Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2077 55527 55219 2026-09-24T10:28:11Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood/page/58 58] |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-02-18_307_5712/page/1021 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |url=https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbrief0000frie_r7b0 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbrief0000frie_r7b0/page/124 124]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |url=https://archive.org/details/commonknowledgee0000jemi |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-legal-education_2007-03_57_1/page/n8 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110221/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013|archivedate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen"/> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W"/> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya yone == === Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri === Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen-2018" /> Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, "Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '." <ref name="Cohen-2018">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> === Babadi === Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore "Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2." <ref name="small screen"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. <ref name="Alexa"/> Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. <ref name="Alexa" /> Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone, Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001. Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. <ref name="365M" group="W">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia. Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Go ya ka "Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011", palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ==== Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, "Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng." <ref name="Cohen-2020" /> Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKentonHumborg2021">Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better"]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWales2021">Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again "Learning to trust the internet again"]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso === [[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]] Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo. <ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}</ref> Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya " dikgokagano tse di amanang le se" mo lenaneong la yone la "dipadi tse dingwe" tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . <ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing. Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States . Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, <ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008|archivedate=August 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461}}</ref> gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . <ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}</ref> <ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: "Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi." <ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa "Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo", le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, "webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata", go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]] [[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]] Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia "sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka " nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang " mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le "mo kotsing" ka ntlha ya "go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi". Go na le " {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} " ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}} go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa "go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse". Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le "bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata" go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng "seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng". Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go "boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==== Dietsele ==== [[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]] [[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]] Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa "morafe". <ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . <ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, <ref name="EP2015">{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==== Metlae ==== Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore "mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone". Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go "Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika", lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', <ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la "Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone Gompieno". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki. Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref> " My Number One Doctor ", e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape. Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang "Morutuntshi Wikipedia", se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, "Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia." Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWolf2010">Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ "Bigipedia given second series"]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : "Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng "Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo" ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kgatiso === [[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]] Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}</ref> <ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}</ref> Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya "The amorality of Web 2.0 " e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne "mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe". Carr o ne a kwala gore "Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se." <ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa " botlhale jwa matshwititswiti " ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase "ka mashetla tota". <ref name="Flood-2013" /> Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, "Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?" <ref name="Flood-2013">{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> === Tiriso mo patlisisong === Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang "wikification", le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko . Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di "tlhaelang" mo Wikipedia. Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="mitmining">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015|archivedate=February 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/}}</ref> <ref name="harvardisonlymarmow">{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang " di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)". <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia "makgetho a ka nna lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi", mme "ga ise e mo lapise". O ne a e tlhalosa e le "motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng", o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo <ref name="NYT-20230718">{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mananeo a a tsamaelanang == Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di dirisanang tsa bobegakgang tse di akaretsang diphetolo tse di kwadilweng ke setšhaba di ne di le teng bogologolo pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Ya ntlha ya tsone e ne e le Lenaneo la BBC Domesday la 1986, le le neng le akaretsa mokwalo (o o tsentsweng mo dikhomphuteng tsa BBC Micro ) le dinepe go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba tsaa karolo ba feta sedikadike kwa UK, mme e ne e akaretsa thuto ka lefelo, botaki le ngwao ya UK. E ne e le ensaetlolopedia ya ntlha ya bobegakgang e e dipego (mme gape e ne e le yone ya ntlha e e tona ya bobegakgang e e golagantsweng ka dikgolagano tsa mo teng), ka bontsi jwa dikwalo di fitlhelelwa ka moalo wa UK. Setshwantsho sa bodirisi le karolo ya diteng tsa Lenaneo la Domesday di ne tsa dirwa mo webosaeteng go fitlha ka 2008 . Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di nang le diteng tse di gololesegileng, tse di dirisanang mmogo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka nako e le nngwe le Wikipedia (sekai , Everything2 ), mme moragonyana di le dintsi di ne tsa kopanngwa mo lenaneong le(sekai, GNE ). <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> Nngwe ya diensaetlolopedia tsa bogologolo tsa mo inthaneteng tse di atlegileng thata tse di neng di akaretsa dikwalo tsa batho e ne e le h2g2, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Douglas Adams ka 1999 . Ensaetlolopedia ya h2g2 e ne e sa gagamala thata, e remeletse mo dikwalong tse di nang le metlae mme gape di ruta. Diwebosaete tsa kitso ya tirisanommogo tse di neng tsa latela di tlhotlheleditswe ke Wikipedia. Tse dingwe di dirisa tshekatsheko e e tlwaelesegileng ya balekane, di tshwana le ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Botshelo'' le diensaetlolopedia tsa mo inthaneteng tsa wiki ''tsa Scholarpedia'' le Citizendium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> Ya bofelo e simolotswe ke Sanger ka maiteko a go tlhama mofuta o mongwe o o ikanyegang wa Wikipedia. <ref name="JayLyman">{{Cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|access-date=June 27, 2007|archivedate=September 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html}}</ref> sp9cf6qkxjc56qjo2umovi7q6o1ipx1 0 3276 55474 54461 2026-09-23T20:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55474 wikitext text/x-wiki Thuto tse''' dikgolwane mo [[Botswana|Botswana]]''' ke mahala kgotsa boitlhopelo.<ref name="ilab">{1}Botswana {/1} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'' ]. Ba lekgotla le le inamololang mafatshe ka kakaretso, U.S. Lephata la metse selegae (2006). ''Koranta e e nale molaetsa go tsweng mo tshimologong, e e leng ponagadi ya {0 }phatalatsa.''</ref><ref name="bbc"></ref> Mo ngwageng wa 2002, palo ya ntlha ee sa rurifadiwang e ne e le selekanyo sa lekgolo le boraro mo lekgolong, mme ee rurufaditsweng yone ya ntlha e ne e le masome a borobabobedi le motso mo lekgolong.<ref name="ilab"></ref> Go kgaogangwa ga bana ba ba tsewang mo dikolong go itebagantse le palo ya baithuti ba ba kwadisiwang kwa dikolong tse di potana gape ga go amane gope le go tsena sekolo sentle ga bana. Dipalo tse di ntsha tsa go tla sekolong mo dikolong tse di potana ga di mo Botswana.<ref name="ilab"></ref> Go ya ka dipalo tsa ngwaga wa 2001, masome a borobabobedi le borataro mo lekgolong a bana ba ba simolotseng dithuto tse di potana ba ne ba batlile go fitlhelela kwa lokwalong lwa botlhano.<ref name="ilab"></ref> Mo tsamaisong ya thuto ya mo Botswana, basimane le basetsana ba nale tepetepano mo go fiweng dithuto. Basetsana, ka gorialo, ba ka nna ba tswa mo dikolong tse dikgolwane ka ntata ya boimana.<ref name="ilab"></ref> [[Botswana|Botswana]] o dirile tse dintsi mo go tlhabololeng thuto morago ga go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1966.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Morago ga seo go ne go nale baalogani ba ba potana mo lefatsheng gape Batswana ba palo potana ba tsene dikolo tse dikgolwane. Ka ponagalo ya ditemane morago ga go tsaya boipuso le go oketsega ga madi a puso, go ne ga nna le koketsego ee kwa godimo ya go aba thuto mo lefatsheng. Baithuti botlhe ba ne ba fiwa dingwaga tse di lesome tsa go ithuta,se se ba fitlisetsa kwa dithutong tse dikgolwane tsa Junior Certificate. E ka ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa palo ya batho mo sekolong ba ba tsweledisang ka ngwaga tse pedi tsa mo sekolong se se golwane se se isang moithuti kwa mphong ya go fiwa setlankana sa Botswana General Certificate of Education (BGCSE). Fa o sena go tlogela sekolo, baithuti ba ne ba ka tsena sekolo mo dikolong tsa ithutelo tiro di le borataro mo lefatsheng,kgotsa ba ithuthuntsha mo dithutong dingwe tsa borutabana kgotsa booki. Moithuti yo o gaisitseng botlhe o ne a ya go tsena kwa mmadikolo ebong University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture[https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171350/http://www.bca.bw/], le Botswana Accountancy College mo [[Gaborone|Gaborone]]. Palo ee ntsi ya bana ba kwa mmadikolo e solofetswe, fa kago ya bobedi ya mmadikolo mo lefatsheng, ebong Botswana International University of Science and Technology, e fediwa. Bontsi jwa bana ba felela ba tsene dikolo kwa dikholetsheng tse eseng tsa puso mo lefatsheng. Bontsi jwa baithuti ba tsengwa sekolo ke puso. Dipoelo ga di ise di ko di tshwantshangwe le tsa boleng jo bo rileng. Dikolo tse di potana di santse di tlhoka didirisiwa, gape barutabana ba duelwa madi aa kwa tlase go nale badiri ka bone ba kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Mo kgweding ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa 2006, Botswana o ne a simolodisa tuelo ya dithuto morago ga dingwaga ngwaga tse pedi tsa thuto ee neng e fiwa mahala .<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4601360.stm | work=BBC News | title=Botswana brings back school fees | date=2006-01-11 | accessdate=2010-05-01}}</ref> ==Bokhutlo== Thuto ke yone konokono ya botshelo ke moo go leng matshwanedi gore e tsewe ka tlhwaafalo.Baithuti ba tshwanetse go nna ba ithuta gore ba tle go atlega mo botshelong.Ke tshwanelo ya puso go bona gore baithuti ba fiwa dithuto tse di lebanyeng gore ba tle ba kgone go baya lefatshe mo maemong aa fa godimo bogolo jang baithuti ba kwa mmadikolo. ==Metswedi== {{reflist}} Dithuto mo Botswana di felela ka lekwalo la lesome le bobedi. ==Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle== {{commons category|Education in Botswana}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110117191700/http://www.moe.gov.bw/ Botswana Ministry of Education] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090322042351/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-botswana.htm Education Statistics and Quality of Education in Botswana], Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) *[http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/documentation/Literacyinbotswana.pdf Literacy and education in Botswana bibliography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121434/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.387.html Information Communication Technology in Botswana] (e nankola kitso ka kakaretso) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091311/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Botswana.htm Profile of higher education in Botswana] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160324/http://www.unbotswana.org.bw/undp/docs/bots_education_final.pdf The impact of HIV/AIDS on education in Botswana] {{Education in Africa}} [[Category:Thuto mo Botswana]] {{Botswana-stub}} {{Education-stub}} == Dikaralo tsa thuto mo Botswana == === Sekolo sa bana ba bannye === Sekolo sa bana ba ba nnye, ke sekolo se se sa pateletsweng ,se akaretsa thuto ya bana ba ba nnye e e direlwang mo [[:en:Classroom|ntlwaneng ya borutelo .]]Sekolo se ke sa bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga tse tlhano go ya go di le thataro. Dintlha tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba nnye le thuto ya bone di ne tsa akarediwa mo melaong e e tlhabolotsweng ya thuto kgotsa (RNPE) ka ngwaga wa 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Early Childhood Care and Education Policy: Based on the Framework of the Revised National Policy on Education (Rnpe) Government White Paper No. 2 of 1994 |url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/policy%20per%20country/botswana/botswana_earlychildhood_2001_en.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=African Child Forum}}</ref> Boikarabelo bo bontsi jwa go fa ditlamelo tsa mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye bo mo makalaneng a dikgwebo tse e seng tsa ga goromente le a setšhaba go na le mo pusong.<ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/education |access-date=18 July 2026 |publisher=UNICEF Botswana}}</ref></ref> Ba ba thusang ka go tlamela thuto ya bana ba bannye e a bo ele fela go ikemela ka dinao ga bone go batla tshono ya go itshetsa ka kgwebo e, se e le go araba dikeletso tsa batsadi kgotsa batlhokomedi ba ba nang le letseno le le fa godimonyana e bile ba na le bokgoni jwa go isa bana ba bone dikolong tseo kgotsa e le go arabela diphetogo tsa ga segompieno mo lefatsheng ka bophara tsa paakanyetso ya thuto ya bana.<ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maunganidze |first1=Langtone |last2=Tsamaase |first2=Marea |year=2014 |title=Early Childhood Education in Botswana: A Case of Fragmented “Fits” |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/29736 |journal=International Education Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref></ref> Mananeo a le mantsi a a itebagantseng le baagedi ba mafelo a a farologaneng, dikgwebo, mekgatlho e e thusang e e sa direng dipoelo, merafe ya sedumedi le batho fela ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke dikai tsa batho ba ba fang thuto ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo. <ref name="Glavin"/> Sekolo sa bana ba bannye se ka akaretsa thuto ya sengwe le sengwe kgotsa se ka nna le dithuto tse e leng gore se tsepame mo go tsone thata, jaaka thuto ya botaki le tiro ya diatla, thuto ya bodumedi, katiso mo go tsa metshameko, kgotsa go ithuta puo ya batswakwa, fa godimo ga moo se ntse se e fa le ditlamelo tsa thuto ya kakaretso. Mosola wa thuto ya bana ba bannye ga o ka ke wa gatelelwa go feta selekanyo ka gore bana ba gola go ya ka kgolo ya tlhaloganyo ga mmogo le go buisana le batho. == Dikaralo tsa thuto mo Botswana == === Sekolo sa bana ba bannye === Sekolo sa bana ba ba nnye, ke sekolo se se sa pateletsweng ,se akaretsa thuto ya bana ba ba nnye e e direlwang mo [[:en:Classroom|ntlwaneng ya borutelo .]]Sekolo se ke sa bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga tse tlhano go ya go di le thataro. Dintlha tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba nnye le thuto ya bone di ne tsa akarediwa mo melaong e e tlhabolotsweng ya thuto kgotsa (RNPE) ka ngwaga wa 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Early Childhood Care and Education Policy: Based on the Framework of the Revised National Policy on Education (Rnpe) Government White Paper No. 2 of 1994 |url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/policy%20per%20country/botswana/botswana_earlychildhood_2001_en.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=African Child Forum}}</ref> Boikarabelo bo bontsi jwa go fa ditlamelo tsa mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye bo mo makalaneng a dikgwebo tse e seng tsa ga goromente le a setšhaba go na le mo pusong.<ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/education |access-date=18 July 2026 |publisher=UNICEF Botswana}}</ref></ref> Ba ba thusang ka go tlamela thuto ya bana ba bannye e a bo ele fela go ikemela ka dinao ga bone go batla tshono ya go itshetsa ka kgwebo e, se e le go araba dikeletso tsa batsadi kgotsa batlhokomedi ba ba nang le letseno le le fa godimonyana e bile ba na le bokgoni jwa go isa bana ba bone dikolong tseo kgotsa e le go arabela diphetogo tsa ga segompieno mo lefatsheng ka bophara tsa paakanyetso ya thuto ya bana.<ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maunganidze |first1=Langtone |last2=Tsamaase |first2=Marea |year=2014 |title=Early Childhood Education in Botswana: A Case of Fragmented “Fits” |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/29736 |journal=International Education Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref></ref> Mananeo a le mantsi a a itebagantseng le baagedi ba mafelo a a farologaneng, dikgwebo, mekgatlho e e thusang e e sa direng dipoelo, merafe ya sedumedi le batho fela ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke dikai tsa batho ba ba fang thuto ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo. <ref name="Glavin"/> Sekolo sa bana ba bannye se ka akaretsa thuto ya sengwe le sengwe kgotsa se ka nna le dithuto tse e leng gore se tsepame mo go tsone thata, jaaka thuto ya botaki le tiro ya diatla, thuto ya bodumedi, katiso mo go tsa metshameko, kgotsa go ithuta puo ya batswakwa, fa godimo ga moo se ntse se e fa le ditlamelo tsa thuto ya kakaretso. Mosola wa thuto ya bana ba bannye ga o ka ke wa gatelelwa go feta selekanyo ka gore bana ba gola go ya ka kgolo ya tlhaloganyo ga mmogo le go buisana le batho. Puso ya Botswana go simolola ka ngwaga wa 2015 e simolotse go bula mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye mo dikoleng tse dipotlana tse dintsi tsa puso mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka maikaelelo a go rotloetsa thuto ya bana ba bannye. <ref name="Glavin"/> Se se simolotse ka go bula ntlwana ya borutelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo pele ga ba dira lokwalo la ntlha, se se dirwa morago ga baithuti ba lokwalo la bosupa ba fetsa go kwala ditlhatlhobo tsa bone tsa makgaolakgang. Dintlwana tsa bone tsa borutelo di ne di tlaabo di sena ope mo mafelong a ngwaga otlhe wa dithuto, ka jalo ka tsela e o ba ka kgona go amogela bana ba o ba ba dingwaga di le botlhano. Go tswelela ka seo, puso jaanong e tsenya tirisong lenaneo la dingwaga di le pedi la bana ba dingwaga di le bone le botlhano. Fa godimo ga moo, puso ya Botswana le yone e simolotse go ela tlhoko thata thuto ya bana ba bannye. == Dikaralo tsa thuto mo Botswana == === Sekolo sa bana ba bannye === Sekolo sa bana ba ba nnye, ke sekolo se se sa pateletsweng ,se akaretsa thuto ya bana ba ba nnye e e direlwang mo [[:en:Classroom|ntlwaneng ya borutelo .]]Sekolo se ke sa bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga tse tlhano go ya go di le thataro. Dintlha tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba nnye le thuto ya bone di ne tsa akarediwa mo melaong e e tlhabolotsweng ya thuto kgotsa (RNPE) ka ngwaga wa 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Early Childhood Care and Education Policy: Based on the Framework of the Revised National Policy on Education (Rnpe) Government White Paper No. 2 of 1994 |url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/policy%20per%20country/botswana/botswana_earlychildhood_2001_en.