di agiwa mo bodiloo mafelong a metse ya Levant, lefelo le legolo kwa Borwabophirima jwa Asia, kwa borwa jwa Dithaba tsa Taurus kwa Bophirima jwa lewatleMediter Sekaka sa Arabea kwa borwa, le Mesopotamia kwa botlhaba. Ka bokhutlo jwa 4000 BC , ditanka e ne e le dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa botegeniki tse di tlhagelelang tsa taolo ya metsi tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong ya lefatshe le le omileng . <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Go ribolotswe ditanka di le dintsi tsa bogologolo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Jerusalema le mo lefelong lotlhe le gompieno le bidiwang Iseraele/Palesetina. Mo lefelong le bangwe ba dumelang gore ke la motse wa baebele wa Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), go ne ga bonwa tanka e tona ye dingwaga tsa yone di ka latedisiwang kwa go bo 2500 BC e e neng e na le bokgoni jwa dikhubiki mithara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le masupa {{Convert|1,700|m3|cuft}} . . E ne e betlilwe ka lentswe le le thata, e tsentswe matlapa a matona, e bo e tswalelwa ka letsopa gore e se ka ya dutla. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Setlhaketlhake sa Gerika sa Crete gape se itsege ka tiriso ya sone ya ditanka tse ditona tsa go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a pula ka nako ya Minoan go tloga ka 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Go bonwe ditanka di le nne tse ditona kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos, kwa Archanes le kwa Sakroeach. Tanka e e fitlhetsweng kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos e ne ya fitlhelwa e kgona go tshola metsi a a fetang dikhubiki mithara di le masome a le boferabobedi {{Convert|80|m3|cuft}} le dingwaga tsa tsone di latedisiwa go fitlha ko go 1700 BC. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ka bo 300 BC, merafe ya balemirui kwa Balochistan (e jaanong e leng kwa Pakistan, Afghanistan, le Iran), le Kutch, India, ba ne ba dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo temothuong le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain water Harvesting |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812001933/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu State Government, India}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne go dirwa ke dikgosi tsa Chola gape. <ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2010|title=Believes in past, lives in future|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm}}</ref> Metsi a pula a a tswang kwa tempeleng ya Brihadeeswarar (e e kwa Balaganapathy Nagar, kwa Thanjavur, kwa India) a ne a kokoanngwa mo tankeng ya Shivaganga. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ka nako ya moragonyana ya Chola, tanka ya Vīrānam e ne ya agiwa (1011 go ya go 1037 AD) kwa kgaolong ya Cuddalore ya Tamil Nadu go boloka metsi a go nwa le go nosetsa. Vīrānam ke tanka e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro e e kgonang go boloka metsi a dikhubiki mithara di le sedikadike le dikete di le makgolo a ke mane le masome a le marataro le botlhano {{Convert|1,465,000,000|cuft|m3}} . Go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ne go tlwaelegile mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamash |first=Zena |date=2010 |title=Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East |publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref> Le fa diforo tsa metsi tsa Roma di itsege thata, ditanka tsa Roma le tsone di ne di dirisiwa thata mme go agiwa ga tsone go ne ga atologa le Mmusomogolo. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Ka sekai, kwa Pompeii, go boloka metsi mo marulelong go ne go tlwaelegile pele ga go agiwa ga mosele wa metsi mo lekgolong lantlha la dingwaga BC. <ref name="ArchServe-2016">{{Cite web |title=Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts {{!}} Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara |url=https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718072245/http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |archive-date=2016-07-18 |access-date=2018-04-13 |website=ArchServe}}</ref> Ditso tse di tsa tswelela le Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium; ka sekai, Tanka ya Basilica kwa Istanbul. Le fa toropo ya Venice e ne e sa itsiwe go le kalo, ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga e ne e ikaegile ka go beeletsa metsi a pula. Letsha le le dikologileng Venice ke metsi a a letswai, a a sa tshwanelang go nowa. Baagi ba bogologolo ba kwa Venice ba ne ba tlhoma thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e e neng e theilwe mo didibeng tse di dirilweng ke batho tse di sireleditsweng go kokoanya metsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venetian wells |url=http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509005248/http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani/ |archive-date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref> Metsi a ne a tsenelela mo bodilong jwa maje jo bo neng bo tlhamilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng, mme a ne a sefiwa ke motlhaba, morago ga moo a ne a kokoanngwa kwa tlase ga sediba. Moragonyana, fa Venice e ntse e bona mafelo mo lefatsheng le legolo, e ne ya simolola go reka metsi ka mokoro go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa lefelo leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, didiba tse di ne tsa nna di dirisiwa mme di ne di le botlhokwa thata ka dinako tsa ntwa fa mmaba a ne a ka kgona go thibela metsi a a dirisiwang a lefatshe gale le gale. == Tiriso mo Ditoropong == Mo ditoropong, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di kopanngwa mo mealong ya dikago go fokotsa go elela ga metsi le go tlaleletsa tlamelo ya metsi. Ditoropo di tshwana Melbourne, Singapore le Hyderabad di amogetse melawana e e rotloetsang go beeletsa metsi a pula mo dikagong tsa bonno le tsa kgwebo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUB Water from Local Catchment |url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104130/https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-date=2017-05-06 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> == Dikai tsa Mafatshe == === Canada === === Indiya === Le fa go beeletswa ga metsi a pula mo toropong go ile ga nna le maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, bosupi bo supa gore go ne go kotulwa metsi a pula kwa metseselegaeng ya India fa e sa le ka metlha ya bogologolo. === United Kingdom === === United States === === Mafatshe a mangwe === [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_tank_(5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tanka ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa [[Rwanda]] .]] * [[Uganda]] : Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ntse go dirisiwa kwa Uganda go rotloetsa tshireletsego ya metsi mo malapeng le mo morafeng dingwaga di le dintsi. Paakanyo ya thulaganyo ye ya dinako tsotlhe ke kgwetlho e e tswelelang gape go na le dikai tse dintsi tsa dithulaganyo tse di paletsweng ka ntlha ya tlhokomelo e e bokoa. Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gape gore kitsiso ka RWH le gore go ka fitlhelelwa jang didirisiwa tse di tlhokegang go diragatsa RWH go a farologana go ralala setšhaba sa Uganda. * [[Thailand]] e na le karolwana e kgolo ya baagi mo kgaolong ya magae e e ikaegileng ka go beeletsa metsi a pula (mo bogompienong e le masome a le mane mo lekgolong). Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne ga rotloediwa thata ke puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, morago ga gore matlole a madi a puso a tlamele ditanka tsa go beeletsa metsi a fele, makalana a a ikemetseng ka nosi a ne a tsaya kgato a ntsha ditanka di le dikadikadike di mmalwa, tse bontsi jwa tsone di tswelelang go dirisiwa. <ref name="saladin20162">{{Cite web |last=Saladin |first=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129200110/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |archive-date=2019-01-29 |access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Se ke sengwe sa dikai tse dikgolo tsa go itlamela ka metsi lefatshe ka bophara. * Kwa Bermuda, molao o gwetlha gore dikago tsotlhe tse dišwa di akaretse go beeletsa metsi a pula a a lekaneng baagi . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Harry Low|date=December 23, 2016|title=Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref> * New Zealand e na le pula e ntsi kwa Bophirima le Borwa, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tlwaelo mo mafelong a le mantsi a magae, go dirisiwa metsi a marulelo a a kaelwang ka go tshololela mo ditankeng tsa polokelo tse di khurumeditsweng, tsa dilitara di le sekete, ka thotloetso ya bontsi jwa makgotla a lefelo le. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Rainwater tanks |url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414164122/http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council}}</ref> * Kwa Sri Lanka, go beeletsa metsi a pula e nnile mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go bona metsi a temothuo le a go nwa mo malwapeng a a kwa magaeng . Molao wa go rotloetsa go beeletsa ga metsi a pula o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka Molao wa Tlhabololo ya Ditoropo (Paakanyo), No. 36 wa 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104180251/http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref> Foramo ya go Beeletsa Metsi a Pula ya Lanka e etelela pele letsholo la Sri Lanka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF) |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171925/http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |archive-date=2015-02-03 |access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref> Thulaganyo ya tanka ya cascade ke thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go nosetsa e e akaretsang setlhaketlhake sa Sri Lanka. * Kwa Bolivia, go simolotswe mananeo a go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa dikolong tsa kwa magaeng le kwa metsesetoropong go thusa go emelana le tlhaelo ya metsi le go tshegetsa temothuo e e dirwang kwa dikolong . Kwa Cochabamba, maiteko a a eteletsweng pele ke diNGO tsa lefelo leo le morafe a dirisitse ditsamaiso tsa go kokoanya metsi mo marulelong go nosetsa ditshingwana tse di tlamelang baithuti ka dijo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archidiacono |first=Stefano |last2=Jeltsje Sanne |first2=Kemerink-Seyoum |last3=Irene |first3=Leonardelli |last4=Carolina |first4=Dominguez Guzman |last5=Tavengwa |first5=Chitata |last6=Zwarteveen |first6=Margreet |date=2024-09-01 |title=Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |journal=Engineering Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=206–225 |doi=10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |hdl=11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957 |issn=1937-8629 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> p8bv95giu6xm0kysadvjglvu7bnzbs8 Diphororo tsa Kalambo 0 14206 54877 51744 2026-09-14T14:20:32Z IntergratedLearning 12501 Created by translating the section "Archaeology" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365143277|Kalambo Falls]]" 54877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kalambo Falls.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Kalambo]] Diphororo tsa Kalambo mo Nokeng ya Kalambo ke phororo ya lerothodi le le lengwe ya dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo le botlhano mo molelwaneng wa Zambia le Kgaolo ya Rukwa, Tanzania kwa ntlheng ya borwabotlhaba jwa Letsha la Tanganyika. Diphororo tseno ke dingwe tsa diphororo tse di kwa godimo go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika (morago ga Tugela Falls ya Afrika Borwa, Jin Bahir Falls ya Ethiopia le tse dingwe). Kwa tlase ga diphororo ke Kalambo Gorge, e e nang le bophara jwa kilometara e le nngwe le boteng jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mararo , e e tsamayang ka dikilometara di le tlhano pele e bulela kwa Lake Tanganyika. Phororo ya Kalambo ke phororo e e kwa godimo go di feta tsotlhe mo Tanzania le Zambia. Loeto lo lo neng lwa dira mmapa wa diphororo le lefelo le le di dikologileng e ne e le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi mme le ne le eteletswe pele ke Enid Gordon-Gallien. <ref>Gordon-Gallien, Enid (1929). [[iarchive:sim_geographical-journal_1929-07_74_1/page/28|"The Kalambo River and Falls"]]. ''The Geographical Journal''. '''74''' (1). JSTOR: 28–32. doi:10.2307/1784940. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1784940.</ref>Kwa tshimologong go ne go akanngwa gore bogodimo jwa diphororo bo feta dimetara di le makgolo a mararo, mme go lekanya mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,masome a robabongwe le masome a mabedi go ne ga ntsha maduo a a kwa tlase, go feta dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi. Morago ga foo, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro , go ne ga lekanngwa dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Morago ga moo go ne ga dirwa ditekanyetso tse dingwe gape di le mmalwa, mme nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e ne ya nna le diphelelo tse di farologaneng go sekae. Bogolo jwa diphororo tseno ke 3.6 ⁇ 18 m. Diphororo tsa Kalambo le tsone di tsewa e le nngwe ya mafelo a botlhokwa thata a thutamarope mo Afrika, a a nnileng teng ka dingwaga tse di fetang 447 000. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, baithutamarope<ref>Barham, L.; Duller, G. a. T.; Candy, I.; Scott, C.; Cartwright, C. R.; Peterson, J. R.; Kabukcu, C.; Chapot, M. S.; Melia, F.; Rots, V.; George, N.; Taipale, N.; Gethin, P.; Nkombwe, P. (October 2023). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06557-9 "Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years ago".] ''Nature''. '''622''' (7981): 107–111. doi:[[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9|10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9.]] ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10550827.</ref> ba ne ba itsise ka go ribololwa ga dikago tsa logong tse go fopholediwang gore di na le dingwaga di le 476 000 di le teng kwa diphororong, tse di neng di le teng pele ga Homo sapiens. Matlhare a mabedi a a dirilweng ka logong a bontsha bosupi jwa gore go ne ga dirisiwa go fisa go dira kago ya logong e e kopaneng, gongwe e le serala se se neng se tla nna motswedi wa metsi a banni ba bogologolo ba batho. [ 2] Eno ke kago ya bogologolo go di feta tsotlhe e e itsegeng ya batho ba bogologolo. == Metswedi == == Archaeology == Go ya ka thutamarope, Diphororo tsa Kalambo ke nngwe ya mafelo a a botlhokwa thata mo Afroika. E tlhagisitse tatelano ya ditiro tsa batho tsa nako e e fetileng tse di anameng mo dingwageng di le dikete le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ka bosupi jwa bonno ga batho jo bo tswelelang go tloga ka Motlha wa Bofelo wa Matlapa go fitlha mo metlheng ya segompieno. E ne ya epololwa la ntlha ka 1953 ke John Desmond (J.D.) Clark yo o neng a lemoga tiro ya baithutamarope go dikologa letsha le lennye laz beisene le le kwa godimo ga diphororo. Go epololwa ka 1953, 1956, 1959, le 1963 di ne tsa dira gore Clark a kgone go dira diphetso ka ditso tse dintsi tse di farologaneng tse di neng di nna mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng di le diketekete tsa nako. nj1u9l37519g05lu6yxqxv7daxf42qx Polase ya Tuli Block 0 14656 54879 53969 2026-09-14T14:42:29Z IntergratedLearning 12501 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306064841|Tuli Block]]" 54879 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Location map|Botswana}} [[Setshwantsho:Lions_Tuli_Block_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Ditau kwa Boloko ya Tuli kwa Botswana]] Boloko ya Tuli ke karolo e tshesane ya lefatshe kwa molelwaneng wa kwa botlhaba jwa [[Botswana]] o o fa gare ga [[Zimbabwe]] kwa bokone le botlhaba le [[Aforika Borwa]] kwa borwa. E na le dipolase tsa diphologolo tse di poraefetse tse di ikemetseng ka nosi tse di tlamelang ka bojanala jwa diphologolo tsa naga. Karolo e e kwa botlhaba go fitlha le go akaretsa Redshield e goeleditswe e le lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo, le le itsegeng jaaka Lefelo la Diphologolo la Tuli Bokone. <references /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503122813/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/ Bojanala jwa Botswana] [[Karolo:Geography of botswana]] 4epih7vae9ct2d4ftbubw7drha3vt3e Ugali 0 14945 54911 54577 2026-09-15T09:10:23Z Dumbassman 6831 54911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugali''' gape e itsiwe jaaka posho, nsima, papa, pap, bogobe, sadza, isitshwala, akume, amawe, ewokple, akple, le maina a mangwe, ke mofuta wa dijo tsa mmidi tse di dirilweng ka mmidi kgotsa bupi jwa mahindi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa [[Aforika]]: [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambia]], [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Rwanda]], Malawi, [[Botswana]] le [[Aforika Borwa]], le kwa Aforika Bophirima ke Ewes ya [[Togo]], Ghana, Benin, Nigeria le Ivory Coast. E apewa mo metsing a a belang kgotsa mashi go fitlha e nna thata kgotsa e nna thata e tshwana le boupe. Ka 2017, sejana se ne sa tsenngwa mo Lenaaneng la UNESCO la Ngwao-Boswa jwa Setso jwa Batho, e le sengwe sa dijo di le mmalwa mo lenaaneng.<ref name=":0">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49714037</ref> == Maina == Sejo se se jewa thata go ralala Afrika, koo se nang le maina a a farologaneng a selegae: == Puo e e Tlholegang == Lefoko ugali ke lefoko la Seaforika le le tswang mo puong ya Seswahili; gape le itsiwe thata e le nsima mo dipuong tsa kwa [[Malawi]] tse di jaaka Se-Chichewa le Se-Chitumbuka. Kwa dikarolong dingwe tsa [[Kenya]], sejo seno se bidiwa sembe kgotsa ugali. Kwa [[Zimbabwe]] e itsege jaaka sadza ka Chishona kgotsa isitshwala ka SeNdebele. Leina la Afrikaans (mielie) pap le tswa mo SeDutch, mo lefoko le le rayang "mofoka wa mmidi". [[Setshwantsho:Night_ugali.jpg|thumb| Basadi ba Yawo ba baakanyetsa kopano e kgolo ya ugali]] Ugali e ne ya tlisiwa mo Aforika ka bonako fela morago ga gore Bapotokisi ba tlise mmidi. Mmidi o ne wa tlisiwa mo Aforika go tswa kwa Amerika mo lekgolong la bo16 le la bo17 la dingwaga. Pele ga moo, sorghum le millet e ne e le dijo tsa ditlhaka tsa konokono mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Balemirui ba Afrika ba ne ba amogela mmidi ka bonako ka gonne o ne o lengwa ka tsela e e tshwanang le ya sorghum mme o ntsha thobo e ntsi thata. Kgabagare, mmidi o ne wa emisetsa sorghum jaaka sejalo se segolo sa dithoro mo dikgaolong tsotlhe kwantle ga tse di omeletseng. Go emisediwa ka botlalo ga dijalo tseno ka mmidi go diragetse mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Kwa [[Malawi]], ba na le seane se se reng "chimanga ndi moyo" se se rayang gore "mmidi ke botshelo". Nshima/nsima e santse e dirwa ka dinako dingwe go tswa mo foloureng ya sorghum le fa gone go sa tlwaelega go e bona. Cassava, e le yone e neng ya tlisiwa go tswa kwa Amerika, e ka dirisiwa go dira nshima/nsima, e le yosi fela kgotsa e kopantswe le bupi jwa mmidi. Kwa Malawi nsima e e dirilweng ka cassava (chinangwa) e fitlhelwa fela mo mafelong a a fa lotshitshing lwa letsha; le fa go ntse jalo, fa thobo ya mmidi e le kwa tlase, cassava nsima e ka fitlhelwa mo nageng yotlhe.<ref name=":1">https://mg.co.za/news/africa/2022-05-27-africa-month-a-taste-of-the-cuisine-the-continent-has-to-offer/</ref> == Mefuta == === Dinoka tse kgolo tsa Aforika === Ugali (fa e apeilwe jaaka mmidi, e bidiwa uji) e jewa le ditapole tse di botshe, dipanana tse di buduleng, ditapole tsa Se-Ireland tota le senkgwe. Ugli o o tiileng gantsi o jewa le merogo ya setso, setofo kgotsa sukuma wiki (e e itsegeng gape ka leina la collard greens). Ke setatšhe se se tlwaelegileng se se tlhagelelang mo dijong tsa selegae tsa kgaolo ya African Great Lakes le Borwa jwa Aforika. Fa ugali e dirilwe ka setatšhe se sengwe, gantsi e fiwa leina le le rileng la kgaolo. Mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go ja ugali (e bile e tlwaelegile thata kwa metseselegaeng) ke go o mena ka seatla sa moja o bo o o dira kgwele mme o bo o o ina mo motsweding kgotsa mo setlhatshaneng sa merogo kgotsa nama. Go dira kgogomodumo ka monwana go letla ugali go sela, le go phuthela dikarolwana tsa nama go di phutha ka tsela e e tshwanang le e senkgwe se se sephaphathi se dirisiwang ka yone mo ditsong tse dingwe. Ugali e e setseng e ka jewa le tee mo mosong o o latelang.<ref name=":2">https://nation.africa/kenya/health/no-gm-foods-are-not-the-same-as-fortified-foods-5118680</ref> [[Ugali]] ga e je madi a mantsi mme ka jalo e bonwa motlhofo ke batho ba ba humanegileng, ba gantsi ba e kopanya le nama kgotsa merogo e e gadikilweng (sekao, sukuma wiki kwa Kenya) go dira dijo tse di monate. Ugali e motlhofo go e dira, mme fa e dirilwe ka tsela e e tlwaelegileng, bupi jwa yone bo kgona go nna lobaka lo loleele. [[Setshwantsho:Tuo_zaafi.jpg|thumb| ''Tuo zaafi'']] [[Setshwantsho:A_woman_stirring_TZ.jpg|thumb| Mosadi a tlhotlheletsa ''sagtulga'']] [[Setshwantsho:Tuo_Zaafi_and_ayoyo_soup.jpg|thumb| Sopo ya ''Tuo zaafi'' le ''ya ayoyo'']] Sagtulga, kgotsa diehuo, ke sejo se se ratwang thata ke batho ba Ghana. Sagtulga ke sejo se segolo se se jewang se na le sopo e e tshwanang le sopo ya okro. E tlwaelegile thata kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone tsa naga: Bokone, Botlhaba jo bo kwa Godimo, le Bophirima jo bo kwa Godimo. Gantsi sejo seno se jewa ka nako ya dijo tsa maitseboa, le fa go ntse jalo, batho bangwe (sekai, balemirui le badiri) ba se ja ka nako ya dijo tsa mo mosong kgotsa tsa motshegare. Gantsi e jewa le matlhare a Corchorus olitorius (Dagbani: salinvogu, Hausa: ayoyo, molokai) le okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) [citation needed] e e nang le sejo se se apeilweng fa thoko.<ref name=":3">https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/about-african-food/tmy3dsks2</ref> Sejo seno se dirilwe ka bupi jwa mmidi jo bo apeilweng le bupi jwa cassava jo bo omisitsweng le metsi a a senang letswai. Ka tlwaelo, e apewa ka kgogo ya millet, e e tlholegileng kwa bokone jwa Ghana. E jewa thata le sopo ya merogo e tala e e dirilweng ka matlhare a a bogale, kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe matlhare a cassava a a sa tswang go thubiwa. E ka jewa le disopo tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa okra le sopo ya matonkomane.<ref name=":2" /> === Kenya === Mo setsong sa Luhya, ke setatšhe se se tlwaelegileng thata, mme gape ke karolo e e botlhokwa ya dingwao tsa manyalo tsa Luhya; obusuma e e dirilweng ka millet (e e itsegeng e le obusuma bwo bule) e ne e akarediwa mo dijong tse di monate mo tafoleng e e kwa godimo ya monyadiwa. Obusuma gape e ka dirwa go tswa mo ditumong tse dingwe jaaka sorghum kgotsa cassava (obusuma bwo 'muoko). Obusuma gantsi e jewa le tsimboka, kgotsa etsiswa, eliani (merogo), inyama (nama), inyeni (tlhapi), thimena (whitebait) kgotsa omrere (matlhare a jute). Mo baeng ba ba tlotlegang, gantsi se jewa ka ingokho (koko).<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Eating_Ugali_in_Kenya.jpg|thumb| Go ja ugali kwa Kenya]] Ugali e dirwa ka mmidi o mosweu o o sitsweng, fela jaaka go dirwa tamales ka mmidi o o serolwana kwa Amerika Bogare. Mo malapeng a le mantsi ugali ke yone e jewang thata, mme e jewa le merogo kgotsa nama. Mo malapeng a a humileng, kgotsa ka dinako tse di kgethegileng, ugali e jewa le merogo e mentsi e e monate le nama e e tsentsweng motswako o o monate. E tshwana le mosumo wa ditapole o o jewang mo magaeng a kwa Amerika. Kwa Kenya, motho o tshwara sekotwana sa ugali e e bokete mo seatleng a bo a gatelela monwana wa gagwe mo gare go dira leswana le le tla dirisediwang go tlhafuna sejana sa selefera se se jewang. Le fa gone menwana e ka nna ya tlhakatlhakana fa go dirisiwa mokgwa ono, tsela eno ya go ja dijo e botlhokwa thata mo lefelong leno.<ref name=":3" /> === Malawi, Zambia === [[Setshwantsho:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|thumb| Nsima ( kwa godimo ka letsogo la moja) ke dijo tse tharo]] Nsima ke sejo se se dirilweng ka bupi jwa mmidi (bupi jwa mmidi jo bosweu) le metsi mme ke sejo sa konokono kwa [[Zambia]] (nsima/ubwali) le Malawi (nsima). Folouru ya mmidi e bedisiwa pele ka metsi go dira boupe, mme, kwa Zambia, e tlogelwa go gadika metsotso e le mmalwa pele e 'tlhakangwa', go dira sere se se bokete ka go tlaleletsa ka folouru e ntsi. Tsamaiso e e tlhoka gore modiri a goge motswako o o bokima mo letlhakoreng la pitsa ka leswana la logong ka bonako fa o ntse o dutse mo godimo ga molelo. Fa e setse e apeilwe, e a kgaoganngwa ka go dirisa leswana la logong le polasetiki le le inetsweng mo metsing kgotsa le le tshasitsweng ka oli le le bidiwang chipande (kwa Malawi) le chipampa (kwa Zambia). Kwa Malawi nngwe le nngwe ya dikarolo tseno e bidiwa ntanda. Folouru ya mmidi e bedisiwa pele ka metsi go dira mmidi,[1] mme, kwa [[Zambia]], e tlogelwa go gadika metsotso e le mmalwa pele e 'tlhakangwa', go dira sere se se bokete ka go tlaleletsa ka folouru e ntsi. Tsamaiso e e tlhoka gore modiri a goge motswako o o bokima mo letlhakoreng la pitsa ka leswana la logong (nthiko kwa Malawi, kwa Zambia) ka bonako fa o ntse o dutse mo godimo ga molelo. Fa e setse e apeilwe, e a kgaoganngwa ka go dirisa leswana la logong le polasetiki le le inetsweng mo metsing kgotsa le le tshasitsweng ka oli le le bidiwang chipande (kwa Malawi) le chipampa (kwa Zambia). Kwa Malawi nngwe le nngwe ya dikarolo tseno e bidiwa ntanda. Nako le nako Nsima e jewa mmogo le dijo tse dingwe, tse di itsegeng e le "relish". Tseno e ka nna di-mushroom jaaka kabansa, tente, chitondo, le ichikolowa; metswedi ya poroteine jaaka nama ya phologolo, nama ya kgomo, nama ya kgomo, tlhapi, matonkomane, chikanda, dinawa; le merogo jaaka matlhare a mokolane, matlhare a dinawa, mae a tshingwana a masweu a a itsegeng jaaka impwa kwa Zambia (seno ke maungo a mannye a a bopegileng jaaka solanum a masweu), matlhare a amarante, matlhare a mosetara, khabetšhe. Kwa Zambia, dijo tse di jewang di bidiwa ndiyo ka Se-Nyanja/Se-Chewa le umunani ka Se-Bemba. Ndiwo kwa Malawi e kaya dijo tsa poroteine mme tse di nang le merogo tsone di bidiwa masamba. Dijo tse di nang le poroteine gantsi di jewa di gadikilwe kgotsa di apeilwe jaaka sejo se se modumo. Kwa Malawi le Zambia, gantsi nsima e jewa le tlhapi e e omisitsweng (utaka, Malawi) kgotsa merogo e e omisitsweng. Dipepere tse di bolelo kgotsa ditswaiso tse di jaaka di-hot pepper sauce tse di itiretsweng mo gae tse di tswang kwa peri-peri kgotsa Kambuzi chili peppers kgotsa di-chilli sauce tse di rekisiwang jaaka Nali Sauce gantsi di jewa le dijo tsa nshima Ka tlwaelo, batho ba ba jang ba nna go dikologa tafole kgotsa fa fatshe go dikologa dijo. Ba ba jang ba tshwanetse go tlhapa diatla ka gore nshima/nsima e jewa ka diatla fela. Seno se dirwa ka mogopo wa metsi. Mo boemong jwa moo, mong wa ntlo kana mongwe wa basha ba ba leng teng o tshela metsi a a tswang mo nkgwaneng mo sejaneng a a tshela mo diatleng tsa bagolwane kana tsa baeng. Motho o ja ka go tsenya kgolokwe e nnye mo seatleng sa moja, a e pitikolola gore e nne kgwele a bo a e ina mo go yone. Go dirisa monwana o mogolo wa moja go tsenya kgwele ya nshima ke mokgwa o o dirisiwang ke batho ba ba jang kwa nshima ba ba nang le maitemogelo gore ba kgone go tlhapa monate wa sejo seo motlhofo. Kwa Zambia, umuto (puo ya Se-Bemba) e kaya go rotha/mogote/sese ya dijo tse di tsentsweng fa thoko kgotsa mofufutso; mme tiro ya go kgetla selekanyo se se lekaneng sa one ka bolo ya nshima e bidiwa inkondwa. Polelwana e e reng, "umuto wankondwa" fa e ranolwa fela e raya "sose e e dirang gore go nne le inkondwa". Fela jaaka go ntse ka dingwao di le dintsi tsa Seaforika, dingwaga di botlhokwa thata. Go tlhapa pele ga dijo, go ja, le go tlhapa morago ga dijo gantsi go simololwa ke motho yo mogolo go ba feta botlhe, go latelwa ke ba bangwe botlhe ka go latelana go ya ka dingwaga tsa bone. Nsima e tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase e bile e ka kgona go duelwa ke bontsi jwa batho, le fa gone ka dinako tse dingwe ditlhwatlhwa di ile tsa tlhatloga ka ntlha ya go tlhaela ga dijo, e leng se se dirileng gore ikonomi le dipolotiki di se ka tsa tlhomama.<ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/about-african-food/tmy3dsks2</ref> === Nigeria === Kwa Nigeria, akamu, ogi kgotsa koko di tshwana le pudding ya Amerika. E bidiwa "pap" mo Seesemaneng sa kwa Nigeria. Ogi/akamu kwa Nigeria gantsi e jewa mmogo le "moin moin", pudding ya dinawa, kgotsa "akara", e leng kuku ya dinawa. Gape go na le mofuta o o motona, o Ba-Yoruba ba o bitsang eko mme Ba-Igbos bone ba o bitsa agidi. Puding e apewa mo molelong o o mogote go fitlha e nna thata. Ka tlwaelo e phuthetswe ka matlhare ka leina la botanical Thaumatococcus daniellii. Ba Yoruba ba e bitsa ewe eran fa Ba Igbos ba e bitsa akwukwo elele.[ Gantsi e jewa mmogo le disopo tsa merogo le disoso tse di farologaneng e le dijo tse di motlhofo kgotsa e ka jewa le dinawa kgotsa dilo tse dingwe tse di tswang mo go tsone. Pap gape e itsiwe jaaka mieliepap (Seaforikanse for maize porridge) mo [[Aforika Borwa]], ke porridge ya setso e e tshwanang le polenta le dijo tsa motheo tsa batho ba [[Aforika Borwa]] ya Aforika (lefoko la Sejakolobe pap le tserwe go tswa go Sedutch mme le kaya fela "porridge") e e dirilweng go tswa go mielie-meal (mmidi o o silweng ka bokete). Dijo tse dintsi tsa setso tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] di akaretsa pap, jaaka mmidi o o borethe wa mmidi (o gape o bidiwang slap pap kgotsa soft porridge), pap e e nang le boteng jo bo tseneletseng jo bo ka tshwarwang mo seatleng (stywe pap kgotsa firm porridge) le phuthu pap e e omileng e e phatlogang (Seaforikanse: krummelpap). Dijo tsa Phuthu gantsi di fitlhelwa mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Aforika Borwa. Go ka dirisiwa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tse di monate tse di dirilweng ka merogo e metala, e e tsentsweng motswako wa chili. MaAforika Borwa a kwa dikarolong tse di kwa bokone tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] ba e ja jaaka sejo sa mo mosong, ka mashi, botoro, le sukiri, mme gape ba e ja le nama le tomate e e apeilweng (gantsi tamati le onion) mo dijong tse dingwe. Fa ba ja braai, bogobe kgotsa stywe (e e thata) pap e e nang le motswako o o monate jaaka tamati le onion kgotsa mushroom ke karolo e e botlhokwa ya dijo. Phutu pap ka tlwaelo e jewa le boerewors, motswako oo moragonyana o neng wa itsege jaaka pap en wors (o gape o bidiwang "pap en vleis", o o ka akaretsang nama e nngwe e e gadikilweng kgotsa e e gadikilweng). Kwa Cape Province ya Aforika Borwa, e bonwa e le dijo tsa sefitlholo fela. E re ka dijo tsa mielie di sa je madi a mantsi, batho ba ba humanegileng ba di ja le merogo. E ka jewa e le mogote kgotsa e ka gadikwa fa e sena go tsidifala. Phutu porridge ka dinako dingwe e jewa le chakalaka jaaka sejo se se fa thoko le braais. Kwa diporofenseng tsa bokone pap gantsi e boleta mme e dirwa ka go dirisa bupi jwa mmidi jo bo bedisitsweng, jo bo thibelang pap go senyega ka bonako ka gore diporofenseng tsa bokone go mogote go feta kwa borwa. Uphuthu ke mokgwa wa Aforika Borwa wa ho pheha mielie-meal eo ka yona sehlahiswa sa ho qetela e leng dijo tse nang le sebopeho se setle se kang sa koro e teteaneng e atisang ho jewa le meroho le nama, KwaZulu-Natal le Eastern Cape dibakeng tsa Aforika Borwa kapa e le naledi ya sejana le amasi kapa maas dibakeng tsa Gauteng. Ditso dingwe di tswakanya sukiri le uphuthu le amasi go dira dijo tse di botshe tse di tshwanang le mabele; le fa go ntse jalo, mmidi o o dirilweng ka mmidi o jewa fela jaaka amasi. Phuthu kgotsa Uphuthu (/ˈpʊtuː/), e e sa kwalwang sentle jaaka putu kgotsa phutu, ke mokgwa wa tlwaelo wa go apaya dijo tsa mmidi mo dijong tsa Aforika Borwa. Ke mofuta o o phatlogileng kgotsa o o nang le dithoro, o o jewang ke ditlhopha di le dintsi tsa setso mo Aforika Borwa. Phuthu gantsi e jewa le nama, dinawa, sose le mashi a a bedisitsweng. Gantsi tsela e sejo sa uphuthu se bopegileng ka yone le tsela e se dirilweng ka yone ke tsone tse di dirang gore se jewe ka tsela e e rileng. Sekao, amasi kgotsa maas gantsi e apewa ka phuthu e e nang le popego e e bothitho, fa e le gore di-stew le di-curry gantsi di apewa ka mefuta e e nang le popego e e bokete, e sekametse thata mo go nneng le popego e e thata. Phuthu e e bopegileng sentle e na le mokgwa wa go omelela thata (go omelela), go ikaegile ka bokgoni jwa moapei mo go direng sejana. Phuthu e e ntseng jalo e e tlhaelang metsi thata gantsi e ne e jewa mmogo le dijo tse di apeilweng, merogo e e nang le matlhare le dijo tse dingwe tse dintsi tse di monate tse di nang le bongola. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, phuthu e e ntseng jalo e e senang metsi ga e kitla e siamela sejo sa amasi kgotsa maas, ka gonne go e inela kgotsa go e tsenya mo metsing go tla dira gore sejo seo se nne jaaka sephuthelwana, fa amasi yone e tshwanetse go nna e e tlhafunwang.<ref name=":2" /> === Zimbabwe === [[Setshwantsho:People_cooking_Pap_(food)_(Phaleche)_7.jpg|thumb| Monna le mosadi ba apaya sadza kwa [[Botswana]] ( Moletlo wa ngwao [[Domboshaba|wa Domboshaba]] 2017)]] Sadza ka Setswana kgotsa isitshwala ka SeNdebele ke dijo tsa mmidi tse di apeilweng tse e leng dijo tsa motheo kwa Zimbabwe. Sadza e dirwa ka mmidi o o omisitsweng o o silweng sentle/mmidi wa mmidi (mealie-meal). Sejo seno sa mmidi se bidiwa impuphu ka Se-Ndebele kgotsa hupfu ka Se-Shona. Le mororo mmidi e le sejalo se se rekwang kwa Zimbabwe (c. 1890), e setse e le motswedi o mogolo wa dikhabohaetereite e bile e le dijo tse di rategang thata mo bathong ba koo. Batho ba lefelo leo ba reka dijo tseno kwa mabenkeleng kgotsa ba di itirela ka mmidi wa bone. Batho ba kwa Zimbabwe ba rata dijo tsa mmidi o mosweu. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka dinako tsa leuba kgotsa tsa mathata, ba ne ba simolola go ja dijo tse di dirilweng ka mmidi o mohibidu, o ka dinako tse dingwe o bidiwang "Kenya", ka gonne o kile wa bo o rekwa kwa nageng eo. Pele ga mmidi o simolola go tlhagisiwa, sadza e ne e dirwa ka mmidi wa mapfunde. Mo nakong e e sa tswang go feta, basha ba kwa Zimbabwe ba rata go ja raese go na le sadza kgotsa isitshwala. [ Tafadzwa Musarara, Modulasetilo wa Bosetšhaba wa Grain Millers Association of Zimbabwe (GMAZ) o ne a tlhalosa gore setlhopha sa badiri sa mo isagweng se tlile go ja sadza e nnye le raese le borotho jaaka ditsela tse dingwe. Gantsi sadza e jewa ka dijana tse di farologaneng, mme ka tlwaelo sadza e jewa mo mogopong o o kopanetsweng, e leng ngwao e e sa ntseng e tshegediwa ke malapa mangwe segolobogolo kwa metseselegaeng. Ka tlwaelo e jewa ka letsogo la moja ntle le thuso ya didiriswa tsa go ja, gantsi e phuthelwa mo kgwele pele e inelwa mo mefuteng e e farologaneng ya dinoko jaaka sose/gravy, mashi a a tsididi, kgotsa merogo e e gadikilweng.