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=African Child Forum}}</ref> Boikarabelo bo bontsi jwa go fa ditlamelo tsa mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye bo mo makalaneng a dikgwebo tse e seng tsa ga goromente le a setšhaba go na le mo pusong.<ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/education |access-date=18 July 2026 |publisher=UNICEF Botswana}}</ref></ref> Ba ba thusang ka go tlamela thuto ya bana ba bannye e a bo ele fela go ikemela ka dinao ga bone go batla tshono ya go itshetsa ka kgwebo e, se e le go araba dikeletso tsa batsadi kgotsa batlhokomedi ba ba nang le letseno le le fa godimonyana e bile ba na le bokgoni jwa go isa bana ba bone dikolong tseo kgotsa e le go arabela diphetogo tsa ga segompieno mo lefatsheng ka bophara tsa paakanyetso ya thuto ya bana.<ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maunganidze |first1=Langtone |last2=Tsamaase |first2=Marea |year=2014 |title=Early Childhood Education in Botswana: A Case of Fragmented “Fits” |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/29736 |journal=International Education Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref></ref> Mananeo a le mantsi a a itebagantseng le baagedi ba mafelo a a farologaneng, dikgwebo, mekgatlho e e thusang e e sa direng dipoelo, merafe ya sedumedi le batho fela ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke dikai tsa batho ba ba fang thuto ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo. <ref name="Glavin"/> Sekolo sa bana ba bannye se ka akaretsa thuto ya sengwe le sengwe kgotsa se ka nna le dithuto tse e leng gore se tsepame mo go tsone thata, jaaka thuto ya botaki le tiro ya diatla, thuto ya bodumedi, katiso mo go tsa metshameko, kgotsa go ithuta puo ya batswakwa, fa godimo ga moo se ntse se e fa le ditlamelo tsa thuto ya kakaretso. Mosola wa thuto ya bana ba bannye ga o ka ke wa gatelelwa go feta selekanyo ka gore bana ba gola go ya ka kgolo ya tlhaloganyo ga mmogo le go buisana le batho. Puso ya Botswana go simolola ka ngwaga wa 2015 e simolotse go bula mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye mo dikoleng tse dipotlana tse dintsi tsa puso mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka maikaelelo a go rotloetsa thuto ya bana ba bannye. <ref name="Glavin"/> Se se simolotse ka go bula ntlwana ya borutelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo pele ga ba dira lokwalo la ntlha, se se dirwa morago ga baithuti ba lokwalo la bosupa ba fetsa go kwala ditlhatlhobo tsa bone tsa makgaolakgang. Dintlwana tsa bone tsa borutelo di ne di tlaabo di sena ope mo mafelong a ngwaga otlhe wa dithuto, ka jalo ka tsela e o ba ka kgona go amogela bana ba o ba ba dingwaga di le botlhano. Go tswelela ka seo, puso jaanong e tsenya tirisong lenaneo la dingwaga di le pedi la bana ba dingwaga di le bone le botlhano. Fa godimo ga moo, puso ya Botswana le yone e simolotse go ela tlhoko thata thuto ya bana ba bannye. === Thuto-potlana === Thuto e e potlana e simolola ka kamogelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba simolole lekwalo la ntlha go fitlha ka lokwalo la bosupa. == Dikaralo tsa thuto mo Botswana == === Sekolo sa bana ba bannye === Sekolo sa bana ba ba nnye, ke sekolo se se sa pateletsweng ,se akaretsa thuto ya bana ba ba nnye e e direlwang mo [[:en:Classroom|ntlwaneng ya borutelo .]]Sekolo se ke sa bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga tse tlhano go ya go di le thataro. Dintlha tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba nnye le thuto ya bone di ne tsa akarediwa mo melaong e e tlhabolotsweng ya thuto kgotsa (RNPE) ka ngwaga wa 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Early Childhood Care and Education Policy: Based on the Framework of the Revised National Policy on Education (Rnpe) Government White Paper No. 2 of 1994 |url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/policy%20per%20country/botswana/botswana_earlychildhood_2001_en.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=African Child Forum}}</ref> Boikarabelo bo bontsi jwa go fa ditlamelo tsa mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye bo mo makalaneng a dikgwebo tse e seng tsa ga goromente le a setšhaba go na le mo pusong.<ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/education |access-date=18 July 2026 |publisher=UNICEF Botswana}}</ref></ref> Ba ba thusang ka go tlamela thuto ya bana ba bannye e a bo ele fela go ikemela ka dinao ga bone go batla tshono ya go itshetsa ka kgwebo e, se e le go araba dikeletso tsa batsadi kgotsa batlhokomedi ba ba nang le letseno le le fa godimonyana e bile ba na le bokgoni jwa go isa bana ba bone dikolong tseo kgotsa e le go arabela diphetogo tsa ga segompieno mo lefatsheng ka bophara tsa paakanyetso ya thuto ya bana.<ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maunganidze |first1=Langtone |last2=Tsamaase |first2=Marea |year=2014 |title=Early Childhood Education in Botswana: A Case of Fragmented “Fits” |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/29736 |journal=International Education Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref></ref> Mananeo a le mantsi a a itebagantseng le baagedi ba mafelo a a farologaneng, dikgwebo, mekgatlho e e thusang e e sa direng dipoelo, merafe ya sedumedi le batho fela ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke dikai tsa batho ba ba fang thuto ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo. <ref name="Glavin"/> Sekolo sa bana ba bannye se ka akaretsa thuto ya sengwe le sengwe kgotsa se ka nna le dithuto tse e leng gore se tsepame mo go tsone thata, jaaka thuto ya botaki le tiro ya diatla, thuto ya bodumedi, katiso mo go tsa metshameko, kgotsa go ithuta puo ya batswakwa, fa godimo ga moo se ntse se e fa le ditlamelo tsa thuto ya kakaretso. Mosola wa thuto ya bana ba bannye ga o ka ke wa gatelelwa go feta selekanyo ka gore bana ba gola go ya ka kgolo ya tlhaloganyo ga mmogo le go buisana le batho. Puso ya Botswana go simolola ka ngwaga wa 2015 e simolotse go bula mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye mo dikoleng tse dipotlana tse dintsi tsa puso mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka maikaelelo a go rotloetsa thuto ya bana ba bannye. <ref name="Glavin"/> Se se simolotse ka go bula ntlwana ya borutelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo pele ga ba dira lokwalo la ntlha, se se dirwa morago ga baithuti ba lokwalo la bosupa ba fetsa go kwala ditlhatlhobo tsa bone tsa makgaolakgang. Dintlwana tsa bone tsa borutelo di ne di tlaabo di sena ope mo mafelong a ngwaga otlhe wa dithuto, ka jalo ka tsela e o ba ka kgona go amogela bana ba o ba ba dingwaga di le botlhano. Go tswelela ka seo, puso jaanong e tsenya tirisong lenaneo la dingwaga di le pedi la bana ba dingwaga di le bone le botlhano. Fa godimo ga moo, puso ya Botswana le yone e simolotse go ela tlhoko thata thuto ya bana ba bannye. === Thuto-potlana === Thuto e e potlana e simolola ka kamogelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba simolole lekwalo la ntlha go fitlha ka lokwalo la bosupa. Bana ba kwadisiwa mo sekolong se se potlana fa ba le dingwaga di ka nna thataro. Tsamaiso ya go ruta mo thutong ya sekolo se se potlana e laolwa ke thulaganyo ya dikolo ya lefatshe. Kgaolo ya sekolo e tlhopha dikaedi tsa tsamaiso ya go ruta le dibuka tse di bontshang maemo a go ithuta a puso ya lefatshe le ditekanyetso tsa maemo a mophato o o rileng. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya thuto e e potlana e e ka fitlhelwang mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Puso e fa thuto ya kakaretso ka teme ya Setswana, puo e ya Setswana e dirisiwa go ruta bana ga mmogo le teme ya Sekgoa. Lekalana la dikgwebo le fa dithuto tse puo ya thuto e leng Sekgoa fela, dikolo tse di bidiwa 'dikolo tsa Sekgoa'. == Dikaralo tsa thuto mo Botswana == === Sekolo sa bana ba bannye === Sekolo sa bana ba ba nnye, ke sekolo se se sa pateletsweng ,se akaretsa thuto ya bana ba ba nnye e e direlwang mo [[:en:Classroom|ntlwaneng ya borutelo .]]Sekolo se ke sa bana ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga tse tlhano go ya go di le thataro. Dintlha tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba nnye le thuto ya bone di ne tsa akarediwa mo melaong e e tlhabolotsweng ya thuto kgotsa (RNPE) ka ngwaga wa 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Early Childhood Care and Education Policy: Based on the Framework of the Revised National Policy on Education (Rnpe) Government White Paper No. 2 of 1994 |url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/policy%20per%20country/botswana/botswana_earlychildhood_2001_en.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=African Child Forum}}</ref> Boikarabelo bo bontsi jwa go fa ditlamelo tsa mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye bo mo makalaneng a dikgwebo tse e seng tsa ga goromente le a setšhaba go na le mo pusong.<ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/education |access-date=18 July 2026 |publisher=UNICEF Botswana}}</ref></ref> Ba ba thusang ka go tlamela thuto ya bana ba bannye e a bo ele fela go ikemela ka dinao ga bone go batla tshono ya go itshetsa ka kgwebo e, se e le go araba dikeletso tsa batsadi kgotsa batlhokomedi ba ba nang le letseno le le fa godimonyana e bile ba na le bokgoni jwa go isa bana ba bone dikolong tseo kgotsa e le go arabela diphetogo tsa ga segompieno mo lefatsheng ka bophara tsa paakanyetso ya thuto ya bana.<ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maunganidze |first1=Langtone |last2=Tsamaase |first2=Marea |year=2014 |title=Early Childhood Education in Botswana: A Case of Fragmented “Fits” |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/29736 |journal=International Education Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref></ref> Mananeo a le mantsi a a itebagantseng le baagedi ba mafelo a a farologaneng, dikgwebo, mekgatlho e e thusang e e sa direng dipoelo, merafe ya sedumedi le batho fela ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke dikai tsa batho ba ba fang thuto ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo. <ref name="Glavin">{{Cite web |last=Glavin |first=Chris |date=2017-01-25 |title=Education stages |url=https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20Botswana/education-stages |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=K12 Academics |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728043643/https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20Botswana/education-stages |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sekolo sa bana ba bannye se ka akaretsa thuto ya sengwe le sengwe kgotsa se ka nna le dithuto tse e leng gore se tsepame mo go tsone thata, jaaka thuto ya botaki le tiro ya diatla, thuto ya bodumedi, katiso mo go tsa metshameko, kgotsa go ithuta puo ya batswakwa, fa godimo ga moo se ntse se e fa le ditlamelo tsa thuto ya kakaretso. Mosola wa thuto ya bana ba bannye ga o ka ke wa gatelelwa go feta selekanyo ka gore bana ba gola go ya ka kgolo ya tlhaloganyo ga mmogo le go buisana le batho. Puso ya Botswana go simolola ka ngwaga wa 2015 e simolotse go bula mananeo a thuto ya bana ba bannye mo dikoleng tse dipotlana tse dintsi tsa puso mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka maikaelelo a go rotloetsa thuto ya bana ba bannye. <ref name="Glavin"/> Se se simolotse ka go bula ntlwana ya borutelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsene sekolo pele ga ba dira lokwalo la ntlha, se se dirwa morago ga baithuti ba lokwalo la bosupa ba fetsa go kwala ditlhatlhobo tsa bone tsa makgaolakgang. Dintlwana tsa bone tsa borutelo di ne di tlaabo di sena ope mo mafelong a ngwaga otlhe wa dithuto, ka jalo ka tsela e o ba ka kgona go amogela bana ba o ba ba dingwaga di le botlhano. Go tswelela ka seo, puso jaanong e tsenya tirisong lenaneo la dingwaga di le pedi la bana ba dingwaga di le bone le botlhano. Fa godimo ga moo, puso ya Botswana le yone e simolotse go ela tlhoko thata thuto ya bana ba bannye. === Thuto-potlana === Thuto e e potlana e simolola ka kamogelo ya bana ba ba iseng ba simolole lekwalo la ntlha go fitlha ka lokwalo la bosupa. Bana ba kwadisiwa mo sekolong se se potlana fa ba le dingwaga di ka nna thataro. Tsamaiso ya go ruta mo thutong ya sekolo se se potlana e laolwa ke thulaganyo ya dikolo ya lefatshe. Kgaolo ya sekolo e tlhopha dikaedi tsa tsamaiso ya go ruta le dibuka tse di bontshang maemo a go ithuta a puso ya lefatshe le ditekanyetso tsa maemo a mophato o o rileng. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya thuto e e potlana e e ka fitlhelwang mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Puso e fa thuto ya kakaretso ka teme ya Setswana, puo e ya Setswana e dirisiwa go ruta bana ga mmogo le teme ya Sekgoa. Lekalana la dikgwebo le fa dithuto tse puo ya thuto e leng Sekgoa fela, dikolo tse di bidiwa 'dikolo tsa Sekgoa'. === Thuto e e kgolwane === [[Setshwantsho:Kgari_sechele_secondary_school.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Sekolo se segolwane sa Kgari Sechele, sekolo se segolwane se se tsamaisiwang ke puso.]] Thuto ya sekolo se segolwane e simolola ka lekwalo le legolwane la ntlha go fitlhelela la botlhano (sekolo se segolwane mme se le fa tlase se simolola ka lowalo la ntlha go fitlhelela kwa go la boraro; sekolo se segolwane ebile se le fa godimo se simolola ka lokwalo la bone go fitlhelela kwa go la botlhano ). Baithuti gantsi ba fiwa kgololesego e le ntsi, ba tsamaya ba ya kwa dintlwaneng tsa borutelo tse di farologaneng, ebile ba fiwa tetla ya go tlhopha dingwe tsa dithuto tsa bone tse di bidiwang dithuto tsa maitlhophelo. Dingwaga tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa thuto e e kgolwane di isa kwa setlankaneng sa dithuto tsa makgaolakgang tsa lokwalo la boraro, mme morago ga dingwaga tse dingwe tse pedi tsa go ithuta baithuti ba kwala tlhatlhobo ya makgaolakgang ya lokwalo la botlhano. === Thuto ya ithutelo-tiro === [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithi ya Botswana]], Yunibesithi ya Botho, [[Sekolo se Segolwane sa Limkokwing|Yunibesithi ya Limkokwing ya Thekenoloji ya Boitlhamedi]], [https://baisago.ac.bw/ Yunibesithi ya Ba Isago], [https://abm.ac.bw/ Kholetšhe ya ABM], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To ABM University College |url=https://abm.ac.bw/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=ABM University College |language=en-US}}</ref> Yunibesithi ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Botswana ya Maranyane le Boitseanape , <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-12 |title=Botswana International University of Science & Technology |url=https://www.biust.ac.bw/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> [https://www.bou.ac.bw/ Botswana Open University], [https://www.buan.ac.bw/ Setheo sa Botswana sa Temothuo le Ditsompelo tsa Tlhago], Yunibesithi [https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183114/https://gips.co.bw/ ya Gaborone] [https://web.archive.org/web/20260719132740/https://www.guc.ac.bw/ ya Dithuto] tsa Molao ke dikolo tse di fang thuto ya ithutelo tiro mo lefatsheng la Botswana. [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithi ya Botswana]] ke sekolo sa setšhaba se se tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa 1982 ka molao wa palamente <ref>{{Cite web |date=1982 |title=University of Botswana Act, 1982 |url=https://botswanalaws.com/StatutesActpdf/1982Actpdf/UNIVERSITY%20OF%20BOTSWANA%20ACT,%20NO.%2011%20OF%201982.pdf |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Laws of Botswana}}</ref> mme ntlokgolo ya sone e kwa [[Gaborone]] . == Tlhomamiso ya tsamaelano ya thuto le seemo sa lefatshe la Botswana == E ne ya re mo nakong e e sa fediseng pelo, morago ga lefatshe la Botswana le sena go tsaya boipuso, ga lemogiwa gore tsamaiso ya thuto ga e fitlhelele matlhokego a setšhaba. E ne e tsentse mogopolo o montsi thata mo thutong ya buka mme ebile e ne e santse e na le matlhasedi a puso ya batho-basweu. Bontsi jwa dilo tse di neng di ithuthuntshiwa di ne di sa tsamaisane le seemo sa botshelo jwa SeAferika, ka jalo dipalo tsa baithuti ba ba neng ba tlogela sekolo di ne di le kwa godimo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Glavin |first=Chris |date=2017-01-25 |title=Tswanification of the curriculum |url=https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20Botswana/tswanification-curriculum |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=K12 Academics |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516024002/https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20Botswana/tswanification-curriculum |url-status=dead }}</ref> Go ise go ye kae go ne ga lemogiwa gore go tlhokega phetogo. Baeteledipele ba lefatshe ba ne ba nna le mogopolo wa thulaganyo ya thuto e e neng e tlaa fa botlhe tshono ya go bona thuto e e rileng le go tshegetsa kutlwano magareng ga batho morago ga go lemoga gore setshaba sa Botswana se kgaogantswe go ya ka merafe e e farologaneng ka jalo ba le bantsi ba eme ka nosi.<ref>https://journals.ub.bw/index.php/mosenodi/article/download/1594/1013</ref>E ne ya re ka ngwaga wa 1977 komiti e e neng e tlhomilwe ke puso ya Botswana e ne ya phatlalatsa pego ka ga phetolo ya thuto ka setlhogo se se reng ‘thuto mabapi le kagisano’. <ref name=":1" /> Molao o wa ntlha wa setšhaba wa thuto (NPE) wa ngwaga wa 1977 o ne wa diriwa e le tsibogo ya baeteledipele ba lefatshe la Botswana, ka nako e o, go tswa mo mokgweng wa go ruta wa puso ya batho-basweu ba lefatshe la Borithane fa thuto e ne e le ya batho ba maemo a a rileng go ya kwa thulaganyong e e akaretsang botlhe.<ref>https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=12460496X</ref> Jaaka go gakolotswe mo pegong, go ne ga tsenngwa dithuto tse dintsha tsa konokono mo tsamaisong ya dikolo, mme tsa dira gore thuto e nne maleba le lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":1" /> Maikaelelo a mokgwa yo wa thuto e, e ne ele go lebagana thata le tiro ya diatla gore baithuti ba kgone go bona tiro. clpnm900gtuxwi3vluuon1byij7xgxd 0 3491 55406 38586 2026-09-23T12:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55406 wikitext text/x-wiki Merwalela ya ngwaga wa '''2010–2011 ya kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aferika ''' ke merwalela e e diragetseng go kgabaganya mafatshe a a mo borwa jwa Aferika. E golagangwa le wa ditiragalo tsa La Niña, dipula tse di fetlileng selekanyo tse di simololang ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele di ne tsa baka merwalela. Makgolokgolo a batho a ne a sutlisiwa go ntse go tsweletse. Mme batho ba ka tshwara lekgolo, lesome le bone go ne ga tlhalosiwa fa ba tlhokafetse, go akarediwa ba le lesome le boferabobedi le boferabobedi kwa KwaZulu Natal.<ref name="iafrica">{{cite news|last=AFP|first=iAfrica|title=Flood death toll hits 123|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/700739.html|accessdate=24 January 2011|newspaper=iafrica.com|date=24 January 2011|archivedate=27 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127190149/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/700739.html}}</ref><ref name="zimba">{{cite news|last=Reporter|first=Staff|title=Five killed in Masvingo floods|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-4315-Five+killed+in+Masvingo+floods/news.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2011|newspaper=New Zimbabwe|date=January 23, 2011|archivedate=24 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124231204/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-4315-Five+killed+in+Masvingo+floods/news.aspx}}</ref><ref name="guardian24">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=David|title=South Africa flood death toll rises as government declares 33 disaster zones|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/24/south-africa-flood-death-toll|accessdate=24 January 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 Ja nuary 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBC1"></ref><ref name="Sify1"></ref><ref name="Presstv1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=PressTV (Iran)|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=January 23, 2011|title=South Africa flood death toll hits 70|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/161511.html|archive-date=January 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127115940/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/161511.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Puso ya Aferika Borwa e ne ya tlhalosa fa go nale lefelo le le nag le mathata .<ref name="guardian24"></ref> ==Kgankgolo== Ka Morule ngwaga wa 2010, seru sengwe se se itsegeng ka leina la La Niña se ne sa tlhagoga ka koketsego ya pula e e neleng mo borw jwa Aferika.<ref name="CNN1">{{cite web|author=Nkepile Mabuse|publisher=CNN|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Officials say 40 killed in South African floods; more rain predicted|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/south.africa.floods/|archive-date=January 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122174431/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/south.africa.floods/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ditiragalo tse di tshwanang le tsa La Niña di diragaletse mafatshe a le mantsi lefatshe ka bophara, go akarediwa la Australia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Pakistan le Philippines. ==Aferika Borwa == Mo [[Aferika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]] dipalo tse di fetlang 6,000 tsa batho di ne tsa fudusiwa gape ba ka tshwara masome a bosupa ba tlhalosiwa ba tlhokafetse .<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=BBC News|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=South Africa declares flood disaster|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12199879}}</ref><ref name="CNN1"></ref> Dipalo di solofetswe go oketsega ka mapodisiba tsweletse ka go batla bao ba ba sa bonweng.<ref name="UPI1"></ref> Mafatshe a tshwara boferabobedi mo dikgaolong tse di boferabongwe go sa tswa go tlhalosiwa fa go nale mathata a mofutla o, se se tlama gore madi a lefatshe a dirisiwe go thusa batho.<ref name="BBC1"></ref><ref name="Sify1">{{cite web|author=Donate A Goat|publisher=Sify|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Floods in southern Africa claim over 50 lives|url=http://www.sify.com/news/floods-in-southern-africa-claim-over-50-lives-news-international-lbsrufeaihc.html|archive-date=January 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122031430/http://www.sify.com/news/floods-in-southern-africa-claim-over-50-lives-news-international-lbsrufeaihc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa dijwalo di akanyediwa go ka nna R1&nbsp;billion ($145&nbsp;million USD).<ref name="Bloomberg1"></ref> Fa ditshenyegelo tsa dithoto di akanyediwa go ka nna $52&nbsp;million.<ref name="BBC1"></ref> Kakanyetso ya selekanyo sa 20,000 hectares (49,200 acres) ya lefatshe le go lemelwang mo go lone e sa tswa go amiwa ke merwalela.<ref name="Bloomberg2">{{cite web|author=Mike Cohen|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=South Africa Says Flood Death Toll Rises to 40|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-17/south-africa-says-flood-death-toll-rises-to-40.html}}</ref> Difofane tsa sesolel sa Aferika Borwa di ne tsa tlisiwa go thusa mo phudusong ya banni ka difofane mo kgweding ya Ferikgong a tlhola lesome le botlhano.<ref name="UPI1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=United Press International|date=January 15, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=At least 40 dead in South Africa floods|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/01/15/At-least-40-dead-in-South-Africa-floods/UPI-16521295142818/}}</ref> Mo posolotsong tona yo otlisang tirisanyo mmogo mo pusong ebong Sicelo Shiceka, o ne a tlhalosa gore batho ba ba fudusitsweng kwa malapeng a bone ba seka ba boela teng go fitlhelela ba fiwa teta ke baitsanape.<ref name="BBC1"></ref> <gallery> File:Brandmuller Avenue.JPG|Vereeniging, South Africa File:Barnyard Vereeniging.JPG|Barnyard theatre, Vereeniging, South Africa </gallery> ==Mozambique== Bophara jotlhe jwa lefatshe la Mozambique, digakolodi di ne tsa romelwa mo dinokeng tse di mo lefasheng. Palo di ka tshwara 13,000 tsa batho ba ne ba fudusiwa fa ba le 13 ba sa tswa go tlhokafala.<ref name="Sify1"></ref> Ka go tshaba poeletso ya merwalela ya ngwaga wa 2000 ya Mozambique banni botlhe ba ba nnang fa lotshing la noka ya Limpopo ba ne ba simolola go utla ka Ferikgong a tlhola lesome le boferabongwe&nbsp;jaaka noka e ne e simolola go tshela ka seemo se se tsitsibanyang mmele. Mo mafelong mangwe,metsi a mo dinokeng a ne a santse a apesitse le matshitshi ka metsi, a a neng a pesa le dimela. Go ya ka mookamedi wa kgaolo ya Chokwe /0} ebong Alberto Libombo, o ne a tlhalosa gore koketsego ya metsi a dinoka e ka tswa e bakiwa ke gore matamo a ne a tletse phetelela mme morago a kgwele mo dinokeng tseo <ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=All Africa|date=January 19, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Limpopo Above Flood Alert Level|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201101190856.html}}</ref> ==Mafelo a sele== Mo [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], mafelo amngwe a ne a nna le dipula tse di kwa godimo go fetla mo dingwageng tse di masome a mararo, mme se sa tlisa poifo ya gore gongwe merwalela e ka ne ya nna ya tlhagoga. Mookamedi wa lekgotlana la tshireletso ebong Madzudzo Pawadyira o ne a tlhagisa batho go fuduga mo mafelong a a ka tswang a ka amega motlhofo.<ref name="Bloomberg1">{{cite web|author=Brian Latham and Nelson Gore Banya |date=January 19, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Zimbabwe Issues Flood Warning as Rains Sweep Southern African Nations|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-19/zimbabwe-issues-flood-warning-as-rains-sweep-southern-africa.html}}</ref> Mo go tshwaneng ka mmo gape dipula di ne tsa tshosetsa le kwa lefatsheng la [[Zambia|Zambia]] gape le Malawi; mme ga go ise go itsewe gore a mme merwalela e ne ya ama mafatshe a.<ref name="BBC1"></ref> Mo borwa jwa [[Botswana|Botswana]], diketekete tsa batho ba di ne tsa tshosediwa ke go anama ga metsi a a neng a ka apesa mtsana ya bone. Dinoka tse pedi ebong ya Shoshong le ya Mpolonyane, di ne di tlhatsetsa fa matshitshing a tsone. Ditiro tsa letsatsi di ne tsa kgaopediwa fa gare ga Shoshong le Kalamare mme se sa tlama dikolo go tswalelwa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Booster Mogapi |work=Government of Botswana|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=January 19, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Botswana: Floods threaten Tswapong|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-8D9NBS?OpenDocument}}</ref> Bontlha jwa [[Namibia|Namibia]] bo ne jwa lebagana le merwalela le yone, mme puso e ne ya tsaya tsibosa e e rileng ,morago ga merwalela e e filileng mo dingwageng tse tharo , e e ileng ya ama bontlha bongwe jwa lefatshe.<ref>{{cite web|author=Felix Njini|publisher=The Southern Times|date=January 14, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Nam ready for floods|url=http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/article.php?title=Nam_ready__for_floods&id=5373|archive-date=January 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118075642/http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/article.php?title=Nam_ready__for_floods&id=5373|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== [[Botswana]] [[Zimbabwe]] [[South Aferica]] [[Zambia]] [[Namibia]] == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Karolo:Merwalela ya ngwaga wa 2010]]Borwa [[Karolo:Merwalela ya ngwaga wa 2011]] gng9leaxbidmfs5855y53qirbtb2kul 0 8634 55479 54463 2026-09-23T20:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55479 wikitext text/x-wiki Tunisia,e e itsegeng semmuso e le '''Rephaboliki ya''' Tunisia, ke [[Dinaga tsa Afrika|lefatshe]] le le kwa bokone jwa [[Aferika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url=https://www.tunisianembassy.org/|access-date=2021-09-30|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia}}</ref> Ke karolo ya kgaolo ya Maghreb ya [[Afrika Bokone|Aferika Bokone]], e tshwaraganetse molelwane le [[Algeria]] go ya kwa bophirima le borwabophirima, le [[Libya]] go ya kwa borwabotlhaba, le [[Lewatle la Mediterranean]] go ya kwa bokone le botlhaba. E na le mafelo a ditso a [[Carthage]] a a saleng a nna teng go tloga ka lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga, mmogo le Great Mosque ya [[Kairouan]]. E itsege ka kago ya yone ya bogologolo, marekisetso le bontle jwa lotshitshi la lewatle jo bo akaretsang 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), mme e na le baagi ba le dimilione di le 12,1. E akaretsa bokhutlo jwa botlhaba jwa [[Dithaba tsa Atlas]] le bokone jwa sekaka sa [[Sahara]]; bontsi jwa karolo e kgolo ya sebatla sa yone ke sa temo. Dikilometara di le 1,300 (810 mi) tsa lotshitshi ke tse go kopanang teng dikgaolo tsa Afrika tse di leng mo bophirima le botlhaba jwa Mediterranean Basin. [[Tunisia]] o ikanegile mo bokone jwa Aferika, ko makopanelong a [[Cape Angela]]; mme motsemogolo wa lone le toropokgolo ke Tunis, e e mo lotshitshing lwa bokonebotlhaba, mme e naya lefatshe leina la lone. Go simolola mo metlheng ya maloba, baagi ba tlholegilng kwaTunisia ke Ba-[[Imazighen]] . [[Phoenicia|Ba-Fenikia]] ba ile ba tla go thibelela koo morago mo lekgolong la bo12 la dingwaga BC, ba tlhoma metse e le mmalwa, mme [[Carthage]] e ne ya fetoga go nna le maatla mo lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga BC. Carthage e ne e le mmusomogolo wa [[:en:Mercantile|mercantile]] le batlhabani bagolo ba sesole kgatlhanong le [[Repaboliki ya Roma|Rephaboliki ya Roma]] go fitlha ka 146 BC, fa e ne e fenngwa ke Baroma ba saleng ba thibeletse mo Tunisia dingwaga di le makgolo a robabobedi tse di fitileng. Baroma ba ne ba tlisa [[Sekeresete|Bokeresete]] mme ba tlogela Amphitheatre ya El Jem e le ditso. Ba letso la [[Semoseleme]] ba ne ba fenya Tunisia mo lekgolong le bosupa la dingwaga AD, (e atlega go nna le dikgaolo di le 697 morago ga tse 647 kwa tshimologong), mme ba tlisa [[Boiselamo]] le [[Go Nna Moarabia|setso sa Searabia]] mo baaging ba lefelo leo. Morago ga moo, ka 1546, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa tlhoma taolo koo, mo dingwageng tse di fetang Makgolo a mararo, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1881, fa Bafora ba fenya Tunisia. Ka 1956, [[Boipuso jwa Tunisia|Tunisia e ne ya tsaya boipuso]] mme ya nna Rephaboliki ya Tunisia ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga [[Habib Bourguiba]] ka thuso ya batsosolosi jaaka Chedly Kallala, [[Farhat o Hutseditswe|Farhat]] Hached le [[Salah ben Youssef]]. Gompieno, setso le boitshupo jwa Tunisia di theilwe ka go kopana ga ditso le merafe e e farologanyeng go tswa bogologolong. Ka 2011, Dikgoberego tsa Tunisia, tse di neng di bakiwa ke go sa kgotsofalela kgololesego le temokerasi ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga tautona [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], ya dingwaga tse di masome mabedi le bone, di ile tsa menola puso ya gagwe mme tsa rotloetsa mokgatlho o mogolo wa Arab Spring go ralala kgaolo.Go ne ga nna le Ditlhopho tsa palamente tsa makoko a le mantsi moragonyana fela ga moo; lefatshe le ne la bowa gape la tshwara ditlhopho tsa palamente ka Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/|title=Tunisie : les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre}}</ref>, le tsa botautona Ngwanaatsele a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471}}</ref> Tunisia e ne ya nna repaboliki ya temokerasi ya boemedi jwa tautona morago ga referendum ya molaotheo ya 2022, Go tloga ka 2014 go ya kwa go 2020, Tunisia o ne a tsewa jaaka lefatshe le le nosi le le nag le kgololesego mo Lefatsheng la Maarabia, go ya ka Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html|title=Democracy Index 2021|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>, mme e ne ya tsewa e le puso ya boleng mo tshupaneng ya 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|access-date=2 March 2022|page=6–7|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ke lengwe la mafatshe a le mmalwa mo [[Aferika]] a a leng kwa godimo mo Human Development Index, le na le [[Lenaane la dinaga tsa Aforika ka GDP (PPP) ka motho|letseno le le kwa godimo go gaisa]] mo kontinenteng, le le mo maemong a bo 129 mo GDP ya letseno. Tunisia e kopantswe sentle le setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba. Ke leloko la United Nations, La [[Francophonie]], Arab League, OIC, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement, International Criminal Court, le Group of 77, gareng ga tse dingwe. E na le tirisano mmogo e e siameng le mafatshe a Yuropa mo go tsa itsholelo le sepolotiki, segolo jang Fora<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/tunisie/ "Tunisie – France-Diplomatie – Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international"]. </ref>, le Italy,<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe"].</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghanmi|first=Monia|date=12 September 2014|url=http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02|title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie|language=fr|work=Magharebia}}</ref> ka ntlha ya go kopanela molelwane. Tunisia gape e na le tumalano ya tirisanommogo le European Union mme e ne ya tsaya maemo a go sa nna mophato o mogolo wa Nato ya [[USA|United States]]. == Maina == Lefoko Tunisia le tswa mo go Tunis; e leng lefelo le le mo khubung ya toropo le motsemogolo wa ''Tunisia'' wa segompieno. Mokgwa wa leina leo wa segompieno, le kgolagano ya lone le Selatine ''{{Nowrap|-ia}}'', o tswa mo Seforeng {{Lang|fr|Tunisie}}<ref name="adrian2">{{cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/n394 385]|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7}}</ref>, mme gantsi o amanngwa le modi wa Berber, o o ranololwang e le {{Lang|ber-Latn|tns}}, o o rayang "go robala" kgotsa go "kampa".<ref name="peter-ross2">{{cite book|first1=Peter M.|last1=Rossi|first2=Wayne Edward|last2=White|title=Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal|publisher=Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]]|year=1980|page=132}}</ref> Nako tse dingwe o amanngwa le modimo wa sesadi wa Punic Tanith (kgotsa Tunit)<ref name="adrian2" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Isaac|title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|page=281|isbn=978-0-559-29668-0}}</ref>, le motse wa bogologolo wa Tynes.<ref name="adrian">{{Cite book}}</ref><ref name="hann-war2">{{cite book|title=[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|History of Rome]]|volume=Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=705|isbn=978-0-19-283159-0|author=[[Livy]]|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Yardley|editor2-last=Hoyos|editor2-first=Dexter|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Leina la Sefora la {{Lang|fr|Tunisie}} le ne la amogelwa mo dipuong dingwe tsa Yuropa ka diphetogo tse ditshesane, go tsenngwa leina le le kgethegileng go fa tlhaloso ya lefatshe. Dipuo tse dingwe di tlogetse leina le sa fetolwa ka gope, jaaka Se-Russia e leng Túни́с (Tunís) le [[Sespan|Se-Spain]] {{Lang|ru|Туни́с}}. Mo kgannyeng e, leina le le dirisiwa go kaya lefatshe le toropo, jaaka go ntse ka Searabia تونس, mme fela motho o ka kgona farologanya bobedi jo go ya ka se go buiwang ka sone. == Hisitori == === Bogologolo ===   Mekgwa ya temothuo ne ya fitlha kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile go tswa kgaolong ya Fertile Crescent kwa 5000 BC, mme ya anamela kwa Maghreb ka 4000 BC. Ka nako eo ,Ditšhaba tsa temothuo mo dipoeng tse di bongola tsa lotshitshi lwa bogare jwa Tunisia ke badimo ba merafe ya gompieno ya Berber. [[Setshwantsho:Carthaginianempire.PNG|left|thumb|Mafelo a a ikaegileng ka Carthage le a a sireleditsweng ka Dintwa tsa Punic.]] Mo bogologolong go ne go dumelwa fa Aferika a thamilwe ke morafe wa [[Gaetuli|Ba-Gaetuli]] le Ba-Libya, bobedi jo e ne e le bakgarakgatshegi. Go ya ka mokwadi wa hisitori wa Moroma Sallust, modingwana Hercules o ne a swela kwa Spain mme masole a gagwe a a buwa dipuo tse di farologaneng kwa botlhaba ba ne ba tlogelwa go nna mo lefelong leo, fa ba bangwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa [[Aferika]]. Baperesia ba ne ba tsamaela kwa Bophirima mme ba nyalana le Ba-Gaetuli mme ba fetoga nna Ba-Numidia. Ba-Meda ba ne ba nna foo mme ba itsiwe jaaka Mauri, moragonyana Moors.<ref>Banjamin Isaac, ''The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity'', Princeton University Press, 2013 p.147</ref> Ba-Numidia le Ba-Moor ba ne ba tswa mo morafeng o e leng gore Ba-Berber ba ne ba tswa mo go one. Tlhaloso ya re Numidian ke Nomad mme tota batho ba e ne e le bakgarakgatshegi go fitlha ka puso ya Masinissa ya morafe wa Massyli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com/carthage-numidians.htm|title=Carthage and the Numidians|publisher=Hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331154523/http://hannibalbarca.webspace.virginmedia.com/carthage-numidians.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/II40-57.html|title=Numidians (DBA II/40) and Moors (DBA II/57)|publisher=Fanaticus.org|date=12 December 2001|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024947/http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/II40-57.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong go ya ka hisitori e e kwadilweng, morafe wa [[Batho ba Ba-Berber|Berber]] ke one baagi ba Tunisia. Lotshitshi lwa yone lo agilwe ke Ba-Fenike bogologo mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga BC (Bizerte, Utica). Toropo ya Carthage e theilwe mo lekgolong la bo9 la dingwaga BC ke Bafenikia. Bathami ba bolela gore Dido go tswa kwa Ture, yo jaanong e leng Lebanona wa segompieno, o tlhomilwe toropo ka 814 BC, se se buiwa gape ke mokwadi wa Mogerika Timaeus wa Tauromenium. Baagi ba Carthage ba ne ba tisa ditso le tumelo ya bone go tswa kwa Phoenicia, e jaanong e leng Lebanon le mafelo a a bapileng le ene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Administration/Committees/documents/TheCityofCarthage.pdf|title=The City of Carthage: From Dido to the Arab Conquest|access-date=8 January 2013|archive-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810075556/http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Administration/Committees/documents/TheCityofCarthage.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Morago ga dintwa tse di tlhomaganeng le ditoropo tsa Gerika tsa Sicily mo lekgolong la botlhano la dingwaga BC, Carthage e ne ya nna maatla mme kgabagare ya nna yone toropo e e thabologileng thata mo Bophirima jwa [[Mediterranean]]. Batho ba Carthage ba ne ba obamela medimo ya Botlhabagare ka go farologana ba akaretsa [[Baale]] le [[Tanit]]. Letshwao la ga Tanit, le e leng setshwantsho sa mosadi se se nang le matsogo a a atlolotsweng le seaparo se seleele, ke setshwantsho se se fitlhelwang mo mafelong a bogologolo ebile se itsege thata. Batlhami ba Carthage gape ba ne ba tlhoma [[Tophet]], e e neng ya fetolwa mo metlheng ya Roma. [[Setshwantsho:Mommsen_p265.jpg|left|thumb|Sefikantswe sa mogenerale wa Carthage Hannibal Barca]] Tlhaselo ya Carthage ya Italy e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Hannibal]] ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Punic]], e le nngwe ya dintwa tse di latelenang kgatlhanong le Roma, ene ya batla go kgoreletsa go gola ga Roma go nna le maatla. Go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Punic ka 202 BC, Carthage o ne a bereka jaaka moemedi wa Rephaboliki ya Roma dingwaga di le masome matlhano ka go latelana .<ref>[[Appian]]. </ref> Morago ga [[Ntwa ya Carthage (c. 149 BC)|Ntwa ya Carthage]] e e simologileng ka 149 BC ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Boraro ya Punic]], Roma e ne ya fenya Carthage ka 146 BC{{sfn|Steel|2013|p=9–10}}. Morago ga phenyo ya bone, Baroma ba ne ba fetola leina la Carthage go nna [[Afrika (Porofense ya Roma)|Aferika]], ba e kopanya jaaka porofense. Ka nako ya puso ya Roma, lefelo le jaanong e leng Tunisia le ne la itumelela ditlhabologo tse dikgolo thata. Itsholelo, bogolo jang ka nako ya Mmusomogolo, e ne ya gola: khumo ya lefelo le e ne e ikaegile ka temothuo.Granary of the Empire jaaka le bidiwa, e lengTunisia le lotshitshi la [[Tripolitania]] , le ne le ntsha ditone di le milione o le mongwe tsa mabele ngwaga le ngwaga, mme kwatara ya tsone e ne e romelwa kwa Mmusomogolong, go ya ka kakanyetso nngwe. Dijalo tse dingwe di ne di akaretsa dinawa, difeige, morara le maungo a mangwe. [[Setshwantsho:Temple_du_Capitole_(Dougga).JPG|thumb|Marope a Lefelo la Boswa Jwa Lefatshe la Dougga]] Mo lekgolong la bobedi la dingwaga, kagaisano ya tse di romelwang kwa ntle e ne e le magare ga oli ya motlhware le mabele. Mo godimo ga temo le go tshwara le go tsaya diphologolo tse di sa tlwaelesegang tsa naga go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa bophirima, tse dikgolo go dirwa lego romelwa kwa ntle di ne di akaretsa matsela, mmabole, beine, logong, diruiwa, dilo tsa letsopa jaaka African Red Slip, le wulu. Go ne go na le dilo tse dintsi tsa mosaics le letsopa, tse di neng di romelwa kwa Italy, mo kgaolong ya legare ya El [[Djem]] (kwa go neng go na le lefelo la bobedi le legolo mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma). Bishopo wa Berber [[Donatus Magnus]] e ne e le mosimolodi wa setlhopha sa Bokeresete se se itsegeng ka [[Donatists]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/169009/Donatist|title=Donatist|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>. Mo lekgolong la botlhano le la borataro la dingwaga (go tloga ka 430 go ya go 533 AD), Majeremane a Ba-Vandal ba ne ba tlhasela le go busa kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Aforika bo akaretsa Tripoli wa gompieno. Kgaolo eno e ne ya fengwa gape motlhofo ka 533 Xi 534 AD, ka nako ya puso ya Mmusimogolo [[Justinian I]], ke [[Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium|Baroma ba Botlhaba]] ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Moeteledi pele mogolo [[Belisarius]].<ref>Bury, John Bagnell (1958) ''History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian'', Part 2, Courier Corporation. pp.124–148</ref> === Metlha ya Bogare ===   [[Setshwantsho:Statue_de_Okba_ibn_Nafi_al_Fihri_en_Algérie.jpg|thumb|Uqba ibn Nafi o ne a etelela pele phenyo ya Ba-Umayyad ya Tunisia kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga]] Mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo7 la dingwaga le karolo ya ntlha ya lekgolo la bo8 la dingwaga, phenyo ya Baarabia ba mamoseleme e ne ya diragala mo kgaolong eo. Ba ne ba tlhoma toropo ya bone ya ntlha ya Boiselamo kwa Bokonebophirima jwa [[Aferika]], Kairouan. toropo ena e ne e le teng ka 670 AD fa [[Mosque ya Uqba]], kgotsa Mosque o mogolo wa Kairouan, o ne o agiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA302|date=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|page=302}}</ref> Mosque o ke lefelo la bogologolo le le boitshepo le le tlotlegang thata kwa Bophirima jwa Bamoseleme o o nang le [[Minaret|tora]] ya bogologolo go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng;<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA264|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15388-2|page=264}}</ref> gape e tsewa e le tiro ya botswerere ya botaki le dikago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kairouan.org/en/culture/unesco.htm|title=Kairouan inscription as World Heritage|publisher=Kairouan.org|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422091651/http://www.kairouan.org/en/culture/unesco.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tunis e ne ya gapiwa ka 695, ya gapiwa gape ke Baroma ba Botlhaba ba Byzantium ka 697, mme ya latlhegelwa go ya go ile ka 698. Phetogo go tswa mo mokgatlhong wa Bakeresete ba Berber ba ba buang Selatine go ya kwa mokgatlhong o o buang Searabia e tsere dingwaga di feta 400 (tsamaiso e e tshwanang kwa Egepeto le Fertile Crescent e tsere mengwaga e le 600) mme ya felela ka go nyelela ga Bakeresete le Selatine mo lekgolong la bo12 kgotsa la bo13 la dingwaga. Bontsi jwa baagi e ne e se Bamoseleme go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga; bontsi bo ne bo le mo lekgolong la bo10 la dingwaga. Gape, Bakeresete bangwe ba Tunisia ba ne ba fuduga; bangwe ba ba humileng ba setšhaba ba ne ba dira jalo morago ga phenyo ka 698 mme ba bangwe ba ne ba amogelwa ke babusi ba Norman kwa Sicily kgotsa Italy mo lekgolong la bo11 le la bo12 la dingwaga, e leng lefelo le le neng le le le neng la ya kwa go lone ka ntlha ya go amana ga dikgaolo tse pedi ka dingwaga di le 1200.<ref>Jonathan Conant (2012). </ref> Babusi ba Baarabia ba Tunis ba ne ba tlhoma [[Aghlabids|losika lwa segosi lwa Aghlabid]], lo lo neng la busa Tunisia, [[Tripolitania]] le botlhaba jwa Algeria go tloga ka 800 go ya go 909.<ref name="lapidus" /> Tunisia e ne ya atlega ka fa tlase ga puso ya Baarabia fa go ne go agiwa ditsamaiso tse di anameng go tlamela ditoropo ka metsi a a dirisiwang mo magaeng le go nosetsa a a neng a rotloetsa temothuo (segolobogolo temothuong ya motlhware).<ref name="lapidus">{{Cite book|pages=302–303}}</ref><ref name="tunisia-lp2">{{cite book|last1=Ham|first1=Anthony|last2=Hole|first2=Abigail|last3=Willett|first3=David.|title=Tunisia|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|edition=3|page=65|isbn=978-1-74104-189-7}}</ref>Katlego eo e ne ya dira gore go nne le botshelo jwa manobonobo kwa kgotleng mme e ne ya tshwaiwa ke go agiwa ga metse e mesha ya segosi jaaka al-Abbasiya (809) le Raq Adda (877).