<ref name=":0" /> Dijo tse di itsegeng tse di jewang ka sadza di akaretsa: Nama e bidiwa nyama ka Se-Shona. * [[:en:Red_meat|Red meat]] – includes [[:en:Beef|beef]], [[:en:Mutton|mutton]], goat and [[:en:Game_meat|game meat]] * [[:en:Cow_hoof|Cow hoof]] – mazondo, amanqgina * [[:en:Oxtail|Oxtail]] * Other foods including intestine ([[:en:Tripe|tripe]]), [[:en:Offal|offal]], zvemukati (includes mathumbu, maphaphu, isibindi, utwane, ulusu, umbendeni; in Shona known as matumbu), sun-dried vegetables known as mfushwa and many more * [[:en:White_meat|White meat]] – includes huku – chicken meat, fish * [[:en:Fish_as_food|Fish]] (hove in Shona), including the small dried fish [[:en:Kapenta|kapenta]] * [[:en:Gonimbrasia_belina|Mopane worms/madora]] – edible moth caterpillar * [[:en:Spring_greens|Spring greens]] – known as imibhida in the Ndebele language, muriwo in the Shona language * [[:en:Phaseolus_lunatus|Sugar beans]] – known as nyemba in Shona * [[:en:Cabbage|Cabbage]] * [[:en:Derere|Derere]] – [[:en:Okra|okra]] * ''[[:en:Cleome_gynandra|Cleome gynandra]]'' (ulude in Ndebele)/nyevhe in Shona * [[:en:Pumpkin|Pumpkin]] – leaves known as muboora in Shona * [[:en:Soured_milk|Soured milk]] natural yogurt (known as [[:en:Amasi|amasi]] in Ndebele or [[:en:Nguni_languages|Nguni languages]] in [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]], mukaka wakakora in [[:en:Shona_language|Shona]], or lacto) * [[:en:Soya_chunks|Soya chunks]] * Soups and stews Dijo tse di tshwanang le tseo ke polenta go tswa kwa bokone jwa Italy, gh'omi go tswa kwa Georgia, le grits go tswa kwa borwa jwa United States. Fufu, e leng dijo tse di dirilweng ka setatšhe tse di tswang kwa Afrika Bophirima le Bogare, le yone e ka dirwa ka bupi jwa mmidi, mme fa go ntse jalo e ka nna ya bidiwa mmidi wa fufu. Kwa Caribbean, dijo tse di tshwanang le tseo ke cou-cou (Barbados), funchi (Curaçao le Aruba), le funjie (Virgin Islands). E itsege jaaka funche mo Puerto Rican cuisine le mayi moulin mo Haitian cuisine. Dijo tse di tshwanang le pap di akaretsa banku, isidudu, le umngqusho. == Ditshwantsho == <gallery> Setshwantsho:Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg|alt=Ugali and cabbage| Ugali le khabetšhe Setshwantsho:Phutu.jpg|alt=Phutu, pictured with tomato-based relish in the foreground| Phutu, a le mo setshwantshong a na le senkgwe se se monate sa ditamati kwa pele Setshwantsho:Goat_Offal.JPG|alt=A meal of sadza (right), greens, and goat offal. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.| Dijo tsa sadza (kafa mojeng), merogo le nama ya podi. Mateng a podi a a tshesane a phuthelwa mo dikarolong tse dinnye tsa mala a magolo pele ga a apewa. Setshwantsho:Yawo_food_staples_-_ugali_and_usipa.jpg|alt=Ugali and usipa (small fish), staples of the Yawo people of the African Great Lakes| Ugali le usipa (ditlhapi tse dinnye), ke dijo tsa konokono tsa Ba-Yawo ba ba nnang kwa Metseng e Megolo ya Aforika. </gallery> == Bona gape == * Chapati * Cornmeal * List of African dishes * List of maize dishes * List of porridges * List of soups * Malawian cuisine * Moin moin * Mămăliga * Tuareg food == Metswedi == == Go buisetsa go ya pele == Dibuka tse di latelang, tse di diragalang kwa Zimbabwe, di bua ka batho ba ba jang dijo tsa kwa Zimbabwe, sadza: [[Karolo:Bogobe]] [[Karolo:Ugali]] nopjtaynrf90z3f0eqnm9s811rijg1l Donna Auston 0 15048 54874 2026-09-14T13:53:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256932527|Donna Auston]]" 54874 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Donna Auston''' ke moithutaloago wa letso la Amerika . Patlisiso ya gagwe e itebagantse le batho ba e leng ma Africa kwa America e le ba tumelo ya Moseleme . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Auston |first=Donna |date=July 2014 |title=RACE & PLACE |journal=Azizah |volume=8 |pages=26–28 |via=}}</ref> O sekaseka letso, semorafe ,bong, le maitemogelo a botshelo a go sala tumelo ya Islam morago kwa lefatsheng la United States. Auston o dirile jaaka motsamaise wa sechaba dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=says |first=Irma McClaurin |date=18 January 2015 |title=Recalled to Life: On the Meaning and Power of a Die-In – Anthropology Now |url=https://anthronow.com/online-articles/recalled-to-life-on-the-meaning-and-power-of-a-die-in |access-date=December 8, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> mme o tlhagisitswe mo setshwantshong sa motshikinyego le mo seromamoweng mo dipuisanong le bobegakgang ka lotso, Islamophobia, le bomme kgotsa bosadi. <ref name=":11">{{Cite book |year=2019 |title=Muslims and US politics today : a defining moment |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090015478 |publisher=Ilex Foundation |isbn=978-0-674-24134-3 |editor-last=Khalil |editor-first=Mohammad Hassan |oclc=1090015478}}</ref> Auston o na le dithutego tsa B.A mo go tsa Diteme le Dithuto tsa Aforika go tswa kwa sekolong se setona sa Rutgers . <ref name=":0" /> O weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Ph.D. gape kwa Rutgers mo Lephateng la Thuto-Batho. <ref name=":0" /> Pego ya gagwe ya patlisiso e ne e itebagantse le go nneng le seabe mo setšhabeng sa Bamoseleme ba Bantsho, bogolo jang mo tsamaisong ya mokgatlho wa # [[Matshelo a Batho Bantsho a Maleba (Black Lives Matter)|BlackLivesMatter]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Third Annual Lecture Honoring the Life and Work of Betty Shabazz & Malcolm X on the 56th Anniversary of His Assassination: If it wasn't for the Women: The Activist Legacies of Louise Little, Ella Collins and Betty Shabazz |url=https://dwighthall.org/event/third-annual-lecture-honoring-life-and-work-betty-shabazz-malcolm-x-56th-anniversary-his |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=Dwight Hall at Yale}}</ref> Auston o ruta kwa Sekolong se setona sa Rutgers kwa New Jersey. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Written by John |title=Rallying Against Racism, Undergraduate Makes Mom Proud |url=http://sas.rutgers.edu/news-2017/student-news/1930-rallying-against-racism-undergraduate-makes-mom-proud |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=Rutgers University, School of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Donna Auston |url=https://rutgers.academia.edu/DonnaAuston |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=Academia}}</ref> O neela dipuo le dipotsolotso ka maitemogelo a botshelo jwa Bamoseleme le Bathobantsho ba Amerika, bogolo jang ka ga kafa maloko a merafe eno a amiwang ka teng ke letlhoo la Boiselamo le bosemorafe. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Conversation on Muslims and the U.S. Elections |url=https://muslimlife.princeton.edu/news/conversation-muslims-and-us-elections |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=Muslim Life Program |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Event Info |url=https://secure.americananthro.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?webcode=EventInfo&RegPath=EventRegFees&REg_evt_key=524dc6b7-1fc0-4fe2-89d8-b6e19ca67237 |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=secure.americananthro.org}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Islamophobia and Race Symposium — Commonwealth Center for the Humanities and Society |url=https://louisville.edu/cchs/events/past-events-1/islamophobia-and-race-symposium |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=University of Louisville}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Women Speak About Malcolm X |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2016/05/19/commemorating-birthday-el-hajj-malik-el-shabazz |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=The New York Public Library}}</ref> <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Webinar Event : From the Front Lines |url=https://irusa.org/webinar-event-from-the-front-lines-2/ |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=Islamic Relief USA |language=en}}</ref> Ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , Auston o ne a simolola letsholo la maranyane a Twitter le le neng la anama, #BlackMuslimRamadan, ka maiteko a go tlotla le go keteka dingwao tsa Mamoseleme a Mantsho kwa lefatsheng la United States, tse a neng a bolela gore di ne di "seyo mo metsweding ya dikgang." <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Celebrating the Forgotten Stories Behind #BlackMuslimRamadan |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/blackmuslimramadan-celebrates-history-experience-neglected-group-n391351 |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Letshwao la Hashtag le ne gape le dirisiwa go tlhagisa dikgang tsa semorafe gareng ga setšhaba sa Mamoseleme. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=#BlackMuslimRamadan Aims To Celebrate A Vibrant, Often-Neglected Community |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/blackmuslimramadan-aims-to-celebrate-a-vibrant-often-neglected-community_n_55a02697e4b0ecec71bc2a7c |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Auston le letsholo la gagwe di ne tsa tlhagisiwa mo mafatsheng otlhe, mo metsweding ya Dikgang tsa NBC, dikoranta tsa <ref name=":2" /> <nowiki><i id="mwXA">New York Times</i></nowiki>, le <nowiki><i id="mwYg">Huffington Post</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":6" /> O kwaletse koranta ya ''The Washington Post'' setlhogo se se bontshang le go tshwaela ka katlego ya letsholo la #BlackMuslimRamadan, le go buelela botlhokwa jwa mafelo a mo maranyaneg mo Bantsho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko, Mamoseleme ba ka bopang sechaba mo maitemogelong a bone a a tshwanang Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe , Auston o ne a botsolotswa mo tiragalong ya motseletsele wa PBS wa "A Matter of Faith", e mo go yone a buwang ka go tuma mo go golang ga Boiselamo kwa lefatsheng la United States, le go abelana ka ponelopele ya gagwe ya kafa mafelo a Mamoseleme kwa Amerika a ka tokafalang ka gone. Motseletsele ono o tshwerwe ke bishopo, imam le rabi, mme tiragalo eno e tsenelela mo dikgannyeng tse di maleba mo setšhaba sa Mamoseleme, le kafa tshiamiso ya loago e amanang ka gone le kgang ya ga Auston ya go boela morago le go tlhaloganya tumelo ya Boiselamo. O dira jaaka mogakolodi wa ditiro di le dintsi, go akaretsa le tiro ya ditso ya Centre for Brooklyn ya Setheo sa Hisitori ya Brooklyn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2021 |title=The M Word: A Town Hall Series |url=https://pen.org/event/the-m-word-town-hall-series/ |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=PEN America |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Auston e ne e le Modulasetulo wa Komiti ya Thulaganyo ya bokopano ya Boithutatlhaloganyo jwa Bamoseleme ba Bantsho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Black Muslim Psychology {{!}} BMPC Team |url=https://www.blackmuslimpsychology.org/team |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=BMPC2021 |language=en}}</ref> Auston o biditswe mongwe wa Baeteledipele ba ba kwa godimo ba le lekgolo ba Bosiamisi jwa Loago jwa Mamoseleme ke MPower Change, mokgatlho o motona go gaisa wa Bosilamo o o buelelang ditshwanelo tsa batho mo Aforika'''.'''. <ref name=":8" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2021 |title=The Interfaith Legacy of Muhammad Ali: "The Wise Man Changes" |url=https://ifyc.org/article/interfaith-legacy-muhammad-ali-wise-man-changes |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=IFYC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision |url=https://www.mpowerchange.org/vision |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=MPower Change |language=en-US}}</ref> Auston one a sokologa mo Boiselamo . O ne a gola e le Mokeresete mme e ne e le ene motho wa ntlha mo lwapeng la gagwe go sokologela mo tumelong e. <ref name=":5" /> O ne a sokologa kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi <ref name=":11" /> fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome. <ref name=":3" /> Kgatlhego ya gagwe mo Boiselamong e tswa mo keletsong ya go ithuta go le gontsi ka kafa Boiselamo bo tlotlang ka gone ka dikgang tsa tshiamiso ya loago le ya lotso. <ref name=":11" /> Auston ke modumedi yo o tlhomameng wa tshiamiso ya loago jaaka karolo ya botlhokwa ya tumelo le jaaka tiro ya kobamelo. O na le seabe mo sechabeng sa Bamoseleme kwa Newark, le kwa New Jersey . <ref name=":11" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 5znh06hlv45pu7dq3e8wn8oobhydbyj 54876 54874 2026-09-14T14:16:56Z MmaBaggio 11091 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Kgaolo ya Donna Auston 54876 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Donna Auston''' ke [[moithutaloago]] wa letso la Amerika . Patlisiso ya gagwe e itebagantse le batho ba e leng ma Africa kwa America e le ba tumelo ya Moseleme . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Auston |first=Donna |date=July 2014 |title=RACE & PLACE |journal=Azizah |volume=8 |pages=26–28 |via=}}</ref> O sekaseka letso, semorafe ,bong, le maitemogelo a botshelo a go sala tumelo ya Islam morago kwa lefatsheng la United States. Auston o dirile jaaka motsamaise wa sechaba dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=says |first=Irma McClaurin |date=18 January 2015 |title=Recalled to Life: On the Meaning and Power of a Die-In – Anthropology Now |url=https://anthronow.com/online-articles/recalled-to-life-on-the-meaning-and-power-of-a-die-in |access-date=December 8, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> mme o tlhagisitswe mo setshwantshong sa motshikinyego le mo seromamoweng mo dipuisanong le bobegakgang ka lotso, Islamophobia, le bomme kgotsa bosadi. <ref name=":11">{{Cite book |year=2019 |title=Muslims and US politics today : a defining moment |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090015478 |publisher=Ilex Foundation |isbn=978-0-674-24134-3 |editor-last=Khalil |editor-first=Mohammad Hassan |oclc=1090015478}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Donna Auston|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date=<!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->|education=Rutgers University (BA, MA, Ph.D)|occupation=Anthropologist}} == Thuto == Auston o na le dithutego tsa B.A mo go tsa [[Diteme]] le Dithuto tsa Aforika go tswa kwa [[Sekolong se setona sa Rutgers]] . <ref name=":0" /> O weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Ph.D. gape kwa Rutgers mo Lephateng la Thuto-Batho. <ref name=":0" /> Pego ya gagwe ya patlisiso e ne e itebagantse le go nneng le seabe mo setšhabeng sa Bamoseleme ba Bantsho, bogolo jang mo tsamaisong ya mokgatlho wa # [[Matshelo a Batho Bantsho a Maleba (Black Lives Matter)|BlackLivesMatter]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Third Annual Lecture Honoring the Life and Work of Betty Shabazz & Malcolm X on the 56th Anniversary of His Assassination: If it wasn't for the Women: The Activist Legacies of Louise Little, Ella Collins and Betty Shabazz |url=https://dwighthall.org/event/third-annual-lecture-honoring-life-and-work-betty-shabazz-malcolm-x-56th-anniversary-his |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=Dwight Hall at Yale}}</ref> == Tiro le Seabe == Auston o ruta kwa Sekolong se setona sa Rutgers kwa New Jersey. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Written by John |title=Rallying Against Racism, Undergraduate Makes Mom Proud |url=http://sas.rutgers.edu/news-2017/student-news/1930-rallying-against-racism-undergraduate-makes-mom-proud |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=Rutgers University, School of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Donna Auston |url=https://rutgers.academia.edu/DonnaAuston |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=Academia}}</ref> O neela dipuo le dipotsolotso ka maitemogelo a botshelo jwa Bamoseleme le Bathobantsho ba Amerika, bogolo jang ka ga kafa maloko a merafe eno a amiwang ka teng ke letlhoo la Boiselamo le bosemorafe. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Conversation on Muslims and the U.S. Elections |url=https://muslimlife.princeton.edu/news/conversation-muslims-and-us-elections |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=Muslim Life Program |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Event Info |url=https://secure.americananthro.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?webcode=EventInfo&RegPath=EventRegFees&REg_evt_key=524dc6b7-1fc0-4fe2-89d8-b6e19ca67237 |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=secure.americananthro.org}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Islamophobia and Race Symposium — Commonwealth Center for the Humanities and Society |url=https://louisville.edu/cchs/events/past-events-1/islamophobia-and-race-symposium |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=University of Louisville}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Women Speak About Malcolm X |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2016/05/19/commemorating-birthday-el-hajj-malik-el-shabazz |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=The New York Public Library}}</ref> <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Webinar Event : From the Front Lines |url=https://irusa.org/webinar-event-from-the-front-lines-2/ |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=Islamic Relief USA |language=en}}</ref> Ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , Auston o ne a simolola letsholo la maranyane a [[Twitter]] le le neng la anama, #BlackMuslimRamadan, ka maiteko a go tlotla le go keteka dingwao tsa Mamoseleme a Mantsho kwa lefatsheng la United States, tse a neng a bolela gore di ne di "seyo mo metsweding ya dikgang." <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Celebrating the Forgotten Stories Behind #BlackMuslimRamadan |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/blackmuslimramadan-celebrates-history-experience-neglected-group-n391351 |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Letshwao la Hashtag le ne gape le dirisiwa go tlhagisa dikgang tsa semorafe gareng ga setšhaba sa Mamoseleme. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=#BlackMuslimRamadan Aims To Celebrate A Vibrant, Often-Neglected Community |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/blackmuslimramadan-aims-to-celebrate-a-vibrant-often-neglected-community_n_55a02697e4b0ecec71bc2a7c |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Auston le letsholo la gagwe di ne tsa tlhagisiwa mo mafatsheng otlhe, mo metsweding ya [[Dikgang tsa NBC]], dikoranta tsa <ref name=":2" /> [[:en:The_New_York_Times|New York Times]] ,[[:en:HuffPost|Huffington Post]] . <ref name=":6" /> O kwaletse koranta ya ''[[:en:The_Washington_Post|The Washington Post]]'' setlhogo se se bontshang le go tshwaela ka katlego ya letsholo la #BlackMuslimRamadan, le go buelela botlhokwa jwa mafelo a mo maranyaneg mo Bantsho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko, Mamoseleme ba ka bopang sechaba mo maitemogelong a bone a a tshwanang Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe , Auston o ne a botsolotswa mo tiragalong ya motseletsele wa PBS wa "A Matter of Faith", e mo go yone a buwang ka go tuma mo go golang ga Boiselamo kwa lefatsheng la United States, le go abelana ka ponelopele ya gagwe ya kafa mafelo a Mamoseleme kwa Amerika a ka tokafalang ka gone. Motseletsele ono o tshwerwe ke bishopo, imam le rabi, mme tiragalo eno e tsenelela mo dikgannyeng tse di maleba mo setšhaba sa Mamoseleme, le kafa tshiamiso ya loago e amanang ka gone le kgang ya ga Auston ya go boela morago le go tlhaloganya tumelo ya Boiselamo. O dira jaaka mogakolodi wa ditiro di le dintsi, go akaretsa le tiro ya ditso ya Centre for Brooklyn ya Setheo sa Hisitori ya Brooklyn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2021 |title=The M Word: A Town Hall Series |url=https://pen.org/event/the-m-word-town-hall-series/ |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=PEN America |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Auston e ne e le Modulasetulo wa Komiti ya Thulaganyo ya bokopano ya Boithutatlhaloganyo jwa Bamoseleme ba Bantsho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Black Muslim Psychology {{!}} BMPC Team |url=https://www.blackmuslimpsychology.org/team |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=BMPC2021 |language=en}}</ref> Auston o biditswe mongwe wa Baeteledipele ba ba kwa godimo ba le lekgolo ba Bosiamisi jwa Loago jwa Mamoseleme ke MPower Change, mokgatlho o motona go gaisa wa Bosilamo o o buelelang ditshwanelo tsa batho mo Aforika'''.'''. <ref name=":8" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2021 |title=The Interfaith Legacy of Muhammad Ali: "The Wise Man Changes" |url=https://ifyc.org/article/interfaith-legacy-muhammad-ali-wise-man-changes |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=IFYC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision |url=https://www.mpowerchange.org/vision |access-date=November 6, 2021 |website=MPower Change |language=en-US}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Auston one a sokologa mo [[Boiselamo]] . O ne a gola e le Mokeresete mme e ne e le ene motho wa ntlha mo lwapeng la gagwe go sokologela mo tumelong e. <ref name=":5" /> O ne a sokologa kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi <ref name=":11" /> fa a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome. <ref name=":3" /> Kgatlhego ya gagwe mo Boiselamong e tswa mo keletsong ya go ithuta go le gontsi ka kafa Boiselamo bo tlotlang ka gone ka dikgang tsa tshiamiso ya loago le ya lotso. <ref name=":11" /> Auston ke modumedi yo o tlhomameng wa tshiamiso ya loago jaaka karolo ya botlhokwa ya tumelo le jaaka tiro ya kobamelo. O na le seabe mo sechabeng sa Bamoseleme kwa [[Newark]], le kwa [[New Jersey]] . <ref name=":11" /> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] ntssbbp77owp43vjmasmb729z72ejz3 Modirisi:PolinSkii/Page 2 15049 54875 2026-09-14T13:54:05Z PolinSkii 13169 nothing 54875 wikitext text/x-wiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=tn&campaign=ulsaddlanguages&filter-id=previous-edits&filter-type=automatic&page=Nandipha+Mntambo#/sx o8h67nha8sp5vs0e97j5ai7cxy926ds Swartkrans 0 15050 54880 2026-09-14T14:49:03Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 54880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swartkrans''' kgotsa '''Swartkranz''' ke logaga lo lo nang le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng lo lo tlhomilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika]] [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Borwa]], le le leng dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le bobedi go tswa kwa [[Johannesburg]].<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/content/922330012 "9/2/233/0012 - Swartkrans Palaeontological Site, Zwartkrans 172, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Le mo [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe|Lefelong la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Cradle of Humankind]] mme le itsege ka go huma thata ka dilo tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, segolobogolo masalela a [[batho]].<ref name=":1">Lesnik, J.; Thackeray, J. F. (1 September 2007). [http://ref.scielo.org/w8pyrh "The efficiency of stone and bone tools for opening termite mounds: implications for hominid tool use at Swartkrans]". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''103''' (9/10): 354–356.</ref> Masalela a a bonweng mo letlapeng la [[kalaka]] la Swartkrans a akaretsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (mofuta o o farologaneng wa ''[[Homo erectus]]''), ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''[[Homo habilis]]''. Dipeeletso tsa bogologolo tse di leng teng mo lefelong leno go dumelwa fa di le magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.9 le 2.1.<ref name=":2">Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; de Beer, Frikkie; Hoffman, Jakobus W. (1 July 2016). [[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|"Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa"]]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''112''' (7/8): 5. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471]]</ref> Moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo yo o itsegeng thata e bong [[Robert Broom]] o ne a epa kgapetsakgapetsa. O ne a latelwa ke [[C. K. ‘Bob’ Brain]], yo go epa ga gagwe mo lefelong leo go neng ga tlhotlheletsa buka ya gagwe ya ''[[The Hunters or the Hunted?]]'' e mo go yone a neng a bontsha gore go na le gore e nne dikgabo tse di bolayang tse di nyoretsweng madi, masalela a di-hominin a a fitlhetsweng mo lefelong leno ka boone e ne e le batswasetlhabelo ba go jewa ke [[dikatse tse dikgolo]].<ref name=":3">Brain, C. K. (1981). ''[[iarchive:mentallydisabled0000amer|The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy]]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780226070902|9780226070902]]</bdi>.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, go ne go dumelwa gore ''[[Dinofelis]]'' o ne a na le maikarabelo a dipolao tse di jalo, le fa bosupi jwa bosheng bo supa gore di-hominid e ka tswa e le batswasetlhabelo ba ''[[Megantereon]]'' kgotsa [[Lengau|mangau]] go ikaegilwe ka ditekanyetso tsa di-isotope ya carbon tse di tserweng mo sebataneng sengwe le sengwe se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Piegl, Linda; Bothma, Bianca (20 December 2011). [http://www.maropeng.co.za/news/entry/dinofelis_hominid_hunter_or_misunderstood_feline "Dinofelis – Hominid Hunter or Misunderstood Feline?"]. ''Maropeng''. Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e mo Nokeng ya Blaauwbank mo Mogopeng wa tlholego ya Motho, e e nang le rekoto e telele ya dingwe tsa diphitlhelelo tsa masalela a bogologolo a hominin mo lefatsheng. E fitlhelwa kilometara e le nngwe (0.62 mi) go tswa kwa [[Sterkfontein]], lefelo le le nnileng le diphitlhelelo tse di tshwanang tsa motlha o o tshwanang.<ref name=":1" /> Tshimo e e ikemetseng e logaga le neng le le mo go lone e ne ya rekwa ke [[Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand]] ka 1968.<ref name=":3" /><sup>: 221</sup>  Logaga lono lo ne lwa ribololwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne tsa dirwa ke moithuta-ditshedi tsa bogologolo e bong [[Robert Broom]]. Setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa ribolola masalela a le mmalwa a ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' le mefuta ya ntlha ya ''[[Homo]]''. E ne e le lefelo la ntlha le ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''Homo'' ka bobedi di neng di fitlhetswe mmogo mo go lone, se se supang gore di ne di le tsa nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == l1vhekjldnzufouhps3ra2f1o211wv8 54882 54880 2026-09-14T15:05:09Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 54882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swartkrans''' kgotsa '''Swartkranz''' ke logaga lo lo nang le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng lo lo tlhomilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika]] [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Borwa]], le le leng dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le bobedi go tswa kwa [[Johannesburg]].<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/content/922330012 "9/2/233/0012 - Swartkrans Palaeontological Site, Zwartkrans 172, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Le mo [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe|Lefelong la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Cradle of Humankind]] mme le itsege ka go huma thata ka dilo tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, segolobogolo masalela a [[batho]].<ref name=":1">Lesnik, J.; Thackeray, J. F. (1 September 2007). [http://ref.scielo.org/w8pyrh "The efficiency of stone and bone tools for opening termite mounds: implications for hominid tool use at Swartkrans]". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''103''' (9/10): 354–356.</ref> Masalela a a bonweng mo letlapeng la [[kalaka]] la Swartkrans a akaretsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (mofuta o o farologaneng wa ''[[Homo erectus]]''), ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''[[Homo habilis]]''. Dipeeletso tsa bogologolo tse di leng teng mo lefelong leno go dumelwa fa di le magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.9 le 2.1.<ref name=":2">Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; de Beer, Frikkie; Hoffman, Jakobus W. (1 July 2016). [[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|"Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa"]]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''112''' (7/8): 5. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471]]</ref> Moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo yo o itsegeng thata e bong [[Robert Broom]] o ne a epa kgapetsakgapetsa. O ne a latelwa ke [[C. K. ‘Bob’ Brain]], yo go epa ga gagwe mo lefelong leo go neng ga tlhotlheletsa buka ya gagwe ya ''[[The Hunters or the Hunted?]]'' e mo go yone a neng a bontsha gore go na le gore e nne dikgabo tse di bolayang tse di nyoretsweng madi, masalela a di-hominin a a fitlhetsweng mo lefelong leno ka boone e ne e le batswasetlhabelo ba go jewa ke [[dikatse tse dikgolo]].<ref name=":3">Brain, C. K. (1981). ''[[iarchive:mentallydisabled0000amer|The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy]]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780226070902|9780226070902]]</bdi>.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, go ne go dumelwa gore ''[[Dinofelis]]'' o ne a na le maikarabelo a dipolao tse di jalo, le fa bosupi jwa bosheng bo supa gore di-hominid e ka tswa e le batswasetlhabelo ba ''[[Megantereon]]'' kgotsa [[Lengau|mangau]] go ikaegilwe ka ditekanyetso tsa di-isotope ya carbon tse di tserweng mo sebataneng sengwe le sengwe se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Piegl, Linda; Bothma, Bianca (20 December 2011). [http://www.maropeng.co.za/news/entry/dinofelis_hominid_hunter_or_misunderstood_feline "Dinofelis – Hominid Hunter or Misunderstood Feline?"]. ''Maropeng''. Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e mo Nokeng ya Blaauwbank mo Mogopeng wa tlholego ya Motho, e e nang le rekoto e telele ya dingwe tsa diphitlhelelo tsa masalela a bogologolo a hominin mo lefatsheng. E fitlhelwa kilometara e le nngwe (0.62 mi) go tswa kwa [[Sterkfontein]], lefelo le le nnileng le diphitlhelelo tse di tshwanang tsa motlha o o tshwanang.<ref name=":1" /> Tshimo e e ikemetseng e logaga le neng le le mo go lone e ne ya rekwa ke [[Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand]] ka 1968.<ref name=":3" /><sup>: 221</sup>  Logaga lono lo ne lwa ribololwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne tsa dirwa ke moithuta-ditshedi tsa bogologolo e bong [[Robert Broom]]. Setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa ribolola masalela a le mmalwa a ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' le mefuta ya ntlha ya ''[[Homo]]''. E ne e le lefelo la ntlha le ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''Homo'' ka bobedi di neng di fitlhetswe mmogo mo go lone, se se supang gore di ne di le tsa nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":2" /> Morago ga moo go epa go ne ga ema go fitlha mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 mme ga tswelela go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, fa [[C. K. Brain]] a ne a tlisa setlhopha kwa Swartkrans. Diketekete tsa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla le masalela a diphologolo di ne tsa bonwa, mme di le makgolo a mane le lesome le botlhano tsa tsone di tsewa e le tsa hominin. Boboko o ne a atolola mo thulaganyong ya lefelo leno, e e neng e raraane go feta ka fa go neng go akanngwa ka gone pele.<ref name=":2" /> == Diphitlhelelo == [[Setshwantsho:Dent SKX268.jpg|thumb|Leino la [[SKX 268]].]] Bosupi bongwe jwa ntlha jwa [[tiriso e e laolwang ya molelo ke batho]] bo ka bonwa kwa Swartkrans, go fitlha dingwaga di le sedikadike se le sengwe le sephatlo tse di fetileng.<ref>Brain, C. K.; Sillent, A. (12 January 1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire". ''Nature''. '''336''' (6198): 464–466. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B 1988Natur.336..464B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/336464a0|10.1038/336464a0]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4318364 4318364].</ref><ref>Rincon, Paul (22 March 2004). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3557077.stm "Bones hint at first use of fire"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, bongwe jwa bosupi jwa ntlha jwa didirisiwa tsa marapo tse di fetotsweng le tsone di fitlhetswe kwa Swartkrans le Sterkfontein, ka ya bogologolo kwa Swartkrans e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.8 tse di fetileng. Didirisiwa tse di ka tswa di dirilwe ke ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]'' kgotsa mofuta wa ntlha wa ''Homo'', o ka bobedi o neng o nna mo logageng ka nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":4">Backwell, Lucinda R.; d'Errico, Francesco (13 February 2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29261 "Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids"]. ''PNAS''. '''98''' (4): 1358–1363. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.021551598|10.1073/pnas.021551598]]. PMC&#x20;29261. PMID&#x20;11171955.</ref> Didirisiwa tseo tsa ntlha di ne tsa fopholediwa la ntlha gore di ne di dirisiwa go epa [[Medi|dijo tsa medi]], fela go na le moo di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa go bapala dintlhwa, tse di neng di le teng ka nako ya fa Swartkrans a ne a nna mo nageng; bontsi jwa didirisiwa tseno di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa mo ditirong tse dintsi. Go sekaseka gape go onala ga didirisiwa tsa matlapa le marapo tse di ribolotsweng ke Brain mo diphuputsong tsa pele le ditekeletso tsa babatlisisi go dirile gore go dirwe tshwetso ya gore dintlhwa, motswedi o o kwa godimo wa dikotla, e ne e le motswedi wa dijo tsa tlaleletso tsa di-hominid tsa ntlha. Didirisiwa tsa marapo di ka bo di letlile go ntsha ditshidinyana bonolo go na le matlapa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ka 2016, go ne ga itsisiwe ka go ribololwa ga bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo itsiweng jwa kankere mo di-hominin. Osteosarcoma e fitlhetswe mo karolong ya lerapo la botlhano la molema go tswa mo setsheding se se sa tlhaolwang.[3] == Thuto ya mantswe == Swartkrans ke logaga lwa kalaka mme e kgaogantswe ka thutafatshe go nna ditokololo di le tlhano. Tokololo 1 e na le bontsi jo bogolo jo bo mabedi, jo bo bidiwang Masalela a a Lepeletseng le Banka e e kwa Tlase. Masalela a Homo ergaster le Paranthropus robustus a fitlhetswe mo Lelokong la 1, mme Leloko la 2 le ntshitse mefuta e e tshwanang.[3] == Metswedi == qn5euu44tvzw2ae7vyg0un8m8uugprd 54884 54882 2026-09-14T15:13:20Z KatieKea 10150 ke okeditse tlhanolo le go tsenya setshwantsho 54884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swartkrans''' kgotsa '''Swartkranz''' ke logaga lo lo nang le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng lo lo tlhomilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika]] [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Borwa]], le le leng dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le bobedi go tswa kwa [[Johannesburg]].<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/content/922330012 "9/2/233/0012 - Swartkrans Palaeontological Site, Zwartkrans 172, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Le mo [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe|Lefelong la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Cradle of Humankind]] mme le itsege ka go huma thata ka dilo tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, segolobogolo masalela a [[batho]].<ref name=":1">Lesnik, J.; Thackeray, J. F. (1 September 2007). [http://ref.scielo.org/w8pyrh "The efficiency of stone and bone tools for opening termite mounds: implications for hominid tool use at Swartkrans]". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''103''' (9/10): 354–356.</ref> Masalela a a bonweng mo letlapeng la [[kalaka]] la Swartkrans a akaretsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (mofuta o o farologaneng wa ''[[Homo erectus]]''), ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''[[Homo habilis]]''. Dipeeletso tsa bogologolo tse di leng teng mo lefelong leno go dumelwa fa di le magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.9 le 2.1.<ref name=":2">Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; de Beer, Frikkie; Hoffman, Jakobus W. (1 July 2016). [[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|"Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa"]]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''112''' (7/8): 5. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471]]</ref> Moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo yo o itsegeng thata e bong [[Robert Broom]] o ne a epa kgapetsakgapetsa. O ne a latelwa ke [[C. K. ‘Bob’ Brain]], yo go epa ga gagwe mo lefelong leo go neng ga tlhotlheletsa buka ya gagwe ya ''[[The Hunters or the Hunted?]]'' e mo go yone a neng a bontsha gore go na le gore e nne dikgabo tse di bolayang tse di nyoretsweng madi, masalela a di-hominin a a fitlhetsweng mo lefelong leno ka boone e ne e le batswasetlhabelo ba go jewa ke [[dikatse tse dikgolo]].<ref name=":3">Brain, C. K. (1981). ''[[iarchive:mentallydisabled0000amer|The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy]]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780226070902|9780226070902]]</bdi>.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, go ne go dumelwa gore ''[[Dinofelis]]'' o ne a na le maikarabelo a dipolao tse di jalo, le fa bosupi jwa bosheng bo supa gore di-hominid e ka tswa e le batswasetlhabelo ba ''[[Megantereon]]'' kgotsa [[Lengau|mangau]] go ikaegilwe ka ditekanyetso tsa di-isotope ya carbon tse di tserweng mo sebataneng sengwe le sengwe se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Piegl, Linda; Bothma, Bianca (20 December 2011). [http://www.maropeng.co.za/news/entry/dinofelis_hominid_hunter_or_misunderstood_feline "Dinofelis – Hominid Hunter or Misunderstood Feline?"]. ''Maropeng''. Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e mo Nokeng ya Blaauwbank mo Mogopeng wa tlholego ya Motho, e e nang le rekoto e telele ya dingwe tsa diphitlhelelo tsa masalela a bogologolo a hominin mo lefatsheng. E fitlhelwa kilometara e le nngwe (0.62 mi) go tswa kwa [[Sterkfontein]], lefelo le le nnileng le diphitlhelelo tse di tshwanang tsa motlha o o tshwanang.<ref name=":1" /> Tshimo e e ikemetseng e logaga le neng le le mo go lone e ne ya rekwa ke [[Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand]] ka 1968.<ref name=":3" /><sup>: 221</sup>  Logaga lono lo ne lwa ribololwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne tsa dirwa ke moithuta-ditshedi tsa bogologolo e bong [[Robert Broom]]. Setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa ribolola masalela a le mmalwa a ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' le mefuta ya ntlha ya ''[[Homo]]''. E ne e le lefelo la ntlha le ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''Homo'' ka bobedi di neng di fitlhetswe mmogo mo go lone, se se supang gore di ne di le tsa nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":2" /> Morago ga moo go epa go ne ga ema go fitlha mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 mme ga tswelela go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, fa [[C. K. Brain]] a ne a tlisa setlhopha kwa Swartkrans. Diketekete tsa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla le masalela a diphologolo di ne tsa bonwa, mme di le makgolo a mane le lesome le botlhano tsa tsone di tsewa e le tsa hominin. Boboko o ne a atolola mo thulaganyong ya lefelo leno, e e neng e raraane go feta ka fa go neng go akanngwa ka gone pele.<ref name=":2" /> == Diphitlhelelo == [[Setshwantsho:Dent SKX268.jpg|thumb|Leino la [[SKX 268]].]] Bosupi bongwe jwa ntlha jwa [[tiriso e e laolwang ya molelo ke batho]] bo ka bonwa kwa Swartkrans, go fitlha dingwaga di le sedikadike se le sengwe le sephatlo tse di fetileng.<ref>Brain, C. K.; Sillent, A. (12 January 1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire". ''Nature''. '''336''' (6198): 464–466. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B 1988Natur.336..464B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/336464a0|10.1038/336464a0]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4318364 4318364].</ref><ref>Rincon, Paul (22 March 2004). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3557077.stm "Bones hint at first use of fire"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, bongwe jwa bosupi jwa ntlha jwa didirisiwa tsa marapo tse di fetotsweng le tsone di fitlhetswe kwa Swartkrans le Sterkfontein, ka ya bogologolo kwa Swartkrans e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.8 tse di fetileng. Didirisiwa tse di ka tswa di dirilwe ke ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]'' kgotsa mofuta wa ntlha wa ''Homo'', o ka bobedi o neng o nna mo logageng ka nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":4">Backwell, Lucinda R.; d'Errico, Francesco (13 February 2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29261 "Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids"]. ''PNAS''. '''98''' (4): 1358–1363. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.021551598|10.1073/pnas.021551598]]. PMC&#x20;29261. PMID&#x20;11171955.</ref> Didirisiwa tseo tsa ntlha di ne tsa fopholediwa la ntlha gore di ne di dirisiwa go epa [[Medi|dijo tsa medi]], fela go na le moo di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa go bapala dintlhwa, tse di neng di le teng ka nako ya fa Swartkrans a ne a nna mo nageng; bontsi jwa didirisiwa tseno di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa mo ditirong tse dintsi. Go sekaseka gape go onala ga didirisiwa tsa matlapa le marapo tse di ribolotsweng ke Brain mo diphuputsong tsa pele le ditekeletso tsa babatlisisi go dirile gore go dirwe tshwetso ya gore dintlhwa, motswedi o o kwa godimo wa dikotla, e ne e le motswedi wa dijo tsa tlaleletso tsa di-hominid tsa ntlha. Didirisiwa tsa marapo di ka bo di letlile go ntsha ditshidinyana bonolo go na le matlapa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ka 2016, go ne ga itsisiwe ka go ribololwa ga bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo itsiweng jwa [[kankere]] mo di-hominin. [[Osteosarcoma]] e fitlhetswe mo karolong ya [[lerapo la botlhano la molema]] go tswa mo setsheding se se sa tlhaolwang.<ref name=":2" /> == Thuto ya go epa mantswe == Swartkrans ke logaga lwa [[kalaka]] mme e kgaogantswe ka thuto ya go epa go nna ditokololo di le tlhano. Tokololo ya ntlha e na le bontsi jo bogolo jo bo mabedi, jo bo bidiwang Masalela a a Lepeletseng le Banka e e kwa Tlase. Masalela a ''[[Homo ergaste|Homo ergaster]]'' le ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' a fitlhetswe mo Lelokong la ntlha, mme Leloko la bobedi le ntshitse mefuta e e tshwanang.<ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:Swartkrans Cave formation.jpg|none|thumb|450x450px|Dikgato tsa go bopega ga lefelo la Logaga lwa Swartkrans - A - [[Dolomite]]; B - Metsi; C - [[Travertine|Letlapa la motlhaba]]; D - Leloko la ntlha (Banka e e kwa Tlase); E - Leloko la ntlha (Masalela a a Lepeletseng); F - Leloko la bobedi; G - Leloko la boraro; H - Tokololo e e Kgaogantsweng ya bobedi]] == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a lefatshe mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] qmtdios9bmffce0xif3uk0mivlkfcy4 54885 54884 2026-09-14T15:17:12Z KatieKea 10150 ke tsentse setshwantsho 54885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Paranthropus Robustus - Transparent Background.png|thumb|Legata la tshimologo le le feletseng ( le le senang lerapo la kwa tlase) la [[Paranthropus robustus]] ya dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1,8 ( SK-48 Swartkrans ( 26°00'S 27°45'E ) Gauteng,), le le ribolotsweng kwa Aforika Borwa. Polokelo ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Teransefala]], Northern Flagship Institute, Pretoria Aforika Borwa.]] '''Swartkrans''' kgotsa '''Swartkranz''' ke logaga lo lo nang le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng lo lo tlhomilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika]] [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa|Borwa]], le le leng dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le bobedi go tswa kwa [[Johannesburg]].<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/content/922330012 "9/2/233/0012 - Swartkrans Palaeontological Site, Zwartkrans 172, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Le mo [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe|Lefelong la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Cradle of Humankind]] mme le itsege ka go huma thata ka dilo tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, segolobogolo masalela a [[batho]].<ref name=":1">Lesnik, J.; Thackeray, J. F. (1 September 2007). [http://ref.scielo.org/w8pyrh "The efficiency of stone and bone tools for opening termite mounds: implications for hominid tool use at Swartkrans]". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''103''' (9/10): 354–356.</ref> Masalela a a bonweng mo letlapeng la [[kalaka]] la Swartkrans a akaretsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (mofuta o o farologaneng wa ''[[Homo erectus]]''), ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''[[Homo habilis]]''. Dipeeletso tsa bogologolo tse di leng teng mo lefelong leno go dumelwa fa di le magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.9 le 2.1.<ref name=":2">Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; de Beer, Frikkie; Hoffman, Jakobus W. (1 July 2016). [[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|"Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa"]]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''112''' (7/8): 5. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471|10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471]]</ref> Moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo yo o itsegeng thata e bong [[Robert Broom]] o ne a epa kgapetsakgapetsa. O ne a latelwa ke [[C. K. ‘Bob’ Brain]], yo go epa ga gagwe mo lefelong leo go neng ga tlhotlheletsa buka ya gagwe ya ''[[The Hunters or the Hunted?]]'' e mo go yone a neng a bontsha gore go na le gore e nne dikgabo tse di bolayang tse di nyoretsweng madi, masalela a di-hominin a a fitlhetsweng mo lefelong leno ka boone e ne e le batswasetlhabelo ba go jewa ke [[dikatse tse dikgolo]].<ref name=":3">Brain, C. K. (1981). ''[[iarchive:mentallydisabled0000amer|The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy]]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780226070902|9780226070902]]</bdi>.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, go ne go dumelwa gore ''[[Dinofelis]]'' o ne a na le maikarabelo a dipolao tse di jalo, le fa bosupi jwa bosheng bo supa gore di-hominid e ka tswa e le batswasetlhabelo ba ''[[Megantereon]]'' kgotsa [[Lengau|mangau]] go ikaegilwe ka ditekanyetso tsa di-isotope ya carbon tse di tserweng mo sebataneng sengwe le sengwe se se jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Piegl, Linda; Bothma, Bianca (20 December 2011). [http://www.maropeng.co.za/news/entry/dinofelis_hominid_hunter_or_misunderstood_feline "Dinofelis – Hominid Hunter or Misunderstood Feline?"]. ''Maropeng''. Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e mo Nokeng ya Blaauwbank mo Mogopeng wa tlholego ya Motho, e e nang le rekoto e telele ya dingwe tsa diphitlhelelo tsa masalela a bogologolo a hominin mo lefatsheng. E fitlhelwa kilometara e le nngwe (0.62 mi) go tswa kwa [[Sterkfontein]], lefelo le le nnileng le diphitlhelelo tse di tshwanang tsa motlha o o tshwanang.<ref name=":1" /> Tshimo e e ikemetseng e logaga le neng le le mo go lone e ne ya rekwa ke [[Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand]] ka 1968.<ref name=":3" /><sup>: 221</sup>  Logaga lono lo ne lwa ribololwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne tsa dirwa ke moithuta-ditshedi tsa bogologolo e bong [[Robert Broom]]. Setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa ribolola masalela a le mmalwa a ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' le mefuta ya ntlha ya ''[[Homo]]''. E ne e le lefelo la ntlha le ''[[Paranthropus]]'' le ''Homo'' ka bobedi di neng di fitlhetswe mmogo mo go lone, se se supang gore di ne di le tsa nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":2" /> Morago ga moo go epa go ne ga ema go fitlha mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 mme ga tswelela go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, fa [[C. K. Brain]] a ne a tlisa setlhopha kwa Swartkrans. Diketekete tsa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla le masalela a diphologolo di ne tsa bonwa, mme di le makgolo a mane le lesome le botlhano tsa tsone di tsewa e le tsa hominin. Boboko o ne a atolola mo thulaganyong ya lefelo leno, e e neng e raraane go feta ka fa go neng go akanngwa ka gone pele.<ref name=":2" /> == Diphitlhelelo == [[Setshwantsho:Dent SKX268.jpg|thumb|Leino la [[SKX 268]].]] Bosupi bongwe jwa ntlha jwa [[tiriso e e laolwang ya molelo ke batho]] bo ka bonwa kwa Swartkrans, go fitlha dingwaga di le sedikadike se le sengwe le sephatlo tse di fetileng.<ref>Brain, C. K.; Sillent, A. (12 January 1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire". ''Nature''. '''336''' (6198): 464–466. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B 1988Natur.336..464B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/336464a0|10.1038/336464a0]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4318364 4318364].</ref><ref>Rincon, Paul (22 March 2004). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3557077.stm "Bones hint at first use of fire"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, bongwe jwa bosupi jwa ntlha jwa didirisiwa tsa marapo tse di fetotsweng le tsone di fitlhetswe kwa Swartkrans le Sterkfontein, ka ya bogologolo kwa Swartkrans e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.8 tse di fetileng. Didirisiwa tse di ka tswa di dirilwe ke ''[[Australopithecus robustus]]'' kgotsa mofuta wa ntlha wa ''Homo'', o ka bobedi o neng o nna mo logageng ka nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":4">Backwell, Lucinda R.; d'Errico, Francesco (13 February 2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29261 "Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids"]. ''PNAS''. '''98''' (4): 1358–1363. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.021551598|10.1073/pnas.021551598]]. PMC&#x20;29261. PMID&#x20;11171955.</ref> Didirisiwa tseo tsa ntlha di ne tsa fopholediwa la ntlha gore di ne di dirisiwa go epa [[Medi|dijo tsa medi]], fela go na le moo di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa go bapala dintlhwa, tse di neng di le teng ka nako ya fa Swartkrans a ne a nna mo nageng; bontsi jwa didirisiwa tseno di ka tswa di ne di dirisiwa mo ditirong tse dintsi. Go sekaseka gape go onala ga didirisiwa tsa matlapa le marapo tse di ribolotsweng ke Brain mo diphuputsong tsa pele le ditekeletso tsa babatlisisi go dirile gore go dirwe tshwetso ya gore dintlhwa, motswedi o o kwa godimo wa dikotla, e ne e le motswedi wa dijo tsa tlaleletso tsa di-hominid tsa ntlha. Didirisiwa tsa marapo di ka bo di letlile go ntsha ditshidinyana bonolo go na le matlapa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ka 2016, go ne ga itsisiwe ka go ribololwa ga bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo itsiweng jwa [[kankere]] mo di-hominin. [[Osteosarcoma]] e fitlhetswe mo karolong ya [[lerapo la botlhano la molema]] go tswa mo setsheding se se sa tlhaolwang.<ref name=":2" /> == Thuto ya go epa mantswe == Swartkrans ke logaga lwa [[kalaka]] mme e kgaogantswe ka thuto ya go epa go nna ditokololo di le tlhano. Tokololo ya ntlha e na le bontsi jo bogolo jo bo mabedi, jo bo bidiwang Masalela a a Lepeletseng le Banka e e kwa Tlase. Masalela a ''[[Homo ergaste|Homo ergaster]]'' le ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' a fitlhetswe mo Lelokong la ntlha, mme Leloko la bobedi le ntshitse mefuta e e tshwanang.<ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:Swartkrans Cave formation.jpg|none|thumb|450x450px|Dikgato tsa go bopega ga lefelo la Logaga lwa Swartkrans - A - [[Dolomite]]; B - Metsi; C - [[Travertine|Letlapa la motlhaba]]; D - Leloko la ntlha (Banka e e kwa Tlase); E - Leloko la ntlha (Masalela a a Lepeletseng); F - Leloko la bobedi; G - Leloko la boraro; H - Tokololo e e Kgaogantsweng ya bobedi]] == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a lefatshe mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] cfixerrvxl3fnjd3fzw3ebv5cpf3yf3 Motswedi wa Letlapa la Thaba ya Jasper 0 15051 54881 2026-09-14T14:56:45Z IntergratedLearning 12501 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373429285|Mount Jasper Lithic Source]]" 54881 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;" |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Motswedi wa Lithic wa Thaba Jasper</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF;">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:BerlinNH_MountJasper.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:USA_New_Hampshire_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|438x438px|Mount Jasper Lithic Source is located in New Hampshire]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:33.815%;left:66.898%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mount Jasper Lithic Source]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Lefelo mo New Hampshire</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Mmapa wa New Hampshire</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mount Jasper Lithic Source is located in the United States]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:21.009%;left:88.072%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mount Jasper Lithic Source]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Lefelo mo United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Mmapa wa United States</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Lefelo | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |1<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>&#x2044;<span class="den">2</span></span> mi. NW ya go kopana ga Dead R. le Androscoggin R., Berlin, New Hampshire |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Dikarolo | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Jasper_Lithic_Source&params=44_29_8_N_71_11_40_W_region:US_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°29′8′′N</span> <span class="longitude">71°11′40′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x74;&#x73;&#x6E;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x74;&#x73;&#x6E;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x74;&#x73;&#x6E;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x47;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x65;&#x20;&#x67;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x6C;&#x65;&#x20;&#x62;&#x61;&#x74;&#x68;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x62;&#x61;&#x20;&#x62;&#x61;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x65;&#x6E;&#x67;&#x20;&#x62;&#x61;&#x20;&#x6C;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6D;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x67;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x79;&#x6F;&#x6E;&#x65;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.48556°N 71.19444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.48556; -71.19444</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Jasper_Lithic_Source&params=44_29_8_N_71_11_40_W_region:US_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°29′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°11′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.48556°N 71.19444°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">44.48556; -71.19444</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Lefelo | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |38.5 acres (15.6 ha) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Tshupiso ya NRHP <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">No.</abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92000631 92000631] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Go tsenngwa mo NRHP | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |May 29, 1992 |} Motswedi wa Matlapa a Thaba ya Jasper Lithic ke lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo la pele ga hisitori kwa Berlin, New Hampshire. E mo mekgokoloseng tsa Thaba ya Jasper ka fa letlhakoreng le le kwa bokone la motsesetoropo, e akaretsa bonngwe jwa bosupi jo bo itseweng fela jwa meepo ke baagedi Baamerika ba Tlholego ba pele ga go kopana kwa botlhaba jwa United States. Thaba ke motswedi wa rhyolite, go bonala e tseelwa kwa godimo ka ntlha ya dinonofo tsa yone tsa go dira didirisiwa tsa maje. Lefelo leno le na le mosima wa moepo o o boteng jwa dimetara di le 9, mmogo le mafelo a tiro kwa tlase le kwa godimo ga thaba. Lefelo leno le ne la tsenngwa mo National Register of Historic Places ka 1992. * Lenaane la National Register of Historic Places kwa Coos County, New Hampshire == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} * Mount Jasper Mine - Setlhogo se se buang ka go epololwa le go bonwa mo lefelong leo [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] pd5dy7a2w0jg2t0a4kl64rhdj9i86ii Mary E. Eato 0 15052 54883 2026-09-14T15:12:45Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Mary E. Eato 54883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mary Eato|birth_name=Mary Elizabeth Eato<ref>[https://www.womenandthevotenys.com/1suffragists-vetted/mary-elizabeth-eato Profile], womenandthevotenys.com. Accessed February 23, 2024.</ref>|birth_date=Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1844|birth_place=New York City|death_date=Tlhakole a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1917 (a le dingwaga di le masome a supa)|othername=Mary E. Eaton|occupation=Morutuntshi, Molwela ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha ga bomme}} '''Mary Elizabeth Eato''' (o gape a neng a fana ka '''Eaton'''; o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a mane le bone - a tlhokafala ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le botlhano) e ne e le motho montsho wa kwa Amerika o a neng a lwela ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha ga bomme, gape ke morutabana. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Eato o tsholetswe kwa [[New York City]] ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a mane le bone,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/87977739/?terms=%22Mary%2BE.%2BEato%22 "From the City University. Fifty-Ninth Commencement Exercises".] ''New-York Tribune''. June 12, 1891. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> ke morwadie Timothy le Sarah Jane Eato. Fa le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, Eato o ne a simolola go ruta kwa dikolong tsa batho ba ba tlhakantseng mmala.<ref name=":1">Goodier, Susan. [https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3567498 "Biography of Mary E. Eato, 1844-1915".] ''Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists''. Alexander Street. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> O ne a aloga ka diploma ya borutabana go stwa kwa sekolong se se tlwaelesegileng sa New York ka Phukwi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro le motso, kwa e neng e le ene fela moithuti wa mmala o a neng a aloga kwa moletlong wa kalogo wa sekolo seo.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1861/07/20/archives/commencement-of-the-normal-schools.html "Commencement of the Normal Schools".] ''The New York Times''. July 20, 1861. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> Morago o ne a ya go ruta kwa dikolong tsa thutapuo.<ref name=":1" /> Gareng ga dikolo tse a rutileng mo go tsone, go ne go na le sa No.3 mo moleng wa masome mane le motso,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Bethune, Mary McLeod (29 November 1924). [https://www.newspapers.com/image/40471694/?terms=%22Mary%2BE.%2BEato%22 "A Tribute To Frances Reynold Keyser. Club Woman, Writer, Teacher"]. ''The New York Age''. New York, New York. p.&nbsp;2. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> ka fa tlase ga ga mogokgo [[Charles Lewis Reason]],<ref name=":2" /> le sa No.80<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Minott, Adena C. E. (December 18, 1926). [https://www.newspapers.com/image/40472766/?terms=%22Mary%2BE.%2BEato%22 "Tribute to the New York Age on Attaining its Fortieth Anniversary".] ''The New York Age''. New York, New York. p.&nbsp;5. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> mo moleng wa masome mane le bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le motso, o ne a aloga ka degree of Master ya thuto go tswa kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of the City of New York. O rutile dingwaga di le masome mane le bone, a ithola marapo ka bogosi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bone.<ref name=":4">[https://www.newspapers.com/image/54439539/?terms=%22Mary%2BE.%2BEato%22 "Deaths. Eato"]. ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle''. Brooklyn, New York. February 10, 1915. p.&nbsp;18. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> Gareng ga baithuti ba gagwe e ne e le bangwe ba le bone ba neng ba nna barutabana, ba tshwana le [[Frances Reynolds Keyser]],<ref name=":2" /> le Dr. [[Adena C.E Minott]],<ref name=":3" /> motlhami wa sekolo sa maranyane a tlhaloganyo kwa Chicago.<ref>[https://minottfamily.webnode.page/adena-c-e-minott/professional-career/chicago-years/ "Adena Clotilda Eugenie Minott".] ''The Minott Family''. Retrieved 14 September 2026</ref> Ka nako ya gagwe fa e le morutabana, o ne a kopana le [[Sarah Garnet]], mogokgo wa ntlha yo montsho kwa New York City. Fa Garnet a simolodisitse lekgotla la go lwela ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha ga bomme kwa Brooklyn, Eato o nnile leloko koo dingwaga di le dintsi. Eato o ne a nna mothusa tautona wa lekgotla leo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabaobedi. O tlhokafetse ka Tlhako a robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaonwge lesome le botlhano a le dingwaga di le masome a supa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Sarah Garnet]] == Metswedi == s7gqridvisyecsbk90gs3w5pp5ka59x Motšhini 0 15053 54886 2026-09-14T15:43:29Z Ngwanana 12523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242207625|Piétrain]]" 54886 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Motšhini''' (  ) ke mofuta mongwe wa kolobe ya selegae ya kwa Belgium . E tswa kwa Wallonia, mme leina la yone le tswa go tsewa mo motseng wa Piétrain kwa mmasepaleng wa wa ga Jodoigne kwa Brabant ya Wallone, kwa bokone jwa Wallonia . E tsweletse la ntlha ka 1920, mme ya amogelwa jaaka mofuta ka 1950. [ 4 ] Tshimologo ya yone ga e tlhaloganyege sentle; go tshitshintswe gore balemirui ba Piétrain ba ka tswa ba lemogile, le go tlhopha, phetogo ya lotsalo e e bakang go oketsega ga mesifa . [ 4 ] Go simolola ka 1960, Piétrain e ne ya godisiwa gape kwa Jeremane, bogolosegolo kwa Baden-Württemberg, Northrhein-Westfalen le kwa Schleswig-Holstein ; e dirisiwa jaaka sire sa tsadiso sa sefapano. [ 5 ] Ka dingwaga tsa kwa morago kwa tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990, babatlisisi kwa lefapheng la bongaka lwa diphologolo la Université de Liège ba ne ba dirisa go kopanya le diruiwa tsa Large White tse di kgonang go emelana le kgatelelo go tlhama mofuta wa Piétrain o o senang jini ya bolwetse jwa kgatelelo ya dikolobe (jo gape bo bidiwang malignant hypothermia ), mo e leng gore seruiwa sa ntlha se neng se le mo go sone. [ 6 ] == Dipharologantsho == 4kfdwznwkjuu2o69rvb7t2t3itn37fn Go bina 0 15054 54887 2026-09-14T15:44:55Z Skwelea 12487 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371188605|Dance]]" 54887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go bina''' ke mofuta wa botaki, o o nang le tatelano ya motsamao wa mmele o o nang le boleng jwa bontle mme gantsi e le jwa tshwantshetso, o ka tswa o le o o itiretsweng kgotsa o o tlhophilweng ka boikaelelo. Go bina go ka aroganngwa le go tlhalosiwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya one ya go bina, go ya ka metsamao ya one kgotsa go ya ka paka ya one ya hisetori kgotsa lefelo le o tswang kwa go lone . Go bina gantsi go dirwa ka mmino o o patiwang, mme ka dinako tse dingwe le motantshi a dirisa seletswa sa mmino ka nako e le nngwe . mku21eymw6az5n56o4jgdk64t2sevpz Logaga la Wonderwerk 0 15055 54888 2026-09-14T15:52:24Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 54888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == hh6xwxl64q32pm7iy6a8d2gn8eonkbj 54892 54888 2026-09-14T16:14:40Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 54892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref>Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref>Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Michael Chazan wa Yunibesithi ya Toronto, Liora Kolska Horwitz wa Yunibesithi ya Sehebera le Francesco Berna wa Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser, ka tirisanommogo le Musiamo wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.[2][17] Mofuta wa dijithale wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya Porojeke ya Zamani.[17] Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a diyuniti tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka makenete kgotsa ka makenete wa bogologolo),[18] Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka U/Pb) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima go go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Dipholo tsa dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa simposiamong se se neng se biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.[19] Fa e sa le di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,[20][21][22] le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo saeteng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.[22] Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Toronto le kwa Yunibesithing ya Sehebera ba ne ba itsise ka dipholo tsa magnetostratigraphy le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la Quaternary Science Reviews, go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa Oldowan le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo llageng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le 2.5 (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo ne lo agilwe ke batho ba Motlha wa Letlapa wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2[2]2 tse di fetileng. == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == == Metswedi == 6z6x5uzw8vri7rj02281r21ia6uw21b 54893 54892 2026-09-14T16:24:31Z KatieKea 10150 /* Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope */ ke okeditse metswedi 54893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref>Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref>Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref>Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo saeteng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.[22] Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Toronto le kwa Yunibesithing ya Sehebera ba ne ba itsise ka dipholo tsa magnetostratigraphy le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la Quaternary Science Reviews, go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa Oldowan le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo llageng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le 2.5 (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo ne lo agilwe ke batho ba Motlha wa Letlapa wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2[2]2 tse di fetileng. == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == == Metswedi == kgjndb7k7fjfjb2g7vqqffjxlqdp8zs 54894 54893 2026-09-14T16:35:36Z KatieKea 10150 /* Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope */ ke tsentse dilink le metswedi 54894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref>Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref>Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref>Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == == Metswedi == 99zmil6edq7rc88kb0wk3oatleeqzoh 54896 54894 2026-09-14T17:00:23Z KatieKea 10150 ke okeditse tlhanolo, ke tsentse metswedi le dikarolo 54896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref>Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref name=":5">Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref>Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == Dikgogodi tse di mo teng ga logaga di bontsha tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya masalela a ditshedi go akaretsa masalela a dimela tse dikgolo, di-phytolith le diphologolo tse dinnye le tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang lesedi gareng ga tse dingwe ka ga go nyelela ga mefuta fa go bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa motlha wa bofelo wa aese dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le some tse di fetileng – e e ithutilweng ke Francis Thackeray.<ref>Thackeray, J.F. (1984). ''Man, animals and extinctions: the analysis of Holocene faunal remains from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa'' (PhD). [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]].</ref> Margaret Avery le Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo ba ithuta masalela a diamusi tse dinnye tse di tsenngwang mo matlakaleng a logaga jaaka karolo ya diteng tsa mantle a morubisi mme tse di nayang ditshupo tsa maemo a tikologo ya bogologolo kwa ntle ga logaga.<ref>Avery, D.M. (1981). "Holocene micro-mammalian faunas from the northern Cape Province, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''77''' (6): 265–273. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_1716|10520/AJA00382353_1716]].</ref><ref>Avery, D.M. (1995). "Southern savannas and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective". In Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Denton, George H.; Partridge, Timothy C.; Burckle, Lloyd H. (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1A8MmMaN4VwC Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins]''. Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06348-6|978-0-300-06348-6]].</bdi></ref><ref>Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Avery, D. Margaret (2015). "Pleistocene Micromammals and Their Predators at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 751–791. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7|10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85778379 85778379].</ref> Gape go bolokilwe mmudula, motswedi o mongwe o o botlhokwa wa tshedimosetso ka ga maemo a tikologo a a fetogang kwa ntle ga logaga, o ga jaana o ithutiwang ke Louis Scott mme kwa tshimologong o tlhatlhobilwe ke [[E.M. van Zinderen Bakker]].<ref>Beaumont, P.B.; van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.; Vogel, J.C. (1984), "Environmental changes since 32 000 BP at Kathu Pan, northern Cape", ''Late Cainozic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. International symposium held by the South African Society for Quaternary Research; Swaziland (29 August 1983)'', Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp.&nbsp;329–338, [[:en:Institut_de_l'information_scientifique_et_technique|INIST]] [https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7268015 7268015].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Steenkamp, M.; Beaumont, P.B. (1995). "Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the pleistocene-holocene transition". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (9): 937–947. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..937S 1995QSRv...14..937S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Thackeray, J. Francis (2015). "Palynology of Holocene Deposits in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape (South Africa)". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 839–855. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129356271 129356271].</ref> Lloyd Rossouw o batlisisa ka di-[[phytolith]] go tswa mo logageng, tse di bontshang diporofaele tsa dimela tse di fetogang,<ref>Rossouw, Lloyd (2016). "An Early Pleistocene Phytolith Record from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 251–263. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x|10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892937 131892937].</ref> fa magala a a bolokilweng a ntse a ithutiwa ke [[Marion Bamford]] go tlhagisa tshedimosetso ka dimela tsa logong.<ref>Bamford, Marion K. (2015). "Macrobotanical Remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14 ka bp), South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 813–838. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0|10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743576 162743576].</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma dithoto e nnile tsepamisomogopolo ya tiro ya ga Karl Butzer<ref name=":5" /> le, ga jaana, Paul Goldberg le Francesco Berna.<ref>Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Chazan, Michael (2015). "Deposition and Diagenesis in the Earlier Stone Age of Wonderwerk Cave, Excavation 1, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 613–643. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127817825 127817825].</ref> == Tiriso ya kalafi == Ditshupo tsa botlhokwa jwa logaga jwa segompieno kgotsa jwa ngwao di amana gareng ga tse dingwe le go kokoanya metsi ka dinako tse dingwe, ke batho ba selegae ba Aforika, ka maikaelelo a go fodisa. Go na le mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi kwa ditumelo tse di amanang le maatla a ngwao a metsi (go tshwaelwa dikamano le noga ya metsi ya mainane[37]), sekai ke maloko a Kereke ya Bokeresete ya Sione, di akaretsa Leitlho la Kuruman le Boesmanspit. Botlhokwa jwa ngwao ya nako e e fetileng jwa lefelo leno bo laolwa ke dipatlisiso tse di tswelelang tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.[38] === Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng === Botaki jwa letlapa mo maboteng a logaga gaufi le botseno jwa lone, bo batlisisiwa ke David Morris[39][19] le matlapa a a gabilweng a a fitlhetsweng mo polokelong[6] a ka kaya go fetoga ga botlhokwa jwa ngwao. === Bokagare jo bo tseneletseng jaaka lefelo la kalafi === Dikarolo tsa tiriso ya diphitlhelelo tse di kwa teng tsa logaga le tsone di a akanyediwa mo mabakeng ano. Chazan le Horwitz ba bua, jaaka Beaumont a dirile, go tlhagisiwa ga di-manuport (matlapa a tlholego a a sa fetolwang) "a a nang le dipharologantsho tse di kgethegileng tsa maikutlo" ke di-hominins tsa Acheulean tse di kwa bofelong, dingwaga di feta 180,000 tse di fetileng, go ya kwa boteng jwa logaga lo lo tlhaolwang ke "dinonofo tse di kgethegileng tsa modumo le pono." Ba bolela gore lefelo le le neelana ka "rekoto e e kgethegileng le e e tseneletseng ya diphitlhelelo mo tlhabololong ya maitsholo a tshwantshetso" le "bosupi jwa go tshegetsa boemo jwa gore dielemente tsa maitsholo a tshwantshetso di tlhagile nako e telele pele ga go gasaganya ga batho ba segompieno go tswa mo Aforika."[38] == Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong == * Julia Martin o neela kgaolo go Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo bukeng ya gagwe ya A Millimeter of Dust, e setlhogo sa yone se tlhotlheleditsweng ke kakgelo ka ga lefelo leno.[40] * Buka ya ga Michael Cope ya Ghaap e na le disonete tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke Logaga lwa Dimakatso.[41] == Seemo sa boswa == Wonderwerk Cave, mo teng ga botlhanka jo bo neetsweng Musiamo wa McGregor, e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Sefikantswe sa Bosetšhaba sa Aforika Borwa ka 1993. E ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, jaaka musiamo wa lefelo, ka 1993. Mo go one ngwaga oo go ne ga dirwa porojeke e kgolo ya go tlosa ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng mo dipopegong tsa dikago. Ka 2000 molao o mošwa o ne wa dira gore lefelo leno e nne Lefelo la Boswa jwa Porofense. Magareng ga 2003 le 2009 e ne ya sekasekwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya go tlhaola e e beilweng ke Molao wa Didirisiwa tsa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya tlhaolwa jaaka lefelo la Mophato wa I (i.e.: la botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba). Go ne ga latela Kgoeletso ya Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, mme ya gatisiwa mo Kuranteng ya Puso ka la bo 12 Mopitlwe 2010.[42] E kopantswe le tlhopho ya tatelano le Border Cave le Klasies River Mouth ya Lenaane la Teko la Aforikaborwa la mokwalo wa Boswa jwa Lefatshe, e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ka boyona mo Lenaaneng la Teko ka Moranang 2009.[citation needed] Logaga lwa Wonderwerk e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le 100 a a tlhophetsweng Tebelo ya Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe ya 2010 ke Letlole la Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe.[43] == Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D == Ka 2005, [[Porojeke ya Zamani]] e ne ya kwala Logaga lwa Wonderwerk ka 3D. Mofuta wa 3D, leeto la pono, ditshwantsho tsa leru la ntlha, dikarolo le dipolane di teng mo [https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html www.zamaniproject.org]. == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Kapa Bokone]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a a mo Kapa Bokone]] 6vmxonz07wbn4145xvuro8pktndxptt 54897 54896 2026-09-14T17:11:09Z KatieKea 10150 /* Tiriso ya kalafi */ ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi 54897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref name=":6">Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref name=":5">Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref name=":7">Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == Dikgogodi tse di mo teng ga logaga di bontsha tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya masalela a ditshedi go akaretsa masalela a dimela tse dikgolo, di-phytolith le diphologolo tse dinnye le tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang lesedi gareng ga tse dingwe ka ga go nyelela ga mefuta fa go bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa motlha wa bofelo wa aese dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le some tse di fetileng – e e ithutilweng ke Francis Thackeray.<ref>Thackeray, J.F. (1984). ''Man, animals and extinctions: the analysis of Holocene faunal remains from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa'' (PhD). [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]].</ref> Margaret Avery le Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo ba ithuta masalela a diamusi tse dinnye tse di tsenngwang mo matlakaleng a logaga jaaka karolo ya diteng tsa mantle a morubisi mme tse di nayang ditshupo tsa maemo a tikologo ya bogologolo kwa ntle ga logaga.<ref>Avery, D.M. (1981). "Holocene micro-mammalian faunas from the northern Cape Province, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''77''' (6): 265–273. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_1716|10520/AJA00382353_1716]].</ref><ref>Avery, D.M. (1995). "Southern savannas and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective". In Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Denton, George H.; Partridge, Timothy C.; Burckle, Lloyd H. (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1A8MmMaN4VwC Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins]''. Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06348-6|978-0-300-06348-6]].</bdi></ref><ref>Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Avery, D. Margaret (2015). "Pleistocene Micromammals and Their Predators at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 751–791. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7|10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85778379 85778379].</ref> Gape go bolokilwe mmudula, motswedi o mongwe o o botlhokwa wa tshedimosetso ka ga maemo a tikologo a a fetogang kwa ntle ga logaga, o ga jaana o ithutiwang ke Louis Scott mme kwa tshimologong o tlhatlhobilwe ke [[E.M. van Zinderen Bakker]].<ref>Beaumont, P.B.; van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.; Vogel, J.C. (1984), "Environmental changes since 32 000 BP at Kathu Pan, northern Cape", ''Late Cainozic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. International symposium held by the South African Society for Quaternary Research; Swaziland (29 August 1983)'', Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp.&nbsp;329–338, [[:en:Institut_de_l'information_scientifique_et_technique|INIST]] [https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7268015 7268015].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Steenkamp, M.; Beaumont, P.B. (1995). "Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the pleistocene-holocene transition". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (9): 937–947. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..937S 1995QSRv...14..937S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Thackeray, J. Francis (2015). "Palynology of Holocene Deposits in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape (South Africa)". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 839–855. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129356271 129356271].</ref> Lloyd Rossouw o batlisisa ka di-[[phytolith]] go tswa mo logageng, tse di bontshang diporofaele tsa dimela tse di fetogang,<ref>Rossouw, Lloyd (2016). "An Early Pleistocene Phytolith Record from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 251–263. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x|10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892937 131892937].</ref> fa magala a a bolokilweng a ntse a ithutiwa ke [[Marion Bamford]] go tlhagisa tshedimosetso ka dimela tsa logong.<ref>Bamford, Marion K. (2015). "Macrobotanical Remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14 ka bp), South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 813–838. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0|10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743576 162743576].</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma dithoto e nnile tsepamisomogopolo ya tiro ya ga Karl Butzer<ref name=":5" /> le, ga jaana, Paul Goldberg le Francesco Berna.<ref>Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Chazan, Michael (2015). "Deposition and Diagenesis in the Earlier Stone Age of Wonderwerk Cave, Excavation 1, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 613–643. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127817825 127817825].</ref> == Tiriso ya kalafi == Ditshupo tsa botlhokwa jwa logaga jwa segompieno kgotsa jwa ngwao di amana gareng ga tse dingwe le go kokoanya metsi ka dinako tse dingwe, ke batho ba selegae ba Aforika, ka maikaelelo a go fodisa. Go na le mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi kwa ditumelo tse di amanang le maatla a ngwao a metsi (go tshwaelwa dikamano le noga ya metsi ya mainane<ref>Morris, D. (2002). ''Driekopseiland and the 'rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving'' (Masters). [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|University of the Western Cape]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11394/151|11394/151]].</ref>), sekai ke maloko a [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sione]], di akaretsa [[Leitlho la Kuruman]] le [[Boesmanspit]]. Botlhokwa jwa ngwao ya nako e e fetileng jwa lefelo leno bo laolwa ke dipatlisiso tse di tsweletseng tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":8">Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (2015). [[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|"Past and Present at Wonderwerk Cave (Northern Cape Province, South Africa)"]]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 595–612. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338].</ref> === Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng === Botaki jwa letlapa mo maboteng a logaga gaufi le kgoro ya lone, bo batlisisiwa ke David Morris<ref>Morris, David (2016). "Revisiting the Parietal Art of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 265–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y|10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163210526 163210526].</ref><ref name=":7" /> le matlapa a a gabilweng a a fitlhetsweng mo polokelong<ref name=":6" /> a ka kaya go fetoga ga botlhokwa jwa ngwao. === Bokagare jo bo tseneletseng jaaka lefelo la kalafi === Dikarolo tsa tiriso ya diphitlhelelo tse di kwa teng tsa logaga le tsone di a akanyediwa mo mabakeng ano. Chazan le Horwitz ba bua, jaaka Beaumont a dirile, go tlhagisiwa ga di-manuport (matlapa a tlholego a a sa fetolwang) "a a nang le dipharologanyo tse di kgethegileng tsa maikutlo" ke di-hominins tsa Acheulean tse di kwa bofelong, dingwaga di feta dikete tse lekgolo le masome aferabobedi tse di fetileng, go ya kwa boteng jwa logaga lo lo tlhaolwang ke "dinonofo tse di kgethegileng tsa modumo le pono." Ba bolela gore lefelo le le neelana ka "rekoto e e kgethegileng le e e tseneletseng ya diphitlhelelo mo tlhabololong ya maitsholo a tshwantshetso" le "bosupi jwa go tshegetsa boemo jwa gore dintlha tsa maitsholo a tshwantshetso di tlhagile nako e telele pele ga go gasagama ga batho ba segompieno go tswa mo Aforika."<ref name=":8" /> == Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong == * Julia Martin o neela kgaolo go Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo bukeng ya gagwe ya A Millimeter of Dust, e setlhogo sa yone se tlhotlheleditsweng ke kakgelo ka ga lefelo leno.[40] * Buka ya ga Michael Cope ya Ghaap e na le disonete tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke Logaga lwa Dimakatso.[41] == Seemo sa boswa == Wonderwerk Cave, mo teng ga botlhanka jo bo neetsweng Musiamo wa McGregor, e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Sefikantswe sa Bosetšhaba sa Aforika Borwa ka 1993. E ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, jaaka musiamo wa lefelo, ka 1993. Mo go one ngwaga oo go ne ga dirwa porojeke e kgolo ya go tlosa ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng mo dipopegong tsa dikago. Ka 2000 molao o mošwa o ne wa dira gore lefelo leno e nne Lefelo la Boswa jwa Porofense. Magareng ga 2003 le 2009 e ne ya sekasekwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya go tlhaola e e beilweng ke Molao wa Didirisiwa tsa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya tlhaolwa jaaka lefelo la Mophato wa I (i.e.: la botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba). Go ne ga latela Kgoeletso ya Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, mme ya gatisiwa mo Kuranteng ya Puso ka la bo 12 Mopitlwe 2010.[42] E kopantswe le tlhopho ya tatelano le Border Cave le Klasies River Mouth ya Lenaane la Teko la Aforikaborwa la mokwalo wa Boswa jwa Lefatshe, e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ka boyona mo Lenaaneng la Teko ka Moranang 2009.[citation needed] Logaga lwa Wonderwerk e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le 100 a a tlhophetsweng Tebelo ya Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe ya 2010 ke Letlole la Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe.[43] == Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D == Ka 2005, [[Porojeke ya Zamani]] e ne ya kwala Logaga lwa Wonderwerk ka 3D. Mofuta wa 3D, leeto la pono, ditshwantsho tsa leru la ntlha, dikarolo le dipolane di teng mo [https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html www.zamaniproject.org]. == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Kapa Bokone]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a a mo Kapa Bokone]] iohoexygffh3h9w19i44ff2mrl8jraa 54898 54897 2026-09-14T17:14:31Z KatieKea 10150 /* Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 54898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref name=":6">Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref name=":5">Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref name=":7">Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == Dikgogodi tse di mo teng ga logaga di bontsha tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya masalela a ditshedi go akaretsa masalela a dimela tse dikgolo, di-phytolith le diphologolo tse dinnye le tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang lesedi gareng ga tse dingwe ka ga go nyelela ga mefuta fa go bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa motlha wa bofelo wa aese dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le some tse di fetileng – e e ithutilweng ke Francis Thackeray.<ref>Thackeray, J.F. (1984). ''Man, animals and extinctions: the analysis of Holocene faunal remains from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa'' (PhD). [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]].</ref> Margaret Avery le Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo ba ithuta masalela a diamusi tse dinnye tse di tsenngwang mo matlakaleng a logaga jaaka karolo ya diteng tsa mantle a morubisi mme tse di nayang ditshupo tsa maemo a tikologo ya bogologolo kwa ntle ga logaga.<ref>Avery, D.M. (1981). "Holocene micro-mammalian faunas from the northern Cape Province, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''77''' (6): 265–273. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_1716|10520/AJA00382353_1716]].</ref><ref>Avery, D.M. (1995). "Southern savannas and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective". In Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Denton, George H.; Partridge, Timothy C.; Burckle, Lloyd H. (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1A8MmMaN4VwC Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins]''. Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06348-6|978-0-300-06348-6]].</bdi></ref><ref>Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Avery, D. Margaret (2015). "Pleistocene Micromammals and Their Predators at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 751–791. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7|10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85778379 85778379].</ref> Gape go bolokilwe mmudula, motswedi o mongwe o o botlhokwa wa tshedimosetso ka ga maemo a tikologo a a fetogang kwa ntle ga logaga, o ga jaana o ithutiwang ke Louis Scott mme kwa tshimologong o tlhatlhobilwe ke [[E.M. van Zinderen Bakker]].<ref>Beaumont, P.B.; van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.; Vogel, J.C. (1984), "Environmental changes since 32 000 BP at Kathu Pan, northern Cape", ''Late Cainozic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. International symposium held by the South African Society for Quaternary Research; Swaziland (29 August 1983)'', Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp.&nbsp;329–338, [[:en:Institut_de_l'information_scientifique_et_technique|INIST]] [https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7268015 7268015].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Steenkamp, M.; Beaumont, P.B. (1995). "Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the pleistocene-holocene transition". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (9): 937–947. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..937S 1995QSRv...14..937S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Thackeray, J. Francis (2015). "Palynology of Holocene Deposits in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape (South Africa)". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 839–855. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129356271 129356271].</ref> Lloyd Rossouw o batlisisa ka di-[[phytolith]] go tswa mo logageng, tse di bontshang diporofaele tsa dimela tse di fetogang,<ref>Rossouw, Lloyd (2016). "An Early Pleistocene Phytolith Record from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 251–263. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x|10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892937 131892937].</ref> fa magala a a bolokilweng a ntse a ithutiwa ke [[Marion Bamford]] go tlhagisa tshedimosetso ka dimela tsa logong.<ref>Bamford, Marion K. (2015). "Macrobotanical Remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14 ka bp), South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 813–838. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0|10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743576 162743576].</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma dithoto e nnile tsepamisomogopolo ya tiro ya ga Karl Butzer<ref name=":5" /> le, ga jaana, Paul Goldberg le Francesco Berna.<ref>Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Chazan, Michael (2015). "Deposition and Diagenesis in the Earlier Stone Age of Wonderwerk Cave, Excavation 1, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 613–643. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127817825 127817825].</ref> == Tiriso ya kalafi == Ditshupo tsa botlhokwa jwa logaga jwa segompieno kgotsa jwa ngwao di amana gareng ga tse dingwe le go kokoanya metsi ka dinako tse dingwe, ke batho ba selegae ba Aforika, ka maikaelelo a go fodisa. Go na le mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi kwa ditumelo tse di amanang le maatla a ngwao a metsi (go tshwaelwa dikamano le noga ya metsi ya mainane<ref>Morris, D. (2002). ''Driekopseiland and the 'rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving'' (Masters). [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|University of the Western Cape]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11394/151|11394/151]].</ref>), sekai ke maloko a [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sione]], di akaretsa [[Leitlho la Kuruman]] le [[Boesmanspit]]. Botlhokwa jwa ngwao ya nako e e fetileng jwa lefelo leno bo laolwa ke dipatlisiso tse di tsweletseng tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":8">Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (2015). [[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|"Past and Present at Wonderwerk Cave (Northern Cape Province, South Africa)"]]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 595–612. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338].</ref> === Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng === Botaki jwa letlapa mo maboteng a logaga gaufi le kgoro ya lone, bo batlisisiwa ke David Morris<ref>Morris, David (2016). "Revisiting the Parietal Art of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 265–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y|10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163210526 163210526].</ref><ref name=":7" /> le matlapa a a gabilweng a a fitlhetsweng mo polokelong<ref name=":6" /> a ka kaya go fetoga ga botlhokwa jwa ngwao. === Bokagare jo bo tseneletseng jaaka lefelo la kalafi === Dikarolo tsa tiriso ya diphitlhelelo tse di kwa teng tsa logaga le tsone di a akanyediwa mo mabakeng ano. Chazan le Horwitz ba bua, jaaka Beaumont a dirile, go tlhagisiwa ga di-manuport (matlapa a tlholego a a sa fetolwang) "a a nang le dipharologanyo tse di kgethegileng tsa maikutlo" ke di-hominins tsa Acheulean tse di kwa bofelong, dingwaga di feta dikete tse lekgolo le masome aferabobedi tse di fetileng, go ya kwa boteng jwa logaga lo lo tlhaolwang ke "dinonofo tse di kgethegileng tsa modumo le pono." Ba bolela gore lefelo le le neelana ka "rekoto e e kgethegileng le e e tseneletseng ya diphitlhelelo mo tlhabololong ya maitsholo a tshwantshetso" le "bosupi jwa go tshegetsa boemo jwa gore dintlha tsa maitsholo a tshwantshetso di tlhagile nako e telele pele ga go gasagama ga batho ba segompieno go tswa mo Aforika."<ref name=":8" /> == Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong == * Julia Martin o neela kgaolo go Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ''A Millimeter of Dus''t, e setlhogo sa yone se tlhotlheleditsweng ke kakgelo ka ga lefelo leno.<ref>Martin, Julia (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkhZPQAACAAJ A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites]''. Cape Town: Kwela Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0263-1|978-0-7957-0263-1]].</bdi></ref> * Buka ya ga Michael Cope ya ''Ghaap'' e na le dipoko tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke Logaga lwa Wonderwerk.<ref>Cope, Michael (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QCsgAQAAIAAJ Ghaap: Sonnets from the Northern Cape]''. Kwela. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0195-5|978-0-7957-0195-5]].</bdi></ref> == Seemo sa boswa == Wonderwerk Cave, mo teng ga botlhanka jo bo neetsweng Musiamo wa McGregor, e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Sefikantswe sa Bosetšhaba sa Aforika Borwa ka 1993. E ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, jaaka musiamo wa lefelo, ka 1993. Mo go one ngwaga oo go ne ga dirwa porojeke e kgolo ya go tlosa ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng mo dipopegong tsa dikago. Ka 2000 molao o mošwa o ne wa dira gore lefelo leno e nne Lefelo la Boswa jwa Porofense. Magareng ga 2003 le 2009 e ne ya sekasekwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya go tlhaola e e beilweng ke Molao wa Didirisiwa tsa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya tlhaolwa jaaka lefelo la Mophato wa I (i.e.: la botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba). Go ne ga latela Kgoeletso ya Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, mme ya gatisiwa mo Kuranteng ya Puso ka la bo 12 Mopitlwe 2010.[42] E kopantswe le tlhopho ya tatelano le Border Cave le Klasies River Mouth ya Lenaane la Teko la Aforikaborwa la mokwalo wa Boswa jwa Lefatshe, e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ka boyona mo Lenaaneng la Teko ka Moranang 2009.[citation needed] Logaga lwa Wonderwerk e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le 100 a a tlhophetsweng Tebelo ya Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe ya 2010 ke Letlole la Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe.[43] == Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D == Ka 2005, [[Porojeke ya Zamani]] e ne ya kwala Logaga lwa Wonderwerk ka 3D. Mofuta wa 3D, leeto la pono, ditshwantsho tsa leru la ntlha, dikarolo le dipolane di teng mo [https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html www.zamaniproject.org]. == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Kapa Bokone]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a a mo Kapa Bokone]] fsmfm6162h64eapwvjbkr7yr8t1op7h 54899 54898 2026-09-14T17:20:03Z KatieKea 10150 /* Seemo sa boswa */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 54899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref name=":6">Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref name=":5">Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref name=":7">Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == Dikgogodi tse di mo teng ga logaga di bontsha tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya masalela a ditshedi go akaretsa masalela a dimela tse dikgolo, di-phytolith le diphologolo tse dinnye le tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang lesedi gareng ga tse dingwe ka ga go nyelela ga mefuta fa go bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa motlha wa bofelo wa aese dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le some tse di fetileng – e e ithutilweng ke Francis Thackeray.<ref>Thackeray, J.F. (1984). ''Man, animals and extinctions: the analysis of Holocene faunal remains from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa'' (PhD). [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]].</ref> Margaret Avery le Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo ba ithuta masalela a diamusi tse dinnye tse di tsenngwang mo matlakaleng a logaga jaaka karolo ya diteng tsa mantle a morubisi mme tse di nayang ditshupo tsa maemo a tikologo ya bogologolo kwa ntle ga logaga.<ref>Avery, D.M. (1981). "Holocene micro-mammalian faunas from the northern Cape Province, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''77''' (6): 265–273. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_1716|10520/AJA00382353_1716]].</ref><ref>Avery, D.M. (1995). "Southern savannas and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective". In Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Denton, George H.; Partridge, Timothy C.; Burckle, Lloyd H. (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1A8MmMaN4VwC Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins]''. Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06348-6|978-0-300-06348-6]].</bdi></ref><ref>Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Avery, D. Margaret (2015). "Pleistocene Micromammals and Their Predators at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 751–791. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7|10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85778379 85778379].</ref> Gape go bolokilwe mmudula, motswedi o mongwe o o botlhokwa wa tshedimosetso ka ga maemo a tikologo a a fetogang kwa ntle ga logaga, o ga jaana o ithutiwang ke Louis Scott mme kwa tshimologong o tlhatlhobilwe ke [[E.M. van Zinderen Bakker]].<ref>Beaumont, P.B.; van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.; Vogel, J.C. (1984), "Environmental changes since 32 000 BP at Kathu Pan, northern Cape", ''Late Cainozic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. International symposium held by the South African Society for Quaternary Research; Swaziland (29 August 1983)'', Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp.&nbsp;329–338, [[:en:Institut_de_l'information_scientifique_et_technique|INIST]] [https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7268015 7268015].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Steenkamp, M.; Beaumont, P.B. (1995). "Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the pleistocene-holocene transition". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (9): 937–947. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..937S 1995QSRv...14..937S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Thackeray, J. Francis (2015). "Palynology of Holocene Deposits in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape (South Africa)". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 839–855. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129356271 129356271].</ref> Lloyd Rossouw o batlisisa ka di-[[phytolith]] go tswa mo logageng, tse di bontshang diporofaele tsa dimela tse di fetogang,<ref>Rossouw, Lloyd (2016). "An Early Pleistocene Phytolith Record from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 251–263. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x|10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892937 131892937].</ref> fa magala a a bolokilweng a ntse a ithutiwa ke [[Marion Bamford]] go tlhagisa tshedimosetso ka dimela tsa logong.<ref>Bamford, Marion K. (2015). "Macrobotanical Remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14 ka bp), South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 813–838. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0|10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743576 162743576].</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma dithoto e nnile tsepamisomogopolo ya tiro ya ga Karl Butzer<ref name=":5" /> le, ga jaana, Paul Goldberg le Francesco Berna.<ref>Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Chazan, Michael (2015). "Deposition and Diagenesis in the Earlier Stone Age of Wonderwerk Cave, Excavation 1, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 613–643. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127817825 127817825].</ref> == Tiriso ya kalafi == Ditshupo tsa botlhokwa jwa logaga jwa segompieno kgotsa jwa ngwao di amana gareng ga tse dingwe le go kokoanya metsi ka dinako tse dingwe, ke batho ba selegae ba Aforika, ka maikaelelo a go fodisa. Go na le mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi kwa ditumelo tse di amanang le maatla a ngwao a metsi (go tshwaelwa dikamano le noga ya metsi ya mainane<ref>Morris, D. (2002). ''Driekopseiland and the 'rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving'' (Masters). [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|University of the Western Cape]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11394/151|11394/151]].</ref>), sekai ke maloko a [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sione]], di akaretsa [[Leitlho la Kuruman]] le [[Boesmanspit]]. Botlhokwa jwa ngwao ya nako e e fetileng jwa lefelo leno bo laolwa ke dipatlisiso tse di tsweletseng tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":8">Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (2015). [[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|"Past and Present at Wonderwerk Cave (Northern Cape Province, South Africa)"]]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 595–612. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338].</ref> === Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng === Botaki jwa letlapa mo maboteng a logaga gaufi le kgoro ya lone, bo batlisisiwa ke David Morris<ref>Morris, David (2016). "Revisiting the Parietal Art of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 265–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y|10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163210526 163210526].</ref><ref name=":7" /> le matlapa a a gabilweng a a fitlhetsweng mo polokelong<ref name=":6" /> a ka kaya go fetoga ga botlhokwa jwa ngwao. === Bokagare jo bo tseneletseng jaaka lefelo la kalafi === Dikarolo tsa tiriso ya diphitlhelelo tse di kwa teng tsa logaga le tsone di a akanyediwa mo mabakeng ano. Chazan le Horwitz ba bua, jaaka Beaumont a dirile, go tlhagisiwa ga di-manuport (matlapa a tlholego a a sa fetolwang) "a a nang le dipharologanyo tse di kgethegileng tsa maikutlo" ke di-hominins tsa Acheulean tse di kwa bofelong, dingwaga di feta dikete tse lekgolo le masome aferabobedi tse di fetileng, go ya kwa boteng jwa logaga lo lo tlhaolwang ke "dinonofo tse di kgethegileng tsa modumo le pono." Ba bolela gore lefelo le le neelana ka "rekoto e e kgethegileng le e e tseneletseng ya diphitlhelelo mo tlhabololong ya maitsholo a tshwantshetso" le "bosupi jwa go tshegetsa boemo jwa gore dintlha tsa maitsholo a tshwantshetso di tlhagile nako e telele pele ga go gasagama ga batho ba segompieno go tswa mo Aforika."<ref name=":8" /> == Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong == * Julia Martin o neela kgaolo go Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ''A Millimeter of Dus''t, e setlhogo sa yone se tlhotlheleditsweng ke kakgelo ka ga lefelo leno.<ref>Martin, Julia (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkhZPQAACAAJ A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites]''. Cape Town: Kwela Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0263-1|978-0-7957-0263-1]].</bdi></ref> * Buka ya ga Michael Cope ya ''Ghaap'' e na le dipoko tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke Logaga lwa Wonderwerk.<ref>Cope, Michael (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QCsgAQAAIAAJ Ghaap: Sonnets from the Northern Cape]''. Kwela. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0195-5|978-0-7957-0195-5]].</bdi></ref> == Seemo sa boswa == Logaga la Wonderwerk, mo teng ga botlhanka jo bo neetsweng Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor, e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Sefikantswe sa Bosetšhaba sa Aforika Borwa ka 1993. E ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, jaaka motlobo wa ditso wa lefelo, ka 1993. Mo go one ngwaga oo go ne ga dirwa porojeke e kgolo ya go tlosa ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng mo dipopegong tsa dikago. Ka 2000 molao o mosha o ne wa dira gore lefelo leno e nne Lefelo la Boswa jwa Kgaolo. Magareng ga 2003 le 2009 e ne ya sekasekwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya go tlhaola e e beilweng ke Molao wa Didirisiwa tsa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya tlhaolwa jaaka lefelo la Mophato wa I (i.e.: la botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba). Go ne ga latela Kgoeletso ya Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, mme ya gatisiwa mo Kuranteng ya Puso ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka 2010.<ref>Notice No 178, ''Government Gazette'' Vol 537, No 33006, 12 March 2010, pp 11–13.</ref> E kopantswe le tlhopho ya tatelano le [[Border Cave]] le [[Dikgaga tsa Klasies River|Klasies River Mouth]] ya Lenaane la Teko la Aforika Borwa la mokwalo wa [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]], e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ka boyone mo Lenaaneng la Teko ka Moranang 2009.