<ref name="lapidus" /> Morago ga go fenya Cairo, Ba-Fatimid ba ne ba tlogela Tunisia le dikarolo tsa Algeria Botlhaba go ya go Ba-Zirid ka (972 Xi1148).<ref name="stearns">{{Cite book|pages=129–131}}</ref> Zirid Tunisia e ne ya atlega mo mafelong a le mantsi: temothuo, madirelo, kgwebo, le thuto ya sedumedi le ya boitshediso.<ref name="locfatamids2">{{cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th.|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA852|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08265-6|page=852}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, beteledipele jwa Zirid emirs bo ne bo itlhokomolositse se, pheletsong sa amangwa le sepolotiki se se sa iketlang mme se sa baka kwelo tlase mo go tsa kgwebo le temothuo kwa Tunisia.<ref name="lapidus"/><ref name="islamic-dynasties">{{Cite book|pages=105–112}}</ref><ref name="history-of-africa">{{Cite book|pages=171–173}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Panorama_of_the_courtyard_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.jpg|thumb|Matlhatlaganyane a Great Mosque ya Kairouan. E simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 670, e simolotse ka sebopego sa yone sa jaanong go tloga ka nako ya Aghlabid (lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga). Ke mosque wa bogologolo go di feta tsotlhe mo Maghreb.]] Go senngwa ga ipapatso ya Tunisia ke [[Banu Hilal]], morafe o o ratang ntwa wa Baarabia wa Bedouin o o neng o rotloediwa ke Ba-Fatimid ba Egepeto go gapa Aforika wa Bokonebophirima, go ne ga dira gore itsholelo ya selegae le ya ditoropo e wele tlase.<ref name="stearns"/> Maduo a se a ne a baka gore batho ba fudugele kwa toropong mme palo ya batho ya nna potlana, madirelo le one a fetoga go tswa mo temothuong go tsena mo tirong ya diatla.<ref>Abulafia, ''The Norman Kingdom of Africa'', 27.</ref> Mokwalahisitori wa Moarabia [[Ibn Khaldun]] o kwadile gore dinaga tse di sentsweng ke batlhasedi ba Banu Hilal di fetogile sekaka se se omeletseng.<ref name="islamic-dynasties"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm|title=Populations Crises and Population Cycles, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell|publisher=Galtoninstitute.org.uk|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527170154/http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ditoropodikgolo tsa Tunisia di ne tsa fenngwa ke Ba-Norman ba Sicily ka fa tlase ga [[Bogosi jwa Afrika]] mo lekgolong la bo12 la dingwaga, mme [[Ba-Norman|Ba-Normand]] ba ne ba fudusediwa kwa [[Sicily|Sicily,]] morago ga phenyo ya Tunisia ka 1159 le1160 ke [[Ba-Almohad]]. Ditlhopha tsa Bakeresete ba Tunisia di ne tsa nna teng kwa [[Nefzaoua]] go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo14 la dingwaga<ref name="hrbek2">{{cite book|last1=Hrbek|first1=Ivan|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century|date=1992|publisher=UNESCO. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey|isbn=0852550936|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA34}}</ref>. Ba-Almohad ba ne ba busa Tunisia ka mmusi, thatathata wa losika lwa ga Caliph. Go sa kgathalesege bolengteng jwa barena ba basha, lefatshe le, le ne le tshabelelwa ke dikhuduego le dintwa tse di tsweletseng pele fa gare ga batho ba motse, Baarabia le Ba-Turkey ba ba neng ba gwanta mo mekgwatlheng, ba neng ba amangwa le motlhasedi wa Mo-Armenia wa Momoselema e bong Karakush.. [[Ba-Ayyubid]] le bone ba ne ba thibelela kwa Tunisia magareng ga 1182 le 1183 le1184 le 1187.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2013.010|title=Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib|journal=Al-Qanṭara|volume=34|issue=2|pages=267–295|year=2013|last1=Baadj|first1=Amar|doi-access=free}}</ref> Matshosetsi a magolo a puso ya Ba-Almohad kwa Tunisia e ne e le Ba-Banu Ghaniya, masika a [[Ba-Almoravid]], ba ba neng ba leka go busetsa puso ya Ba'Almohad mo Maghreb go tswa kwa ba thibeletseng teng kwa [[Mallorca]]. ba ne ba atlega mo go busengTunisia wotlhe ka 1200 go fitlha ba fenngwa ke masole a Almohad ka 1207. Morago ga katlego ee, Ba-Almohad ba ne ba tlhoma Walid Abu Hafs jaaka mmusi wa Tunisia. Tunisia o ne a tswelela a nna karolo ya puso ya Almohad, go fitlha ka 1230 fa morwa Abu Hafs a ipolela fa a ikemetse. Ka nako ya puso ya [[Losika lwa segosi lwa Ba-Hafsid|losika lwa segosi lwa]] Hafsid, botsalano ka tsa kgwebo tse di nang le maungo di ne tsa tlhomiwa le makgotla a le mmalwa a Bakeresete a Mediterranean. Kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga, lotshitshi lo ne la nna boremelelo jwa dirukutlhi. === Tunisia ya Ba-Ottoman === Mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bogosi jwa Hafsid, Spain e ne ya gapa metse e e fa lotshitshing e le mentsi, mme e ne ya busediwa ke [[Mmusomogolo wa Ba-Ottoman|Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman]] . [[Setshwantsho:Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg|left|thumb|Go fenngwa ga Tunis ke Charles V le go gololwa ga makgoba a dikepe a Bakeresete ka 1535]] Ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha]] morwarraagwe Oruç Reis, yo e neng e le [[Kapudan Pasha]] wa Ottoman Fleet ka nako ya puso ya ga [[Suleiman yo Mogolo|Suleiman the Magnificent]] , [[Go fenngwa ga Tunis (1534)|Ba-Ottoman wa Tunis]] o ne a nna le phenyo ya ntlha ka 1534. Le fa go ntse jalo, Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba gapa Tunisia gape go tswa kwa Spain ka 1574 ka fa tlase ga Kapudan Pasha [[Uluç Ali Reis]] fa Ba-Attoman ba gapa se pele e neng e le [[Hisitori ya Tunisia ya bogare|Hafsid Tunisia]], ba se boloka go fitlha Bafora ba gapa Tunis ka 1881. Kafa tlase ga puso ya Turkey go tswa kwa Algiers, Ottoman Porte e ne ya tlhoma mmusi yo o bidiwang [[Pasha]] ka kemonokeng ya masole a [[Maina a a kwa tlase|Janissary]] kwa [[Tunisia|Tunis]]. Mme, Tunisia e ne ya nna porofense e e ikemetseng ka nosi, ka fa tlase ga [[bey]] ya selegae. Ka fa tlase ga babusi ba Turkey, ba-beys, Tunisia e ne ya bona boipuso. losika lwa ga Hussein lwa bo-beys, lo lo neng lwa tlhomiwa ka 1705, lo ne lwa tswelela go fitlha ka 1957<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2137-8|page=55}}</ref>. Ka nako tsotlhe diphetogo tse di ne gwetlhiwa ke Algiers mme di sa atlege. Ka nakong eo, dikhansele tse di laolang tse di neng di laola Tunisia di ne di sa ntse di dirilwe ke bontsi jwa batswakwa ba ba neng ba tsweletse ka go dira kgwebo ya puso ka [[puo ya Se-Turkey]]. Ditlhaselo mo dikepeng tsa Yuropa di ne di dirwa ke batsamaisi ba dikepe, thata go tswa kwa Algiers le Tunis le [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], le fa go ntse jalo ditlhaselo di ne tsa wela tlase, Yuropa o ne a nna le maatla mme kgabagare a pateletsa gore di fedisiwe. Ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman, melelwane ya Tunisia e ne ya khutla; mme a latlhegelwa ke taolo kwa bophirima (Constantine) le kwa botlhaba (Tripoli). [[Setshwantsho:St_Louis_Cathedral_-_Carthage_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg|thumb|St Louis Cathedral - Carthage - Tunisia - 1899]] Leroborobo le ne la tlhasela Tunisia ka 1784 go ya go1785, 1796 go ya go1797 le 1818go ya go 1820.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panzac|first=Daniel|title=Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800–1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C&pg=PA309|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-12594-0|page=309}}</ref> Mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, babusi ba Tunisia ba ne ba lemoga maiteko a a tsweletseng a go fetola sepolotiki le loago mo motsemogolong wa Ottoman. Bey wa Tunis ka nako eo, ka dipone tsa gagwe a tsaya sekao ka Turkey, o ne a leka go dira ditlhabologo tsa segompieno tsa mekgatlho le itsholelo.<ref name="Clancy-Smith19972">{{cite book|last=Clancy-Smith|first=Julia A.|title=Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800–1904)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCtcGPHOxIC&pg=PA157|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92037-8|page=157}}</ref> Sekoloto sa boditšhabatšhaba sa Tunisia se ne sa gola go feta dikakanyo. Seno e ne e le lebaka kgotsa seipato sa gore masole a Fora a tlhome puso e e sireletsang ka 1881. === Tunisia ya Sefora (1881-1956) === [[Setshwantsho:A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis,_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg|thumb|Tanka ya Boritane e ralala Tunis morago ga gore motse o tsewe mo masoleng a Axis, ka 8 Motsheganong 1943]] Ka 1869, Lefatshe la Tunisia le ne la ipolela fa le sa kgone go duela mme komiti ya madi ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya tsaya taolo ya itsholelo ya lone. Ka 1881, Bafora ba ne ba tlhasela Tunisia ka masole a ka nna 36 000 ba dirisa seipato sa gore o tlhasetse [[Algeria]], mme ba pateletsa Bey go dumalana le ditsetana tsa 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id).<ref>{{cite book|last=Gearon|first=Eamonn|title=The Sahara: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKh_21ZERH4C&pg=PA117|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986195-8|page=117}}</ref> Ka tumalano e, Tunisia e ne ya dirwa [[Go thopiwa ga Tunisia ke Fora|puso ya Fora]] semmuso, le fa Italy e ne e sa dumalane le se. Ka fa tlase ga bokolone jwa Fora, g Bayuropa ba ne ba rotloediwa go fudugela kwa lefatsheng leo thata; palo ya bakolone ba Fora e ne ya gola go tswa go 34 000 ka 1906 go ya go 144 000 ka 1945. Ka 1910 go ne go na le Ma-Italy a le 105,000 kwa Tunisia. Ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe II]], Tunisia ya Sefora e ne e laolwa ke puso ya [[Vichy Fora|Vichy]] kwa Metropolitan France, [[Molao wa Vichy o o kgatlhanong le Bajuda|Molao]] o o kgatlhanong le Bajuta o o neng o tlhomilwe ke puso ya Vichy o ne wa tsenngwa mo tirisong kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Aferika e e laolwang ke Vichy le mafelo a mangwe a Fora a a kwa moseja. Ka jalo, pogiso, le polao ya Bajuta go tloga ka 1940 go ya go 1943 e ne e le karolo ya Polao ya Kgailo kwa Fora. Ka Ngwanaatsele 1942 go fitlha ka Motsheganong 1943, bontlha jwa Tunisia jo bo neng bo laolwa ke Vichy bo ne jwa gapiwa ke Jeremane. SS Commander [[Walter Rauff]] o ne a tswelela go tsenya mo tirisong "Tshwetso ya Bofelo" koo. Go tloga ka 1942 go ya go 1943, Tunisia e ne e le boremelelo jwa jwa [[Letsholo la Tunisia|ipapatso ya Tunisia]], dintwa tse di sa feleng magareng ga masole a [[Mebuso ya Axis|Axis]] le Allied. Ntwa e, e simolotse ka katlego ya ntlha ya masole a Jeremane le a Italy, mme go nna le dijo tse dintsi le palo e e kwa godimo ya Balekane go ne ga dira gore [[Letsholo la Tunisia|Axis e ineele]] ka Motsheganong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro 1943.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Williamson|author-link=Gordon Williamson (writer)|title=Afrikakorps 1941–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1c44ccxC_sC&pg=PA24|year=1991|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-85532-130-4|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Michael A.|title=The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eHKE9NIwbMC&pg=PA199|year=2010|publisher=Zenith Imprint|isbn=978-0-7603-3780-6|page=199}}</ref> Letsholo la dikgwedi di le thataro la go golola Tunisia mo pusong ya Axis le ne la supa bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II mo Afrika. === Go Lwela Boipuso (1943-1956) === === Morago ga boipuso (1956-2011) === [[Setshwantsho:Habib_Bourguiba_portrait4.jpg|thumb|214x214px|Habib Bourguiba e ne e le Tautona wa ntlha wa Tunisia, go tloga ka 1957 go fitlha ka 1987]] Tunisia e ne ya bona boipuso go tswa kwa Fora ka Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi ka 1956 le [[Habib Bourguiba]] e le Tonakgolo<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14107720|title=Tunisia profile|date=2017-11-01|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-05|language=en-GB}}</ref>. Boipuso jwa Tunisia bo ketekwa Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi ngwaga le ngwaga .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00016135.html|title=Tunisia Celebrates Independence Day|date=20 March 2012|access-date=19 March 2019|website=[[AllAfrica.com]]|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708180546/https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00016135.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ngwaga morago ga moo, Tunisia e ne ya bolelwa e le repaboliki, mme Bourguiba e le ene Tautona wa ntlha.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite news|title=Habib Bourguiba: Father of Tunisia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/703907.stm|publisher=BBC|date=6 April 2000}}</ref> Go tloga ka boipuso ka 1956 go fitlha ka phetogo ya 2011, puso le Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), [[Neo Destour]] le Socialist Destourian Party, ba ne ba le bangwe. Morago ga pego ya [[Amnesty International]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' e ne ya bitsa Tunisia "lengwe la Mafatshe a segompieno mme a gatelela mo lefatsheng la Maarabia".<ref>{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/13/amnesty-criticises-tunisia-human-rights|title=Amnesty International censures Tunisia over human rights|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2010|access-date=19 January 2013|location=London}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 1987, dingaka di ne tsa bolela gore Bourguiba ga a itekanela go busa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/703907.stm|title=Habib Bourguiba: Father of Tunisia|website=BBC News|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>,, mme ka go menola puso ntleng le tshololo ya madi, Tonakgolo Zine El Abidine Ben Ali o ne a tsaya maemo a go nna tautona go ya ka Molawana wa 57 wa [[molaotheo wa Tunisia]].<ref name="BBC2"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/07/world/a-coup-is-reported-in-tunisia.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Coup Is Reported in Tunisia|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Segopotso sa go tlhatlhama ga ga Ben Ali, Ngwanaatsele a tlhola malatsi a supa, se ne sa ketekwa jaaka letsatsi la boitapoloso la bosetšhaba. O ne a tlhophiwa gape ka bontsi jo bogolo morago ga ngwaga tse tlhano makgetho a le mantsi (go feta 80 lekgolong ya ditlhopho), la bofelo e ne e le kaPhalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 2009, go fitlha a tshaba mo lefatsheng leo ka ntlha ya dikhuduego tsa batho ka Hirikgong 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vely|first=Yannick|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Ben-Ali-tunisie-election-143751|title=Ben Ali, sans discussion|publisher=ParisMatch.com|date=23 November 2009|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Ben Ali le ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba latofadiwa ka tshenyetso setshaba le go gopela itsholelo ya lefatshe.<ref name="sandiegounion-tribune.com">{{Cite web|last=Ganley|first=Elaine|url=http://www.sandiegounion-tribune.com/news/2011/jan/17/tunisians-hail-fall-of-ex-leaders-corrupt-family/|title=Tunisians hail fall of ex-leader's corrupt family|publisher=Sandiegounion-tribune.com|date=17 January 2011|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003853/http://www.sandiegounion-tribune.com/news/2011/jan/17/tunisians-hail-fall-of-ex-leaders-corrupt-family/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Balwela Kgololesego ya itsholelo ba ne ba kaya ditshono tse dingwe tsa go sa dirise madi sentle,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|s2cid=154822868|date=2013|title=The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia|journal=Mediterranean Politics|volume=18|issue=1|pages=23–41|doi=10.1080/13629395.2012.761475}}</ref> fa maloko a a bosula a lelwapa la ga Trabelsi, segolobogolo ba ba gaufi le [[Trabelsi yo o Tlhomilweng|Imed Trabelsi]] le [[Belhassen Trabelsi]] ba ne ba laola mohama wa tsa kgwebo ka bontsi mo lefatsheng. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radicalparty.org/it/node/5065065|title=Tunisie: comment s'enrichit le clan Ben Ali?|publisher=RadicalParty.org|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Mohumagadi wa ntlha [[Leila Ben Ali]] o ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka "motho yo o tshwakgotsweng ke mabenkele" ebile gokaiwa fa a dirisa sefofane sa puso go tsaya maeto a a seng kafa molaong go ya kwa ditoropong tsa difeshene tsa Yuropa.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Caught in the Net: Tunisia's First Lady|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/12/13/caught_in_the_net_tunisias_first_lady|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=13 December 2007}}</ref> Tunisia e ganne kopo ya Fora ya go ntsha ditlogolo tse pedi tsa ga Tautona, go tswa mo letlhakoreng la ga Leila, ba ba neng ba bonwa molato wa go utswana dikepe tse dikgolo tse pedi kwa boemakepeng jwa Fora ke mosekisi wa Puso ya Fora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lci.tf1.fr/france/justice/2009-09/un-trafic-de-yachts-entre-la-france-et-la-tunisie-en-proces-4865862.html|title=Ajaccio – Un trafic de yachts entre la France et la Tunisie en procès|date=30 September 2009|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204309/http://lci.tf1.fr/france/justice/2009-09/un-trafic-de-yachts-entre-la-france-et-la-tunisie-en-proces-4865862.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Go ya ka Le Monde, mogwe wa ga Ben Ali o ne a siametse go tsaya puso ya lefatshe leo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Florence Beaugé|url=http://www.tunisiawatch.com/?p=1141|title=Le parcours fulgurant de Sakhr El-Materi, gendre du président tunisien Ben Ali|website=Le Monde|date=24 October 2009|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=21 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121043720/http://www.tunisiawatch.com/?p=1141|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mekgatlo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e e ikemetseng ka nosi, jaaka [[Amnesty International]], [[Freedom House]], le Protection International, di kwadile gore go ne ga nna kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa setho tse di tlwaelesegileng le tsa sepolotiki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia|title=Tunisia|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protectionline.org/Kamel-Jendoubi-Sihem-Bensedrine.html|title=Protectionline.org|publisher=Protectionline.org|date=18 January 2010|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429093617/http://www.protectionline.org/Kamel-Jendoubi-Sihem-Bensedrine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ba kaya fa puso e ne e kgoreletsa tiro ya makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa batho a selegae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/053/article_27950.asp|title=Droits de l'Homme : après le harcèlement, l'asphyxie|publisher=RFI.fr|date=16 December 2004|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=5 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505125306/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/053/article_27950.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka 2008, go ya ka [[kgololesego ya go gatisa]], Tunisia e ne e le mo maemong a bo 143 mo go a le 173.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.rsf.org/dans-le-monde-de-l-apres-11-22-10-2008,28879|title=Dans le monde de l'après-11 septembre, seule la paix protège les libertés|publisher=RSF.org|date=22 October 2008|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-date=14 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114230027/http://fr.rsf.org/dans-le-monde-de-l-apres-11-22-10-2008,28879|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Morago ga phetogo (go tloga ka 2011) === [[Setshwantsho:Tunisia_Unrest_-_VOA_-_Tunis_14_Jan_2011_(2).jpg|thumb|226x226px|Tunisia ka 14 Hirikgong 2011 ka nako ya Phetogo e Kgolo ya Tunisia]] Diphetogo tsa Tunisia e ne e le letsholo le le tseneletseng la [[Kganetso ya Setšhaba|kganetso ya selegae]] le le neng le tlhotlhelediwa ke letlhoko la ditiro, [[Go oketsega ga dijo|tlhaelo ya dijo]], [[Bonweenwee|Tshenyetso Sechaba]],<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Yasmine Ryan]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/2011126121815985483.html|title=How Tunisia's revolution began|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=26 January 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/15/133592.html|title=Wikileaks might have triggered Tunis' revolution|work=Alarabiya|date=15 January 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref>go tlhoka [[Kgololesego ya go bua|kgololesego ya puo]] le kgololesego mo go tsa sepolotiki <ref>{{Cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-US-warns-Middle-East-to-reform-or-be-overthrown.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010045358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-Reform-or-be-overthrown-US-tells-Arab-states-amid-fresh-riots.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots|work=The Telegraph|date=13 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011|location=London|archivedate=10 October 2017|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010045358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-Reform-or-be-overthrown-US-tells-Arab-states-amid-fresh-riots.html}}</ref>le go tshelelela mo lehumeng.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Yasmine|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111614145839362.html|title=Tunisia's bitter cyberwar|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=16 January 2011|date=14 January 2011}}</ref> Diyuniti tsa badiri di ne di bolelwa e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya ditshupetso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11792083&Itemid=347|title=Trade unions: the revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia|publisher=Defenddemocracy.org|access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> Ditshupetso di tlhotlheleditse Arab Spring, letsholo la ditiro tse di tshwanang go ralala lefatshe la Maarabia. Loso lwa ga [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] le ne la gwetlha gore go nne le ditshupiso tsa morafe, mogwebi yo mo botlana wa dingwaga di le masome mabedi le borataro wa Tunisia, yo o neng a ikgapela botshelo ka go itshuba ka molelo Sedimonthole a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2010 a ngongoregela go gapiwa ga dithoto tsa gagwe le go nyenyefadiwa ke modiredi wa mmasepala yo o bidiwang [[Faida Hamdy]]. Shakgalo le tshenyo di ne tsa oketsega morago ga loso lwa ga Bouazizi Hirekgong a tlhola malatsi a le mane ka 2011, mme seno se ne sa dira gore Moporesidente wa nako e telele [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] a tlogele tiro mme a siye mo lefatsheng ka Hirikgong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bone ka 2011, morago ga dingwaga di le 23 a le mo pusong. Ditshupetso di ne tsa tswelela go thibela mokgatlho o o busang le go ntsha maloko otlhe a one mo pusong ya phetogo e e neng e tlhomilwe ke [[Mohammed Ghannouchi]]. Kgabagare puso e ntšhwa e ne ya ineela mo dilong tse di neng di batliwa. Kgotlatshekelo ya Tunisia e ne ya thibela mokgatlho o o tswang mo pusong wa RCD mme ya gapa didirisiwa tsotlhe tsa one. Taelo ya tona ya selegae e ne ya thibela tiriso ya "mapodise a sepolotiki", masole a a kgethegileng a a neng a dirisiwa go tshosetsa le go bogisa boradipolotiki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/01/137_80292.html|title=When fleeing Tunisia, don't forget the gold|newspaper=Korea Times|date=25 January 2011|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 2011, moporesidente wa nakwana o ne a itsise gore [[Ditlhopho tsa Kokoano ya Molaotheo ya Tunisia, 2011|ditlhopho tsa Kokoano ya Molaotheo]] di tla tshwarwa ka Phukwi a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Interim President Announces Election of National Constituent Assembly on July 24|date=3 March 2011|newspaper=Tunis Afrique Presse}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a le boferabongwe ka 2011, tonakgolo o ne a itsise gore ditlhopho di tla tlosoloswa go fitlha ka 23 Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisian PM Announces October Date for Elections|date=9 June 2011|newspaper=BBC Monitoring Middle East}}</ref> Balebeledi ba ditlhpho ba boditšhabatšhaba le ba mo gae ba ne ba bolela fa ditlhopho di ne di gololesegile e bile di siame. Ennahda Movement, Mokgatlho o pele e neng e thibetswe ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Ben Ali, e ne ya tswa mo ditlhophong e le lekoko le legolo, le na le ditilo di le 89 mo palong ya di le 217.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia Moves to the Next Stage|newspaper=Middle East Report|date=8 November 2011|url=http://merip.org/mero/mero110811|access-date=1 January 2019|archivedate=15 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915101944/https://www.merip.org/mero/mero110811}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi 2011, [[Moncef Marzouki]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former dissident sworn in as Tunisia's president|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/tunisia-president-moncef-marzouki.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=13 December 2011|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2012, Ennahda e ne ya bolela fa e sa eme nokeng Sharia go nna motswedi o mogolo wa molao metheo mo molaong o montsha wa go tshegetsa mokgwa wa lefatshe wa naga. Maikemisetso a ga Ennahda mo kgannyeng e a ne a kgalwa ke Baiselamo ba ba gagametseng, ba ba neng ba sharia e e gagametseng mme ba ne ba amogelwa ke makoko a lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party|date=27 March 2012|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/27/203529.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le marataro ka 2013, [[Chokri Belaid]], moeteledipele wa kganetso ya lefela e bile e le moganetsi yo o tumileng wa ga Ennahda, o ne a bolawa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisian opposition leader Chokri Belaid shot dead outside his home|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-fg-wn-tunisian-leader-assassinated-20130206,0,4371497.story|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=18 February 2013|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman|date=6 February 2013}}</ref> Ka 2014, Moporesidente [[Moncef Marzouki]] o ne a tlhoma Khomišene ya Boammaaruri le Boitsholo ya Tunisia, e le maiteko a go boseletsa kagiso mo sechabeng. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|title=Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission|website=UNDP|date=9 June 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030751/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tunisia e ne ya tlhaselwa gabedi mo mohameng wa bajanala ke dirukhuthi tsa mafatshe a sele ka 2015, la ntlha go bolawa batho ba le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]], mme moragonya ga bolawa batho bale masome mararo le borobabobedi kwa Sousse beachfront. Tautona wa Tunisia e bong [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] o ne a ntšhafatsa maemo a tshoganyetso ka Phalane ka dikgwedi tse dingwe tse tharo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/why-is-the-state-of-emergency-renewed-three-times-tunisia.html|title=The real reason Tunisia renewed its state of emergency}}</ref> Setlhopha sa Tunisia sa Dialogue Quartet sene sa fenya tlotla ya [[Kagiso ya Nobel]] ya 2015 ka ntlha ya tiro ya sone ya go aga kagiso le sepolotiki se se tlhomameng mo Tunisia.<ref>"The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". </ref> ==== Boporesidente jwa Kais Saied (2019-go fitlha jaanong) ==== Tautona wa ntlha wa Tunisia yo o tlhophilweng ka fa molaong e bong [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] o tlhokafetse ka Phukwi 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi dies aged 92|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190725-tunisia-president-essebsi-dies-aged-92|work=France 24|date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke [[Kais Saied]] go nna tautona wa Tunisia morago ga phenyo ya gagwe e kgolo mo [[Ditlhopho tsa boporesidente tsa Tunisia tsa 2019|ditlhophong tsa bo tautona tsa Tunisia tsa 2019]] ka Phalane.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-14|title=Tunisia election: Kais Saied to become president|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50032460}}</ref> Ka Phalane a tlhola matsi a le masome mabedi le boraro 2019, Kais Saied o ne a ikanisiwa go nna Tautona yo mosha wa Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191023-tunisia-s-new-president-sworn-in-after-surprise-election-win|work=France 24|date=23 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> Ka Phukwi a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mebedi le botlhano ka 2021, mo ditshupetsong tse di tsweletseng pele tebang le go sa dire sentle ga puso le tshenyetso sechaba le go oketsega ga dikgetsi tsa COVID-19, [[Kais Saied]] o ne a emisa palamente, a koba tonakgolo mme a tlosa go sirelediwa ga maloko a palamente.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=2021-07-26|title=Tunisia's Democracy Verges on Dissolution as President Moves to Take Control|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html|archive-date=2021-12-28|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-25|title=Tunisian president sacks PM, suspends parliament after violent protests|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210725-tunisian-president-saied-sacks-prime-minister-mechichi-suspends-parliament|access-date=2021-07-26|website=France 24}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2021, Saied o ne a re o tla tlhoma komiti go thusa go kwala diphetogo tse disha tsa molaotheo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisian president moves to cement one-man rule|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/23/africa/tunisian-president-reforms-political-system-intl/index.html|access-date=24 September 2021|work=CNN|agency=Reuters|date=23 September 2021}}</ref> Ka Lwetse a tlhola malatsi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, o ne a tlhoma [[Najla Bouden]] go nna tonakgolo e ntšhwa mme a mo naya tiro ya go bopa [[Kabinete ya ga Bouden|Kabinete]], e e neng ya ikanisiwa Phalane a tlhola malatsi a le Lesome le bongwe.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Amara|first1=Tarek|last2=Mcdowall|first2=Angus|date=2021-09-29|title=Tunisian leader names new PM with little experience at crisis moment|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tunisian-president-names-romdhane-prime-minister-2021-09-29/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=New Tunisian government sworn in|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-tunisian-government-sworn-in/2388732|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 2022, Tunisia e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la African Union's Peace and Security Council (AU) ka paka ya 2022 go ya go 2024, go ya ka Lephataa la Mafatshe a Sele la Tunisia. Go ya ka lephata, patlisiso e ne ya tshwarwa ka nako ya kopano ya bo masome a mane ya Khansele ya Khuduthamaga ya AU, e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa motsemogolong wa Ethiopia wa Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia elected member of African Union security council|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/20220204/6e6021e10aa54258a50dc2edf902b6ad/c.html|access-date=4 February 2022|publisher=Xinhua|date=4 February 2022}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole 2022, Tunisia le International Monetary Fund di sa ntse di le mo dipuisanong tsa ntlha ka tsholofelo ya go bona thuso ya didolara di le dibilione go ikitsha mo kwelotsaseng ya itsholelo , dikoloto tsa setšhaba, go tlhatloga ga ditlhwatlhwa le letlhoko la ditiro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/18/tunisias-talks-with-the-imf-whats-at-stake|access-date=20 February 2022|work=Al Jazeera|agency=AFP|date=18 February 2022}}</ref> == Boalo jwa lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUN_present.svg|thumb|Go kgaoganngwa ga tlelaemete ya Köppen kwa Tunisia. Tlelaemete ke ya Mediterranean go ya kwa lotshitshing kwa bokone, kwa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e leng sekaka.]] Tunisia o mo lotshitshing lwa [[Mediterranean]] kwa Bokonebophirima jwa Afrika, fa gare ga Lewatle la Atlantic le Nile Delta. O mo melelwaneng wa [[Algeria]] kwa bophirima (965 km) le borwabophirima jwa [[Libya]] kwa borwabotlhaba (459 km).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002|title=Présentation générale du pays|url=https://scid.tn/fr/profil-environnemental/presentation-generale-du-pays.html|access-date=6 November 2022|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106135908/https://scid.tn/fr/profil-environnemental/presentation-generale-du-pays.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> E fa gare ga latitudes [[Bokone jwa bo30|30°]] le [[38th parallel north|38°N]], le longitudes [[Meridian ya bosupa e e kwa botlhaba|7°]] le [[Meridian ya bo12 kwa botlhaba|12°E]]. Go retologela kwa borwa jwa lotshitshi lwa Mediterranean kwa bokone jwa Tunisia go naya lefatshe mabopo a mabedi a a tlhomologileng a Mediterranean, bophirima-botlhaba kwa bokone, le bokone-botlhabatsatsi kwa botlhaba. Le fa e le nnye ka bogolo, Tunisia e na le tikologo e kgolo e e farologanyeng thata ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa yone kwa bokone le borwa. Bogolo jwa yone jwa botlhaba le bophirima bo lekanyeditswe. Dipharologano kwa Tunisia, fela jaaka Maghreb yotlhe, ke dipharologano tsa tikologo tsa bokone le borwa tse di tlhalosiwang thata ka go fokotsega ga pula go ya kwa borwa go tswa kwa ntlheng nngwe le nngwe..Karolo e e kwa botlhaba ya Dithaba tsa Atlas ya Dorsal, e ralala Tunisia go ya kwa bokonebotlhaba go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Algeria kwa bophirima go ya kwa Cape Bon peninsula kwa botlhabatsatsi. Bokone jwa Dorsal ke Tell, kgaolo e e kaiwang ka dithaba tse di kwa tlase, tse di pitlaganeng le dipoa, gape e le go atolosiwa ga dithaba go ya kwa bophirima kwa Algeria. Mo [[Khroumire|Khroumerie]], kwa bokonebophirima jwa Tell ya Tunisia, bogodimo bo fitlha go {{Convert|1050|m|ft}} 1,050 (3,440 ) mme kapoko e nna teng mariga. [[Sahel, Tunisia|Sahel]], ke lebala le le atlolositsweng mo botlhaba jwa Tunisia jwa Mediterranean, ke lengwe la mafelo a a kwa godimo mo lefatsheng a go jalwang motlhware teng. Mo teng ga naga go tswa kwa Sahel, fa gare ga Dorsal le dithaba tse di farologaneng kwa borwa jwa Gafsa, go na le Steppes. Bontsi jwa kgaolo ya borwa ke sekaka se se omeletseng. Tunisia e na le lotshitshi lwa lewatle lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,148 (713 mi). Mo go tsa lewatle, lefatshe le bolela gore le na le lefelo le le tshwaraganeng la 24 nautical miles (44 kilometres), le lewatle la 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres).<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/18/tunisias-talks-with-the-imf-whats-at-stake|access-date=20 February 2022|work=Al Jazeera|agency=AFP|date=18 February 2022}}</ref> Toropo ya Tunis e agilwe mo thoteng go ya kwa letsheng la Tunis. Dithaba tseo di na le mafelo a a tshwanang le Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury le La Manoubia a a kwa godimo ka dimetara di le 50 (160 feet). Toropokgolo e fa gare ga ditsela tsa karolo e tshesane ya lefatshe fa gare ga Letsha la Tunis le Séjoumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Tunis, Tunisia|url=https://visitafrica.site/tunis.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=visitafrica.site|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418193746/https://visitafrica.site/tunis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tlelaemete ya Tunisia ke ya [[Tlelaemete ya Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] kwa bokone, e na le mariga a pula e e bothitho le selemo se se mogote, se se omileng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000720|title=Climate of Tunisia|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Borwa jwa lefatshe go sekaka. Lefelo le le kwa bokone le dithaba, le fa le ya kwa borwa, le fetoga go nna lebala le le mogote, le bogare jo bo omileng. Borwa bo omeletse go sekae, mme bo kopana le [[Sahara]]. Motseletsele wa [[Matsha a letswai a Tunisia|matsha a letswai]], a a itsegeng jaaka chotts kgotsa shatts, a mo moleng wa botlhaba-bophirima kwa ntlheng ya bokone ya Sahara, ''go'' tswa kwa [[Kgogometso ya Gabes|Kgogometsong ya Gabes]] go ya kwa [[Algeria]]. [[Chott el Djerid]] o ko tlase mo {{Convert|1544|m|ft}} 17 (56 ft) mme [[Jebel ech Chambi]] o kwa godimo ga lewatle mo dimetara tse 1,544 (5,066 ).<ref>{{Cite book|pages=1270–}}</ref> === Ditshedi tse di farologaneng === Tunisia ke legae la dikgaolo di le tlhano tsa lefatshe: [[Mediterranean conifer|Mediterranean conifer le dikgwa tse di kopantsweng,]] [[Saharan halophytics]], [[Mediterranean dry woodlands|Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe]], [[Mediterranean woodlands and forests]], le [[North Sahara steppe and woodlands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson20172">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Puso le dipolotiki == <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Kais_Saied_2021_(cropped).jpg|alt=|191x191px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">[[Kais Saied]]<br />[[President of Tunisia|Tautona go tswa ka]] 2019</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden">[[File:الرئيس_تبون_يستقبل_رئيسة_الحكومة_التونسية_0-24_screenshot_(cropped).png|alt=|192x192px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">[[Najla Bouden]]<br />[[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Tonakgolo go tswa]] 2021</div></div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] == Ditshupiso == === Ditshupiso === [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] itq0sqy9cijikq7xk2g6cpngc0884bx 0 8702 55437 38673 2026-09-23T17:04:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Bangladesh Fishing 2006.jpg|thumb|Go tshwara ditlhapi ka letlole le le tsholediwamg mo [[:en:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]. lebopo la go tshwara ditlhapi mo ditshabeng tsa Bangladesh di tshabelelwa ke merwalela go tswa mo koketsegong ya bogodimo jwa lewatle.<ref>Sarwar G.M. (2005). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120815093552/http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/04.05/theses/golam_sarwar.pdf Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh]'' (PDF) (Master's thesis). [[:en:Lund_University|Lund University.]] Archived from [http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/04.05/theses/golam_sarwar.pdf the original] (PDF) on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 2023-04-08.</ref>]] Madirelo a ditlhapi a amiwa thata ke tsa phetogo ya loapi ka mabaka a farologaneng: ditshidi tse di nnang mo [[:en:Aquatic_ecosystem|tikologong ya mawatle]] di amiwa ke [[:en:Ocean_temperature|go oketsega ga mogote wa lewatle,]]<ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf Observations: Ocean Climate Change AND sea Level] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf Archived] 2017-05-13 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] In:''Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis''. Contribution of Working Group I to the [[:en:Fourth_Assessment_Report_of_the_Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.]](15 MB). retrieved 2023-04-08</ref> [[:en:Ocean_acidification|go nna botlhole ga lewatle,]] <ref>Doney, S. C. (March 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042304/http://www.precaution.org/lib/06/ocean_acidification_from_c02_060301.pdf "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification"] (PDF). ''Scientific American''. '''294''' (3): 58–65. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode:]][[bibcode:2006SciAm.294c..58D|2006SciAm.294c..58D]]. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-dangers-of-ocean-acid/ 10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58.] [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502612/ 16502612.] retrieved 2023-04-08</ref>[[:en:Ocean_deoxygenation|le go ntsha okosejene,]] le fa go ntse jalo ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Freshwater_ecosystem|metsi a monate a tikologo]] di rotloediwa ke temperetšhara ya metsi,go elela ga metsi, le tatlhegelo ya lefelo le ditlhapi di nnang mo go lone.<ref>US EPA, OAR (2015-04-07). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410201939/https://www.epa.gov/cira/climate-action-benefits-freshwater-fish "Climate Action Benefits: Freshwater Fish".] ''US EPA''. Retrieved 2020-04-08.</ref>Ditlamorago tse di farologana ka bokao [[:en:Fishery|jwa ditlhapi.]]<ref>Weatherdon, Lauren V.; Magnan, Alexandre K.; Rogers, Alex D.; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Cheung, William W. L. (2016). [[doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00048|"Observed and Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Coastal Tourism, and Human Health: An Update".]] ''Frontiers in Marine Science''. '''3'''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00048|10.3389/fmars.2016.00048.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2296-7745|2296-7745.]] retrieved 2023-04-08</ref> [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya loapi]] e fetola kanamiso<ref>Cheung, W.W.L.; et&nbsp;al. (October 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113553/http://www.seaaroundus.org/ClimateChange/images/Pew%20OSS%20Final%20climate%20change%20and%20fisheries.pdf Redistribution of Fish Catch by Climate Change. A Summary of a New Scientific Analysis (PDF)]. ''Sea Around Us'' (Report). Archived from [http://www.seaaroundus.org/ClimateChange/images/Pew%20OSS%20Final%20climate%20change%20and%20fisheries.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2011-07-26. retrieved 2023-04-08</ref> ya ditlhapi gammogo le maduô a a kwa godimo a setlhopha sa dimela le diphologolo tse di nnang mo metsing. Phetogo ya loapi is solofetswe go tlisa dihetogo tse di mosola mo go nneng teng ga thekiso ya dikumo tsa ditlhapi.<ref name=":0">anuel Barange; Tarûb Bahri; Malcolm C. M. Beveridge; K. L. Cochrane; S. Funge Smith; Florence Poulain, eds. (2018). ''Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options''. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-130607-9|<bdi>978-92-5-130607-9</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078885208 1078885208.] retrieved 2023-04-08</ref>Tsa lefatshe le ditlamorago tsa ikonomi di tla bo di le mosola, segolobogolo mo mafatsheng a ikaegileng thata mo lekalaneng le. Bontsi jwa kwelotlase ya bokgoni jo bokogodimo jwa go tshwara mo mafelong a boboatsatsi, bontsi mo dinageng tsa Borwa jwa Pacific.<ref name=":0" /> [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans|Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga loapi mo ditseleng tsa mawatle]] di ama [[:en:Sustainability|go nna teng]] ga [[:en:Fisheries|ditlhapi l]]<nowiki/>e [[:en:Aquaculture|temothuo ya metsi a mo metsing,]] tsela e batho ba tshelang ka yone e e ikaegileng ka go tshwara ditlhapi le bokgoni jwa mawatle ja go tshwara le go boloka khabone ([[:en:Biological_pump|pompo ya ditshedi]]). Ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Sea_level_rise|go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle]] go kaya gore [[:en:Fishing_community|ditshaba tsa batshwaraditlhapi]] ba ba dintshing tsa lewatle di amiwa thata ke diphetogo tsa loapi, mme go fetola dipopego tsa pula le tiriso ya metsi go ama go tshwarwa ga ditlhapi tsa metsi a a phepa le temothuo ya ditlhapi.<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2022), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ocean-and-cryosphere-in-a-changing-climate/sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-lowlying-islands-coasts-and-communities/5D756335C9C3A6DDFAE0219073349E8D "Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities",] ''The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;321–446, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1017/9781009157964.006|10.1017/9781009157964.006,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN&nbsp;]]<bdi>97[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4|8-1-00-915796-4]]</bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4|,]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID&nbsp;246522316,]] retrieved 2023-04-08</ref> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi mo themothuong ya a a mo metsing ke go oketsaga g dikotsi tsa merwalela, malwetsi, ditshenekegi le go thunya ga bolele jo bo kotsi jo bo ka bakang tatlhegelo ya ntshokuno le mafaratlhatlha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga loapi mo mawatleng == == Metswedi == a9p981idouaeea4vjdyy2olhnwcb5ry 0 8721 55482 51874 2026-09-23T20:44:08Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55482 wikitext text/x-wiki Vanessa Nakate o o tshotsweng kwa ngwaga ya 1996, kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano , ke molwela tse di amang phetogo ya loapi wa kwa [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]].<ref>Urra, Susana; Kitson, Melissa (6 December 2019). [https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/12/06/inenglish/1575620644_806494.html "'Greta Thunberg in Madrid: "I hope world leaders grasp the urgency of the climate crisis"".] ''El País''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191224133450/https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/12/06/inenglish/1575620644_806494.html Archived] from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Vanessa Nakate|image=Vanessa Nakate.jpg|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|11|15}}|birth_place=Uganda|education=[[Makerere University Business School]]|years active=2018–present|known for=[[Climate activism]]}} == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana == Nakate o goletse kwa toropokgolo ya Uganda, mo tikologong ya [[:en:Kampala|Kampala]].