<sup>[<nowiki/>[[Go tlhokega nopolo|''go tlhokega nopolo'']]]</sup> Logaga lwa Wonderwerk e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le lekgolo a a tlhophetsweng [[Tebelelo ya Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe ya 2010]] ke [[Letlole la Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe]].<ref>World Monuments Fund (6 October 2009). [http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/2010_Watch_Announcement.pdf "World Monuments Fund Announces 2010 World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites"] (PDF). World Monuments Fund. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D == Ka 2005, [[Porojeke ya Zamani]] e ne ya kwala Logaga lwa Wonderwerk ka 3D. Mofuta wa 3D, leeto la pono, ditshwantsho tsa leru la ntlha, dikarolo le dipolane di teng mo [https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html www.zamaniproject.org]. == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Kapa Bokone]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a a mo Kapa Bokone]] 303l79pd4mxnwbmguyr8e6dhf7f4rdj 54900 54899 2026-09-14T17:22:16Z KatieKea 10150 /* Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 54900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Logaga lwa Wonderwerk''' ke [[lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo]], le le bopilweng kwa tshimologong jaaka lesoba la tharabololo ya bogologolo mo mafikeng a [[dolomite]] a [[Dithaba tsa Kuruman]], le le fa gare ga Danielskuil le [[Kuruman]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone|Kgaolong ya Kapa Bokone]], Aforika Borwa. Ke Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, le le laolwang jaaka sathalaete ya [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley. Ka thutafatshe, kgogolego ya thaba e ne ya senola ntlha e e kwa bokone ya leroba, le le atologang ka go rapama mo e ka nnang 140 m (460 ft) go tsena mo botlaseng jwa thaba. Dipeeletso tse di kgobokaneng mo teng ga logaga, go fitlha go 7 m (23 ft) ka boteng, di bontsha dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa sedimentation jaaka go tlhongwa ga metsi le phefo mmogo le ditiro tsa diphologolo, dinonyane, le bagologolwane ba batho mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le pedi. Lefelo le le ntse le ithutiwa le go epiwa ke baithutamarope go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme dipatlisiso fano di ntsha dintlha tse di botlhokwa ka ga ditso tsa batho mo kontinentengpotlana ya Borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1">Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''102''' (5–6): 217–228. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96546|10520/EJC96546]].</ref><ref name=":2">Chazan, Michael; Ron, Hagai; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Goldberg, Paul; Yates, Royden; Avery, Margaret; Sumner, Alexandra; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2008). "Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''55''' (1): 1–11. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHumE..55....1C 2008JHumE..55....1C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004|10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.004]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18501953 18501953].</ref> Bosupi jo bo mo teng ga logaga lwa Wonderwerk bo biditswe [[molelo wa bogologolo go gaisa o o laolwang]].<ref>Bower, Bruce (2 April 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113337/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire "From the ashes, the oldest controlled fire South Africa cave yields earliest evidence of human ancestors lighting blaze"]. ''ScienceNews''. Archived from [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ashes-oldest-controlled-fire the original] on 8 March 2016.</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2026 e senotse bosupi jwa gore batho ba ntlha ba ne ba dirisa molelo mo Logageng lwa Wonderwerk lwa Aforika Borwa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.07 le 1.79 tse di fetileng, go kgarameletsa morago molanako o o itsiweng ka dingwaga di le dikete di le makgolokgolo, go supa gore di-hominin tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di roba le go tlhokomela moelelo ya naga wa tlholego mo teng ga logaga go na le go gotsa molelo fa go tlhokafala.<ref>Spain, S. M. C. (1 June 2026). [https://sciencemediacentre.es/en/hominids-used-fire-more-700000-years-earlier-previously-estimated-according-study-involving-spanish "Hominids used fire more than 700,000 years earlier than previously estimated, according to a study involving Spanish researchers"]. ''SMC España''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Radley, Dario (5 June 2026). [https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ "Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago"]. ''Archaeology News Online Magazine''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Wonderwerk e kaya "kgakgamatso" mo puong ya [[Seburu]]. == Tatelano ya thutamarope == Logaga lo na le boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go 6 m (20 ft) jwa dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di bontshang ditso tsa batho le ya tikologo go ralala Metlha ya Matlapa ya Pele, ya Bogare le ya Moragonyana go fitlha gompieno.<ref name=":1" /> Go tlhoma matlha ka cosmogenic go akantsha gore magweregwere a basal a tsene mo logageng dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2" /> Botaki jwa matlapa bo tlhagelela ka sebopego sa ditshwantsho tsa parietal mo gare ga 40 m (130 ft) ya ntlha go tswa kwa kgorong, gongwe tsotlhe di le kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 1000, le matlapa a mannye a a gabilweng a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga polokelo, segolobogolo go tswa mo tatelanong ya Motlha wa Matlapa wa Moragonyana kwa di simolotseng dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse some le sephatlo.<ref name=":6">Thackeray, A. I.; Thackeray, J. F.; Beaumont, P. B.; Vogel, J. C. (1981). "Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Science''. '''214''' (4516): 64–67. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...64T 1981Sci...214...64T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.214.4516.64|10.1126/science.214.4516.64]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 0036-8075]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687260 1687260]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17802575 17802575]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29714094 29714094].</ref> Dikamano tsa dikarolo tsa bogologolo tse di gabilweng kgotsa tse di nang le methalo ga di ise di netefadiwe.<ref>Mitchell, Peter (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnByPUuKdqEC The Archaeology of Southern Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63389-5|978-0-521-63389-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Go ntsha monontshane == Tshenyo e kgolo e ne ya bakwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 fa balemibarui ba selegae ba ne ba epa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa bokagare jwa logaga go tsenya mo dikgetsaneng le go rekisa dilo tse di humileng ka ditshedi jaaka monontsha – tse tota di neng di na le dipeeletso tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo tse di nang le dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, marapo le dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bong di le botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng ditso tsa setso le palaeoenviroment. Go ne ga begwa gore go na le lerapo, mme seno sa dira gore go dirwe dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le tsa diphologolo. == Dipatlisiso tsa thutamarope == Dithuto tsa ntlha tsa boepi jwa bogologolo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1940, ka Malan, Cooke le Wells,<ref>Malan, B.D.; Cooke, H.B.S. (1941). "A preliminary account of the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman district". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''37''': 300–312.</ref><ref>Malan, B.D.; Wells, L.H. (1943). "A further report on the Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''40''': 258–270.</ref> di ne tsa latelwa ka bokhutshwane ke [[K.W. Butzer]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>Butzer, K.W.; Stuckenrath, R.; Vogel, J.C. (1979), ''The geo-archeological sequence of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Abstract of paper presented to the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Calgary, April 1979''</ref><ref name=":5">Butzer, K.W. (1984). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234007317 "Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa"]. In Klein, Richard G. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c3V9QgAACAAJ Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments]''. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-6191-097-8</bdi>.</ref> [[Peter Beaumont]] wa [[Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor]] kwa Kimberley o ne a dira dipatlisiso tse dikgolo mo lefelong leno fa gare ga 1978 le 1993,<ref>Beaumont, P. (1990). "Wonderwerk Cave". In Beaumont, P.; Morris, D (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpUAAAACAAJ Guide to Archaeological Sites in the Northern Cape: Prepared for the Southern African Association of Archaeologists Post-conference Excursion, 9th-13th September 1990]''. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. pp.&#x20;101–134. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-15315-7</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (2008). "Discovering the deep African past at Wonderwerk Cave". ''Quest''. '''4''' (3): 3–7. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA1729830X_883|10520/AJA1729830X_883]].</ref><ref>Binneman, J. & Beaumont, P. 1992. Use-wear analysis of two Acheulean handaxes from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 92–97</ref><ref>Mercier, Norbert; Valladas, Hélène; Valladas, Georges (1995). "Flint thermoluminescence dates from the CFR laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the middle palaeolithic". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (4): 351–364. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..351M 1995QSRv...14..351M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00029-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref> fa [[Anne Thackeray]] le [[Francis Thackeray|Francis]] [[Francis Thackeray|Thackeray]] ba ne ba dira mo lefelong leno ka 1979, ba epa le go dira dipatlisiso ka dipatlisiso tsa bogologolo le dipono ka go latelana.<ref>Humphreys, A.J.B.; Thackeray, A.I. (1983), ''Ghaap and Gariep. Late Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape'', Monograph Series No.2, Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society</ref> Tiro e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Michael Chazan]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Toronto]], Liora Kolska Horwitz wa [[Yunibesithi ya Sehebera]] le Francesco Berna wa [[Yunibesithi ya Simon Fraser]], ka tirisanommogo le Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor (kwa dikokoano tse di epolotsweng di beilweng teng), e ne ya dirwa go tloga ka 2008.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Rüther, Heinz; Chazan, Michael; Schroeder, Ralph; Neeser, Rudy; Held, Christoph; Walker, Steven James; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Laser scanning for conservation and research of African cultural heritage sites: the case study of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''36''' (9): 1847–1856. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1847R 2009JArSc..36.1847R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012|10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.012]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403 0305-4403].</ref> Mofuta wa maranyane wa lefelo o ne wa tlhamiwa ka go sekaseka ka laser, o o neng o le karolo ya [[Porojeke ya Zamani]].<ref name=":3" /> Maloko a botlhokwa a setlhopha a a dirileng ka go tlhoma matlha a dintlha tse di kwa tlase ke moswi Hagai Ron (go tlhoma matlha ka magnet kgotsa ka magnet wa bogologolo),<ref>Ron, H.; Beaumont, P.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Yates, R.; Horwitz, L.K. (2005), "Evidence for Early Acheulian cave occupation revealed by the magnetostratigraphy of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape", SASQUA XVI, 30th March-3rd April, Bloemfontein, South Africa.</ref> Ari Matmon (go tlhoma matlha ka di-isotope tsa lobopo), Robyn Pickering (go tlhoma matlha ka [[U/Pb]]) le Naomi Porat (go tlhoma matlha ka go phatsima mo go tlhotlhelediwang ke leitlho). Maduo a dithuto tseno tsa boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo, tsa go tlhoma matlha, tsa magweregwere le tsa tikologo ya bogologolo di ne tsa begwa la ntlha kwa bokopaong jo bo neng bo biditswe ke Chazan le Horwitz kwa lefelong leo.<ref name=":7">Bamford, M.; Thackeray, F. (2009), "Continued excavations at Wonderwerk Cave", ''The Digging Stick'', vol.&#x20;26, no.&#x20;2, pp.&#x20;21–22</ref> E sa le foo di gatisitswe mo motseletseleng wa dipampiri,<ref>Matmon, A.; Ron, H.; Chazan, M.; Porat, N.; Horwitz, L. K. (2011). "Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''Geological Society of America Bulletin''. '''124''' (3–4): 611–625. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/B30410.1|10.1130/B30410.1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606 0016-7606].</ref><ref>Chazan, Michael; Avery, D. Margaret; Bamford, Marion K.; Berna, Francesco; Brink, James; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Goldberg, Paul; Holt, Sharon; Matmon, Ari; Porat, Naomi; Ron, Hagai; Rossouw, Lloyd; Scott, Louis; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2012). "The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''63''' (6): 859–866. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHumE..63..859C 2012JHumE..63..859C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.008]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23127763 23127763].</ref><ref name=":4">Pickering, Robyn (2015). "U–Pb Dating Small Buried Stalagmites from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: a New Chronometer for Earlier Stone Age Cave Deposits". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 645–668. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x|10.1007/s10437-015-9203-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130387562 130387562].</ref> le mo kgatisong e e kgethegileng mo maranyaneng e e gatisitsweng ka 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Ka Moranang 2021, baithutamarope go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Toronto]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Sehebera]] ba ne ba itsise ka maduo a [[magnetostratigraphy]] le go tlhoma matlha a logaga lono. Go ya ka pampiri e e gatisitsweng mo lekwalodikgannyeng la ''[[Quaternary Science Reviews]]'', go dira didirisiwa tse di bonolo tsa [[Oldowan]] le go bonwa ga marapo a diphologolo go tswa mo ntlheng e e bokima jwa dimitara di le pedi le sephatlo (8 ft 2 in) mo teng go supa gore logaga lono lo nna batho ba [[Motlha wa Letlapa]] wa Pele dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng.<ref>Shaar, Ron; Matmon, Ari; Horwitz, Liora K.; Ebert, Yael; Chazan, Michael; Arnold, M.; Aumaître, G.; Bourlès, D.; Keddadouche, K. (1 May 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121001141 "Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age"]. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''259''' 106907. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25906907S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907. ISSN&#x20;0277-3791. S2CID&#x20;234833092.</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-04-26/ty-article/.highlight/archaeologists-find-oldest-home-in-human-history-2m-years-old/0000017f-e6c3-df2c-a1ff-fed3f1e90000 "Archaeologists find oldest home in human history, dating to 2 million years ago"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wonderwerk-cave-worlds-oldest-home-1961900 "Early Humans Lived in This South African Cave 2 Million Years Ago, Making It the World's Oldest Home, Archaeologists Say"]. ''Artnet News''. 27 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-04/thuo-wba042621.php "We've been at it a long time"]. ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Dipatlisiso tsa tikologo ya bogologolo == Dikgogodi tse di mo teng ga logaga di bontsha tshomarelo e e kgethegileng ya masalela a ditshedi go akaretsa masalela a dimela tse dikgolo, di-phytolith le diphologolo tse dinnye le tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang lesedi gareng ga tse dingwe ka ga go nyelela ga mefuta fa go bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa motlha wa bofelo wa aese dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le some tse di fetileng – e e ithutilweng ke Francis Thackeray.<ref>Thackeray, J.F. (1984). ''Man, animals and extinctions: the analysis of Holocene faunal remains from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa'' (PhD). [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]].</ref> Margaret Avery le Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo ba ithuta masalela a diamusi tse dinnye tse di tsenngwang mo matlakaleng a logaga jaaka karolo ya diteng tsa mantle a morubisi mme tse di nayang ditshupo tsa maemo a tikologo ya bogologolo kwa ntle ga logaga.<ref>Avery, D.M. (1981). "Holocene micro-mammalian faunas from the northern Cape Province, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''77''' (6): 265–273. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_1716|10520/AJA00382353_1716]].</ref><ref>Avery, D.M. (1995). "Southern savannas and Pleistocene hominid adaptations: the micromammalian perspective". In Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Denton, George H.; Partridge, Timothy C.; Burckle, Lloyd H. (eds.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1A8MmMaN4VwC Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins]''. Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06348-6|978-0-300-06348-6]].</bdi></ref><ref>Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Avery, D. Margaret (2015). "Pleistocene Micromammals and Their Predators at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 751–791. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7|10.1007/s10437-015-9206-7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85778379 85778379].</ref> Gape go bolokilwe mmudula, motswedi o mongwe o o botlhokwa wa tshedimosetso ka ga maemo a tikologo a a fetogang kwa ntle ga logaga, o ga jaana o ithutiwang ke Louis Scott mme kwa tshimologong o tlhatlhobilwe ke [[E.M. van Zinderen Bakker]].<ref>Beaumont, P.B.; van Zinderen Bakker, E.M.; Vogel, J.C. (1984), "Environmental changes since 32 000 BP at Kathu Pan, northern Cape", ''Late Cainozic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. International symposium held by the South African Society for Quaternary Research; Swaziland (29 August 1983)'', Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp.&nbsp;329–338, [[:en:Institut_de_l'information_scientifique_et_technique|INIST]] [https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7268015 7268015].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Steenkamp, M.; Beaumont, P.B. (1995). "Palaeoenvironmental conditions in South Africa at the pleistocene-holocene transition". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''14''' (9): 937–947. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QSRv...14..937S 1995QSRv...14..937S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0|10.1016/0277-3791(95)00072-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791 0277-3791].</ref><ref>Scott, L.; Thackeray, J. Francis (2015). "Palynology of Holocene Deposits in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape (South Africa)". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 839–855. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9204-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129356271 129356271].</ref> Lloyd Rossouw o batlisisa ka di-[[phytolith]] go tswa mo logageng, tse di bontshang diporofaele tsa dimela tse di fetogang,<ref>Rossouw, Lloyd (2016). "An Early Pleistocene Phytolith Record from Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 251–263. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x|10.1007/s10437-016-9227-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131892937 131892937].</ref> fa magala a a bolokilweng a ntse a ithutiwa ke [[Marion Bamford]] go tlhagisa tshedimosetso ka dimela tsa logong.<ref>Bamford, Marion K. (2015). "Macrobotanical Remains from Wonderwerk Cave (Excavation 1), Oldowan to Late Pleistocene (2 Ma to 14 ka bp), South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 813–838. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0|10.1007/s10437-015-9200-0]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162743576 162743576].</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma dithoto e nnile tsepamisomogopolo ya tiro ya ga Karl Butzer<ref name=":5" /> le, ga jaana, Paul Goldberg le Francesco Berna.<ref>Goldberg, Paul; Berna, Francesco; Chazan, Michael (2015). "Deposition and Diagenesis in the Earlier Stone Age of Wonderwerk Cave, Excavation 1, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 613–643. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9|10.1007/s10437-015-9192-9]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127817825 127817825].</ref> == Tiriso ya kalafi == Ditshupo tsa botlhokwa jwa logaga jwa segompieno kgotsa jwa ngwao di amana gareng ga tse dingwe le go kokoanya metsi ka dinako tse dingwe, ke batho ba selegae ba Aforika, ka maikaelelo a go fodisa. Go na le mafelo a mangwe a a gaufi kwa ditumelo tse di amanang le maatla a ngwao a metsi (go tshwaelwa dikamano le noga ya metsi ya mainane<ref>Morris, D. (2002). ''Driekopseiland and the 'rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving'' (Masters). [[:en:University_of_the_Western_Cape|University of the Western Cape]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11394/151|11394/151]].</ref>), sekai ke maloko a [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sione]], di akaretsa [[Leitlho la Kuruman]] le [[Boesmanspit]]. Botlhokwa jwa ngwao ya nako e e fetileng jwa lefelo leno bo laolwa ke dipatlisiso tse di tsweletseng tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":8">Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael (2015). [[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|"Past and Present at Wonderwerk Cave (Northern Cape Province, South Africa)"]]. ''African Archaeological Review''. '''32''' (4): 595–612. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5|10.1007/s10437-015-9208-5]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338].</ref> === Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng === Botaki jwa letlapa mo maboteng a logaga gaufi le kgoro ya lone, bo batlisisiwa ke David Morris<ref>Morris, David (2016). "Revisiting the Parietal Art of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa". ''African Archaeological Review''. '''33''' (3): 265–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y|10.1007/s10437-016-9226-y]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338 0263-0338]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163210526 163210526].</ref><ref name=":7" /> le matlapa a a gabilweng a a fitlhetsweng mo polokelong<ref name=":6" /> a ka kaya go fetoga ga botlhokwa jwa ngwao. === Bokagare jo bo tseneletseng jaaka lefelo la kalafi === Dikarolo tsa tiriso ya diphitlhelelo tse di kwa teng tsa logaga le tsone di a akanyediwa mo mabakeng ano. Chazan le Horwitz ba bua, jaaka Beaumont a dirile, go tlhagisiwa ga di-manuport (matlapa a tlholego a a sa fetolwang) "a a nang le dipharologanyo tse di kgethegileng tsa maikutlo" ke di-hominins tsa Acheulean tse di kwa bofelong, dingwaga di feta dikete tse lekgolo le masome aferabobedi tse di fetileng, go ya kwa boteng jwa logaga lo lo tlhaolwang ke "dinonofo tse di kgethegileng tsa modumo le pono." Ba bolela gore lefelo le le neelana ka "rekoto e e kgethegileng le e e tseneletseng ya diphitlhelelo mo tlhabololong ya maitsholo a tshwantshetso" le "bosupi jwa go tshegetsa boemo jwa gore dintlha tsa maitsholo a tshwantshetso di tlhagile nako e telele pele ga go gasagama ga batho ba segompieno go tswa mo Aforika."<ref name=":8" /> == Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo dikwalong == * Julia Martin o neela kgaolo go Logaga lwa Wonderwerk mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ''A Millimeter of Dus''t, e setlhogo sa yone se tlhotlheleditsweng ke kakgelo ka ga lefelo leno.<ref>Martin, Julia (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkhZPQAACAAJ A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites]''. Cape Town: Kwela Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0263-1|978-0-7957-0263-1]].</bdi></ref> * Buka ya ga Michael Cope ya ''Ghaap'' e na le dipoko tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke Logaga lwa Wonderwerk.<ref>Cope, Michael (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QCsgAQAAIAAJ Ghaap: Sonnets from the Northern Cape]''. Kwela. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7957-0195-5|978-0-7957-0195-5]].</bdi></ref> == Seemo sa boswa == Logaga la Wonderwerk, mo teng ga botlhanka jo bo neetsweng Motlobo wa ditso wa McGregor, e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Sefikantswe sa Bosetšhaba sa Aforika Borwa ka 1993. E ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, jaaka motlobo wa ditso wa lefelo, ka 1993. Mo go one ngwaga oo go ne ga dirwa porojeke e kgolo ya go tlosa ditshwantsho tse di kwadilweng mo dipopegong tsa dikago. Ka 2000 molao o mosha o ne wa dira gore lefelo leno e nne Lefelo la Boswa jwa Kgaolo. Magareng ga 2003 le 2009 e ne ya sekasekwa go ya ka thulaganyo ya go tlhaola e e beilweng ke Molao wa Didirisiwa tsa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya tlhaolwa jaaka lefelo la Mophato wa I (i.e.: la botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba). Go ne ga latela Kgoeletso ya Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba, mme ya gatisiwa mo Kuranteng ya Puso ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka 2010.<ref>Notice No 178, ''Government Gazette'' Vol 537, No 33006, 12 March 2010, pp 11–13.</ref> E kopantswe le tlhopho ya tatelano le [[Border Cave]] le [[Dikgaga tsa Klasies River|Klasies River Mouth]] ya Lenaane la Teko la Aforika Borwa la mokwalo wa [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]], e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ka boyone mo Lenaaneng la Teko ka Moranang 2009.<sup>[<nowiki/>[[Go tlhokega nopolo|''go tlhokega nopolo'']]]</sup> Logaga lwa Wonderwerk e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le lekgolo a a tlhophetsweng [[Tebelelo ya Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe ya 2010]] ke [[Letlole la Difikantswe tsa Lefatshe]].<ref>World Monuments Fund (6 October 2009). [http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/2010_Watch_Announcement.pdf "World Monuments Fund Announces 2010 World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites"] (PDF). World Monuments Fund. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Poloko ka scanner sa laser sa 3D == Ka 2005, [[Porojeke ya Zamani]] e ne ya kwala Logaga lwa Wonderwerk ka 3D.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html#header5-fn "Site - South Africa - Wonderwerk Cave"]. ''zamaniproject.org''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>Heinz Ruther, Ralph Schroeder, Stephen Wessels, Roshan Bhurta. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170824065514/http://www.wonderwerkcave.com/research-team.html "Research Team |Wonderwerk"]. ''wonderwerkcave.com''. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Mofuta wa 3D, leeto la pono, ditshwantsho tsa leru la ntlha, dikarolo le dipolane di teng mo [https://zamaniproject.org/site-south-africa-wonderwerk-cave.html www.zamaniproject.org]. == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Kapa Bokone]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a bojanala a a mo Kapa Bokone]] btf5x1tm8ye9cw512mtg3q1eqbm4ekn Matsatsi a boikhutso 0 15056 54889 2026-09-14T15:53:15Z Cruiselady 12522 ke kwetse setlhogo ka ditlhakakgolo 54889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsatsi a boikhutso''' ke matsatsi a ele goreng batho ba fiwa sebaka go khutsisa mebele ya bona le go kaa dirisa go iketla le masika a bona le go ba jela nala fa ba nna kgole le lona .Matsatsi a boikutso a botlhokwa ele ruri gore re kgone go ka khutsisa tlhaloganyo mo go naganeng thata dilo di tshwana le mebereko ya kwa tirong le dikopano tsa teng jalo jalo. Fa re lebelela mo letlhakoreng la bana ba sekolo , ba fitlhelela nako e ntsi ka matsatsi a boikutsho go dira senngwe le senngwe se ba batlang go se dira ,se ele goreng se ne se kgoreletsa ke gore baya sekolong e ka nna go ya di phakeng le ditsala go fitlha tsatsi lere subee kana go etela dimmolo le ditsala , ba itheketse senwamaphodi kana go nna le nako e ntsi fo gae ya go thusa batsadi ka ditiro tsa ka fa lelapeng ditshwana le go tlhatswa matlhabaphefo a ntlo le go phepafatsa ntlo kwa ntle le fa gare e sale e phadima o kare dinaledi. Re se lebale gape gore matsatsi a boikhutso a thusa bana gape go fokotsa letsapa le kgatelelo ya sekolo go nne ka dinako tse dintsi ba kwa sekolong , ba ithuta kamo ba kwala gape ditlhatlhobo basa ikhutsi. Sa bofelelo ka matsatsi a boikhutso mo baneng ke gore a thusa bana go ithuta ka dilo tse ding tse di kwa ntle ga phaphosi, e ka nna go bona boontle jwa naga kgapetsakgapetsa ka ba tsile go etela mafelo a a farolloganeng , go tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya fa gae e tshwana le kgwele ya dinao le bolotloa.Fa tlhakoreng ya batsadi matsatsi a boikhutso a neela batsadi sebaka sa go nna le bana ba bone, ba ithute bana ba bona le mekgwa ya bona ka botlalo gape le gore batsadi ba kgono ko ka tsaa karolo mo go thuseng bana ba bona ka ditiro tsa sekolo ba iponne ka a mabedi matlho gore bana ba bona ba sokola fo kae ka dithutho tsa bona le gore ba kgone go ka tsaa dikgato tsa go thusa bana ba bona foo le foo ka nako eo ya matsatsi a boikhutso . Ka jalo ke e wetsa ka gore botlhe re tlhoka nako ya rona go itapolosa le go khutsisa menagano ya rona ka matsatsi a boikhutso. 4evq5f1p069571yug75pn0iliayge3e 54890 54889 2026-09-14T16:06:54Z Cruiselady 12522 ke loketse d linki tsa ditshupetso 54890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsatsi a boikhutso''' ke matsatsi a ele goreng batho ba fiwa sebaka go khutsisa mebele ya bona le go kaa dirisa go iketla le masika a bona le go ba jela nala fa ba nna kgole le lona .Matsatsi a boikutso a botlhokwa ele ruri gore re kgone go ka khutsisa tlhaloganyo mo go naganeng thata dilo di tshwana le mebereko ya kwa tirong le dikopano tsa teng jalo jalo.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QuWgBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP5&dq=definition+of+holidays&ots=WnYzgG24zr&sig=b_2bQjbS5HDBc-BruCpQ2gx2KbE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Fa re lebelela mo letlhakoreng la bana ba sekolo , ba fitlhelela nako e ntsi ka matsatsi a boikutsho go dira senngwe le senngwe se ba batlang go se dira ,se ele goreng se ne se kgoreletsa ke gore baya sekolong e ka nna go ya di phakeng le ditsala go fitlha tsatsi lere subee kana go etela dimmolo le ditsala , ba itheketse senwamaphodi kana go nna le nako e ntsi fo gae ya go thusa batsadi ka ditiro tsa ka fa lelapeng ditshwana le go tlhatswa matlhabaphefo a ntlo le go phepafatsa ntlo kwa ntle le fa gare e sale e phadima o kare dinaledi. Re se lebale gape gore matsatsi a boikhutso a thusa bana gape go fokotsa letsapa le kgatelelo ya sekolo go nne ka dinako tse dintsi ba kwa sekolong , ba ithuta kamo ba kwala gape ditlhatlhobo basa ikhutsi.<ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/287</ref> Sa bofelelo ka matsatsi a boikhutso mo baneng ke gore a thusa bana go ithuta ka dilo tse ding tse di kwa ntle ga phaphosi, e ka nna go bona boontle jwa naga kgapetsakgapetsa ka ba tsile go etela mafelo a a farolloganeng , go tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya fa gae e tshwana le kgwele ya dinao le bolotloa.Fa tlhakoreng ya batsadi matsatsi a boikhutso a neela batsadi sebaka sa go nna le bana ba bone, ba ithute bana ba bona le mekgwa ya bona ka botlalo gape le gore batsadi ba kgono ko ka tsaa karolo mo go thuseng bana ba bona ka ditiro tsa sekolo ba iponne ka a mabedi matlho gore bana ba bona ba sokola fo kae ka dithutho tsa bona le gore ba kgone go ka tsaa dikgato tsa go thusa bana ba bona foo le foo ka nako eo ya matsatsi a boikhutso .<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-QGsAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=importance+of++holidays+to+parenthood&ots=Let35Rv0kx&sig=8uZR68PfVYoFw3KRQg_05OwnQ64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20%20holidays%20to%20parenthood&f=false</ref> Ka jalo ke e wetsa ka gore botlhe re tlhoka nako ya rona go itapolosa le go khutsisa menagano ya rona ka matsatsi a boikhutso.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-QGsAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=importance+of++holidays+to+parenthood&ots=Let35Rv0kx&sig=8uZR68PfVYoFw3KRQg_05OwnQ64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20%20holidays%20to%20parenthood&f=false</ref> sl7yu6q4zbtffyhhyvcfns9scdzxytj 54891 54890 2026-09-14T16:11:13Z Cruiselady 12522 ke loketse senepe se se tlhagisang go itapolosa 54891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Family Fun Day - geograph.org.uk - 3656551.jpg|thumb|Go itapolosa]] '''Matsatsi a boikhutso''' ke matsatsi a ele goreng batho ba fiwa sebaka go khutsisa mebele ya bona le go kaa dirisa go iketla le masika a bona le go ba jela nala fa ba nna kgole le lona .Matsatsi a boikutso a botlhokwa ele ruri gore re kgone go ka khutsisa tlhaloganyo mo go naganeng thata dilo di tshwana le mebereko ya kwa tirong le dikopano tsa teng jalo jalo.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QuWgBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP5&dq=definition+of+holidays&ots=WnYzgG24zr&sig=b_2bQjbS5HDBc-BruCpQ2gx2KbE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Fa re lebelela mo letlhakoreng la bana ba sekolo , ba fitlhelela nako e ntsi ka matsatsi a boikutsho go dira senngwe le senngwe se ba batlang go se dira ,se ele goreng se ne se kgoreletsa ke gore baya sekolong e ka nna go ya di phakeng le ditsala go fitlha tsatsi lere subee kana go etela dimmolo le ditsala , ba itheketse senwamaphodi kana go nna le nako e ntsi fo gae ya go thusa batsadi ka ditiro tsa ka fa lelapeng ditshwana le go tlhatswa matlhabaphefo a ntlo le go phepafatsa ntlo kwa ntle le fa gare e sale e phadima o kare dinaledi. Re se lebale gape gore matsatsi a boikhutso a thusa bana gape go fokotsa letsapa le kgatelelo ya sekolo go nne ka dinako tse dintsi ba kwa sekolong , ba ithuta kamo ba kwala gape ditlhatlhobo basa ikhutsi.<ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/3/287</ref> Sa bofelelo ka matsatsi a boikhutso mo baneng ke gore a thusa bana go ithuta ka dilo tse ding tse di kwa ntle ga phaphosi, e ka nna go bona boontle jwa naga kgapetsakgapetsa ka ba tsile go etela mafelo a a farolloganeng , go tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya fa gae e tshwana le kgwele ya dinao le bolotloa.Fa tlhakoreng ya batsadi matsatsi a boikhutso a neela batsadi sebaka sa go nna le bana ba bone, ba ithute bana ba bona le mekgwa ya bona ka botlalo gape le gore batsadi ba kgono ko ka tsaa karolo mo go thuseng bana ba bona ka ditiro tsa sekolo ba iponne ka a mabedi matlho gore bana ba bona ba sokola fo kae ka dithutho tsa bona le gore ba kgone go ka tsaa dikgato tsa go thusa bana ba bona foo le foo ka nako eo ya matsatsi a boikhutso .