<ref>Dahir, Abdi Latif (7 May 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/africa/vanessa-nakate-climate-change-uganda.html "Erased From a Davos Photo, a Ugandan Climate Activist Is Back in the Picture]". [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The New York Times''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121830/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/africa/vanessa-nakate-climate-change-uganda.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref> O goletse kwa Kampala mme a simolola go itsege ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka kgwedi ya Morule morago ga gore a supe matshwenyego ka mogote o o sa tlwaelesegang kwa lefatsheng la gagwe.<ref>Hanson, James (28 October 2019). "[https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/black-history-month-young-climate-activists-in-africa/ 3 young black climate activists in Africa trying to save the world"]. Greenpeace UK. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125085116/https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/black-history-month-young-climate-activists-in-africa/ Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Nakate o alogile ka degree tsa [[:en:Bachelor_of_Business_Administration|business administration]] in marketing kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Makerere_University_Business_School|Makerere University Business School.]]<ref name=":0">Kisakye, Frank (30 May 2019). [https://observer.ug/lifestyle/60884-22-year-old-nakate-takes-on-lone-climate-fight "22-year-old Nakate takes on lone climate fight".] [[:en:The_Observer_(Uganda)|''The Observer''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190922165915/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/60884-22-year-old-nakate-takes-on-lone-climate-fight Archived] from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> == Ditiro tsa phetogo ya loapi == Ka tlhotlheletso ya ga [[:en:Greta_Thunberg|Greta Thunberg]] go simolodisa mokgatlho wa phetogo loapi kwa Uganda, Nakate o ne a simolola go ema a le nosi kgatlhanong le go tlhoka go tsibogela seemo sa matlhotlhapelo sa seemo sa loapi ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2019.<ref>Feder, J. Lester; Hirji, Zahra; Müller, Pascale (7 February 2019). "[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/europe-climate-change-protests-teens A Huge Climate Change Movement Led By Teenage Girls Is Sweeping Europe. And It's Coming To The US Next"]. ''BuzzFeed News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200119110925/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/europe-climate-change-protests-teens Archived] from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Dikgwedi di le dintsi o ne a bopelela a le nosi kwa ntle ga dikgoro tsa palamente ya Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> Moragonyana basha ba bangwe ba ne ba simolola go mo ema nokeng mo maranyaneng go ngoka ba bangwe go tsenya leitlho dikgwa tsa [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Congo]].<ref>Jenkins, Carla (25 November 2019). [https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18057540.glasgow-student-follows-greta-thunberg-30-day-climate-crisis-strike/ "Glasgow student follows Greta Thunberg with 30 day climate crisis strike"]. ''Glasgow Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125110518/https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18057540.glasgow-student-follows-greta-thunberg-30-day-climate-crisis-strike/ Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Nakate o simolodisitse Youth for Future Africa le Africa-based Rise Up Movement.<ref>Bort, Ryan (23 January 2020). [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/davos-climate-change-roundtable-youth-activists-941166/ "A Rolling Stone Roundtable With the Youth Climate Activists Fighting for Change in Davos".] ''Rolling Stone''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200124143804/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/davos-climate-change-roundtable-youth-activists-941166/ Archived] from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, kgwedi ya Morule, Nakate one a a nna mongwe wa dibui kwa bokopanong jwa [[:en:2019_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference|COP25]] kwa [[:en:Spain|Spain]], ene le basha ba bangwe ba balwela tse di amang seemo sa loapi [[:en:Greta_Thunberg|Greta Thunberg]] le Alejandro Martinez.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/50697892 "Climate change: What's Greta been saying at the COP25 conference in Madrid?]". BBC. 7 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200128145131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/50697892 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Firikgong e simolola, ka ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a kopana le basha ba bangwe ba balwela tse di amang seemo sa loapi lefatshe ka bophara ba ka nna masome a mabedi, go gatisa lokwalo lo lo neng lo kwaletswe ba a neng ba tseneletse [[:en:World_Economic_Forum|World Economic Forum]] kwa [[:en:Davos|Davos]], ba bolelela dikompone, dibanka le dipuso to emisa ka potlako go emisa go etleetsa go tukisiwa ga magala a tlholego.<ref>Thunberg, Greta (10 January 2020). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/10/greta-thunberg-davos-tycoons-fossil-fuels-dismantle-climate-crisis "At Davos we will tell world leaders to abandon the fossil fuel economy".] ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125045426/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/10/greta-thunberg-davos-tycoons-fossil-fuels-dismantle-climate-crisis Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref>E ne e le mongwe wa baemedi ba mafatshe ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba laleditswe ke Arctic Basecamp go kampa le bone kwa Davos ka bokopano jwa World Economic Forum; baemedi ba ne ba dira dipopelo ka letsatsi la bofelo la bokopano.<ref>Sengupta, Somini (24 January 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/world/europe/greta-thunberg-davos-protest.html "Greta Thunberg Joins Climate March on Her Last Day in Davos".] ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125000215/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/world/europe/greta-thunberg-davos-protest.html Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 2020, Nakate o ne a buisa batho kwa thutong ya [[:en:Desmond_Tutu|Desmond Tutu]] International Peace Lecture, a rotloetsa baetelediele go "tsoga" ba lemoge seemo sa tshoganetso sa phetogo ya loapi, a se amanya le tshotlego, tlala, bolwetsi, kgotlakgotlano le dikgoka mo go bomme le bana ba basetsana. "Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ke bothata bo bo amang lekalana lengwe le lengwe la matshelo a rona" o ne a bua. "Re ka emisa tshotlego jang re sa lebelele seemo se? re ka goroga kwa go emiseng tlala jang fa phetogo ya loapi e tlogela di milione tsa batho ba sena se ba se jang? Re a go bona mathata fa godimo ga mathata, dikgwetlho morago ga tse dingwe, tshotlego morago ga tshotlego (...) fa go sa diriwe sepe ka se." O ne a kopa baeteledipele go tlogela se ba se tlwaetseng mme ba bone borai jo re leng mo go bone ba dire sengwe ka bone. Se ke kgang ya loso le botshelo." <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/wake-up-climate-activist-nakate-challenges-world-leaders-south-africa-vanessa-nakate-climate-change-leaders-world-leaders-b866391.html "'Wake up': Climate activist Nakate challenges world leaders"]. ''The Independent''. 7 October 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201017215457/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/wake-climate-activist-nakate-challenges-world-leaders-south-africa-vanessa-nakate-climate-change-leaders-world-leaders-b866391.html Archived] from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</ref> Nakate o simolotse [[Green Schools Project]], lenaneo la go dira motlakase o o ntshafadiwang, le le ikaelelang go fetola dikolo kwa Uganda go dirisa motlakase wa letsatsi le go tsenya ditofo tse di siametseng tikologo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230420144133/https://thecleantechnews.com/2022/06/08/the-green-schools-project-vanessa-nakate-is-on-a-mission-to-power-schools-in-uganda-with-solar-energy/ "The Green Schools Project: Vanessa Nakate is on a mission to power schools in Uganda with solar energy".] CleanTech News. 12 August 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201018042049/https://www.thecleantechnews.com/topstories/the-green-schools-project-vanessa-nakate-is-on-a-mission-to-power-schools-in-uganda-with-solar-energy/ Archived] from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</ref> Mo nakong ya gompieno, lenaneo le tsentse dilo tse kwa dikolong di le masome a mararo.<ref>[[:en:Vanessa_Nakate|Vanessa Nakate [@vanessa_vash]]] (14 October 2020). [https://twitter.com/vanessa_vash/status/1316397406045581312 "I wanted to drive a transition to renewable energy and provide energy saving cooking stoves for schools in the rural communities. As of now, we have carried out installations in six schools and we look forward to carrying out two more installations"] (Tweet) &#x2013; via [[:en:Twitter|Twitter.]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le malatsi a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 2020, Vanessa Nakate o ne a tsena mo dipotsopuisanong le ba [[:en:Time_(magazine)|Time Magazine]] a botsisiwa ke [[:en:Angelina_Jolie|Angelina Jolie]] ka seabe le botlhokwa jwa mantswe a ma [[Aferika|Aforika]] mo mekgatlhong ya tshiamelo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211024134717/https://time.com/5864698/angelina-jolie-vanessa-nakate/ A Conversation with Angelina Jolie and Ugandan Climate Activist Vanessa Nakate On the Urgency of Elevating African Voices in Climate Discussions"]. ''Time.com''. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, [[:en:Jeune_Afrique|Jeune Afrique Magazine]] e na ya mmalelela e le mongwe wa batho ba le lekgolo ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso ba ma Aforika.<ref>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1022466/societe/classement-les-100-africains-les-plus-influents-en-2020/ "&#x5B;Classement&#x5D; Les 100 Africains les plus influents en 2020 – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> Ka Lwetse 2020, Vanessa Nakate le mokwaledi wa pele wa [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] General [[:en:Ban_Ki-moon|Ban Ki-moon]] kwa bokopanong jwa [[:en:European_Forum_Alpbach|Forum Alpbach]] ba ne ba kopana go bua ka go lwela seemo sa loapi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220328101822/https://2020.alpbach.org/events/10 "European Forum Alpbach".] Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, Vanessa o ne a bua ka go simolodisa nako ya baeteledipele ba ba fetolang seemo sa loapi mo setlhopheng sa [[:en:World_Resources_Institute|World Resources Institute]]; o ne a bua ka maemo a gagwe mo dipuisanong le ba ba fetolang seemo sa loapi kwa [[:en:Oxfam|Oxfam]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211022144821/https://www.wri.org/events/2020/09/climate-action-20-sparking-era-transformational-climate "Climate Action 2.0: Sparking an Era of Transformational Climate Leadership".] ''Wri.org''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref>Vanessa Nakate o ne a bolelwa ke ba United Nations fa ele moeteledipele o monnye wa [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goal_13|SDG 13]] ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref>[https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2020class/ "Meet the 2020 Class of Young Leaders for the SDGs – Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth"]. ''Un.org''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/vanessa-nakate/ "Vanessa Nakate – Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth]". ''Un.org''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> [[:en:OkayAfrica|OkayAfrica]] e ne ya kwala ka Nakate fa ele mongwe wa bomme ba le lekgolo ba ba botlhale ka kgwedi ya ditso tsa bomme.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230420144135/https://www.okayafrica.com/tag/vanessa-nakate "Vanessa Nakate".] ''100women.okayafrica.com''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> Nakate o umakilwe mo bananeng ba Aforika ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso ka ngwaga wa 2020 ke ba [[YouthLead]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211022144830/https://www.youthlead.org/resources/100-most-influential-young-africans-2020 "100 Most Influential Young Africans for 2020".] ''Youthlead.org''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> Nakate e ne e le sebui sa tlotla kwa [[:en:Berlin|Berlin]] Energy Transition Dialogue 2021 ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2021, a na le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba maemo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[https://2021.energydialogue.berlin/speakers/ "Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue 2021 — Speakers".] ''Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue 2021''. Berlin, Germany: Germany Federal Foreign Office. 16 March 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210311182106/https://2021.energydialogue.berlin/speakers/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</ref> <ref>Nakate, Vanessa (16 March 2021). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNF1yvy4ci0&t=309s ''Keynote presentation at Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue 2021''.] Berlin, Germany: German Federal Foreign Office. Event occurs at 1:26:25. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</ref>Mo lefokong la gagwe o ne a akaretsa le go kgala [[:en:Federal_Foreign_Office|German Federal Foreign Office]] jaaka ba ba baakantseng tsela ya go tlhotlha se se builweng ke balwela phetogo loapi ba basha e e neng e sa dirisiwa mo dibuing tse dingwe.<ref>von Jutrczenka, Bernd (16 March 2021). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ugandan-activist-vanessa-nakate-accuses-climate-conference-organizers/ "Ugandan activist Vanessa Nakate accuses climate conference organizers of censorship".] ''The Globe and Mail''. Toronto, Canada. [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0319-0714 0319-0714.] Retrieved 30 October 2021.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Conference on Loss and Damage Vanessa Nakate, Nicola Sturgeon and Elizabeth Wathyti.jpg|thumb|Conference ya Loss le Damage in Scotland October 2022]] Mo mokwalong wa [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]] wa Phalane 2021, Nakate o bua gore mafatshe le dikoporase tse di gasang mowa o o borai di tshwanetse go duelela mafatshe a Aforika le baagi tatlhegelo le tshenyo e e nnileng teng ka ntata ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e ba e itemogelang gompieno.<ref>Nakate, Vanessa (29 October 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/29/we-know-who-caused-the-climate-crisis-but-they-dont-want-to-pay-for-it "We know who caused the climate crisis — but they don't want to pay for it".] ''The Guardian''. London, United Kingdom. [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077.] Retrieved 29 October 2021.</ref> Mo puisanong le [[:en:Amy_Goodman|Amy Goodman]] wa [[:en:Democracy_Now!|Democray Now!,]] Nakate o ne a supa kgatlhego ya ditiro tsa seemo sa loapi: "lefatshe la me le ikaegile ka temothuo, ka jalo batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo. Ka jalo fa masimo a rona a senngwa ke merwalela, fa ditshimo di senngwa ke lenyora mme thobo e le kwa tlase, go raya gore tlhwatlhwa ya dijo e ya kwa godimo, k jalo ke ba ba istholetseng ba ba tla kgonang go reka dijo. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba tshelelang kwa magaeng ba tla nna le bothata le go bona dijo ka ntlha ya ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo, mme se se baka tlala le loso. Mo lefatsheng la me , tlhokafalo ya pula e raya tlala le loso mo go ba ba dikobodikhutshwane.<ref>Nakate, Vanessa (12 December 2019). [https://www.democracynow.org/2019/12/12/cop25_vanessa_nakate_uganda "Uganda's First Fridays for Future Climate Striker, Vanessa Nakate, Joins COP25 Protests in Madrid"]. ''Democracy Now!'' (Interview). Interviewed by [[:en:Amy_Goodman|Amy Goodman]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191230020013/https://www.democracynow.org/2019/12/12/cop25_vanessa_nakate_uganda Archived] from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> O tsentswe mo maemong a go nna moemedi wa tse di molemo wa [[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF.]]<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-appoints-climate-activist-vanessa-nakate-goodwill-ambassador "UNICEF appoints climate activist Vanessa Nakate as Goodwill Ambassador".] ''www.unicef.org''. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</ref> == Megopolo ya sepolotiki == Nakate ke leloko la khansele ya [[:en:Progressive_International|Progressive International]], e e leng lekgotla la mafatshefatshe le le rotloetsang polotiki e e lwelang ditshwanelo tsa batho.<ref>[https://progressive.international/council/ "Council"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930121409/https://progressive.international/council/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</ref> O kgadile go laola thekiso ya lefatshe ke ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi, a e amanya le go tseela tlase tikologo.<ref>@vanessanakate1 (15 October 2020). [https://www.instagram.com/p/CGYH2ygBDDe/ "Environmental degradation is a direct consequence of capitalism".] Retrieved 17 October 2020 &#x2013; via [[:en:Instagram|Instagram.]]</ref> Jaaka mokeresete, o akanya gore "go nna le taolo mo lefatsheng ke go nna le maikarabelo le tirelo mo polaneteng le batho ba yone, ka Modimo e se Modimo o o senyang a bo a tsietsa.<ref>Lakhani, Nina (17 September 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/17/vanessa-nakate-climate-activist-africa-cop27 "'Africa is on the frontlines but not the front pages': Vanessa Nakate on her climate fight".] ''The Guardian''. [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 15 April 2023.</ref> == Go tlhoka go tsenngwa mo senepeng == Ka Firikgong 2020, pampiri ya dikgang ya [[:en:Associated_Press_Television_News|Associated Press news agency]] e ne ya kgaola Nakate mo senepeng se a neng a le mo go sone le Greta Thunberg le balweladitshwanelo [[:en:Luisa_Neubauer|Luisa Neubauer,]] [[:en:Isabelle_Axelsson|Isabelle Axelsson]] le Loukina Tille morago ga ba sena go tsenelela World Economic Forum.<ref>Evelyn, Kenya (25 January 2020). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/24/whites-only-photo-uganda-climate-activist-vanessa-nakate "Outrage at whites-only image as Uganda climate activist cropped from photo".] ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125000034/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/24/whites-only-photo-uganda-climate-activist-vanessa-nakate Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51242972 "Vanessa Nakate: Climate activist hits out at 'racist' photo crop".] ''BBC News''. 24 January 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200124224509/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51242972 Archived] from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020</ref> Nakate o ne a re babegadikgang ba o ba na le tlhaolele ya semorafe. Associated Press ba ne ba fetola senepe moragonyana ba supa fa go maikaelelo a bone e ne e se go utlusa ope botlhoko mme ba seka ba ikopa maitshwarelo.<ref>Easton, Lauren (24 January 2020[https://blog.ap.org/announcements/ap-statement-on-cropped-photo ). "AP statement on cropped photo".] ''AP Definitive Source''. Associated Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125151222/https://blog.ap.org/announcements/ap-statement-on-cropped-photo Archived] from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</ref> Ka Firikgong 2020 a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, mokwadimogolo wa AP Sally Buzbee o ne a kwala mo maranyaneng a [[:en:Twitter|twitter]] a ikopa maitshwarelo a supa fa a ikopa maitshwarelo mo boemong jwa AP. <ref>Buzbee, Sally [@SallyBuzbee] (27 January 2020). [https://twitter.com/SallyBuzbee/status/1221577807475679236 "Vanessa, on behalf of the AP, I want to say how sorry I am that we cropped that photo and removed you from it. It was a mistake that we realize silenced your voice, and we apologize. We will all work hard to learn from this]. @vanessa_vash" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 February 2020 &#x2013; via Twitter.</ref>Nakate o ne a fetola a re ga a dumalane le mokwalo le kopo maitshwarelo ya ba AP, a tswelela ka go fetola gore: " Le ntswa se se nkutlusitse botlhoko ka bonosi ke itumelela gore e lemotshitse batho ka balwela dilo mo Aforika...gongwe babegadikgang ba tla simolola go re ela tlhoko, e seng fela fa re le batswasetlhabelo ba manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>Evelyn, Kenya (29 January 2020). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/vanessa-nakate-interview-climate-activism-cropped-photo-davos "'Like I wasn't there': climate activist Vanessa Nakate on being erased from a movement"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|''The Guardian''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210130224727/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/vanessa-nakate-interview-climate-activism-cropped-photo-davos Archived] from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> == Dietsele == Vanessa Nakate le balwela phetogo ba banana ba bangwe ba le barataro ba ne ba fiwa tlotla ke 2020 Young Activists Summit ka dipuisano tsa morago ga [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]]. E ne e phuthile batho ba feta dikete di ferabobedi, le makgolo a le marataro go tswa mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.agilitypr.news/Vanessa-Nakate-and-Six-Other-Young-Activ-13709 "Vanessa Nakate and Six Other Young Activists Honoured by 2020 Young Activists Summit During a Live Discussion on Post-COVID-19 World, Bringing Together Over 8,600 People from Around 100 Countries".] ''Agilitypr.news''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> Nakate o ne a le mongwe wa basadi ba le lekgolo ba [[:en:BBC|BBC]] ba ba itsisitsweng ka 23 November 2020.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935 "BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?"]. ''BBC News''. 