<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-QGsAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=importance+of++holidays+to+parenthood&ots=Let35Rv0kx&sig=8uZR68PfVYoFw3KRQg_05OwnQ64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20%20holidays%20to%20parenthood&f=false</ref> Ka jalo ke e wetsa ka gore botlhe re tlhoka nako ya rona go itapolosa le go khutsisa menagano ya rona ka matsatsi a boikhutso.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-QGsAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=importance+of++holidays+to+parenthood&ots=Let35Rv0kx&sig=8uZR68PfVYoFw3KRQg_05OwnQ64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20%20holidays%20to%20parenthood&f=false</ref> 9k03e38dvt9u2p5dsh5u2x8rk6tuxlh Bylly Avery 0 15057 54895 2026-09-14T16:47:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373104875|Byllye Avery]]" 54895 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Byllye Yvonne Avery''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Diphalane e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa ) ke molweladitshwanelo tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo wa Amerika. Motshegetsi wa tshiamiso ya tsalo, Avery o dirile go tlhama ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto e e amang boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo le jwa mmele jwa basadi ba bantsho . <ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Avery, Byllye |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> O itsege thata jaaka mothei wa National Black Women's Health Project e e leng mokgatlho wa ntlha wa bosechaba go dira tiro e e kgethegileng mo mererong ya boitekanelo jwa tsalo ya basadi ba Bantsho. Ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe le NBWHP, o amogetse tshono ya thuto ya MacArthur Foundation ya go Tsenya Seabe mo Loagong le Tlotla ya Gustav O. Lienhard ya go Tsweletsa Pele Tlhokomelo ya botsogo go tswa kwa sekolong sa Institute of Medicine sa National Academy of Sciences gareng ga ditlotla tse dingwe . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Byllye Y. Avery |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/staff-and-board-members/board-member/byllye-nbsp-y.-nbsp-avery-nbsp/_back_Staff.html? |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=Black Women's Health Imperative}}</ref> == Lelapa le thuto == Avery o tsholetswe kwa Waynesville kwa Georgia mme a golela mo polaseng kwa DeLand kwa Florida . Ke morwadia L. Alyce M. Ingram, yo e leng morutabana. <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmaagwe o alogile kwa sekolong sa Bethune-Cookman College. Rraagwe, e bong Quitman Reddick, o ne a na le lebenkele lo lefelong leo. O ne a bolawa fa Avery a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone. Avery e ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le bararo, mme o ne a rwala maikarabelo a mantsi go tloga fela fa a sa ntse a le monnye. Avery o tsene kwa sekolong sa Talladega College mme a bona dithuto tsa gagwe ya BA mo thutong ya tlhaloganyo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> O kopane le monna wa gagwe, Wesley Avery, fa a ne a le kwa sekolong sa Talladega College mme ba tsena mo nyalong ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro. <ref name="Oxford" /> Byllye le Wesley Avery ba ne ba na le bana ba babedi Wesley le Sonia ba tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961)le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1966), ba farologane ka dingwaga di le tlhano. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery |url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/life-story/byllye-avery/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Women & the American Story |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967), Avery o ne a amogela thuso ya go dira dithutego tsa Masters mo thutong e e kgethegileng kwa Sekolong se setona sa Florida, kwa Gainesville . Fa a sena go bona dithuto tsa M.Ed. ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery - MacArthur Foundation |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/357/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.macfound.org}}</ref> o ne a nna morutabana wa thuto e e kgethegileng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970)dikgwedi di le mmalwa fela morago ga go simolola tiro ya gagwe e ntšha, monna wa gagwe o ne a tlhaselwa ke bolwetse jwa pelo jo bo neng bo bolaya. O ne a na le dingwaga di le masome a mararo le boraro fela mme go ne ga lemogiwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe gore o ne a na le kgatelelo e e kwa godimo thata ya madi. Ka nako eo le ene o ne a itsholofetse ngwana wa bone wa boraro. Loso lwa monna wa gagwe le thusitse go tlhotlheletsa maitlamo a ga Avery a go tokafatsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto ya boitekanelo mo sechabeng sa batho Bantsho. <ref name="Nebbe">{{Cite web |last=Nebbe |first=Charity |title=Byllye Avery: Advocate for African-American Women's Health |url=https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/byllye-avery-advocate-african-american-womens-health |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.iowapublicradio.org |language=en}}</ref> Avery o ne a kopana le mosadi wa gagwe e bong Ngina Lythcott ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), mme bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba nyalana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). Lythcott ke ngaka ya boitekanelo jwa sechaba ebile ke molweladitshwanelo. == Bolweladitshwanelo == Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) Avery o ne a simolola go tsaya karolo mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di rotloetsa batho gore ba nne le kitso le mo ditirelong tsa go romela batho go senya mpa ka fa molaong. Go tsibogela go tlhoka phitlhelelo ya go senya mpa le matlhoki a mangwe a botsogo jwa bomme mo basadi ba Bantsho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase ba neng ba lebane le tsone mo tikologong ya gaabo, Avery le badirekaene e bong Joan Edelson, Judy Levy, le Margaret Parrish ba ne ba bula mokgatho kana lekalana la Boitekanelo jwa Basadi o bidiwang Women's Health Centre Gainesville (GWHC) ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974). <ref name="Nebbe" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Byllye Avery |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=March 8, 2018 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> E ne e le kokelwana ya ntlha ya go senya mpa le go tlhokomela basadi mo toropong. <ref name="Oxford" /> Ba ne ba bula dikago tseno morago ga gore boikuelo jwa go bula kokelwana ya Botsadi jo bo Rulagantsweng kwa Gainesville bo ganwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> Polelo ya thomo ya GWHC e ne e le go "thusa basadi go rarabolola seemo se se tlhagisang mathata sa boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang, jo bo sa batlegeng", ka ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase. Kokelwana e ne e tlamela ka ditirelo tsa go senya mpa le tsa thibelopelegi, e tlhofofatsa dithuto tsa thobalano, le go tlamela ka katiso e nngwe ya basadi e e amanang le boitekanelo le ditirelo tse di diretsweng basadi ba batho Bantsho, jaaka go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa sickle cell anemia. Go thusa go ruta basadi ka ditirelo tse di gaisang tsa botsogo, badiri ba ne ba tlhama bukana ya kgwedi le kgwedi e e bidiwang ''Sage-Femme'' . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (1978), Avery o ne a thusa go tlhoma lefelo la pelegi le e neng e le lefelo le lengwe la go belegela bana kwa Gainesville. Baoki-ba ba belegisang kgotsa babelegisi ba ba nang le setlankana ba ne ba thusa basadi ka pelegi mme Avery ka sebele o ne a thusa ka pelegi ya balwetse ba le lekgolo pele a tsamaya. 1] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1981), fa a ne a direla mo lekgotleng la botsamaise la National Women's Health Network, Avery o ne a simolola tiro e e neng ya tsaya dingwaga di le pedi e e bidiwang Tiro ya Botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho. Jaaka karolo ya tiro eno, Avery o ne a rulaganya bokopano jwa Dikgang tsa botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho jo bo neng bo tshwarelwa kwa sekolong sa Spelman College ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our Story |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135958/http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=}}</ref> Basadi ba le dikete di le pedi ba ne ba nna teng kwa tiragalong eno ya malatsi a le mararo. Ditlhogo di ne di akaretsa kgokgontsho ya mo lwapeng, bolwetse jwa sukiri, tirisobotlhaswa ya thobalano, mmele o motona , thobalano, pelegi, botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo mmogo le botsogo jo bo faphegileng. Bokopano jo bo ne bo rotloetsa ba ba neng ba le teng go tlhokomela botsogo jwa bone ka go tsibosa batho, go rulaganya sechaba ka ga mathata a botsogo le go itlhatlhoba. <ref name="Oxford" /> Morago ga bokopano jo, Avery o ne a tlhoma kgotsa a simolodisa tiro ya Bosechaba ya Boitekanelo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho, e jaanong e bidiwang Black Women's Health Imperative, semmuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone ( 1984) kwa Atlanta, Georgia. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sillman |first=Jael |date=2004 |title=Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice |url=https://archive.org/details/undividedrightsw00jael |last2=Fried |first2=Marlene, Gerber |last3=Ross |first3=Loretta |last4=Gutierrez |first4=Elena R. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-729-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ke one fela mokgatlho wa bosechaba o o ineetseng fela go tokafatsa botsogo le magareng ga basading ba batho Bantsho. NBWHP e ne ya bula ofisi ya bobueledi le ya melawana kwa Washington, DC, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991), NBWHP e ne e na le dikgaolo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le botlhano mme e ne e atolotse phitlhelelo ya yone go dira le basadi kwa Belize, Jamaica, Aforika Borwa, Nigeria, le Brazil. <ref name="Oxford" /> Fa Avery a gakologelwa maikutlo a a sa siamang a a neng a a rutiwa ka tlhakanelodikobo fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a ruta bomorwadie go keteka mebele ya bone le go bona setswalo. Fa morwadie wa ntlha a nna le dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe, Avery o ne a mo naya kuku e e neng e balega jaana "Letsatsi le le itumedisang la matsalo le setswalo!" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Love |first=Barbara J. |date=September 22, 2006 |title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRouCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09747-8 |language=en}}</ref> Ka bonako morago ga moo, o ne a ruta ka go bona setswalo le go tshola bana kwa sekolong se sebotlana se morwadie a neng a se tlhabolola go nna motshameko o o bidiwang ''go nna Mosadi: Dipusano tsa Bomme le Basetsana'' Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa(1987), motshameko wa nltha o o gatisitsweng o o neng o dirilweng ke basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba ba abelana dipono tsa bone ka ga go [[Setswalo|bona Setswalo,]] tlhakanelodikobo le lorato <ref>{{Cite book |title=On becoming a woman: mothers & daughters talking together |oclc=30694664}}</ref> <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmogo le baeteledipele ba ba tlhageletseng ba Maaforika kwa Amerika jaaka Shirley Chisholm, Maxine Waters, Dorothy Height, le Faye Wattleton, ba ne ba ntsha le go baa monwana polelo ya phatlalatsa, " Re Gakologelwa: Basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba Kgololesego ya Tsalo ", ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe <ref>{{Cite web |title=We Remember: African American Women for Reproductive Freedom |url=https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326053938/https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Polelo eno e tshegetsa kgololesego ya go tshola bana (go akaretsa le tshwanelo ya go nna le bana, tshwanelo ya go bona ditirelo tsa thibelo- pelegi le tshedimosetso ya botsogo jwa tsalo, le tshwanelo ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo mmogo le go senya mpa ka tsela e e babalesegileng le e e kafa molaong). Polelo eno e ne ya amanya tlhaolele, lehuma le dikubetsano le mathata a botsogo jwa tsalo mo basading ba Baafrika ba kwa Amerika. Polelo eno e ne ya gatisiwa gape gangwe le gape mme kgabagare ya anamisiwa mo meriting ya dipampiri e le 250 000. Polelo e santse e ka fitlhelwa mo dibukeng tse dintsi tse di buang ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le go nna balweladitshwanelo. <ref name="Oxford" /> Avery o ne a newa thuso ya Fellowship ya MacArthur mo go one ngwaga ono mo lephateng la melawana ya botsogo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) Avery, mmogo le basadi le banna ba bangwe ba le lesome le botlhano ba Maaforika kwa Amerika, ba ne ba tlhama mokgatlho o bidiwang African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom . Mokgatlho o tlhamilwe go fedisa kgobo kgatlhanong le go senya mpa mo setšhabeng sa batho Bantsho le go dira gore go senya mpa go fitlhelesege thata mo basading ba batho Bantsho. <ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{Cite book |last=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont |date=March 2018 |title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8 |page=6 |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> Avery o kwadile le go ruta thata ka tsela e lotso, maemo le bong di amang tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi ka teng. O ne a bitsa dipharologano tsa boitekanelo magareng ga basadi ba Afrika kwa Amerika le basweu a re ke "phitlhelelo ya tidimalo". <ref>{{Cite book |last=While |first=Evelyn C. |year=1994 |title=The Black women's health book: speaking for ourselves |publisher=Seal |isbn=1878067400 |location=Seattle, WA |pages=6}}</ref> O ntse a le moithuti yo o etelang kwa Harvard University School of Public Health; o ne a direla mo Charter Advisory Committee for the Office of Research on Women's Health of the National Institutes of Health; o ntse a le mogakolodi wa dikgang tsa botsogo wa Kellogg Foundation's International Leadership Program; mme o ne a direla jaaka mogakolodi wa tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi kwa Latin America, Caribbean le Afrika. 1]. == Dietsele le Dikakgolo == * 1989: Fellowship ya Mokgatlho wa MacArthur ya go Tsenya Seabe mo Loagong * 1989: Seetsele sa Botlhokwa sa Tirelosetšhaba <ref name=":1" /> * 1994: Seetsele sa a Gustav O. Lienhard ya Sekolo sa maranyane sa Setheo sa Kalafi ya go Tsweletsa Pele Tlhokomelo ya botsogo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Byllye Avery papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/984 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}</ref> * 1994: Seetsele sa Boammaaruri jwa Batho ba ba Kwa Tlase e e neilweng ke Lekgotla la batho Bantsho la Peomolao la Georgia <ref name=":1" /> * 1995: Dorothy I. Seetsele sa Phitlhelelo ya Botshelo Jotlhe ya Boleele <ref>{{Cite web |title=Billye Avery, the first person, after Dr. Height, to receive the Dorothy I. Height Lifetime Achievement Award featured on PBS Special |url=http://stylemagazine.com/news/2013/feb/21/billye-avery-first-person-after-dr-height-receive-/ |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=stylemagazine.com}}</ref> * 1995: Nopolo ya ga Moporesidente ya Mokgatlho wa Pholo wa Setšhaba wa Amerika <ref>{{Cite web |title=APHA Presidential Citation |url=https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/presidential-citation/apha-presidential-citation |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=www.apha.org}}</ref> * 1998: Awate ya Basadi ba Kgwebo le ba Porofešenale ya Dikgono Tse di Ntšhwa <ref name=":1" /> * 2008: Awate ya Diphelelo t33sa Ruth Bader Ginsburg go tswa kwa Mokgatlhong wa Basadi wa Chicago <ref name=":1" /> * 2010: Awate ya Moya wa Molelo wa ga Audre Lorde go tswa kwa Setheong sa Pholo sa Fenway <ref name=":1" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 2h3om8lpsyzlooldwiunwczi9vlak2p 54902 54895 2026-09-14T17:37:31Z MmaBaggio 11091 54902 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Byllye Yvonne Avery''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le {{Infobox scientist|name=Byllye Avery|image_size=150px|birth_date={{birth date and age|1937|10|20}}|birth_place=[[Waynesville, Georgia]], U.S.|education=[[University of Florida]]<br />[[Talladega College]]|known_for=National Black Women's Health Project}} masome a mararo le bosupa ) ke molweladitshwanelo wa tlhokomelo ya botsogo wa Amerika. Motshegetsi wa tshiamiso ya tsalo, Avery o dirile go tlhama ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto e e amang boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo le jwa mmele jwa basadi ba bantsho . <ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Avery, Byllye |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> O itsege thata jaaka mothei wa [[:en:National_Black_Women's_Health_Project|National Black Women's Health Project]] e e leng mokgatlho wa ntlha wa bosechaba go dira tiro e e kgethegileng mo mererong ya boitekanelo jwa tsalo ya basadi ba Bantsho. Ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe le NBWHP, o amogetse tshono ya thuto ya [[:en:MacArthur_Foundation|MacArthur Foundation]] ya go Tsenya Seabe mo Loagong le Tlotla ya Gustav O. Lienhard ya go Tsweletsa Pele Tlhokomelo ya botsogo go tswa kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Institute_of_Medicine|Institute of Medicine]] sa [[:en:National_Academy_of_Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] gareng ga ditlotla tse dingwe . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Byllye Y. Avery |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/staff-and-board-members/board-member/byllye-nbsp-y.-nbsp-avery-nbsp/_back_Staff.html? |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=Black Women's Health Imperative}}</ref> == Lelapa le thuto == Avery o tsholetswe kwa [[Waynesville]] kwa [[Georgia]] mme a golela mo polaseng kwa [[DeLand]] kwa [[Florida]] . Ke morwadia L. Alyce M. Ingram, yo e leng morutabana. <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmaagwe o alogile kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Bethune–Cookman_University|Bethune-Cookman College]]. Rraagwe, e bong Quitman Reddick, o ne a na le lebenkele lo lefelong leo. O ne a bolawa fa Avery a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone. Avery e ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le bararo, mme o ne a rwala maikarabelo a mantsi go tloga fela fa a sa ntse a le monnye. Avery o tsene kwa sekolong sa Talladega College mme a bona dithuto tsa gagwe ya BA mo [[thutong ya tlhaloganyo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> O kopane le monna wa gagwe, Wesley Avery, fa a ne a le kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Talladega_College|Talladega College]] mme ba tsena mo nyalong ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro. <ref name="Oxford" /> Byllye le Wesley Avery ba ne ba na le bana ba babedi Wesley le Sonia ba tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961)le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1966), ba farologane ka dingwaga di le tlhano. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery |url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/life-story/byllye-avery/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Women & the American Story |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967), Avery o ne a amogela thuso ya go dira dithutego tsa Masters mo thutong e e kgethegileng kwa [[Sekolong se setona sa Florida]], kwa [[Gainesville]] . Fa a sena go bona dithuto tsa M.Ed. ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery - MacArthur Foundation |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/357/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.macfound.org}}</ref> o ne a nna morutabana wa thuto e e kgethegileng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970)dikgwedi di le mmalwa fela morago ga go simolola tiro ya gagwe e ntšha, monna wa gagwe o ne a tlhaselwa ke bolwetse jwa pelo jo bo neng bo bolaya. O ne a na le dingwaga di le masome a mararo le boraro fela mme go ne ga lemogiwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe gore o ne a na le kgatelelo e e kwa godimo thata ya madi. Ka nako eo le ene o ne a itsholofetse ngwana wa bone wa boraro. Loso lwa monna wa gagwe le thusitse go tlhotlheletsa maitlamo a ga Avery a go tokafatsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto ya boitekanelo mo sechabeng sa batho Bantsho. <ref name="Nebbe">{{Cite web |last=Nebbe |first=Charity |title=Byllye Avery: Advocate for African-American Women's Health |url=https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/byllye-avery-advocate-african-american-womens-health |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.iowapublicradio.org |language=en}}</ref> Avery o ne a kopana le mosadi wa gagwe e bong Ngina Lythcott ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), mme bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba nyalana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). Lythcott ke ngaka ya boitekanelo jwa sechaba ebile ke molweladitshwanelo. == Bolweladitshwanelo == Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) Avery o ne a simolola go tsaya karolo mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di rotloetsa batho gore ba nne le kitso le mo ditirelong tsa go romela batho go senya mpa ka fa molaong. Go tsibogela go tlhoka phitlhelelo ya go senya mpa le matlhoki a mangwe a botsogo jwa bomme mo basadi ba Bantsho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase ba neng ba lebane le tsone mo tikologong ya gaabo, Avery le badirekaene e bong Joan Edelson, Judy Levy, le Margaret Parrish ba ne ba bula mokgatho kana lekalana la Boitekanelo jwa Basadi o bidiwang Women's Health Centre Gainesville (GWHC) ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974). <ref name="Nebbe" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Byllye Avery |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=March 8, 2018 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> E ne e le kokelwana ya ntlha ya go senya mpa le go tlhokomela basadi mo toropong. <ref name="Oxford" /> Ba ne ba bula dikago tseno morago ga gore boikuelo jwa go bula kokelwana ya Botsadi jo bo Rulagantsweng kwa Gainesville bo ganwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> Polelo ya thomo ya GWHC e ne e le go "thusa basadi go rarabolola seemo se se tlhagisang mathata sa boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang, jo bo sa batlegeng", ka ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase. Kokelwana e ne e tlamela ka ditirelo tsa go senya mpa le tsa thibelopelegi, e tlhofofatsa dithuto tsa thobalano, le go tlamela ka katiso e nngwe ya basadi e e amanang le boitekanelo le ditirelo tse di diretsweng basadi ba batho Bantsho, jaaka go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa sickle cell anemia. Go thusa go ruta basadi ka ditirelo tse di gaisang tsa botsogo, badiri ba ne ba tlhama bukana ya kgwedi le kgwedi e e bidiwang ''Sage-Femme'' . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (1978), Avery o ne a thusa go tlhoma lefelo la pelegi le e neng e le lefelo le lengwe la go belegela bana kwa Gainesville. Baoki-ba ba belegisang kgotsa babelegisi ba ba nang le setlankana ba ne ba thusa basadi ka pelegi mme Avery ka sebele o ne a thusa ka pelegi ya balwetse ba le lekgolo pele a tsamaya. 1] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1981), fa a ne a direla mo lekgotleng la botsamaise la [[:en:National_Women's_Health_Network|National Women's Health Network,]] Avery o ne a simolola tiro e e neng ya tsaya dingwaga di le pedi e e bidiwang Tiro ya Botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho. Jaaka karolo ya tiro eno, Avery o ne a rulaganya bokopano jwa Dikgang tsa botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho jo bo neng bo tshwarelwa kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Spelman_College|Spelman College]] ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our Story |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135958/http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=}}</ref> Basadi ba le dikete di le pedi ba ne ba nna teng kwa tiragalong eno ya malatsi a le mararo. Ditlhogo di ne di akaretsa kgokgontsho ya mo lwapeng, bolwetse jwa sukiri, tirisobotlhaswa ya thobalano, mmele o motona , thobalano, pelegi, botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo mmogo le botsogo jo bo faphegileng. Bokopano jo bo ne bo rotloetsa ba ba neng ba le teng go tlhokomela botsogo jwa bone ka go tsibosa batho, go rulaganya sechaba ka ga mathata a botsogo le go itlhatlhoba. <ref name="Oxford" /> Morago ga bokopano jo, Avery o ne a tlhoma kgotsa a simolodisa tiro ya Bosechaba ya Boitekanelo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho, e jaanong e bidiwang [[:en:Black_Women's_Health_Imperative|Black Women's Health Imperative,]] semmuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone ( 1984) kwa Atlanta, Georgia. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sillman |first=Jael |date=2004 |title=Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice |url=https://archive.org/details/undividedrightsw00jael |last2=Fried |first2=Marlene, Gerber |last3=Ross |first3=Loretta |last4=Gutierrez |first4=Elena R. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-729-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ke one fela mokgatlho wa bosechaba o o ineetseng fela go tokafatsa botsogo le magareng ga basading ba batho Bantsho. NBWHP e ne ya bula ofisi ya bobueledi le ya melawana kwa Washington, DC, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991), NBWHP e ne e na le dikgaolo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le botlhano mme e ne e atolotse phitlhelelo ya yone go dira le basadi kwa Belize, Jamaica, Aforika Borwa, Nigeria, le Brazil. <ref name="Oxford" /> Fa Avery a gakologelwa maikutlo a a sa siamang a a neng a a rutiwa ka tlhakanelodikobo fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a ruta bomorwadie go keteka mebele ya bone le go bona setswalo. Fa morwadie wa ntlha a nna le dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe, Avery o ne a mo naya kuku e e neng e balega jaana "Letsatsi le le itumedisang la matsalo le setswalo!" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Love |first=Barbara J. |date=September 22, 2006 |title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRouCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09747-8 |language=en}}</ref> Ka bonako morago ga moo, o ne a ruta ka go bona setswalo le go tshola bana kwa sekolong se sebotlana se morwadie a neng a se tlhabolola go nna motshameko o o bidiwang ''go nna Mosadi: Dipusano tsa Bomme le Basetsana'' Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa(1987), motshameko wa nltha o o gatisitsweng o o neng o dirilweng ke basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba ba abelana dipono tsa bone ka ga go [[Setswalo|bona Setswalo,]] tlhakanelodikobo le lorato <ref>{{Cite book |title=On becoming a woman: mothers & daughters talking together |oclc=30694664}}</ref> <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmogo le baeteledipele ba ba tlhageletseng ba Maaforika kwa Amerika jaaka [[Shirley Chisholm]], [[Maxine Waters]], [[Dorothy Height]], le [[Faye Wattleton]], ba ne ba ntsha le go baa monwana polelo ya phatlalatsa, " Re Gakologelwa: Basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba Kgololesego ya Tsalo ", ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe <ref>{{Cite web |title=We Remember: African American Women for Reproductive Freedom |url=https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326053938/https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Polelo eno e tshegetsa kgololesego ya go tshola bana (go akaretsa le tshwanelo ya go nna le bana, tshwanelo ya go bona ditirelo tsa thibelo- pelegi le tshedimosetso ya botsogo jwa tsalo, le tshwanelo ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo mmogo le go senya mpa ka tsela e e babalesegileng le e e kafa molaong). Polelo eno e ne ya amanya tlhaolele, lehuma le dikubetsano le mathata a botsogo jwa tsalo mo basading ba Baafrika ba kwa Amerika. Polelo eno e ne ya gatisiwa gape gangwe le gape mme kgabagare ya anamisiwa mo meriting ya dipampiri e le 250 000. Polelo e santse e ka fitlhelwa mo dibukeng tse dintsi tse di buang ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le go nna balweladitshwanelo. <ref name="Oxford" /> Avery o ne a newa thuso ya Fellowship ya MacArthur mo go one ngwaga ono mo lephateng la melawana ya botsogo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) Avery, mmogo le basadi le banna ba bangwe ba le lesome le botlhano ba Maaforika kwa Amerika, ba ne ba tlhama mokgatlho o bidiwang [[:en:African-American_Women_for_Reproductive_Freedom|African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom]] . Mokgatlho o tlhamilwe go fedisa kgobo kgatlhanong le go senya mpa mo setšhabeng sa batho Bantsho le go dira gore go senya mpa go fitlhelesege thata mo basading ba batho Bantsho. <ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{Cite book |last=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont |date=March 2018 |title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8 |page=6 |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> Avery o kwadile le go ruta thata ka tsela e lotso, maemo le bong di amang tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi ka teng. O ne a bitsa dipharologano tsa boitekanelo magareng ga basadi ba Afrika kwa Amerika le basweu a re ke "phitlhelelo ya tidimalo". <ref>{{Cite book |last=While |first=Evelyn C. |year=1994 |title=The Black women's health book: speaking for ourselves |publisher=Seal |isbn=1878067400 |location=Seattle, WA |pages=6}}</ref> O ntse a le moithuti yo o etelang kwa Harvard University School of Public Health; o ne a direla mo Charter Advisory Committee for the Office of Research on Women's Health of the [[:en:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health;]] o ntse a le mogakolodi wa dikgang tsa botsogo wa Kellogg Foundation's International Leadership Program; mme o ne a direla jaaka mogakolodi wa tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi kwa Latin America, Caribbean le Afrika. 1]. == Dietsele le Dikakgolo == * 1989: [[:en:MacArthur_Foundation|MacArthur Foundation's]] Fellowship for Social Contribution * 1989: Essence Award for Community Service <ref name=":1" /> * 1994: Academy of Science Institute of Medicine's Gustav O. Lienhard Award for the Advancement of Health Care <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Byllye Avery papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/984 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}</ref> * 1994: Grassroots Realist Award by the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus<ref name=":1" /> * 1995: Dorothy I. Height Lifetime Achievement Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=Billye Avery, the first person, after Dr. Height, to receive the Dorothy I. Height Lifetime Achievement Award featured on PBS Special |url=http://stylemagazine.com/news/2013/feb/21/billye-avery-first-person-after-dr-height-receive-/ |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=stylemagazine.com}}</ref> * 1995: President's Citation of the [[:en:American_Public_Health_Association|American Public Health Association]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=APHA Presidential Citation |url=https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/presidential-citation/apha-presidential-citation |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=www.apha.org}}</ref> * 1998: : Business and Professional Women's New Horizons Award <ref name=":1" /> * 2008: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Impact Award from the Chicago Foundation for Women <ref name=":1" /> * 2010: [[:en:Audre_Lorde|Audre Lorde]] Spirit of Fire Award from the Fenway Health Center <ref name=":1" /> == Dibuka tse di tlhophilweng == * * Avery, Byllye Y. "Breathing life into ourselves." ''Feminism and Community'' (1995): 147. * Avery, B. (1999). ''[[iarchive:altarofwordswisd00aver|An Altar of Words: Wisdom, Comfort and Inspiration]]''. New York: Broadway. ISBN * Avery, Byllye. "Who does the work of public health?." ''American journal of public health'' 92.4 (2002): 570–575. * "Byllye Avery." ''The New York Historical'', 2026. == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] gfmbmx3qur7bq96trjagsv5exw15kcp Leobu 0 15058 54901 2026-09-14T17:27:43Z Cruiselady 12522 ke kwetse setlhogo ka tlhakakgolo 54901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leubo''' ke phologolo e e welang mo mefuteng ya digagabi e e tsamaya ka bonya ka bonya gape e fetola mebala kgapetsa kgapetsa. Nako nngwe oe bona ka mmala o o rileng nako nngwe o o rileng, e fitlhelwa mo ditlhareng, ditlhatshana le mafelo a a nang le dimela. Batho bae itse ka matlho a yona a lebang kwaa le kwaa le loleme la yona lo lo teleeele thata. Sengwe se se kgatlhang ka leubo ke gore le dirisa mebala ya yona go itshireletsa fa e nkgela go ntshiwa kotsi, eka fetola mmala wa mmele wa yona go tshwana le tikologo eo eleng mo go yona fa le ikutlwa eketse le a tshosetsiwa , se se thusa gore e se ka ya bonwa motlhofo ke diphologolo dingwe. Maoto a leubo a nonofile mo ele goreng menwana ya lona e thusa mo goreng e kgone go tsamaya mo ditlhareng ka go tshwara dikala fa e tsamaya. Matlho a leubo a itumedisa mo go maswe ka gonne tiro ya ona ga e a tlwaelega le seng fa leitlho le leng le lebelela kwa pele lengwe le lebelela kwa morago seno se tlhagisa fa leka bona ka bonako fa senngwe se se sa siamang se tsile go direga le go bona dijo ka bonako nako. Leubo leja ditshenekegi ka mefuta, dintsi le ditshoswane ka mefuta jaanong senngwe se se kgatlhisang ka lona ke gore le dirisa loleme la lona lo lo leele go itshwarela dijo tseo ka bonako ebe loleme lo boela mo molomong ka bonako le lona. Mo setswaneng leubo le ka ama ditumelo le ngwao tsa batho ka ditsela tse di farologaneng . Ka bokhutshwane leubo ke phologolo e e kgatlhang mme ele nnye. 6dco9situgtsazom4jam7jymwjw4q9r 54903 54901 2026-09-14T17:40:14Z Cruiselady 12522 ke loketse di linki tsa ditshupetso 54903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leubo''' ke phologolo e e welang mo mefuteng ya digagabi e e tsamaya ka bonya ka bonya gape e fetola mebala kgapetsa kgapetsa. Nako nngwe oe bona ka mmala o o rileng nako nngwe o o rileng, e fitlhelwa mo ditlhareng, ditlhatshana le mafelo a a nang le dimela. Batho bae itse ka matlho a yona a lebang kwaa le kwaa le loleme la yona lo lo teleeele thata.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ylUlDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=chameleon&ots=UFAf5TFjOC&sig=AiaNovA-9DVtFizUjMeIW4Xe7Rk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Sengwe se se kgatlhang ka leubo ke gore le dirisa mebala ya yona go itshireletsa fa e nkgela go ntshiwa kotsi, eka fetola mmala wa mmele wa yona go tshwana le tikologo eo eleng mo go yona fa le ikutlwa eketse le a tshosetsiwa , se se thusa gore e se ka ya bonwa motlhofo ke diphologolo dingwe. Maoto a leubo a nonofile mo ele goreng menwana ya lona e thusa mo goreng e kgone go tsamaya mo ditlhareng ka go tshwara dikala fa e tsamaya. Matlho a leubo a itumedisa mo go maswe ka gonne tiro ya ona ga e a tlwaelega le seng fa leitlho le leng le lebelela kwa pele lengwe le lebelela kwa morago seno se tlhagisa fa leka bona ka bonako fa senngwe se se sa siamang se tsile go direga le go bona dijo ka bonako nako.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ylUlDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=chameleon&ots=UFAf5TFjOC&sig=AiaNovA-9DVtFizUjMeIW4Xe7Rk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Leubo leja ditshenekegi ka mefuta, dintsi le ditshoswane ka mefuta jaanong senngwe se se kgatlhisang ka lona ke gore le dirisa loleme la lona lo lo leele go itshwarela dijo tseo ka bonako ebe loleme lo boela mo molomong ka bonako le lona. Mo setswaneng leubo le ka ama ditumelo le ngwao tsa batho ka ditsela tse di farologaneng . Ka bokhutshwane leubo ke phologolo e e kgatlhang mme ele nnye.