23 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123211617/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-55042935 Archived] from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</ref> Dietsele tse dingwe di akaretsa: * 2021 - Haub Law Environmental Award, a e abelwa ke [[:en:Pace_University_School_of_Law|Pace University School of Law]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211011144301/https://law.pace.edu/news-and-events/news/haub-law-announces-two-recipients-2021-elisabeth-haub-award-environmental-law "Haub Law Announces two recipients of the 2021 Elisabeth Haub Award for Environmental Law and Diplomacy &#x7C; Pace Law School".] ''Law.pace.edu''. Retrieved 24 October 2021</ref><ref>[https://law.pace.edu/elisabeth-haub-award "Elisabeth Haub Award for Environmental Law and Diplomacy &#x7C; Pace Law School".] ''Law.pace.edu''. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</ref> * 2022 – [[:en:Helmut_Schmidt|Helmut Schmidt]] Future Prize, a e abelwa Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung, ''Die Zeit'' and The New Institute<ref>Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230419201017/https://www.helmut-schmidt.de/helmut-schmidt-zukunftspreis-2022 "Helmut-Schmidt-Zukunftspreis 2022".] ''www.helmut-schmidt.de''.</ref> * 2022 – [[:en:Goalkeepers_(Gates_Foundation)|Goalkeepers ''Campaign Award'',]] a e abelwa ke [[:en:Bill_&_Melinda_Gates_Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] == Dikgatiso == * Nakate, Vanessa (28 October 2021).''A bigger picture: my fight to bring a new African voice to the climate crisis''.[[:en:London|London]], [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]]: [[:en:Pan_Books|Pan Macmillan]].[[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-3586-5450-6|078-0-3586-5450-6.]] == Dipadi tse dingwe == * [[:en:Kelvin_Doe|Kelvin Doe]] * [[:en:Greta_Thunberg|Greta Thunberg]] * [[:en:Alexandria_Villaseñor|Alexandria Villasenor]] * [[:en:Nyombi_Morris|Nyombi Morris]] * [[:en:Evelyn_Acham|Evelyn Acham]] * [[:en:Elizabeth_Wathuti|Elizabeth Wathuti]] == Metswedi == 7i44o4dx3621i3aahbw9lkaw6qyxst4 0 9062 55453 51139 2026-09-23T18:51:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Shonda Lynn Rhimes|birth_date=January 13, 1970|birth_place=Chicago, Illinois, U.S.|alma mater=Dartmouth College University of Southern California|occupation=Television producerscreenwriter|years active=1995–present|children=3|image=Shonda Rhimes at the 75th Annual Peabody Awards (cropped).jpg}} '''Shonda Lynn Rhimes'''<ref>[https://home.dartmouth.edu/events/commencement "Shonda L. Rhimes '91 (Doctor of Arts)"]. [[:en:Dartmouth_College|Dartmouth College]]. June 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.</ref> o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1970 kgwedi ya Firikgong e le malatsi a le lesome le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314005855/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2021/01/13/UPI-Almanac-for-Wednesday-Jan-13-2021/4791610505329/ "UPI Almanac for Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2021"]. ''[[:en:United_Press_International|United Press International]]''. January 13, 2021. from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021. <q>…TV producer Shonda Rhimes in 1970 (age 51)…</q></ref>, ke mosimolodi ebile e le mokwadi wa mo [[:en:America|America]], o simolotse kompone e e dirang ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego e e bidiwang [[:en:Shondaland|Shondaland]]. Mo ngwageng wa 2023, ke mongwe wa bomme ba bakgatlhisi ba ba humileng kwa America, dithoto, madi le dikhumo tsa gagwe tsotlhe ga di tlhakantswe di ka nna di milione tsa di dolara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/06/01/here-are-the-15-richest-women-celebrities-in-america/?sh=42d101ee253e "Here Are The 15 Richest Women Celebrities In America".] ''Forbes''. June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</ref> Rhimes o simolotse go itsege e le motsamaisi, modiri, mokwadi, le motlhagisi mogolo wa setshwantsho sa telebishini sa botsogo sa [[:en:Grey's_Anatomy|Grey's Anatomy]] e e simologileng ka ngwaga wa 2005 mme e ntse e tsweletse le gompieno; le setshwantsho sa polotiki sa [[:en:Scandal_(TV_series)|Scandal,]] se sone se simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 2012 mme sa fela ka 2018, bobedi jwa ditshwantsho tse di ne di diretswe seteishene sa telebishini sa [[:en:American_Broadcasting_Company|ABC.]] O berekile gape e le motlhagisi mogolo wa [[:en:How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder|How to Get Away With Murder]] e e neng e supiwa go tswa ka 2014 go tsena 2020, le setshwantsho sa motseletsele sa [[:en:Netflix|Netflix]] se se bidiwang [[:en:Bridgerton|Bridgerton]] se se simolotseng ka 2020 mme se ntse se tsweletse, ga mmogo le [[:en:Queen_Charlotte:_A_Bridgerton_Story|Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story]] ya ngwaga wa 2023 le [[:en:Inventing_Anna|Inventing Anna]] ya ngwaga wa 2022. Makasine wa [[:en:Time_(magazine)|Time]] o tlhophile Rhimes go nna mongwe wa batho ba le lekgolo ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso e e kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ka ngwaga wa 2007, 2013 le 2021.<ref>Oh, Sandra (May 3, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070505050617/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595332_1616813,00.html "The TIME 100, ARTISTS & ENTERTAINERS".] ''TIME''. Archived from [https://time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595332_1616813,00.html the original] on May 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-05.</ref><ref>Sinay, Danielle (September 15, 2021). [https://www.indy100.com/news/time100-most-influential-people-2021-b1920755 "Time releases its 100 most influential people list".] [[:en:The_Independent|''Indy100''.]] Retrieved November 13, 2021.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015 o ne a gatisa buka ya gagwe ya ntlha e e buang ka botshelo jwa gagwe e bidiwa ''Year of Yes:How to dance it out, Stand in the Sun, and Be Your Own Person.'' == Kgodiso le thuto ya gagwe == Rhimes o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Chicago|Chicago]] kwa [[:en:Illinois|Illinois]],e le ngwana wa gofejane mo baneng ba le barataro ba ga ''Vera P.'' (o neng a dirisa sefane sa Cain pele) o eleng morutuntshi le ''Ilee Rhimes Jr.'', o eleng motsamaisi kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro.<ref>Paskin, Willa (May 9, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/12/magazine/shonda-rhimes.html "Network TV Is Broken. So How Does Shonda Rhimes Keep Making Hits?"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times Magazine]]''. Retrieved May 9, 2013.</ref><ref>Stated on ''[[:en:Finding_Your_Roots|Finding Your Roots]]'', January 19, 2016, PBS</ref> Mmagwe o tsene sekolo se segolwane a ntse a godisa bana ba le barataro mme a aloga ka PhD ya [[:en:Academic_administration|Educational Administration]] ka ngwaga wa 1991. Rragwe, o o nang le thutego ya [[:en:Master_of_Business_Administration|MBA]], o nnile tlhogo ya babereki ba tshedimosetso kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa [[:en:University_of_Southern_California|University of Southern California]], go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 2013.<ref>[https://today.usc.edu/usc-selects-new-vice-provost-and-cio/ "USC selects new vice provost and CIO"]. ''news.usc.edu''. June 11, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2016.</ref> Rhimes o nnile kwa [[:en:Park_Forest,_Illinois|Park Forest South]] (kwa jaanong e leng [[:en:University_Park,_Illinois|University Park,Illinois]]) le bo kgaitsadie ba babedi le bomogolowe ba basadi ba le bararo. O boletse fa a sale a supa lorato mo go boleleng dipolelo a santse a le mmotlana.<ref name=":1">[https://www.hollywood.com/category/celebrities Shonda Rhimes profile], hollywood.com; accessed January 28, 2015.</ref> Fa a santse a le kwa sekolong, o ne a ithaopile kwa sepatela, mme mo go ne ga kgatlha leitlho la gagwe fa go tla mo ditikologong tsa sepatela.<ref>Maureen, Ryan (December 21, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090621165401/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2005/12/shonda_rhimes_a.html "Shonda Rhimes, creator of 'Grey's Anatomy' and a Chicagoan of the Year".] ''The Watcher''. [http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2005/12/shonda_rhimes_a.html Archived] from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref> Rhimes o o godisitsweng ba tsena kereke ya [[:en:Catholic|katoliki]], o tsene sekolo sa [[:en:Marian_Catholic_High_School_(Illinois)|Marian Catholic High School]] kwa [[:en:Chicago_Heights,_Illinois|Chicago Heights]] kwa Illinois.<ref>Shapiro, Marc (2015). ''Welcome to Shondaland, An Unauthorized Biography of Shonda Rhimes''. United States: Riverdale Avenue Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781626012394|<bdi>9781626012394</bdi>.]]</ref> Kwa [[:en:Dartmouth_College|Dartmouth College]] o ne a lebagane le dithuto tsa sekgoa le dibaesekopo, mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa 1991.<ref name=":0">Hardwick, Zac (April 22, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141016065637/http://thedartmouth.com/2014/04/22/news/shonda-rhimes-91-scandal-producer-to-address-graduates "Shonda Rhimes '91, 'Scandal' producer, to address graduates".] ''thedartmouth.com''. Archived from [https://www.thedartmouth.com/2014/04/22/news/shonda-rhimes-91-scandal-producer-to-address-graduates the original] on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.</ref><ref>Apr 2015, Jennifer Wulff '96 | Mar-. [https://dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/articles/televisions-wonder-woman "Television's Wonder Woman".] ''Dartmouth Alumni Magazine''. Retrieved 2019-04-02.</ref> O ne a nna leloko la mokgatlo wa ''Black Underground Theater Association'' kwa Dartmouth. O ne a kgaoganya nako ya gagwe gareng ga go kwala ditiragalo tse dit itlhametsweng le go kaela ebile a diragatsa mo ditlhamong tsa bone tsa bana ba sekolo.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a kwala gape mo pampiring ya dikgang ya sekolo.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/quiet-mystery-shonda-rhimes-203448/ "The Quiet Mystery of Shonda Rhimes"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2019-04-02.</ref> Morago ga sekolo, o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:San_Francisco|San Francisco]] le mogolowe mme a bereka mo go tsa papatso kwa [[:en:McCann_(company)|McCann Erickson.]] O ne a tloga a fudugela kwa [[:en:Los_Angeles|Los Angeles]] go tsena sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Southern California, a ithutela tsa bokwadi jwa difilimi.<ref name=":1" /> Rhimes o ne a ikgapela dithuso tsa go tsweledisa sekolo tsa [[:en:Gary_Rosenberg|Gary Rosenberg]], ka a ne a gaisitse ba a neng a tsena sekolo le bone.<ref name=":2">Wilson, Stacey (June 26, 2011). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/greys-anatomys-shonda-rhimes-turns-205721/ "'Grey's Anatomy's' Shonda Rhimes Turns Up The Heat In New Series 'Scandal'".] ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Retrieved October 9, 2014.</ref> O ne a aloga ka [[:en:Master_of_Fine_Arts|Master of Fine Arts degree]] kwa [[:en:USC_School_of_Cinematic_Arts|USC School of Cinematic Arts.]] Fa a le kwa USC, Rhimes o ne a hiriwa ka nakwana ke [[:en:Debra_Martin_Chase|Debra Martin Chase]]. Rhimes o supa fa go atlega ga gagwe ka dinako tsa a santse a simolola, bontlha bongwe jwa gone e le ka thuso ya barutuntshi ba tshwana le Chase, o e leng mo mosimolodisi wa difilimi wa lotso lwa [[:en:African_Americans|African-American]]. O berekile gape kwa komponeng ya ga [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]], ya ''Mundy Lane Entertainment.''<ref name=":3">Rose, Lacey (October 8, 2014). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/shonda-rhimes-opens-up-angry-738715/ "Shonda Rhimes Opens Up About 'Angry Black Woman' Flap, Messy 'Grey's Anatomy' Chapter, and the 'Scandal' Impact"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Retrieved October 9, 2014.</ref> Chase o e a rutuntsha Rhimes; ba berekile mmogo mo filiming ya [[:en:The_Princess_Diaries|The Princess Diaries]] ya bobedi. == Tiro == === Tshimololo ya tiro: 1995 go tsena ka 2004 === Morago ga go aloga, Rhimes o ne a nna mokwadi wa difilimi kwa [[:en:Hollywood,_Los_Angeles|Hollywood]] o o sa berekeng.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a bereka ditiro tse di farologaneng gore a kgone go itlamela, ditiro tseo di akaretsa go nna motsamaisi wa ofisi, mogakolodi kwa lefelong le le rutang batho ba ba senang malwapa le ba ba lwalang malwetsi a tlhaloganyo ditiro. Ka nako eo Rhimes o ne a bereka e le mokaedi wa dipatlisiso mo thulaganyong ya [[:en:Hank_Aaron:_Chasing_the_Dream|Hank Aron: Chasing The Dream]] ka ngwaga wa 1995, e e neng ya fenya seetsele sa [[:en:Peabody_Awards|Peabody]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 19, Rhimes o ne a dira filimi e khutshwane e e bidiwang ''Blossoms and Veils'', e mo go yone baanelwa-bagolo e leng [[:en:Jada_Pinkett_Smith|Jada Pinkett-Smith]] le [[:en:Jeffrey_Wright|Jeffrey Wright]];ke yone fela e a dirileng mo go yone e le mokaedi wa filimi.<ref name=":1" /> [[:en:New_Line_Cinema|New Line Cinema]] e ne ya reka mokwalo wa gagwe. Rhimes o ne a iwa tiro ya go kwala filimi ya [[:en:Introducing_Dorothy_Dandridge|Introducing Dorothy Dandridge]] ya ngwaga wa 1999. O o neng a tshameka moanelwa-mogolo [[:en:Halle_Berry|Halle Berry]] o fentse dietsele di le dintsi ka yone filimi e.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2001, Rhimes o ne a kwala [[:en:Crossroads_(2002_film)|Crossroads,]] a kwala le ba bangwe, e e leng ka tshimologo ya moopedi [[:en:Britney_Spears|Britney Spears.]]<ref>Moss, Corey (November 6, 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021140352/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1450525/britneys-heart-into-crossroads.jhtml "Britney's heart into 'Crossroads,' outtakes from flick appear on Britney".] MTV. [[:en:Paramount_Media_Networks|MTV Networks.]] Retrieved July 15, 2011.</ref> Le ntswa batho ba ne ba e kgala, e dirile dimilione di le masome a marataro a di dolara lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>Snetiker, Marc (2012-02-15). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141016153118/http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/02/15/crossroads-tenth-anniversary/ "Crossroads Tenth Anniversary".] [[:en:Entertainment_Weekly|''Entertainment Weekly''.]] [[:en:Time_Warner|Time Warner.]] Archived from [https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/ the original] on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2012-03-09.</ref><ref>[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2722989569/ "Crossroads Daily Chart View".] ''Box Office Mojo''. 2002-02-15. Retrieved 2002-02-15.</ref> Rhimes o ne a bereka gape a kwala filimi ya The Princess Diaries ya bobedi. Le ntswa e ne ya seka ya rekisa thata, Rhimes o ne a re ke letlotlo la maitemogelo mo go ene, ka a kgonne go bereka le moanelwa wa yone [[:en:Julie_Andrews|Julie Andrew]]. <ref name=":1" />Ka ngwaga wa 2003,Rhimes o kwadile filimi ya telebishini a kwalela ABC, e e neng e le ka bomme ba ba begang dikgang kwa ntweng, mme ba ABC ba ne ba e gana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Grey's Anatomy, Private Practice, Scandal le dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa ABC === Rhimes ke motlhami ebile ke mo mogasi-mogolo le mokadi-mogolo wa thulaganyo ya Grey's Anatomy. Thulaganyo-tatelano e e simolotse e emeletse thulaganyo e nngwe ka ngwaga wa 2005, kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa. E latela matshelo a babereki ba ba dirang loaro kwa sepateleng se se itlhametsweng sa ''Seattle Grace Hospital'' (se morago se tla fetolwang go nna ''Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital'') kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]], [[:en:Washington_(state)|Washington]]. Thulaganyo e e na le badiragtsi ba le bantsi, [[:en:Ellen_Pompeo|Ellen Pompeo]] a diragatsa e le moanelwa o leina la gagwe le leng mo setlhogong sa thulaganyo, ebong [[:en:Meredith_Grey|Meredith]], o e leng ene a bolelang ditiragalo mo bontsing jwa metseletsele ya dikarolo tsa thulaganyo e.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120524054650/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-abc-upfront-grid,0,7505738.story "ABC Fall 2006 Schedule".] ''Zap2it''. 2006-07-11. Archived from [http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-abc-upfront-grid,0,7505738.story the original] on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2006-10-25.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2007, Rhimes o ne a dira a bo a tlhama thulaganyo e e duleng mo go ya Grey's Anatomy, e bidiwa [[:en:Private_Practice_(TV_series)|Private Practice]],e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 2007, Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borataro, kwa ABC. Thulaganyo e e ranola botshelo jwa ga [[:en:Addison_Montgomery|Dr. Addison Montgomery]] ([[:en:Kate_Walsh_(actress)|Kate Walsh]]) fa a tswa kwa Seattle Grace Hospital a ya go bereka mo sepateleng se se ikemetseng kwa Los Angeles. Thulaganyo e le yone e na le badiragatsi ba le bantsi, ba akaretsa [[:en:Tim_Daly|Tim Dalt]], [[:en:Amy_Brenneman|Amy Brenneman]], [[:en:Audra_McDonald|Audra McDonald]] le [[:en:Taye_Diggs|Taye Diggs]]. Kgaolo ya ntlha e ne ya khutsufadiwa ke go lwela ditshwanelo ga bakwadi; e na le dikgaolo di le borobabongwe. Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2012, ABC e ne ya gasa gape kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2012 go tsena ka 2013 ya Private Practice e nale dikgaolo di le lesome le boraro. Karolo ya bofelo e supilwe ka Firikgong, a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2013.<ref>''[https://twitter.com/shondarhimes/status/6443222544 Private Practice (TV Series 2007–2013)] - IMDb'', retrieved 2019-03-02</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Rhimes o ne a amogela pitso ya go godisa ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha wa mosetsana ka Seetebosigo 2002, mme a godisa o mongwe ka Tlhakole 2012.<ref>[https://www.essence.com/news/shonda-rhimes-adopts-2nd-baby-girl/ "Shonda Rhimes adopts second baby girl".] ''Essence''. April 7, 2012.</ref> Ka Lwetse 2013, Rhimes o ne a amogela ngwana wa gagwe wa boraro wa mosetsana o a neng a imilwe ke mosadi o mongwe.<ref>[https://twitter.com/shondarhimes/status/380480456694980608 <nowiki>shonda rhimes [@shondarhimes] (18 September 2013). "Been AWOL from Twitter. I totally have a good reason: TINY HUMAN #3 is here and she's perfect! Babies are good. Life is good. #2shows3kids" (Tweet) – via Twitter.</nowiki>]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2014, Rhimes o ne a fa molaetsa kwa Dartmouth College, kwa a tseneng sekolo teng, mme a neelwa seetsele sa tlotla.<ref>Sundberg Seaman, Kelly (April 21, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007092108/http://now.dartmouth.edu/2014/04/tv-producer-shonda-rhimes-91-to-speak-at-commencement/ "TV Producer Shonda Rhimes '91 to Speak at Commencement".] ''Dartmouth College''. Archived [http://www.dartmouth.edu/2014/04/tv-producer-shonda-rhimes-91-to-speak-at-commencement from the] original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Lwetse, Rhimes o ne a supa fa a latlhegetswe ke dikilogram di le masome a matlhano le boraro ka go ikatisa le go ja sentle.<ref>[https://www.today.com/health/shonda-rhimes-loves-her-117-pound-weight-loss-admits-she-t47541 "Shonda Rhimes reveals 117-pound weight loss, admits she 'hated' dieting"]. ''TODAY.com''. October 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.today.com/health/shonda-rhimes-reveals-airplane-incident-sparked-her-117-pound-weight-t54796 "Shonda Rhimes reveals airplane incident that sparked her 117-pound weight loss".] ''TODAY.com''. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-12.</ref> == Shondaland == Shondaland ke leina la kompone ya ga Rhimes e e tlhamang dithulaganyo.<ref>Lebeau, Jordan (September 22, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182739/http://www.boston.com/entertainment/tv/2014/09/22/the-angry-black-women-shondaland-what-the-new-york-times-and-slate-got-wrong/w0qFtBv5sHZICbFrKmw4UM/story.html "The Angry Black Women of Shondaland: What The New York Times (and Slate) Got Wrong".] ''[[:en:The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</ref> Shondaland le setshwantsho sa kompone eo, e supa gape dithulaganyo tse Rhimes a di tlhamileng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141014040752/http://theshondalandsource.com/about "About Us".] ''The Shondaland Source''. 2014. Archived from [http://theshondalandsource.com/about the original] on October 14, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</ref> Dithulaganyo tse di kwa Shondaland di akaretsa: * [[:en:Grey's_Anatomy|Grey's Anatomy]] (go tswa 2005 go tsena gompieno) * [[:en:Private_Practice_(TV_series)|Private Practice]] (go tswa ka 2007 go tsena 2013) * [[:en:Off_the_Map_(TV_series)|Off the Map]] (2011) * [[:en:Scandal_(TV_series)|Scandal]] (go tswa ka 2012 go tsena ka 2018) * [[:en:How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder|How To Get Away with Murder]] (go tswa ka 2014 go tsena ka 2020) * [[:en:The_Catch_(American_TV_series)|The Catch]] (go tswa ka 2016 go tsena ka 2017) * [[:en:Still_Star-Crossed|Still Star-Crossed]] (2017) * [[:en:For_the_People_(2018_TV_series)|For The People]] (2018 go tsena ka 2019) * [[:en:Station_19|Station 19]] (2018 go tsena gompieno) * [[:en:Bridgerton|Bridgerton]] (2020 go tsena gompieno) * [[:en:Inventing_Anna|Inventing Anna]] (2022) == Difilimi == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! ! colspan="4" |O akgoletswe |- !Ngwaga !Setlhogo |'''botlhami''' |'''bokaedi''' |'''bokwadi''' |'''bosimolodi''' |- |1995 |[[:en:Hank_Aaron:_Chasing_the_Dream|Hank Aaron:Chasing the Dream]] |nnya |ee<ref>Credited as ''Research Director''.