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00212210.1999.10688997</ref> 44z4vvc4tlc1bz8uulw250x5fhrpeis 54905 54903 2026-09-14T17:43:33Z Cruiselady 12522 ke loketse senepe sa leubo 54905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) male Nosy Be.jpg|thumb|Leubo]] '''Leubo''' ke phologolo e e welang mo mefuteng ya digagabi e e tsamaya ka bonya ka bonya gape e fetola mebala kgapetsa kgapetsa. Nako nngwe oe bona ka mmala o o rileng nako nngwe o o rileng, e fitlhelwa mo ditlhareng, ditlhatshana le mafelo a a nang le dimela. Batho bae itse ka matlho a yona a lebang kwaa le kwaa le loleme la yona lo lo teleeele thata.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ylUlDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=chameleon&ots=UFAf5TFjOC&sig=AiaNovA-9DVtFizUjMeIW4Xe7Rk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Sengwe se se kgatlhang ka leubo ke gore le dirisa mebala ya yona go itshireletsa fa e nkgela go ntshiwa kotsi, eka fetola mmala wa mmele wa yona go tshwana le tikologo eo eleng mo go yona fa le ikutlwa eketse le a tshosetsiwa , se se thusa gore e se ka ya bonwa motlhofo ke diphologolo dingwe. Maoto a leubo a nonofile mo ele goreng menwana ya lona e thusa mo goreng e kgone go tsamaya mo ditlhareng ka go tshwara dikala fa e tsamaya. Matlho a leubo a itumedisa mo go maswe ka gonne tiro ya ona ga e a tlwaelega le seng fa leitlho le leng le lebelela kwa pele lengwe le lebelela kwa morago seno se tlhagisa fa leka bona ka bonako fa senngwe se se sa siamang se tsile go direga le go bona dijo ka bonako nako.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ylUlDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=chameleon&ots=UFAf5TFjOC&sig=AiaNovA-9DVtFizUjMeIW4Xe7Rk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Leubo leja ditshenekegi ka mefuta, dintsi le ditshoswane ka mefuta jaanong senngwe se se kgatlhisang ka lona ke gore le dirisa loleme la lona lo lo leele go itshwarela dijo tseo ka bonako ebe loleme lo boela mo molomong ka bonako le lona. Mo setswaneng leubo le ka ama ditumelo le ngwao tsa batho ka ditsela tse di farologaneng . Ka bokhutshwane leubo ke phologolo e e kgatlhang mme ele nnye.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00212210.1999.10688997</ref> d4c977u6z4z2gxejzp7e0ta7h433fnr Kaditshwene 0 15059 54904 2026-09-14T17:43:14Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 54904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Pre-colonial indigenous South African rondavel.png|thumb|[[Rantafole|Marantafole]] a tlholego a Aforika Borwa wa pele ga bokolone, legae kwa Kadishwene]] '''Kaditshwene''' e e bidiwang '''Gaditshweni''' kgotsa '''Karechuenya''', e ne e le bonno jwa Aforika Borwa jwa [[Motlha wa Tshipi]] jo bo neng bo le dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le botlhano kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa toropo ya [[Zeerust]], kwa kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima]]. E ne e le motse-mogolo wa setso wa setshaba sa Bahurutshe, e le e nngwe ya merafhe e megolo ya [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|BaTswana]] le boremelelo jwa go dira le kgwebo. Morongwa [[John Campbell]] o ne a kopana le bonno jono kwa dithabeng tsa Tshwenyane tsa kgaolo ya [[Marico]] ka 1820, ka nako eo palo ya batho ba yone ba le dikete tse masome a mabedi e ne e feta ya [[Cape Town]]. Baithutamarope ba fopholetsa gore e ne e tlhomilwe kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1400 mo lefelong la dipeeletso tsa tshipi le kopore.<ref>Boeyens, Jan (2000). "In search of Kaditshwene". ''[[:en:The_South_African_Archaeological_Bulletin|The South African Archaeological Bulletin]]''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3888888|10.2307/3888888]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3888888 3888888].</ref><ref>Mason, R.J. [http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/9120/ISS-292.pdf?sequence=1 "Transvaal and Natal Iron Age Settlement Revealed by Aerial Photography and Excavation"] (PDF). University of the Witwatersrand: Institute for Advanced Social Research (A13). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043630/http://archive-za.com/page/2510931/2013-07-25/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/central/kaditshwene.html "Kaditshwene (Karechuenya or Kurrichane) - North West Province South Africa"]. ''Archive-za.com''. Archived from [http://archive-za.com/page/2510931/2013-07-25/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/central/kaditshwene.html the original] on 2019-03-06. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Ka 1821, ka nako ya Mfecane, motse o ne wa thopiwa ke Batlokwa ka fa tlase ga mohumagadi wa motlhabani Mantatisi. Tlhaselo e ne ya latelwa ke e nngwe ka fa tlase ga Sebetwane le morafe wa Bafokeng mo tikologong ya 1823. Bafalodi ba ne ba tshabela kwa bophirima mme ba batla botshabelo mo gare ga Bakwena le merafe e mengwe ya Batswana.[4] Mabota a maje a a thubegang, metheo, di-midden tsa molora le masalela a intaseteri ya go dira tshipi ke bosupi fela jwa go nna teng ga bonno mo nakong e e fetileng. Ka 2011 marope a ne a itsisiwe jaaka Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba ke Puso.[5][6] Leina le go akanngwa gore le theilwe mo polelong ya Setswana, "Ga se ka ditshwene!", e e kayang "A palo e e gakgamatsang ya ditshwene".[7] John Campbell o ne a bitsa toropo eno "Kurreechane", e leng phetolelo e e ntseng e le teng mo ditsheding tse di tshelang le ditshedi tse di tshelang, e leng mefuta e e neng ya tlhalosiwa go tswa foo ke Andrew Smith.[8] == Metswedi == al0htlgu5sshon967w0h8hmbg4aatzh 54907 54904 2026-09-14T17:57:49Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le go tsenya dikarolo le metswedi. 54907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Pre-colonial indigenous South African rondavel.png|thumb|[[Rantafole|Marantafole]] a tlholego a Aforika Borwa wa pele ga bokolone, legae kwa Kadishwene]] '''Kaditshwene''' e e bidiwang '''Gaditshweni''' kgotsa '''Karechuenya''', e ne e le bonno jwa Aforika Borwa jwa [[Motlha wa Tshipi]] jo bo neng bo le dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi le botlhano kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa toropo ya [[Zeerust]], kwa kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima]]. E ne e le motse-mogolo wa setso wa setshaba sa Bahurutshe, e le e nngwe ya merafhe e megolo ya [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|BaTswana]] le boremelelo jwa go dira le kgwebo. Morongwa [[John Campbell]] o ne a kopana le bonno jono kwa dithabeng tsa Tshwenyane tsa kgaolo ya [[Marico]] ka 1820, ka nako eo palo ya batho ba yone ba le dikete tse masome a mabedi e ne e feta ya [[Cape Town]]. Baithutamarope ba fopholetsa gore e ne e tlhomilwe kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1400 mo lefelong la dipeeletso tsa tshipi le kopore.<ref>Boeyens, Jan (2000). "In search of Kaditshwene". ''[[:en:The_South_African_Archaeological_Bulletin|The South African Archaeological Bulletin]]''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3888888|10.2307/3888888]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3888888 3888888].</ref><ref>Mason, R.J. [http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/9120/ISS-292.pdf?sequence=1 "Transvaal and Natal Iron Age Settlement Revealed by Aerial Photography and Excavation"] (PDF). University of the Witwatersrand: Institute for Advanced Social Research (A13). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043630/http://archive-za.com/page/2510931/2013-07-25/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/central/kaditshwene.html "Kaditshwene (Karechuenya or Kurrichane) - North West Province South Africa"]. ''Archive-za.com''. Archived from [http://archive-za.com/page/2510931/2013-07-25/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/central/kaditshwene.html the original] on 2019-03-06. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Ka 1821, ka nako ya [[Mfecane]], motse o ne wa thopiwa ke [[Batlokwa]] ka fa tlase ga mohumagadi wa motlhabani [[Mmanthatisi|Mantatisi]]. Tlhaselo e ne ya latelwa ke e nngwe ka fa tlase ga ga [[Sebetwane]] le morafe wa [[Bafokeng]] mo tikologong ya 1823. Bafalodi ba ne ba tshabela kwa bophirima mme ba batla botshabelo mo gare ga [[Bakwena]] le merafe e mengwe ya Batswana.<ref>Boeyens, Jan (Dec 2003). "The Late Iron Age sequence in the Marico and early Tswana history". ''[[:en:The_South_African_Archaeological_Bulletin|The South African Archaeological Bulletin]]''. '''58''' (178): 63–78. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3889303|10.2307/3889303]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889303 3889303].</ref> Mabota a maje a a thubegang, metheo, di-midden tsa molora le masalela a setlha sa go dira tshipi ke bosupi fela jwa go nna teng ga bonno mo nakong e e fetileng. Ka 2011 marope a ne a itsisiwe jaaka Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba ke Puso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131104345/http://kaditshweneheritage.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DECLARATION.pdf "Republic of South Africa : Volume 555"] (PDF). ''Kaditshweneheritage.co.za''. 2011-09-02. Archived from [http://kaditshweneheritage.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DECLARATION.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2016-01-31. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref><ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/sites/922380012 "9/2/238/0012"]. ''SAHRA.org.za''. 2012-06-22. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> Leina le go akanngwa gore le theilwe mo polelong ya Setswana, ''"Ga se ka ditshwene!"'', e e kayang ''"Palo e e gakgamatsang ya ditshwene"''.<ref>Boeyens, Jan C. A. (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3888888 "In Search of Kaditshwene"]. ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3888888|10.2307/3888888]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1969 0038-1969]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3888888 3888888].</ref> John Campbell o ne a bitsa toropo eno "Kurreechane", e leng phetolelo e e ntseng e le teng mo Kurrichane thrush le Kurrichane buttonquail, e leng mefuta e e neng ya tlhalosiwa go tswa foo ke [[Andrew Smith]].<ref>Jan C.A. Boeyens; Desmond T. Cole. [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19464/Finlayson__R__9781868881383__Section8.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y "Kaditshwene : What's In A Name ?"] (PDF). ''Uir.unisa.ac.za''. Retrieved Lwetse a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Mafelo a ngwao a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Matlotla mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a ditso a Aferika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Marope mo Aforika Borwa]] jrcdwafz59e2d2pw2ha1hlb6dh3gb6s Puo ya Nǁng 0 15060 54906 2026-09-14T17:54:41Z Reagoleboga 10854 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369273849|Nǁng language]]" 54906 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nǁng ([ᵑǁŋ]) kgotsa Nǁŋǃ ke ke puo e e batlileng e nyeletse ya SeTuu e e buiwang mo Aforika Borwa. E itsege ka leina le le sa utlwaleng sentle la puo ya yone e e buiwang e le '''Nǁng''', Khomani, le dirisiwa ke puso ya Aforika Borwa. Go ne go akanngwa gore '''Nǁng''' e nyeletse mme e ne e sa tlhole e buiwa letsatsi le letsatsi fa e ne e ribololwa gape ka bo1990, ka gonne batho ba ba neng ba e bua ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e farologaneng mme dikokomana tse disha di ne di setse di bua puo ya SeKhoekhoe. Go tloga ka Diphalane 2025, botlhe ntle le a le mongwe wa ba ba setseng ba buisa puo ya '''Nǁng''' ba ne ba tlhokafetse, ditlogolwana tsa bone di ne di fetogetse kwa Khoekhoe le Seaforikanse. Sebui sa bofelo se se tshelang sa Nhye_Armnhye_Armn Կատերինա Էսաուն, se ntse se ruta puo eno go tloga ka 2002, le fa e le gore o na le madi a mannye fela. == Go kgaoganngwa le leina == '''Nǁng''' ke ya lelapa la puo ya Tuu (Taa - Kwi), mme Ungkue e e nyeletseng ke losika lwa yone lo lo gaufi thata mme Taa ke losika lwa yone lo lo gaufi thata (e bile ke lone fela lo lo sa ntseng lo tshela). Diteme tse pedi tsa bosheng ke tsa bophirima/bokone-bophirima, tse ka dinako tse dingwe leina la '''Nǁng''' le lekanyeditsweng mo go tsone, le puo ya botlhaba go tswa kwa lefelong la Langeberg, Au. Go tloga ka 2010, bontsi jwa batho ba ba setseng ba ne ba bua puo ya '''Nǁng''', mme e ne e le leina le '''Nǁng''' e neng ya tlhagelela ka lone fa e ne e ribololwa gape. Le fa go ntse jalo, mme ba ne ba gana go bidiwa ka leina la ''''Nǁng'''.' Leina le le motlhofo thata go le bitsa mo bathong ba ba buang Seesemane ke '''Nǁng'''. Lekwalo le le lebegang jaaka mola o o tlhamaletseng (o ka dinako tse dingwe o emisediwang ka letshwao la slash) le emela go tobetsa ga leino jaaka tsk! tsk! (lololololol! tlhe! "'''Nǁng'''" e bidiwa jaaka noo, ka tsk! mo gare ga [n]. Mogala o o menaganeng gabedi mo go "'''Nǁng'''" ke (o le mongwe) wa go tobetsa go tswa kafa letlhakoreng, o bidiwa jaaka tchick! e e dirisitsweng Lefoko n tota ke lediri, 'go bua puo ya BaBushman', gongwe go tswa mo puong ya Se-Khoekhoe. '''Nǁng''' huki ke puo ya Deverbal, 'puo ya Ba-Bushman'.[ Batho ba ipitsa, mme Westphal o dumela gore e ka tswa e le lereo le le kwadilweng ke Bleek mme le fetoletswe ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mo dibukeng. Leina '''Nǁng''' ke leina le le sa utlwaleng la SeKhoekhoe, mme le dirisiwa mo dipuong di le mmalwa tsa SeTuu. Traill o bolela gore ⁇ ʼAuni ba bitsa puo ya bone '''Nǁng''' huki, mme ba bangwe ba kwadile leina la bone la puo ya bone e le ⁇ ʼAuo, mme Westphal le Köhler ba bolela gore '''Nǁng''' huki ke mofuta wa '''Nǁng.''' Go ka nna ga diragala gore dipuo di tswakane mo dibukeng. == Mefutafuta ya dipuo == Güldemann (2017) o kwadile ditokomane tse di latelang tsa pele ga temokerasi jaaka '''Nǁng.''' {| class="wikitable" !Label !Researcher !Date !Notes |- |ǁŋ |D. Bleek |(notes) |= Langeberg. Bleek label SII. |- |ǂkhomani |Doke |1937 |= Nǀuu. Bleek label SIIa. |- |Nǀhuki |Westphal |(notes) |= Nǀuu. |} == Hisetori == '''Nǁng''' e ne ya atlega go ralala lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, fela go tsenelela ga dipuo tse e seng tsa ⁇ Kwi le go ikamanya le ditso go ne ga e tshosetsa, jaaka bontsi jwa dipuo tse dingwe tsa Khoisan. Puo eno e ne ya tseelwa sebaka ke Seaforikanse le SeNama, segolo thata morago ga gore batho ba ba buang puo eno ba simolole go fudugela kwa ditoropong ka bo1930 mme ba iphitlhela ba dikologilwe ke batho ba ba sa bueng Se'''Nǁng'''. Ka 1973 puo ya bone e ne ya bolelwa e nyeletse, mme '''Nǁng''' (" Khomani") e e neng e setse e ne ya kobiwa kwa Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Ka bo1990, baitse ba puo ba ne ba bona Elsie Vaalbooi wa dingwaga di le 101 yo o neng a sa ntse a kgona go bua Se'''Nǁng'''. Anthony Traill o ne a mmotsolotsa ka 1997. The South African San Institute e ne ya nna le seabe ka bonako mo go batleng tshedimosetso ka puo ya Se-N ⁇ ng, mme ka thuso ya ga Vaalbooi ba ne ba kgona go bona batho ba bangwe ba le 25 ba ba neng ba gasagasame ka ntlha ya go kobiwa ba ba neng ba kgona go bua kgotsa ba tlhaloganya puo eo. Thabo Mbeki o ne a neela '''Nǁng''' e 400 km2 ya lefatshe ka 1999, le 250 km2 ya lefatshe mo teng ga phaka ka 2002. Vaalbooi o ne a tla ka seane sa '''Nǁng''' sa "Re ya kwa botshelong jo bo botoka" mo bathong ba gagwe ba ba tsosolositsweng. Seno gape se ne sa amogelwa jaaka sekapuo sa semmuso sa Porofense ya Kapa Bokone. Ka nako eo go ne go na le dibui tse di tsofetseng di le masomeamabedi, tse robedi tsa tsone di ne di nna kwa porofenseng ya Kapa Bophirima. Go tloga ka 2007, go ne go na le ba ba kwa tlase ga lesome ba ba santseng ba tshela mo Afrika Borwa, le ba bangwe ba le mmalwa kwa Botswana; ga go na ope wa bone yo o nnang le motho yo mongwe yo o buang puo eno, mme dipuo tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ke Se-Khoekhoe le Se-Tswana, ka go latelana. Ka 2013 go ne go na le dibui di le tharo kwa kgaolong ya Upington le di le pedi kwa Olifantshoek ( ʼAu), ba bua dipuo tsa bophirima le tsa botlhaba, ka go latelana. Dikokomana tse di santseng di le dinnye tsa Ba-Khomani ba bua Se-Nama ka boikgantsho mme ga ba na kamano e e kalo le Ba'''Nǁng'''. Dipatlisiso tsa bosheng ka ga '''Nǁng''' tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke Amanda Miller wa Yunibesiti ya Cornell di thusitse go tlhalosa physics ya go kgotla ga yone, e e isang kwa go tlhaloganyeng go botoka ga medumo ya go kgotla ka kakaretso. Maiteko a go tsweletsa puo ya '''Nǁng''' a tsweletse ka 2017[1] le ka 2021. Buka ya ntlha ya bana ya '''Nǁng''', ! Qhoi n'gadgadia Tjhoi (Tortoise and Ostrich), e kwadilwe ke Katrina Esau, mongwe wa dibui tse pedi tse di falotseng ka nako eo, ka Motsheganong 2021. Ka Seetebosigo 2021, morwarraagwe e bong Simon Sauls o ne a tlhokafala, a tlogela Katrina Esau wa dingwaga di le 88 e le ene wa bofelo go bua puo eno. Esau o ne a bula sekolo le setlogolo sa gagwe go ruta bana puo, mme se ne sa senngwa ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID mme sa latlhwa. Go tloga ka Diphalane 2025, Esau yo o dingwaga di 92, o santse a ruta puo eno. == Diteng tsa mafoko == '''Nǁng''' e na le nngwe ya dipuo tse di nang le medumo e e raraaneng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Bontsi jwa mafoko a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a mangwe a na le ditlhaka di le pedi tsa moras (ditlhopha tse di nang le medumo). Mora wa ntlha o tshwanetse go simolola ka segalo (CV). Mora wa bobedi e ka nna lentswe le le lengwe fela (V), modumo wa m kgotsa n (N), kgotsa o mongwe wa medumo e le mmalwa le modumo o le mongwe fela (cV). Ke gore, medumo ya mafoko, e sa bale ka dinako tse dingwe di-lexicalised CV prefixes le di-suffix, ke CVcV, CVV, CVN, le fa go na le di le mmalwa tse e leng CV, mmogo le mafoko a maleele a maoto a le mabedi: CVCV, fa C ya bobedi e se nngwe ya setlhopha se se fokoditsweng sa ditumammogo mme e ka se nne go tobetsa,CVCVN, CVVCV, CVNCV, CVVCVN, CVNCVN, CVVCV, CVVCVcV. Mafoko a thutapuo gantsi ke CV kgotsa V. Go na le dikganetsano ka dinako tse dingwe go tswa mo mekgweng eno mo mafokong a a tshwanang le /ɟùɾùkúɟúí-sí/ 'Namaqua sandgrouse' (CVcVCVCVV + suffix) le mo mafokong a a kopantsweng gape mo hisitoring a a tshwanang le / ⁇ áḿ ⁇ àm̀/ 'go bua'. === Dinoko === Fela jaaka dipuo tse dintsi tsa kwa borwa jwa Aforika, Se'''Nǁng''' se na le ditumanosi di le tlhano. Di ka nna tsa tswa di le bogale e bile di tswa mo nkong. Lefoko le ka nna la nna le ditumanosi tse pedi tse di bapileng, tse di tshwanang le monoko o moleele kana diphthong. Go akanngwa gore dinoko tse di tlhabang di na le modumo o o bidiwang lentswe le le bogale. Di pharyngealized thata, mme mo go ba bangwe ba ba buang di akaretsa go thothomela ga makhubu a a kwa tlase go go ka diregang gore go akaretsa aryepiglottic fold. Dikarolo tse nne tsa segalo se se bogale (ga go na segalo se se bogale sa i) di farologane thata le tsa segalo se se bogale, jaaka go tlwaelegile fa segalo se le pharyngealized. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !High front !Mid front !Low central !Mid back !High back/central |- !Modal |i [i̞] |e [e̞] |a [ä] |o [o̞] |u [u̽] |- !Nasal |ĩ [ĩ̞] |ẽ [ẽ̞] |ã [ä̃] |õ [õ̞] |ũ [u̽̃] |- !Strident[note 3] | |e𐞴 [ɛ̰̰] |a𐞴 [ɑ̟̰̰] |o𐞴 [ɔ̟̰̰] |u𐞴 [ɵ̰̰] |- !Nasal strident | |(?) |ã𐞴 [ɑ̟̰̰̃] |õ𐞴 [ɔ̟̰̰̃] |ũ𐞴 [ɵ̰̰̃] |} '''Nǁng''' ke puo e le nngwe fela ya SeKhoisan e e itsegeng e na le segalo sa kwa pele se se bogale, /e ⁇ /, le fa seno se sa tlwaelega, se tlhagelela mo mafokong a le mabedi fela a a itsegeng, zeqe /z ⁇ ̰́é/ 'go fofa' le ⁇ ʻheqbe /ŋ̊ ⁇ ̰̀βé/ 'seaparo sa monna.' Go se nne teng ga mafoko a a tshwanang le one a a tswang mo molomong go tsewa e le phoso e e diregileng ka phoso kgotsa go tsewa e le fela gore ga go na bosupi ka ntlha ya palo e nnye ya mafoko a a itsegeng. Karolo e e dirang modumo e ka nna ya nna ya dinko tsa mokwalo, /ŋ̍/, go na le gore e nne lentswe, jaaka mo leineng N ⁇ ng. Go ka nna ga nna le ditumammogo tse di rileng fela tsa ditumammogo mo leotong la bimoraic, go sa kgathalesege gore a go na le modumo o o tsenang fa gare. (Ke gore, ditumanosi tse di letleletsweng di a tshwana le fa lefoko e le CVcV kgotsa CVV.) Fa e le gore lentswe la ntlha ke mofuta mongwe (wa dinko, wa lentswe le le kwa godimo, jalo le jalo) wa /i, e, ŋ̍/, lentswe la bobedi le tshwanetse go tshwana. Fa segalo sa ntlha e le /a/, go tswa foo sa bobedi e ka nna sengwe le sengwe mme e seng /ŋ̍/. Fa segalo sa ntlha e le /o/ kgotsa /u/, go tswa foo sa bobedi e ka nna /a/ kgotsa segalo sa boleele jo bo tshwanang: ke gore, oa, oo, oe; ua, uu, ui. Mantswe a bosupa a tshwanetse a bo a buiwa ka molomo kgotsa ka nko ka bobedi; mantswe a bosupa a ka se latelwe ke go ema ga nko (le fa gone a ka nna a latelwa ke go kgotlhokgotshiwa ga nko). Ke tlhaka ya ntlha fela e e ka tswang e le bogale. Di-vowel tse di kwa pele di ka latela fela mefuta ya go tobetsa (kgatelelo ya di-vowel tse di kwa morago), ka ntle le e le nngwe fela e e itsegeng, [ŋ ⁇ é] 'go ya'. Ditumammogo tsa kwa pele le tsa kwa godimo le tsone di ka nna tsa se ka tsa latela [χ], e ka tswa e le go golola ka mokgwa wa africate kgotsa go gogela ka mokgwa wa fricative, ntle fela le mo mafokong a a amanang le basadi a le mararo a mo go one tlhaka ya bobedi e leng /χè/. Fela jaaka go se nne teng ga ditumammogo tse di kwa pele tse di bogale, go na le palo e nnye ya dikganetso tsa /e/, mme ga go na le fa e le nngwe ya /i/. === Ditone === '''Nǁng''' morago e ka nna le modumo o o kwa godimo kgotsa o o kwa tlase, /H/ kgotsa /L/. Lefoko le le tlwaelegileng le le dirisiwang mo mafokong a a farologaneng le na le mafoko a le mabedi a a tshwanang, ka jalo le ka nna le modumo o o kwa godimo (HH), o o kwa tlase (LL), o o tlhatlogang (LH), kgotsa o o fologang (HL). Motheo wa monomoraic, o o jaaka /cú/ 'molomo', o kwa godimo go na le go kwa tlase ka 5-1. Medi ya CVV le CVN ke HH, HL, le LH ka makgetlo a a batlileng a lekana, mme LL yone ga e a tlwaelega thata. Le fa go ntse jalo, halofo ya mefuta yotlhe ya CVcV ke LH, e leng se se dirang gore e tlwaelege thata, fa e le gore ke 5% fela e e leng HL. Mo leotong le le okeditsweng la CV, selekanyo sa H le L se batla se lekana; leoto le le okeditsweng la CVN kgotsa la CVcV le ka nna la tshwana le leoto la ntlha, mme ga se gantsi go ka tlhomamisiwa. === Ditumammogo === Bontsi jwa ditumammogo tsa '''Nǁng''' ke ditlhatlhamano. Go kile ga bo go akanngwa gore dipuo tsa Se-Khoisan di farologanya go tsikitla ga velar le go tsikitla ga uvular, mme patlisiso ya bosheng ka ga '''Nǁng''', le go tlhatlhoba gape tshedimosetso ka ga Xóõ, e supa gore, mo dipuong tseno, pharologano ke ya go tsikitla fela kgatlhanong le go tsikitla ka tsela e e thuntshang. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Initial pulmonic consonants (C1) ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Laminal<br /><br />alveolar !Pre-<nowiki><br id="mwAXE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>palatal !Velar !Uvular !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |(n) |ɲ̟ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>aspirated</small> |pʰ | |c̟ʰ |kʰ | | |- !<small>voiceless</small> |p | |c̟ |k | |ʔ |- !<small>voiced</small> |b | |ɟ̟ |ɡ | | |- !Affricate !<small>voiceless</small> |pf |ts |c̟χ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !<small>voiceless</small> | |s | | |χ |h |- !<small>voiced</small> | |z | | | | |} "(?)" Matshwao a a ka nnang a nna teng ka phoso; ditumammogo tse di ka nna tsa solofelwa go ya ka go tlhagelela ga tsone mo dipuong tse di gaufi le tse di nang le medumo e e tshwanang, mme go solofetswe gore di nne di sa tlwaelega, mme di ka nna tsa tlhagelela mo mafokong a N ⁇ ng a a iseng a kwalwe. Dilo tse di neng di dirisiwa e le di-alveolar occlusives tsa ntlha di fetogile go nna pre-palatal mo mafokong a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a mangwe. Mo mafokong a thutapuo ya kwa bophirima go na le le le lengwe fela le le sa dirisiweng, ná 'I'; mo puong ya kwa botlhaba le lone le kopane, e le ɲá 'I.' Go ka nna ga nna fela le medumo ya medumo e e dirisiwang jaaka modumo o o fa gare wa leoto la segalo sa medumo. /l/ e itsiwe fela go tswa mo mafokong a mararo. Di-sonorant tsa molomo ga di nne mo maemong a di simolotseng go nna mo go one. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Glottalic consonants (C1) ! !Bilabial !Laminal<br /><br />alveolar !Pre-<nowiki><br id="mwAhA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>palatal !Velar |- !Plosive |pʼ | |cʼ |kʼ |- !Affricate | |t͡sʼ | |k͡χʼ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Lingual consonants (C1) ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo- uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !median !lateral |- ! rowspan="3" |Nasal !<small>voiced</small> |ᵑʘ |ᵑǀ |ᵑǃ |ᵑǁ |ᵑǂ |- !<small>glottalized</small> |ᵑʘˀ |ᵑǀˀ |ᵑǃˀ |ᵑǁˀ |ᵑǂˀ |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ᵑ̊ǀʰ |ᵑ̊ǃʰ |ᵑ̊ǁʰ |ᵑ̊ǂʰ |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>voiced</small> |ᶢʘ |ᶢǀ |ᶢǃ |ᶢǁ |ᶢǂ |- !<small>tenuis</small> |ᵏʘ |ᵏǀ |ᵏǃ |ᵏǁ |ᵏǂ |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ᵏǀʰ |ᵏǃʰ |ᵏǁʰ |ᵏǂʰ |} Tseno ke di-click fela tse di motlhofo. Lereo la setso la "velaric" ke leina le le sa tshwanelang, ka gonne go buiwa ka fa morago ga yone go kwa morago go feta velum, e bile tota go kwa morago go feta '''Nǁng''' /q/. Miller et al. ba rata lefoko "puo" go tlhalosa mokgwa ono wa go tsamaisa mowa; gape ba gana go dumela gore go na le "go tsamaisana" le go tobetsa, ba dirisa matshwao a IPA go emela dintlha ka bobedi tsa go buela kwa godimo go na le go buela kwa pele fela. Kwantle ga go tlhotlhelediwa ke medumo ya mantswe, seno se na le molemo wa go bontsha sentle go tshwana ga medumo ya mantswe le medumo ya medumo ya mantswe. Mo temaneng e e fa godimo, karolo ya ntlha ya leina ke go buela kwa pele, mme ya bobedi ke go buela kwa morago. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Linguo-pulmonic consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo-uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !central !lateral |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>tenuis</small> |ʘ͡q |ǀ͡q |ǃ͡q |ǁ͡q |ǂ͡q |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ǀ͡qʰ |ǃ͡qʰ |ǁ͡qʰ |ǂ͡qʰ |- !<small>voiced</small> |(?) |ǀ͡ɢ |(?) |(?) |(?) |- ! colspan="2" |Affricate |ʘ͡qχ |ǀ͡qχ |ǃ͡qχ |ǁ͡qχ |ǂ͡qχ |} Tseno ke ditumammogo tsa modikologo wa mowa, tse di simololang ka thulaganyo ya modikologo wa mowa wa puo (velaric) mme di felela ka modikologo wa mowa wa makgwafo (fa e le gore di-africate ke ditumammogo tsa modikologo wa mowa, di simolola jaaka di-plosives mme di feleletsa jaaka di-fricatives). Ka tlwaelo, tseno di ne di tsewa e le go kokota ga dinoko, ka gonne go tswalwa ga dinoko kgotsa ga kgokgotso go a utlwala, mme tota go tswalwa ga kwa morago ga dinoko tsotlhe tsa '''Nǁng''' ke go kokota ga dinoko kgotsa ga kgokgotso. (Pharologano e e fa gare ga di-uvular le di-pharyngeal ga e bontshiwe fano.) Tota e bile, fa motho a itaya jalo, go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele wa gagwe go a diega, ka jalo go nna le go phatloga go go menaganeng gabedi, go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa pele ya mmele wa gagwe go latelwa ke go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele wa gagwe. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Linguo-glottalic consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo-uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !central !lateral |- ! colspan="2" |Plosive |ʘ͡qʼ |ǀ͡qʼ |ǃ͡qʼ |ǁ͡qʼ |ǂ͡qʼ |- ! colspan="2" |Affricate |(?) |ǀ͡χʼ |ǃ͡χʼ |ǁ͡χʼ |ǂ͡χʼ |} Di farologana le tsa pele ka gore ya bobedi, e e ntshiwang kwa morago ke e e ntshiwang kwa morago. == Dintlha == == Metswedi == === Buka ya tshedimosetso === == Metswedi ya kwa ntle == [[Karolo:Puo ya Nǁng]] [[Karolo:Nǁng]] p6yreifjxuakvi11lrusr13n9kcc5d5 54908 54906 2026-09-14T18:04:42Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 54908 wikitext text/x-wiki ===  Nǁng ===  Nǁng ([ᵑǁŋ]) kgotsa Nǁŋǃ ke ke puo e e batlileng e nyeletse ya SeTuu e e buiwang mo Aforika Borwa. E itsege ka leina le le sa utlwaleng sentle la puo ya yone e e buiwang e le '''Nǁng''', Khomani, le dirisiwa ke puso ya Aforika Borwa. Go ne go akanngwa gore '''Nǁng''' e nyeletse mme e ne e sa tlhole e buiwa letsatsi le letsatsi fa e ne e ribololwa gape ka bo1990, ka gonne batho ba ba neng ba e bua ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e farologaneng mme dikokomana tse disha di ne di setse di bua puo ya SeKhoekhoe. Go tloga ka Diphalane 2025, botlhe ntle le a le mongwe wa ba ba setseng ba buisa puo ya '''Nǁng''' ba ne ba tlhokafetse, ditlogolwana tsa bone di ne di fetogetse kwa Khoekhoe le Seaforikanse. Sebui sa bofelo se se tshelang sa Nhye_Armnhye_Armn Կատերինա Էսաուն, se ntse se ruta puo eno go tloga ka 2002, le fa e le gore o na le madi a mannye fela.<ref name=":1">https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2014-05-09-threatened-african-languages-in-the-spotlight</ref> == Go kgaoganngwa le leina == '''Nǁng''' ke ya lelapa la puo ya Tuu (Taa - Kwi), mme Ungkue e e nyeletseng ke losika lwa yone lo lo gaufi thata mme Taa ke losika lwa yone lo lo gaufi thata (e bile ke lone fela lo lo sa ntseng lo tshela). Diteme tse pedi tsa bosheng ke tsa bophirima/bokone-bophirima, tse ka dinako tse dingwe leina la '''Nǁng''' le lekanyeditsweng mo go tsone, le puo ya botlhaba go tswa kwa lefelong la Langeberg, Au. Go tloga ka 2010, bontsi jwa batho ba ba setseng ba ne ba bua puo ya '''Nǁng''', mme e ne e le leina le '''Nǁng''' e neng ya tlhagelela ka lone fa e ne e ribololwa gape. Le fa go ntse jalo, mme ba ne ba gana go bidiwa ka leina la ''''Nǁng'''.'<ref name=":1" /> Leina le le motlhofo thata go le bitsa mo bathong ba ba buang Seesemane ke '''Nǁng'''. Lekwalo le le lebegang jaaka mola o o tlhamaletseng (o ka dinako tse dingwe o emisediwang ka letshwao la slash) le emela go tobetsa ga leino jaaka tsk! tsk! (lololololol! tlhe! "'''Nǁng'''" e bidiwa jaaka noo, ka tsk! mo gare ga [n]. Mogala o o menaganeng gabedi mo go "'''Nǁng'''" ke (o le mongwe) wa go tobetsa go tswa kafa letlhakoreng, o bidiwa jaaka tchick! e e dirisitsweng Lefoko n tota ke lediri, 'go bua puo ya BaBushman', gongwe go tswa mo puong ya Se-Khoekhoe. '''Nǁng''' huki ke puo ya Deverbal, 'puo ya Ba-Bushman'.[ Batho ba ipitsa, mme Westphal o dumela gore e ka tswa e le lereo le le kwadilweng ke Bleek mme le fetoletswe ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mo dibukeng.<ref>https://www.dailysabah.com/life/92-year-olds-journey-to-save-south-africas-endangered-language/news</ref> Leina '''Nǁng''' ke leina le le sa utlwaleng la SeKhoekhoe, mme le dirisiwa mo dipuong di le mmalwa tsa SeTuu. Traill o bolela gore ⁇ ʼAuni ba bitsa puo ya bone '''Nǁng''' huki, mme ba bangwe ba kwadile leina la bone la puo ya bone e le ⁇ ʼAuo, mme Westphal le Köhler ba bolela gore '''Nǁng''' huki ke mofuta wa '''Nǁng.''' Go ka nna ga diragala gore dipuo di tswakane mo dibukeng.<ref>https://hyperallergic.com/the-spectral-sounds-of-endangered-and-extinct-languages/</ref> == Mefutafuta ya dipuo == Güldemann (2017) o kwadile ditokomane tse di latelang tsa pele ga temokerasi jaaka '''Nǁng.''' {| class="wikitable" !Label !Researcher !Date !Notes |- |ǁŋ |D. Bleek |(notes) |= Langeberg. Bleek label SII. |- |ǂkhomani |Doke |1937 |= Nǀuu. Bleek label SIIa. |- |Nǀhuki |Westphal |(notes) |= Nǀuu. |} == Hisetori == '''Nǁng''' e ne ya atlega go ralala lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, fela go tsenelela ga dipuo tse e seng tsa ⁇ Kwi le go ikamanya le ditso go ne ga e tshosetsa, jaaka bontsi jwa dipuo tse dingwe tsa Khoisan. Puo eno e ne ya tseelwa sebaka ke Seaforikanse le SeNama, segolo thata morago ga gore batho ba ba buang puo eno ba simolole go fudugela kwa ditoropong ka bo1930 mme ba iphitlhela ba dikologilwe ke batho ba ba sa bueng Se'''Nǁng'''. Ka 1973 puo ya bone e ne ya bolelwa e nyeletse, mme '''Nǁng''' (" Khomani") e e neng e setse e ne ya kobiwa kwa Kalahari Gemsbok National Park.<ref>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/south-africa-indigenous-language-claudia-snyman/</ref> Ka bo1990, baitse ba puo ba ne ba bona Elsie Vaalbooi wa dingwaga di le 101 yo o neng a sa ntse a kgona go bua Se'''Nǁng'''. Anthony Traill o ne a mmotsolotsa ka 1997. The South African San Institute e ne ya nna le seabe ka bonako mo go batleng tshedimosetso ka puo ya Se'''Nǁng'''., mme ka thuso ya ga Vaalbooi ba ne ba kgona go bona batho ba bangwe ba le 25 ba ba neng ba gasagasame ka ntlha ya go kobiwa ba ba neng ba kgona go bua kgotsa ba tlhaloganya puo eo. Thabo Mbeki o ne a neela '''Nǁng''' e 400 km2 ya lefatshe ka 1999, le 250 km2 ya lefatshe mo teng ga phaka ka 2002. Vaalbooi o ne a tla ka seane sa '''Nǁng''' sa "Re ya kwa botshelong jo bo botoka" mo bathong ba gagwe ba ba tsosolositsweng. Seno gape se ne sa amogelwa jaaka sekapuo sa semmuso sa Porofense ya Kapa Bokone. Ka nako eo go ne go na le dibui tse di tsofetseng di le masomeamabedi, tse robedi tsa tsone di ne di nna kwa porofenseng ya Kapa Bophirima.<ref>https://mg.co.za/news/education/2019-02-21-roll-out-the-red-carpet-for-sa-s-indigenous-languages/</ref> Go tloga ka 2007, go ne go na le ba ba kwa tlase ga lesome ba ba santseng ba tshela mo Afrika Borwa, le ba bangwe ba le mmalwa kwa Botswana; ga go na ope wa bone yo o nnang le motho yo mongwe yo o buang puo eno, mme dipuo tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ke Se-Khoekhoe le Se-Tswana, ka go latelana. Ka 2013 go ne go na le dibui di le tharo kwa kgaolong ya Upington le di le pedi kwa Olifantshoek ( ʼAu), ba bua dipuo tsa bophirima le tsa botlhaba, ka go latelana. Dikokomana tse di santseng di le dinnye tsa Ba-Khomani ba bua Se-Nama ka boikgantsho mme ga ba na kamano e e kalo le Ba'''Nǁng'''.<ref>https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20211014-a-last-ditch-effort-to-save-the-south-african-language-of-nluu</ref> Dipatlisiso tsa bosheng ka ga '''Nǁng''' tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke Amanda Miller wa Yunibesiti ya Cornell di thusitse go tlhalosa physics ya go kgotla ga yone, e e isang kwa go tlhaloganyeng go botoka ga medumo ya go kgotla ka kakaretso. Maiteko a go tsweletsa puo ya '''Nǁng''' a tsweletse ka 2017[1] le ka 2021. Buka ya ntlha ya bana ya '''Nǁng''', ! Qhoi n'gadgadia Tjhoi (Tortoise and Ostrich), e kwadilwe ke Katrina Esau, mongwe wa dibui tse pedi tse di falotseng ka nako eo, ka Motsheganong 2021. Ka Seetebosigo 2021, morwarraagwe e bong Simon Sauls o ne a tlhokafala, a tlogela Katrina Esau wa dingwaga di le 88 e le ene wa bofelo go bua puo eno. Esau o ne a bula sekolo le setlogolo sa gagwe go ruta bana puo, mme se ne sa senngwa ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID mme sa latlhwa. Go tloga ka Diphalane 2025, Esau yo o dingwaga di 92, o santse a ruta puo eno.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210601-south-africas-language-spoken-in-45-clicks</ref> == Diteng tsa mafoko == '''Nǁng''' e na le nngwe ya dipuo tse di nang le medumo e e raraaneng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Bontsi jwa mafoko a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a mangwe a na le ditlhaka di le pedi tsa moras (ditlhopha tse di nang le medumo). Mora wa ntlha o tshwanetse go simolola ka segalo (CV). Mora wa bobedi e ka nna lentswe le le lengwe fela (V), modumo wa m kgotsa n (N), kgotsa o mongwe wa medumo e le mmalwa le modumo o le mongwe fela (cV). Ke gore, medumo ya mafoko, e sa bale ka dinako tse dingwe di-lexicalised CV prefixes le di-suffix, ke CVcV, CVV, CVN, le fa go na le di le mmalwa tse e leng CV, mmogo le mafoko a maleele a maoto a le mabedi: CVCV, fa C ya bobedi e se nngwe ya setlhopha se se fokoditsweng sa ditumammogo mme e ka se nne go tobetsa,CVCVN, CVVCV, CVNCV, CVVCVN, CVNCVN, CVVCV, CVVCVcV. Mafoko a thutapuo gantsi ke CV kgotsa V.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/last-known-speaker-fights-preserve-south-african-indigenous-language-2023-05-11/</ref> Go na le dikganetsano ka dinako tse dingwe go tswa mo mekgweng eno mo mafokong a a tshwanang le /ɟùɾùkúɟúí-sí/ 'Namaqua sandgrouse' (CVcVCVCVV + suffix) le mo mafokong a a kopantsweng gape mo hisitoring a a tshwanang le / ⁇ áḿ ⁇ àm̀/ 'go bua'. === Dinoko === Fela jaaka dipuo tse dintsi tsa kwa borwa jwa Aforika, Se'''Nǁng''' se na le ditumanosi di le tlhano. Di ka nna tsa tswa di le bogale e bile di tswa mo nkong. Lefoko le ka nna la nna le ditumanosi tse pedi tse di bapileng, tse di tshwanang le monoko o moleele kana diphthong. Go akanngwa gore dinoko tse di tlhabang di na le modumo o o bidiwang lentswe le le bogale. Di pharyngealized thata, mme mo go ba bangwe ba ba buang di akaretsa go thothomela ga makhubu a a kwa tlase go go ka diregang gore go akaretsa aryepiglottic fold. Dikarolo tse nne tsa segalo se se bogale (ga go na segalo se se bogale sa i) di farologane thata le tsa segalo se se bogale, jaaka go tlwaelegile fa segalo se le pharyngealized.<ref>https://languagemagazine.com/preserving-the-critically-endangered-nuu-language/</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !High front !Mid front !Low central !Mid back !High back/central |- !Modal |i [i̞] |e [e̞] |a [ä] |o [o̞] |u [u̽] |- !Nasal |ĩ [ĩ̞] |ẽ [ẽ̞] |ã [ä̃] |õ [õ̞] |ũ [u̽̃] |- !Strident[note 3] | |e𐞴 [ɛ̰̰] |a𐞴 [ɑ̟̰̰] |o𐞴 [ɔ̟̰̰] |u𐞴 [ɵ̰̰] |- !Nasal strident | |(?) |ã𐞴 [ɑ̟̰̰̃] |õ𐞴 [ɔ̟̰̰̃] |ũ𐞴 [ɵ̰̰̃] |} '''Nǁng''' ke puo e le nngwe fela ya SeKhoisan e e itsegeng e na le segalo sa kwa pele se se bogale, /e ⁇ /, le fa seno se sa tlwaelega, se tlhagelela mo mafokong a le mabedi fela a a itsegeng, zeqe /z ⁇ ̰́é/ 'go fofa' le ⁇ ʻheqbe /ŋ̊ ⁇ ̰̀βé/ 'seaparo sa monna.' Go se nne teng ga mafoko a a tshwanang le one a a tswang mo molomong go tsewa e le phoso e e diregileng ka phoso kgotsa go tsewa e le fela gore ga go na bosupi ka ntlha ya palo e nnye ya mafoko a a itsegeng.<ref>https://www.iflscience.com/nuu-the-worlds-most-endangered-language-has-just-one-fluent-speaker-left-75012</ref> Karolo e e dirang modumo e ka nna ya nna ya dinko tsa mokwalo, /ŋ̍/, go na le gore e nne lentswe, jaaka mo leineng Nluu. Go ka nna ga nna le ditumammogo tse di rileng fela tsa ditumammogo mo leotong la bimoraic, go sa kgathalesege gore a go na le modumo o o tsenang fa gare. (Ke gore, ditumanosi tse di letleletsweng di a tshwana le fa lefoko e le CVcV kgotsa CVV.) Fa e le gore lentswe la ntlha ke mofuta mongwe (wa dinko, wa lentswe le le kwa godimo, jalo le jalo) wa /i, e, ŋ̍/, lentswe la bobedi le tshwanetse go tshwana. Fa segalo sa ntlha e le /a/, go tswa foo sa bobedi e ka nna sengwe le sengwe mme e seng /ŋ̍/. Fa segalo sa ntlha e le /o/ kgotsa /u/, go tswa foo sa bobedi e ka nna /a/ kgotsa segalo sa boleele jo bo tshwanang: ke gore, oa, oo, oe; ua, uu, ui. Mantswe a bosupa a tshwanetse a bo a buiwa ka molomo kgotsa ka nko ka bobedi; mantswe a bosupa a ka se latelwe ke go ema ga nko (le fa gone a ka nna a latelwa ke go kgotlhokgotshiwa ga nko). Ke tlhaka ya ntlha fela e e ka tswang e le bogale. Di-vowel tse di kwa pele di ka latela fela mefuta ya go tobetsa (kgatelelo ya di-vowel tse di kwa morago), ka ntle le e le nngwe fela e e itsegeng, [ŋ ⁇ é] 'go ya'. Ditumammogo tsa kwa pele le tsa kwa godimo le tsone di ka nna tsa se ka tsa latela [χ], e ka tswa e le go golola ka mokgwa wa africate kgotsa go gogela ka mokgwa wa fricative, ntle fela le mo mafokong a a amanang le basadi a le mararo a mo go one tlhaka ya bobedi e leng /χè/. Fela jaaka go se nne teng ga ditumammogo tse di kwa pele tse di bogale, go na le palo e nnye ya dikganetso tsa /e/, mme ga go na le fa e le nngwe ya /i/. === Ditone === '''Nǁng''' morago e ka nna le modumo o o kwa godimo kgotsa o o kwa tlase, /H/ kgotsa /L/. Lefoko le le tlwaelegileng le le dirisiwang mo mafokong a a farologaneng le na le mafoko a le mabedi a a tshwanang, ka jalo le ka nna le modumo o o kwa godimo (HH), o o kwa tlase (LL), o o tlhatlogang (LH), kgotsa o o fologang (HL). Motheo wa monomoraic, o o jaaka /cú/ 'molomo', o kwa godimo go na le go kwa tlase ka 5-1. Medi ya CVV le CVN ke HH, HL, le LH ka makgetlo a a batlileng a lekana, mme LL yone ga e a tlwaelega thata. Le fa go ntse jalo, halofo ya mefuta yotlhe ya CVcV ke LH, e leng se se dirang gore e tlwaelege thata, fa e le gore ke 5% fela e e leng HL. Mo leotong le le okeditsweng la CV, selekanyo sa H le L se batla se lekana; leoto le le okeditsweng la CVN kgotsa la CVcV le ka nna la tshwana le leoto la ntlha, mme ga se gantsi go ka tlhomamisiwa. === Ditumammogo === Bontsi jwa ditumammogo tsa '''Nǁng''' ke ditlhatlhamano. Go kile ga bo go akanngwa gore dipuo tsa Se-Khoisan di farologanya go tsikitla ga velar le go tsikitla ga uvular, mme patlisiso ya bosheng ka ga '''Nǁng''', le go tlhatlhoba gape tshedimosetso ka ga Xóõ, e supa gore, mo dipuong tseno, pharologano ke ya go tsikitla fela kgatlhanong le go tsikitla ka tsela e e thuntshang. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Initial pulmonic consonants (C1) ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Laminal<br /><br />alveolar !Pre-<nowiki><br id="mwAXE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>palatal !Velar !Uvular !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |(n) |ɲ̟ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>aspirated</small> |pʰ | |c̟ʰ |kʰ | | |- !<small>voiceless</small> |p | |c̟ |k | |ʔ |- !<small>voiced</small> |b | |ɟ̟ |ɡ | | |- !Affricate !<small>voiceless</small> |pf |ts |c̟χ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !<small>voiceless</small> | |s | | |χ |h |- !<small>voiced</small> | |z | | | | |} "(?)" Matshwao a a ka nnang a nna teng ka phoso; ditumammogo tse di ka nna tsa solofelwa go ya ka go tlhagelela ga tsone mo dipuong tse di gaufi le tse di nang le medumo e e tshwanang, mme go solofetswe gore di nne di sa tlwaelega, mme di ka nna tsa tlhagelela mo mafokong a N ⁇ ng a a iseng a kwalwe. Dilo tse di neng di dirisiwa e le di-alveolar occlusives tsa ntlha di fetogile go nna pre-palatal mo mafokong a a dirisiwang mo mafokong a mangwe. Mo mafokong a thutapuo ya kwa bophirima go na le le le lengwe fela le le sa dirisiweng, ná 'I'; mo puong ya kwa botlhaba le lone le kopane, e le ɲá 'I.' Go ka nna ga nna fela le medumo ya medumo e e dirisiwang jaaka modumo o o fa gare wa leoto la segalo sa medumo. /l/ e itsiwe fela go tswa mo mafokong a mararo. Di-sonorant tsa molomo ga di nne mo maemong a di simolotseng go nna mo go one. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Glottalic consonants (C1) ! !Bilabial !Laminal<br /><br />alveolar !Pre-<nowiki><br id="mwAhA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>palatal !Velar |- !Plosive |pʼ | |cʼ |kʼ |- !Affricate | |t͡sʼ | |k͡χʼ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Lingual consonants (C1) ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo- uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !median !lateral |- ! rowspan="3" |Nasal !<small>voiced</small> |ᵑʘ |ᵑǀ |ᵑǃ |ᵑǁ |ᵑǂ |- !<small>glottalized</small> |ᵑʘˀ |ᵑǀˀ |ᵑǃˀ |ᵑǁˀ |ᵑǂˀ |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ᵑ̊ǀʰ |ᵑ̊ǃʰ |ᵑ̊ǁʰ |ᵑ̊ǂʰ |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>voiced</small> |ᶢʘ |ᶢǀ |ᶢǃ |ᶢǁ |ᶢǂ |- !<small>tenuis</small> |ᵏʘ |ᵏǀ |ᵏǃ |ᵏǁ |ᵏǂ |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ᵏǀʰ |ᵏǃʰ |ᵏǁʰ |ᵏǂʰ |} Tseno ke di-click fela tse di motlhofo. Lereo la setso la "velaric" ke leina le le sa tshwanelang, ka gonne go buiwa ka fa morago ga yone go kwa morago go feta velum, e bile tota go kwa morago go feta '''Nǁng''' /q/. Miller et al. ba rata lefoko "puo" go tlhalosa mokgwa ono wa go tsamaisa mowa; gape ba gana go dumela gore go na le "go tsamaisana" le go tobetsa, ba dirisa matshwao a IPA go emela dintlha ka bobedi tsa go buela kwa godimo go na le go buela kwa pele fela. Kwantle ga go tlhotlhelediwa ke medumo ya mantswe, seno se na le molemo wa go bontsha sentle go tshwana ga medumo ya mantswe le medumo ya medumo ya mantswe. Mo temaneng e e fa godimo, karolo ya ntlha ya leina ke go buela kwa pele, mme ya bobedi ke go buela kwa morago. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Linguo-pulmonic consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo-uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !central !lateral |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>tenuis</small> |ʘ͡q |ǀ͡q |ǃ͡q |ǁ͡q |ǂ͡q |- !<small>aspirated</small> |(?) |ǀ͡qʰ |ǃ͡qʰ |ǁ͡qʰ |ǂ͡qʰ |- !<small>voiced</small> |(?) |ǀ͡ɢ |(?) |(?) |(?) |- ! colspan="2" |Affricate |ʘ͡qχ |ǀ͡qχ |ǃ͡qχ |ǁ͡qχ |ǂ͡qχ |} Tseno ke ditumammogo tsa modikologo wa mowa, tse di simololang ka thulaganyo ya modikologo wa mowa wa puo (velaric) mme di felela ka modikologo wa mowa wa makgwafo (fa e le gore di-africate ke ditumammogo tsa modikologo wa mowa, di simolola jaaka di-plosives mme di feleletsa jaaka di-fricatives). Ka tlwaelo, tseno di ne di tsewa e le go kokota ga dinoko, ka gonne go tswalwa ga dinoko kgotsa ga kgokgotso go a utlwala, mme tota go tswalwa ga kwa morago ga dinoko tsotlhe tsa '''Nǁng''' ke go kokota ga dinoko kgotsa ga kgokgotso. (Pharologano e e fa gare ga di-uvular le di-pharyngeal ga e bontshiwe fano.) Tota e bile, fa motho a itaya jalo, go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele wa gagwe go a diega, ka jalo go nna le go phatloga go go menaganeng gabedi, go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa pele ya mmele wa gagwe go latelwa ke go latlhwa ga karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele wa gagwe.<ref>https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3635059.3635104</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Linguo-glottalic consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labio-<br /><br />uvular ! rowspan="2" |Denti-<br /><br />pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Alveo-uvular ! rowspan="2" |Palato-<br /><br />pharyngeal |- class="small" !central !lateral |- ! colspan="2" |Plosive |ʘ͡qʼ |ǀ͡qʼ |ǃ͡qʼ |ǁ͡qʼ |ǂ͡qʼ |- ! colspan="2" |Affricate |(?) |ǀ͡χʼ |ǃ͡χʼ |ǁ͡χʼ |ǂ͡χʼ |} Di farologana le tsa pele ka gore ya bobedi, e e ntshiwang kwa morago ke e e ntshiwang kwa morago. == Dintlha == == Metswedi == === Buka ya tshedimosetso === == Metswedi ya kwa ntle == [[Karolo:Puo ya Nǁng]] [[Karolo:Nǁng]] ja6wevqgkw7exdnaj82vgruc0dtba7x Leungo 0 15061 54909 2026-09-14T19:01:10Z Ngwanana 12523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363502242|Fruit]]" 54909 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo thutong ya dimela, '''leungo''' ke popego ya peo mo dimeleng tse di thunyang ( angiosperms ) e e tlhamiwang go tswa mo lee morago ga gore le thunya . Maungo ke tsela e ka yona di-angiosperm di anamisang dipeo tsa tsona. Maungo a a jewang bogolosegolo ga a bolo go anama ka go dirisa metsamao ya batho le diphologolo tse dingwe mo kamanong ya tirisanommogo e e leng tsela ya go gasaganya peo mo setlhopheng se le sengwe le phepo mo go se sengwe; batho, le diphologolo tse dingwe tse dintsi, di ile tsa ikaega ka maungo jaaka motswedi wa dijo. <ref name="Lewis375">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Robert A. |year=2002 |title=CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA375 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-2327-0 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053317/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&q=fruit&pg=PA375#v=snippet&q=fruit&f=false |archive-date=2024-01-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, maungo a dira karolo e kgolo ya dipholo tsa temothuo tsa lefatshe, mme mangwe (a a jaaka [[apole]] le garanata ) a ile a nna le bokao jo bo tseneletseng jwa setso le jwa tshwantshetso. Mo puong e e tlwaelegileng le mo tirisong ya go apaya, ''leungo'' go ya ka tlwaelo le kaya dibopego tsa nama tse di amanang le peo (kgotsa ditlhagiswa) tsa dijalo tse ka tlwaelo di leng botshe (kgotsa botlha) le go jewa mo seemong se se tala, jaaka diapole, dipanana, merara, dilemone, dinamune, le diterebe. Mo tirisong ya dimela, lereo ''leungo'' le akaretsa dipopego tse dintsi tse di sa tlwaelegang go bidiwa jalo mo puong ya letsatsi le letsatsi, jaaka manoko, diphotlwa tsa dinawa, ditlhaka tsa mmidi, ditamati le dithoro tsa korong. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Schlegel |first=Rolf H J |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA177 |publisher=Haworth Press |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |page=177 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053311/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA177 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Mauseth271">{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |year=2003 |title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA271 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |isbn=978-0-7637-2134-3 |pages=271–72 |access-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053426/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-01-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mareo a le mantsi a puo a a tlwaelegileng mme a bo a dirisiwa go kaya maungo le dipeo tse di farologaneng le ditlhopha tsa dimela. Sekao, mo thutong ya dimela, ''leungo'' ke mae a a buduleng kgotsa carpel e e nang le dipeo, sekao, namune, garanata, tamati kgotsa lephutshe. ''Noto'' ke mofuta wa leungo (mme e seng peo), mme ''peo'' ke lee le le buduleng . <ref name="McGee247">{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |year=2004 |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA247 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |pages=247–48 |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053312/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA247#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |archive-date=2024-01-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mo puong ya go apaya, leungo ke leungo le le monate kgotsa le le seng monate (le fa e le le le bogale) la semela se se rileng (sekao, perekisi, pere kgotsa lemone); matonkomane ke dimela tse di thata, tse di mafura, tse di seng monate tse di nang le dikgapetla (sekao, hazelnut, acorn). Merogo, e e bidiwang jalo, gantsi ke dijo tse di monate kgotsa tse di seng monate (sekao, zucchini, lettuce, broccoli le tamati). Mme tse dingwe di ka nna tsa nna le tatso e e monate (ditapole tse di monate).[ 1] [[File:Fresh_Fruit_Plate.jpg|thumb| Poleiti ya maungo a a foreshe]] eur0uc5w2nnjbrzqykrmv1z9iuh799v Go Runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe (Lwetse 1939) 0 15062 54912 2026-09-15T10:08:51Z Sgadle 12480 Created page with "== '''Go Runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe (Lwetse 1939)''' == [[Setshwantsho:Soviet invasion on Poland 1939.jpg|thumb]] == '''Matseno''' == Go runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe ka Lwetse 1939 e ne e le phelelo ya dingwaga di le mmalwa tsa dikgotlhang tsa boditšhabatšhaba, go atolosa dinaga le go palelwa ga maiteko a go boloka kagiso. Tiragalo e kgolo e e neng ya tsosa ntwa e ne e le tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Poland ka 1 Lwetse 1939. Boritane le Fora di ne di solof..." 54912 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Go Runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe (Lwetse 1939)''' == [[Setshwantsho:Soviet invasion on Poland 1939.jpg|thumb]] == '''Matseno''' == Go runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe ka Lwetse 1939 e ne e le phelelo ya dingwaga di le mmalwa tsa dikgotlhang tsa boditšhabatšhaba, go atolosa dinaga le go palelwa ga maiteko a go boloka kagiso. Tiragalo e kgolo e e neng ya tsosa ntwa e ne e le tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Poland ka 1 Lwetse 1939. Boritane le Fora di ne di solofeditse go tshegetsa boipuso jwa Poland mme tsa itsisa ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane ka 3 Lwetse morago ga gore Jeremane e gane go ntsha masole a yone. Soviet Union le yone e ne ya tlhasela Poland kwa botlhaba ka 17 Lwetse. Ditiragalo tseno di ne tsa fetola kgotlhang ya Yuropa go nna ntwa e kgolo.<ref name=":1">https://www.cfr.org/education/learn/resource-collections/contemporary-history-world-war/why-did-world-war-ii-happen</ref><ref name=":2">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates? https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates?]</ref> == '''Jeremane e Tlhasela Poland''' == Ka 1 Lwetse 1939, masole a Jeremane a ne a tlhasela Poland. Tlhaselo ya Jeremane e ne e akaretsa masole a mantsi a a neng a tshegediwa ke difofane le dikoloi tsa ntwa. Masole a Jeremane a ne a gatela kwa Warsaw ka bonako, fa masole a Poland a ne a leka go emelana le tlhaselo. Jeremane e ne ya dirisa mokgwa wa ntwa o o neng o kopanya maatla a difofane le masole a a tsamayang ka bonako.<ref name=":3">https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war/causes</ref> Puso ya Nazi e ne ya leka go siamisa tlhaselo eno ka go bolela gore Poland e ne e tlhasetse Jeremane. Balaodi ba Jeremane ba ne ba dirisa ditiragalo tse di rulagantsweng jaaka bosupi jwa gore Poland e ne e tlhasetse Jeremane.<ref name=":4">https://www.cfr.org/education/learn/resource-collections/contemporary-history-world-war/why-did-world-war-ii-happen</ref> == '''Boritane le Fora di Itsisa Ntwa''' == Boritane le Fora di ne di setse di solofeditse go tshegetsa Poland fa boipuso jwa yone bo ka tshosediwa. Fa Jeremane e tlhasela Poland, dinaga tseno tse pedi di ne tsa batla gore masole a Jeremane a ikgogele morago. Jeremane e ne ya gana, mme ka 3 Lwetse 1939 Boritane le Fora di ne tsa itsisa ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane.<ref name=":4" /> Go itsisiwa ga ntwa go ne ga nna phetogo e kgolo. Kgotlhang e ne e sa tlhole e le fa gare ga Jeremane le Poland fela, ka gonne dinaga tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa Yuropa di ne di setse di tsene mo ntweng.<ref name=":3" /> == '''Soviet Union e Tlhasela Poland kwa Botlhaba''' == Ka 17 Lwetse 1939, Soviet Union e ne ya tlhasela Poland go tswa kwa botlhaba. Seno se ne sa latela Tumalano ya go Se Tlhaselane ya Jeremane le Soviet Union e e neng e saenilwe ka 23 Phatwe 1939. Tumalano eno e ne e na le tumalano ya sephiri e e neng e aroganya dikarolo tsa Yuropa Botlhaba magareng ga Jeremane le Soviet Union. Tlhaselo ya Soviet Union e ne ya baya Poland mo seemong se se thata thata ka gonne masole a Poland jaanong a ne a lebane le masole a Jeremane kwa bophirima le masole a Soviet Union kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":6">https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/nazi-germany-1933-1945/the-german-soviet-non-aggression-pact-august-23-1939</ref> == '''Go Wa le go Arogana ga Poland''' == [[Setshwantsho:Fall of Warsaw in 1939.jpg|thumb]] Masole a Jeremane a ne a tswelela ka go gatela pele morago ga tlhaselo. Warsaw e ne ya tlhaselwa thata mme ya ineela ka 28 Lwetse 1939. Kwa bokhutlong jwa Lwetse, Jeremane le Soviet Union di ne tsa arogana Poland go ya ka dithulaganyo tse di neng di dirilwe mo tumalanong ya bone. Go fenngwa ga Poland go ne ga bontsha maatla a sesole sa BoNazi sa Jeremane le bothata jwa seemo sa Poland fa e tlhaselwa go tswa kwa matlhakoreng a mabedi.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> == '''Ntwa e e Neng e sa Simolola Sentle kwa Bophirima''' == Le fa Boritane le Fora di ne di itsisitse ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane, kwa tshimologong go ne go se na ntwa e kgolo magareng ga Masole a Bophirima le Jeremane kwa '''''Western Front'''''. Nako eno e ne ya itsege jaaka Phoney War.<ref>https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/second-world-war</ref> Boritane le Fora di ne tsa ipaakanyetsa ntwa le go nonotsha tshireletso ya tsone fa Jeremane e ne e nonotsha taolo ya yone kwa Poland.<ref name=":5">https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war/causes</ref> == '''Botlhokwa jwa go Runya ga Ntwa''' == Ditiragalo tsa Lwetse 1939 di ne tsa bontsha gore tsamaiso ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne e paletswe ke go thibela ntwa e nngwe e kgolo kwa Yuropa. Tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Poland e ne ya bontsha gore Hitler o ne a iketleeditse go dirisa maatla a sesole go fitlhelela maikaelelo a gagwe a go atolosa naga. Go itsisiwa ga ntwa ke Boritane le Fora go ne ga bontsha gore go atolosa ga Jeremane go ne go sa tlhole go ka rarabololwa ka dipuisano fela.<ref name=":1" /> Tlhaselo ya Soviet Union kwa botlhaba jwa Poland e ne ya fetola gape seemo sa sepolotiki le sesole kwa Yuropa Botlhaba.<ref name=":5" /> == '''Konelo''' == Go runya ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe ka Lwetse 1939 e ne e le phelelo ya ditiragalo tse di neng di diragetse mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Go atolosa ga Jeremane ka dikgoka, go palelwa ga tshireletsego e e kopanetsweng, go fela ga pholisi ya appeasement le tumalano ya Jeremane le Soviet Union di ne tsa dira maemo a a neng a siametse ntwa. Tlhaselo ya Poland ka 1 Lwetse e ne e le tiragalo e kgolo e e neng ya tsosa ntwa kwa Yuropa. Boritane le Fora di ne tsa itsisa ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane ka 3 Lwetse, fa Soviet Union e ne ya tlhasela Poland kwa botlhaba ka 17 Lwetse.<ref name=":4" /> == '''Lenaane la Ditshupiso''' == <references /> 9du9n2hpoh5fj3z904sfba25o6t65ze Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe: Tshimologo (1939–1940) 0 15063 54913 2026-09-15T10:36:29Z Sgadle 12480 Created page with "[[Setshwantsho:Second world war europe 1939 map de.png|thumb]] == '''Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe: Tshimologo (1939–1940)''' == == '''Matseno''' == Nako ya go tloga ka Lwetse 1939 go fitlha ka Seetebosigo 1940 e ne e le karolo ya ntlha e kgolo ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe kwa Yuropa. Jeremane e ne ya tlhasela Poland ka 1 Lwetse 1939, mme morago ga moo Boritane le Fora ba ne ba itsise ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane ka 3 Lwetse. Poland e ne ya fenngwa mme ya kgaoganngwa m..." 54913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Second world war europe 1939 map de.png|thumb]] == '''Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe: Tshimologo (1939–1940)''' == == '''Matseno''' == Nako ya go tloga ka Lwetse 1939 go fitlha ka Seetebosigo 1940 e ne e le karolo ya ntlha e kgolo ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe kwa Yuropa. Jeremane e ne ya tlhasela Poland ka 1 Lwetse 1939, mme morago ga moo Boritane le Fora ba ne ba itsise ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane ka 3 Lwetse. Poland e ne ya fenngwa mme ya kgaoganngwa magareng ga Jeremane le Soviet Union mo sebakeng sa kgwedi, fa ntwa kwa Western Front kwa tshimologong e ne e santse e lekanyeditswe (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.). Kagiso e e neng e le teng kwa Western Front e ne ya fela ka Moranang 1940 fa Jeremane e ne ya tlhasela Denmark le Norway, mme morago ga moo ya simolola tlhaselo e kgolo kgatlhanong le Yuropa Bophirima ka Motsheganong (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.; Imperial War Museums, n.d.).<ref name=":1">https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates</ref><ref name=":2">https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war/causes</ref> == '''Ntwa ya Maaka (Phoney War)''' == [[Setshwantsho:The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France 1939-1940 F2410.jpg|thumb]] Morago ga gore Boritane le Fora ba itsise ntwa kgatlhanong le Jeremane, kwa tshimologong go ne go na le ntwa e nnye fela magareng ga masole a a neng a lwa kwa Western Front. Nako eno e ne ya bidiwa “Phoney War” ka gonne Boritane le Fora ba ne ba le mo ntweng semmuso le Jeremane, mme dintwa tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe di ne di lekanyeditswe. Boritane e ne ya simolola go baakanya masole a yone mme ya dirisa maatla a sesole sa lewatle kgatlhanong le Jeremane, fa Fora yone e ne ya tswelela ka maemo a yone a tshireletso. Nako eno ya ntwa e e neng e lekanyeditswe e ne ya tswelela mo marigeng a 1939–1940 go fitlha Jeremane e simolola ditlhaselo kwa bokone le kwa bophirima ka Moranang le Motsheganong 1940 (Deutschlandmuseum, n.d.).<ref name=":3">https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/defeat-west</ref> Go fela ga nako eno ya khutso go ne ga tshwaya phetogo e kgolo mo tseleng ya ntwa, ka gonne Jeremane e ne ya simolola letoto la ditlhaselo tsa sesole tse di neng tsa tsamaya ka bonako go ralala Yuropa ya bokone le ya bophirima (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.; Imperial War Museums, n.d.).<ref name=":2" /> == '''Jeremane e Tlhasela Denmark le Norway''' == Ka 9 Moranang 1940, Jeremane e ne ya simolola tlhaselo ya Denmark le Norway e e neng e bidiwa Operation Weserübung. Masole a Jeremane a ne a tlhasela dinaga tse pedi ka nako e le nngwe, ka maikaelelo a go nonotsha maemo a Jeremane a botlhokwa a sesole kwa bokone jwa Yuropa le go bona taolo ya maemakepe a botlhokwa le ditsela tsa phepelo (Deutschlandmuseum, n.d.).<ref name=":2" /> Denmark e ne ya ineela morago ga nako e khutshwane ya ntwa, fa Norway yone e ne ya tswelela ka go ganetsa nako e telele ka thuso ya masole a Boritane le Fora. Go ganetsa ga Norway go ne ga tswelela go fitlha ka Seetebosigo, mme go ntshiwa ga masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane morago ga tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Yuropa Bophirima go ne ga dira gore Norway e se ka ya kgona go tswelela ka ntwa. Kgabagare naga eo e ne ya nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Jeremane (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.; Imperial War Museums, n.d.).<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:The British Army in France 1940 F2140.jpg|thumb]] == '''Jeremane e Tlhasela Yuropa Bophirima''' == Ka 10 Motsheganong 1940, Jeremane e ne ya simolola tlhaselo ya yone e kgolo kgatlhanong le Yuropa Bophirima ka go tlhasela Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg le France. Masole a Jeremane a ne a dirisa ditlhopha tsa dikoloi tsa ntwa tse di tsamayang ka bonako, difofane le ditlhopha tsa masole a a tsamayang ka metšhini go phatloha mo maemong a tshireletso a Dinaga tsa Selekane le go tsamaya ka bonako mo kgaolong eo (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":4">https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/defeat-west</ref> Ditiragalo tsa sesole sa Jeremane di ne di dirisa mekgwa e e neng e itsege thata ka leina la Blitzkrieg, moo maatla a difofane le masole a a tsamayang ka bonako mo lefatsheng a neng a dirisiwa go bula diphatlha mo maemong a tshireletso, go dikaganyetsa masole a a ganetsang le go a thibela gore a se ka a kgona go itlhopha gape ka katlego (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.). Go tswelela ga Jeremane mo dinageng tsa Low Countries le France go ne ga nna ka bonako thata go feta jaaka Dinaga tsa Selekane di ne di solofetse, mme ga baya palo e kgolo ya masole a Boritane le Fora mo maemong a a neng a nna kotsi le go feta (National Army Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":1" /> == '''Go Wa ga Netherlands le Belgium''' == Tlhaselo ya Jeremane mo Netherlands le Belgium e ne e le karolo ya botlhokwa ya tlhaselo e kgolwane kgatlhanong le France. Jeremane e ne ya tlhasela Netherlands, Belgium le Luxembourg ka 10 Motsheganong 1940, mme seno sa pateletsa masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane go ya kwa bokone go ya go lebana le masole a Jeremane a a neng a tswelela pele (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":3" /> Masole a Jeremane a ne a phatloha mo maemong a tshireletso a Dinaga tsa Selekane mme a tswelela go ya kwa English Channel, a kgaoganya palo e kgolo ya masole a Boritane, Fora le Belgium kwa bokone jwa France le Belgium (National Army Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":4" /> Go tswelela ga Jeremane ka bonako go ne ga bontsha katlego ya ditiragalo tsa sesole sa Jeremane tse di neng di kopantswe, mme ga tlogela masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane a lebane le kgonagalo ya go dikaganyediwa le go senngwa (Imperial War Museums, n.d.).<ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:The Evacuation From Dunkirk, May - June 1940 H1647.jpg|thumb]] == '''Pholoso ya Masole kwa Dunkirk''' == Kwa bofelong jwa Motsheganong 1940, masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane a le makgolokgolo a dikete a ne a kgoromediwa kwa morago go ya kwa boemakepeng jwa Fora jwa Dunkirk. Boritane le balekane ba yone ba ne ba simolola go ntsha masole kwa mosele wa English Channel go a isa kwa Boritane mo tirong e e neng ya itsege e le Operation Dynamo. Ka 3 Seetebosigo, masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane a a ka nnang 328 000 a ne a ntshitswe, mme Royal Navy le dikepe tsa baagi di le makgolokgolo di ne tsa thusa go tsamaisa masole go tswa kwa mabopong le mafelong a a neng a le gaufi (National Army Museum, n.d.).<ref>https://www.iwm.org.uk/sites/default/files/press-release/dunkirk_film_2017_fact_sheet_and_iwm_resources_available.pdf</ref> Pholoso e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka 4 Seetebosigo, mme masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane a a fetang 338 000 a ne a ntshitswe kwa Dunkirk le kwa mabopong a a gaufi mme a isiwa kwa Boritane (Imperial War Museums, n.d.). Le fa pholoso eno e ne ya boloka palo e kgolo ya masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane, bontsi jwa didirisiwa tsa bone tse dikgolo tsa ntwa di ne tsa tlogelwa, go raya gore tiragalo eno e ne ya se ka ya thibela Jeremane go bona phenyo e kgolo ya sesole kwa Yuropa Bophirima.<ref name=":3" /> == '''Go Wa ga France''' == Morago ga pholoso kwa Dunkirk, masole a Jeremane a ne a tswelela ka go gatela pele mo France. Paris e ne ya wela mo diatleng tsa masole a Jeremane ka 14 Seetebosigo 1940, mme France e ne ya kopa tumalano ya go emisa ntwa. France e ne ya saena tumalano ya go emisa ntwa le Jeremane ka 22 Seetebosigo, mme seno sa fedisa letsholo le legolo la sesole kwa France (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.). Phenyo eno e ne e le botlhokwa thata ka gonne Jeremane e ne e fentse nngwe ya dinaga tse dikgolo tsa sesole kwa Yuropa mo dibekeng di le mmalwa mme ya bona taolo ya karolo e kgolo ya Yuropa Bophirima (National Army Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":3" /> Italy le yone e ne ya tsena mo ntweng kgatlhanong le France le Boritane ka 10 Seetebosigo 1940, malatsi a le mmalwa fela pele ga France e fenngwa, mme seno sa fetola gape seemo sa sesole kwa Yuropa (Musée de l’Armée, n.d.).<ref name=":5">https://www.musee-armee.fr/collections/ressources/ressources-a-telecharger/annee-40.html</ref> == '''Botlhokwa jwa Ntwa ya Tshimologo''' == Ditiragalo tsa 1939–1940 di ne tsa bontsha gore Jeremane e ne e kgona go anamisa taolo ya yone mo Yuropa ka bonako jo bogolo. Mo dikgweding di le mmalwa, Jeremane e ne e tlhasetse Poland, ya gapa Denmark le Norway, mme morago ya fenya Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg le France (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":3" /> Diphenyo tsa Jeremane gape di ne tsa pateletsa Boritane go ntsha masole a yone mo Yuropa mme tsa tlogela Boritane e lebane le Jeremane segolo thata go ralala English Channel (National Army Museum, n.d.). Le fa go ntse jalo, Jeremane e ne e ise e fenye Boritane, mme go falola ga masole a Boritane morago ga Dunkirk go ne ga raya gore ntwa kwa Yuropa Bophirima e ne e tla tswelela, go na le gore e fele ka go wa ga France (Imperial War Museums, n.d.).<ref name=":1" /> == '''Bokhutlo''' == Ntwa ya tshimologo kwa Yuropa go tloga ka 1939 go fitlha ka 1940 e ne e tshwailwe ke go anamisiwa ka bonako ga maatla a sesole sa Jeremane le diphenyo tse dikgolo tsa Dinaga tsa Selekane. Phoney War kwa tshimologong e ne ya dira gore go nne le ntwa e e lekanyeditsweng kwa Western Front, mme tlhaselo ya Jeremane mo Denmark le Norway le tlhaselo ya yone e e neng ya latela mo Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg le France di ne tsa fetola ntwa (Deutschlandmuseum, n.d.).<ref name=":5" /> Pholoso ya Dunkirk e ne ya thusa masole a Dinaga tsa Selekane a a fetang 338 000 go tshabela kwa Boritane, fa go wa ga France go ne ga naya Jeremane taolo ya karolo e kgolo ya Yuropa Bophirima (Imperial War Museums, n.d.). Ka Seetebosigo 1940, Boritane e ne e santse e le mo ntweng le Jeremane mme e ipaakanyetsa karolo e e latelang e kgolo ya ntwa (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d.).<ref name=":1" /> == '''Lenaane la Ditshupiso''' == <references /> 035uclo1q4ez6p3o274whm297sjk18e Borussia Dortmund 0 15064 54914 2026-09-15T11:43:19Z Chotlho 12488 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374662122|Borussia Dortmund]]" 54914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Motshameko wa Dibolo kwa Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund''', e gantsi e itsiwe fela jaaka '''Borussia Dortmund''' (  ) <ref>{{Citation|last=Mangold|first=Max|year=2005|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|publisher=Duden|isbn=978-3-411-04066-7|pages=212 and 282}}</ref> kgotsa ka ntlha ya go rata dilo tsa tlholego Ga yone '''BVB''' (  ), kgotsa '''Dortmund''' fela ka balatedi ba yone ba mo Teng, ke setlhopha sa metshameko se se kwa jeremane sa porofeshenale se se kwa Dortmund, kwa Rhine Bokone-Westphalia. E itsege thata ka setlhopha sa yone sa kgwele ya dinao sa banna sa seporofešenale, se se tshamekelang mo Bundesliga, e leng setlhopha se se kwa godimo sa liki ya kgwele ya dinao ya Jeremane . [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] 09frh1cdtnq4xt10ey785fpnkm4mic2 Tlhware 0 15065 54915 2026-09-15T11:53:23Z Cruiselady 12522 ke kwetse setlhogo ka tlhakakgolo le go se tlhalosa 54915 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tlhware''' ke phologolo ya leloko la digagabi ebile ke mofuta mongwe wa noga , e fitlhelwa mo lefatsheng. Mmele wa yona o moleele ebile e matla thata, go itsege fa e sena botlhole e dirisa matla a mmele wa yona go tshwara le go boloya diphologo tse di bonang gore di siametse gore e ka di eja. Mongwe akae fitlhela thata mo mafelong ao a nang le ditlhare, metsi le tlhaga. Tlhware e iphidisa ka go tswa letsholo la go tsoma diphologolo tse di farologaneng di tshwana le bo magotlo, dikolobe tse dinnye le dinonyane. E dikologa phologolo ka mmele wa yona fa e tshwere ebo e e gatelela thatha mo ele goreng e palelwe ke go hema ,mmele wa yona o simolola go nna bofefo, morago ga moo tlhware e kometsa phologolo eo goe feleletsa kana e nale bokgoni ba go metsa dijo tse kgolo gotwe le motho e ya mo kometsa gape se se kgatlhisang ka tlhware ke gore e kgona go nna lobaka lo lo leele e saje a santse e kgotse seo ese komeditseng matsatsing a go feta. Botlhokwa ba yona mo tikologong ke go thusa go laola palo ya magotlo le dingwe tsa diphologolo seno se thusa go boloka tekatekano mo tlhagong e ya rona . Tlhware ke phologolo e eleng goreng gae tlhasele fa motho asae tshwenya ntekwane batho bale bantsi ba e tshaba kagore ke phologolo re tla reng . Tlhware mo nageng dingwe e sirellediwa lebakeng la gore ke karolo ya tlhago le boswa jwa naga, go bonwa gole matshwanedi gore batho ba e tlotle le go ithuta ka botshelo jwa yone le gore polao ya diphologolo ntle le lobaka ga e a dumelesega ka gonne phologolo nngwe le nngwe e nale seabe mo tikologong eo e nnang mo go yona kana eo e fitlhelwang mo go yona. Tlhware e tsala ka go beela mae ebo e nna gaufi le ona gore e kgone go kaa sireletsa, fa mae ao a sena go thuthuga go tswa dinoga tse di nnye tse di kgonang ko kaa itlhokomela ebile fa di sena go tsalwa ditswa letsholo la go itsomela diphologo tse ding tse dinnye go iphidisa gore di kgone go gola mmele mmele wa tsona jaanong o kgone go ka nna moleele le go nna le maatla. Ka bokhutshwane tlhware ke noga e e botlhokwa ebile ele kgolo , eo e kgonang go tsoma ka botswerere. Fa batho ba ka kgona go tshela le diphologolo ka kagiso , tlhago e tla nonofa ebile ya tswela pele ka go nonofa. 9txriqz3bojm3ato66xerltdojgav7o