</ref> |nnya |nnya |- |1998 |''Blossoms and Veils'' |nnya |ee |ee |nnya |- |1999 |[[:en:Introducing_Dorothy_Dandridge|Introducing Dorothy Dandridge]] |nnya |nnya |ee |nnya |- |2002 |[[:en:Crossroads_(2002_film)|Crossroads]] |nnya |nnya |ee |nnya |- |2004 |[[:en:The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement|The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement]] |nnya |nnya |ee |nnya |- |2005 go tsena gompieno |[[:en:Grey's_Anatomy|Grey's Anatomy]] |ee |nnya |ee |ee |- |2007 go tsena 2013 |[[:en:Private_Practice_(TV_series)|Private Practice]] |ee |nnya |ee |ee |- |2009 |''Inside the Box'' |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2009 |''Seattle Grace:On Call'' |ee |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2009 |''Seattle Grace:Message of Hope'' |ee |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2011 |[[:en:Off_the_Map_(TV_series)|Off the Map]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2012 |''Gilded Lylis'' |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2012 go tsena ka 2018 |[[:en:Scandal_(TV_series)|Scandal]] |ee |nnya |ee |ee |- |2014 go tsena ka 2020 |[[:en:How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder|How To Get Away With Murder]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2016 go tsena ka 2017 |[[:en:The_Catch_(American_TV_series)|The Catch]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2017 |[[:en:Still_Star-Crossed|Still Star Crossed]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2018 go tsena ka 2019 |[[:en:For_the_People_(2018_TV_series)|For The People]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2018 go tsena gompieno |[[:en:Station_19|Station 19]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2020 go tsena gompieno |[[:en:Bridgerton|Bridgerton]] |nnya |nnya |nnya |ee |- |2022 |[[:en:Inventing_Anna|Inventing Anna]] |ee |nnya |ee |ee |- |2023 |[[:en:Queen_Charlotte:_A_Bridgerton_Story|Queen Charlotte:A Bridgerton Story]] |ee |nnya |ee |ee |- |Letsatsi le le tla bolelwang |''Notes on Love''<ref>White, Peter (September 24, 2019). [https://deadline.com/2019/09/shondaland-notes-on-love-norman-lear-steve-martin-netflix-1202743382/ "Shondaland Teams With Norman Lear, Steve Martin & 'Shrill' Creator Lindy West On Neflix Anthology Series 'Notes On Love'".] ''Deadline Hollywood''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.</ref> |go tla bolelwa |go tla bolelwa |ee |ee |- | | | | | | |} l7jugkxhe0wti4mdnym74hlxonvb4lc 0 9111 55467 34866 2026-09-23T19:39:27Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue|name=Thalay Luang Stadium|image=Thung Thalay Luang Stadium 2016.jpg|location=[[Mueang Sukhothai District|Ban Kluai, Mueang Sukhothai]], [[Sukhothai Province|Sukhothai]], [[Thailand]]|coordinates={{coord|17.061773|99.793703|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000}}|owner=Sukhothai Provincial Administration Organization|capacity=9,500|surface=Grass|built=2013|opened=2015|tenants=[[Sukhothai F.C.]]<br />[[Kongkrailas United F.C.]]}} '''Thalay Luang Stadium''' ke lebala la metshameko wa kgwele ya dinao ko [[:en:Sukhothai_Province|Sukhothai Province]] ko lefatsheng la [[:en:Thailand|Thailand.]] Mo gompienong le dirisiwa thata mo metshamekong ya kgwele ya dinao ebile le dirisiwa ele lebala la metshamelo la sethopa sa [[:en:Sukhothai_F.C.|Sukhothai F.C.]] Lebala le le amogela dikete dile boferabongwe le makgolo ale matlhano (9,500) a batho. <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/notes/sukhothai-fc-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1/484666615071072/&#x5B;user-generated&#x20;source&#x5D; https://www.facebook.com/notes/sukhothai-fc-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1/484666615071072/^{[''user-generated source''<nowiki>]</nowiki>}]</ref> === Tshedimosetso === Thung Thalay Luang Stadium se leteletswe keba lekgotla la [[:en:Asian_Football_Federation|Asian Football Federation]] go tshwara lego amogela metshameko ya [[:en:AFC_Champions_League|AFC Champions League.]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.football-lineups.com/match/353362/ |title=Yadanarbon FC AFC Champions League Qualifying 2017 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102024819/https://m.football-lineups.com/match/353362/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Se se tsile morago ga dikgwedi tsedi mmalwa go sena go dirwa dipaakanyo tsedi dirileng gore lebala la Thung Thalay Luang lentseng le amogela batho bale dikete dile boferabobedi (8000) se felela se nna le tshiamelo yago fitlhelela seelo se se beilweng ke ba lekgotla la AFC. Sukhothai FC ene ya dirisa lebala le la metshameko go amogela motshameko wa AFC Champions League mo legatlong la bobedi kgatlhanong le setlhopa sa Yadanarbon gotswa Myanmar ka Ferikgong ale masome a mararo le bongwe ka 2017 (31 January 2017). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211007074849/http://fathailand.org/news/116 "AFC รับรอง สนามทุ่งทะเลหลวงจัดแข่ง ACL 2017 อย่างเป็นทางกา]ร". FA Thailand. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</ref> === Metswedi === grqyc1q8snfsuulok0rfeskp61liwyh 0 9526 55488 51150 2026-09-23T21:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Beckham zidane team.jpg|thumb|Zidane and Beckham]] Zinedine Yazid Zidane(Sefora:Zinedine Yazid Zidane.Kablye): Zineddin Lyazid Zidan o tshotswe ''ka Seetebosigo'' {{Infobox person|name=Zinedine Yazid Zidane|birth_date=23 Seetebosigo 1972|birth_place=Marseille, Fora|height_m=1.85 m|title=Attacking midfielder|years active=Dingwaga Setlhopha Apps (Gls) 1989–1992 Cannes 61 (6) 1992–1996 Bordeaux 139 (28) 1996–2001 Juventus 151 (24) 2001–2006 Real Madrid 155 (37) Total|image=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg}} ''a tlhola malatsi a masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1972.Zizou,ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao kwa Fora ebile e le motsamaisi wa kgwele ya dinao.O sa tswana go nna mokatisi ko setlhopha sa Spain ebo Real Madrid.ke mongwe wa bakatisi ba ba atlgileng thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.O itsege e le mongwe wa batshameki ba tlhwatlhwa,Zidane o ne a itsege e le mongwe yo o naleng motlhala,pono,go fetisa le go laola bolo le kitso.O neetswe tlotlamtso ya FIFA World Player of the Year ka ngwaga wa 1998,2000 and 2003 a bo a fenya Ballon d'Or.'' Zidane o simolotse tiro ya gagwe kwa Cannes pele ga a nna mogwe wa batshameki ba ba rileng mo Ligue1 ya sefora ko Bordeaux.Ka ngwaga wa 1996 o ile ko setlhopha sa Juventus,kwa a fentsteng dikgele,le ya Serie A e le ngwe ya tsone.O ile ya ya ko Real Madrid ka madi a selekanyo sa dimilion tsa diponto ka ngwaga wa 2001.O ne a ntse a le ko Madrid dingwaga di ka nna boferabobedi.Kwa Spain Zidane o fentse dikgele tsa La liga le Champions league.Ka ngwaga wa 2002 o ne a o ne a ntsha letshwao le le neng la dira gore a fenye ka go itaya ka leoto la molema, le le tsewang e le lengwe la magole a magolo go gaisa otlhe mo hisitoring ya motshameko ono. Zidane o ne a tshameka le Fora makgetlo a le 108, mme a fenya Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 1998 sa FIFA, a bo a dira phenyo ya makgaolakgang, mme o ne a tlhophiwa mo setlhopheng sa All-Star. Phenyo eno e ne ya mo dira mogaka wa setšhaba kwa Fora mme o ne a amogela sekgele sa Legion of Honour ka 1998. O ne a fenya UEFA Euro 2000 mme a bidiwa Player of the Tournament. O ne a amogela gape le Golden Ball jaaka Motshameki wa Motshameko kwa Sejaneng sa Lefatshe sa 2006, le fa gone a ne a le mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Italy ka go itaya Marco Materazzi ka tlhogo mo sehubeng. O ne a rola tiro jaaka motshameki wa bone yo o neng a tshameka go gaisa mo hisitoring ya Fora. Ka ngwaga wa 2004 .O ne a bidiwa mo lenaaneng la FIFA 100, e leng lenaane la batshameki ba ba itsegeng thata ba ba sa ntseng ba tshela le le neng la kwalwa ke Pelé, mme ka one ngwaga oo o ne a bidiwa motshameki yo o itsegeng thata wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa Yuropa mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng mo kgatisong ya UEFA ya Golden Jubilee. Zidane ke mongwe wa batshameki ba le robongwe ba ba kileng ba fenya Sejana sa Lefatshe, Champions League, le Ballon d'Or. E ne e le ene moemedi wa Katar mo maitekong a yone a go nna le Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2022, e le naga ya ntlha ya Maarabia go nna le motshameko oo. Morago ga go tlogela go tshameka, Zidane o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go nna mokatisi kwa Real Madrid Castilla. O ne a nna mo maemong ao dingwaga di le pedi, pele a tsaya marapo a setlhopha sa ntlha ka 2016. Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tse pedi le halofo, Zidane o ne a nna mothapisi wa ntlha go fenya Champions League gararo ka go latelana, a fenya UEFA Super Cup le FIFA Club World Cup gabedi ka go latelana, mmogo le La Liga le Supercopa de España. Katlego eno e ne ya dira gore Zidane a bidiwe Motlhatlheledi yo o Molemolemo wa FIFA wa Banna ka 2017. O ne a rola tiro ka 2018, mme a boela kwa setlhopheng ka 2019, mme a fenya La Liga le Supercopa de España, pele a tsamaya gape ka 2021. == Ka gagwe == Zidane Yazid Zidane o ne a tshotswe ka ngwga wa1972 ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a masome a mabedi le boraro kwa LaCastellane Marseile ,Southern France<ref>Fort, Patrick; Philippe, Jean (2018). ''Zidane: The Biography''. London: Ebury Press. p. 1. ISBN <bdi>978-1-78503-848-8</bdi>.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78503-848-8]</ref>Ke ngwana wa bofelo bo go bo monnawe ba le batlhano.<ref>"Far-right politician booted out of Zinedine Zidane's football club". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/03/french-far-right-politician-eric-zemmour-booted-out-of-zinedine-zidane-football-club]</ref>Zidane o tswa mo morafeng wa Ba-Kabyle wa Algeria mme o itlhalosa e le "Momoseleme yo o sa tseneng kereke".<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140212173600/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref><ref>"Why France still loves Zidane". ''The Independent''. London. 11 July 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925214248/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/john-lichfield-why-france-still-loves-zidane-407511.html 2017]</ref>Batsadi ba gagwe e bong Smail le Malika ba ne ba fudugela kwa Paris go tswa kwa motseng wa Aguemoune kwa kgaolong ya batho ba ba buang Se-Berber ya Kabylie kwa bokone jwa Algeria ka 1953 pele ga Ntwa ya Algeria. Lelapa, le le neng le nna kwa dikgaolong tse di thata tsa bokone tsa toropo ya Barbès le Saint-Denis, le ne la se ka la bona tiro e ntsi mo kgaolong eo, mme mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1960 ba ne ba fudugela kwa bokone jwa toropo ya Marseille ya La Castellane mo kgaolong ya bo16 ya Marseille.Mo potsolotsong e a neng a e naya makasine wa Esquire, o ne a bolela jaana: "Ke na le kamano e e gaufi le lefatshe la Searabia. Ke na le jone mo mading a me, ka batsadi ba me. Ke motlotlo thata go nna Mofora, mme gape ke motlotlo thata go nna le metswedi eno le go farologana gono.<ref>Pomroy, Matt (8 August 2016). "Zinedine Zidane: What I've Learned". ''Esquire''. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.[https://www.esquireme.com/culture/zinedine-zidane]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Marseille map.png|thumb|Lefelo la Marseille kewa Zinedine Zinade a tsholetsweng teng]] Rraagwe o ne a dira jaaka motlhokomedi wa bobolokelo le wa pabalesego kwa lebenkeleng, gantsi a dira tiro ya bosigo, fa mmaagwe e ne e le mosadi wa mo gae.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref>Lelwapa la gagwe le tshedile botshelo jo bo rileng mme go ne go nale bogodu jo bontsi le go tlhoko ya ditiro.<ref>"Why France still loves Zidane". ''The Independent''. London. 11 July 2006. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925214248/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/john-lichfield-why-france-still-loves-zidane-407511.html]</ref><ref>"Soccer: Zidane, the political footballer". ''The New Zealand Herald''. Independent. 8 July 2000. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2014.[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=143329]</ref>Zidane o bolela gore tsela e a godisitsweng ka yone e e gagametseng le e rraagwe a mo rutileng yone ke tsone tse di mo thusitseng go dira tiro ya gagwe.<ref>Pomroy, Matt (8 August 2016). "Zinedine Zidane: What I've Learned". ''Esquire''. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.[https://www.esquireme.com/culture/zinedine-zidane]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:La Corniche, tsela e e fa thoko ga lewatle go bapa le lotshitshi lwa Marseille, e e nang le setshwantsho sa ga Zidane mo loboteng.jpg|thumb|La Corniche]] E ne e le kwa Castellane koo Zidane a neng a simolola go tshameka kgwele ya dinao teng, a tsena mo metshamekong ya kgwele ya dinao a le dingwaga di le tlhano e bana ba mo tikologong ba neng ba e tshameka kwa Place Tartane, e leng lebala le le boleele jwa dimetara di le 80 le bophara jwa dimetara di le 12 le le neng le dirisiwa jaaka lebala le legolo la dikago tsa bonno<ref>In the footsteps Of Zidane^{[''permanent dead link'']}, ''The Independent'' (London)[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/in-the-footsteps-of-zidane-652076.html]</ref>Ka Phukwi 2011, Zidane o ne a bitsa batshameki ba maloba ba Marseille Blaž Slišković, Enzo Francescoli le Jean-Pierre Papin jaaka medimo ya gagwe fa a ntse a gola.<ref>"Zidane: Slišković mi je bio idol, uživao sam gledati ga – Klix.ba". Sarajevo-x.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.[http://www.sarajevo-x.com/sport/nogomet/clanak/110702058]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane: Kad porastem želim biti Baka Slišković!". Scsport.ba. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192429/http://scsport.ba/v2/tekst.php?ID=21674]</ref>Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome, Zidane o ne a fiwa laesense ya gagwe ya ntlha ya go tshameka morago ga go tsenela setlhopha sa basha sa setlhopha sa selegae sa Castellane ka leina la US Saint-Henri.Morago ga go fetsa ngwaga le sephatlo kwa US Saint-Henri, Zidane o ne a ya go nna leloko la SO Septèmes-les-Vallons fa mokatisi wa Septèmes Robert Centenero a ne a tlhatswa motsamaisi wa tlelapa pelo gore a mo rekise. Zidane o ne a nna le Septèmes go fitlha a le dingwaga di le 14, ka nako eo o ne a tlhophiwa go tsenela kampa ya malatsi a le mararo ya katiso kwa CREPS (Regional Centre for Sports and Physical Education) kwa Aix-en-Provence, nngwe ya ditheo tsa kgwele ya dinao tse di tsamaisiwang ke French Football Federation. E ne e le fano fa Zidane a neng a bonwa ke AS Cannes scout le motshameki wa pele Jean Varraud, yo o neng a mo akantsha go mokaedi wa setheo sa katiso sa tlelapo.<ref>"French heir who became king" Archived 22 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. FIFA.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111519/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=163331/profile.html]</ref>Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le 14 mme a lebile Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 1986, tsela e Diego Maradona a neng a tshameka ka yone e ne ya mo ama thata, Zidane a re Maradona "o ne a le mo maemong a mangwe".<ref>"Maradona was on another level – Zidane". ''Goal.com''. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2018.[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/7138/goal-hall-of-fame/2014/11/12/6070971/maradona-was-on-another-level-zidane]</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya go tshameka == '''Cannes''' Zidane o ne a ya kwa Cannes go nna dibeke di le thataro, mme o ne a feleletsa a le mo setlhopheng ka {{Infobox person|credits="O ne a kgona go feta motshameki a le mongwe, ba le babedi, ba le bararo, ba le batlhano, ba le barataro - go ne go le monate tota. Maoto a gagwe a ne a bua le bolo" . Jean Varraud, motshameki wa pele yo o neng a lemoga Zidane}} dingwaga di le nne go tshameka mo maemong a porofeshenale. Fa a sena go tlogela lelapa la gagwe go ya go nna kwa Cannes, o ne a lalediwa ke mokaedi wa Cannes e bong Jean-Claude Elineau gore a tswe mo kamoreng e a neng a nna mo go yone le baithuti ba bangwe ba le 20 mme a tle go nna le ene le lelapa la gagwe. Moragonyana Zidane o ne a bolela gore fa a ne a nna le Elineaus, o ne a bona tekatekano.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140212173600/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref> E ne e le kwa Cannes koo bakatisi ba ntlha ba ga Zidane ba neng ba lemoga gore o ne a le bogale e bile a le pelokhutshwane, a rata go tlhasela babogedi ba ba neng ba tlhapatsa morafe wa gagwe kana lelapa la gagwe.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref>Mokaedi wa gagwe wa ntlha e bong Jean Varraud, o ne a mo kgothaletsa gore a laole bogale jwa gagwe mme a tlhome mogopolo mo motshamekong wa gagwe. Zidane o ne a fetsa dibeke tsa gagwe tsa ntlha kwa Cannes a le mo tirong ya go phepafatsa jaaka kotlhao ya go betsa moganetsi yo o neng a sotla ka ghetto ya gagwe. Thubakanyo e a neng a e supa gangwe le gape mo tirong ya gagwe e ne ya bopiwa ke kgotlhang ya ka fa gare ya go nna monna wa Mo-Algeria-wa-Fora yo o neng a kgaogantswe ke ditso tse di farologaneng, le go falola mo mebileng e e thata ya La Castellane koo a goletseng teng.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140212173600/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref>Zidane o ne a simolola go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa Cannes ka 18 Motsheganong 1989 mo motshamekong wa French Division 1 kgatlhanong le Nantes.<ref>"Zidane swansong" Archived 20 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/france/5064798.stm Sport]</ref>O ne a kwadile leano la gagwe la ntlha mo setlhopheng ka 10 Tlhakole 1991.<ref>Agence France-Press Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine from 10 February [http://afp.pressedd.com/ 1991]</ref>gape kgatlhanong le Nantes ka go fenya ka 2 go 1. Morago ga motshameko, ka nako ya moletlo wa batshameki botlhe ba Cannes, Zidane o ne a fiwa koloi ke modulasetilo wa Cannes Alain Pedretti, yo o neng a mo solofeditse koloi e le nngwe ka letsatsi le a tsentseng golo ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng.Fa Zidane a le mo motshamekong, o ne a bontsha bokgoni jo bo sa tlwaelegang jwa go tshwara bolo, a bontsha gore o na le bokgoni jo bo neng bo tla dira gore a nne motshameki wa maemo a a kwa godimo mo lefatsheng.<ref>"French heir who became king" Archived 22 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. FIFA.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111519/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=163331/profile.html]</ref>Mo setlheng sa gagwe sa ntlha le Cannes, setlhopha se ne sa bona maemo a sone a ntlha mo kgweleng ya dinao ya kwa Yuropa ka go tsenela UEFA Cup, morago ga go fetsa mo maemong a bone mo kgaisanong. Se e sa ntse e le maduo a maemo a a kwa godimo a setlhopha seno sa kgwele ya dinao mo kgaisanong e e kwa godimo fa e sale se tlhatlosiwa lekgetlho la ntlha go tswa mo kgaisanong ya ntlha ka setlha sa 1948/49.<ref>"Club Cannes (Cannes), France". ''Wildstat.com''. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 28 April [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119220027/http://wildstat.com/p/2601/club/FRA_AS_Cannes 2011]</ref> == '''Bordeaux''' == * Zidane o ne a fudusediwa kwa Girondins de Bordeaux ka 1992-93, a fenya Intertoto Cup ka 1995 morago ga go fenya Karlsruher SC.<ref>"1995: Bordeaux lay down Intertoto gauntlet". UEFA. 1 August 1995. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130731054558/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/intertotocup/history/season%3D1995/intro.html]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane's amazing 11-month Uefa Cup odyssey". ''Goal.com''. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 16 January [http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2015/05/25/11924912/zinedine-zidanes-amazing-11-month-uefa-cup-odyssey 2018]</ref>le go feleletsa ka maemo a bobedi kgatlhanong le Bayern Munich ka 1995 -96 UEFA Cup.<ref>"Zinedine Zidane's amazing 11-month Uefa Cup odyssey". ''Goal.com''. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2018.[http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2015/05/25/11924912/zinedine-zidanes-amazing-11-month-uefa-cup-odyssey]</ref><ref>Chemin, Michel (2 May 1996). "Le Bayern prend l'avantage, pas la finale Battus 2–0 à Munich, les Girondins devront refaire, le 15 mai, le coup de Milan" [Bayern take the lead 2–0 but the battle is not over, the Girondins will reattempt the coup of Milan in Munich on 15 May]. ''Libération'' (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2019.[https://www.liberation.fr/sports/1996/05/02/le-bayern-prend-l-avantage-pas-la-finalebattus-2-0-a-munich-les-girondins-devront-refaire-le-15-mai-_172783]</ref><ref>Leroux, Patrick (16 May 1996). "Bordeaux a rêvé, Munich a gagné. Le miracle n'a pas eu lieu. Vainqueur 3–1, le Bayern remporte la Coupe de l'UEFA" [Bordeaux dreamed, Munich won. The miracle did not happen. Victors by 3–1, Bayern wins the UEFA Cup]. ''Libération'' (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2014.[http://www.liberation.fr/sports/1996/05/16/bordeaux-a-reve-munich-a-gagne-le-miracle-n-a-pas-eu-lieu-vainqueur-3-1-le-bayern-remporte-la-coupe-_171559]</ref>mo dingwageng tse nnè tse a di feditseng a le mo setlhopheng seno. O ne a tshameka motshamekô o o neng o tla dira gore a kgone go tshameka le Bixente Lizarazu le Christophe Dugarry, o o neng o tla nna letshwao la Bordeaux le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Fora sa 1998. Ka 1995, mookamedi wa Blackburn Rovers Kenny Dalglish o ne a supa kgatlhego ya go saena Zidane le Dugarry, mo mong wa tlelapa Jack Walker a neng a araba ka gore, "Ke eng fa o batla go saena Zidane fa re na le Tim Sherwood?".<ref>The Ones That Got Away...Zidane Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – VitalFootball.co.uk, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021138/http://www.blackburn.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=47576 2006]</ref>Go ya ka Barry Silkman, moemedi wa kgwele ya dinao, Zidane o ne a neelwa go ya Newcastle United ka £1.2 million, fela setlhopha se ne sa gana kopo eo morago ga go mo lebelela, se bolela gore o ne a sa lekana go tshameka mo English First Division. <ref>"Sport.co.uk meets...Football agent Barry Silkman". sport.co.uk. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130709001408/http://www.sport.co.uk/features/sportcouk-meetsfootball-agent-barry-silkman/896]</ref> Ka 1996, Zidane o ne a amogela sekgele sa Motshameki wa Ngwaga wa Ligue 1.<ref>"Palmarès Trophées UNFP – Oscars du football – Meilleur joueur de Ligue 1" (in French). Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180702224030/http://www.sportpalmares.eu/Trophees-UNFP-Oscars-du-football.html]</ref> == '''Juventus''' == * Morago ga go tshameka kwa Bordeaux le kwa Fora, Zidane o ne a fiwa ditshono tsa go ya go tshameka kwa {{Infobox person|credits="Ke motshameki yo o kgethegileng. O dira gore go nne le lefelo le le se nang sepe. Go sa kgathalesege gore o tsaya bolo kae kana gore e tla jang mo go ene, o kgona go tswa mo mathateng. Kakanyo ya gagwe le thekeniki ya gagwe di a gakgamatsa" Molekane wa gagwe wa setlhopha sa Juventus Edgar Davids ka ga bokgoni jwa ga Zidane}} ditlelapeng tse dikgolo tsa Yuropa ka dikgakologo tsa 1996, mme o ne a tlhopha go ya go tshameka kwa Juventus, e e neng ya fenya UEFA Champions League ka nako e e neng e le gaufi le go fela.Zidane o ne a nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ka bonako kwa Italy, a fenya Serie A ka 1996 le 1997 le Intercontinental Cup ka 1996.<ref>"Toyota Cup 1996". FIFA. 26 November 1996. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 28 April [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121103546/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/matchreport/newsid%3D512164.html 2011]</ref>.O ne a bidiwa Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year mo setlheng sa gagwe sa ntlha.<ref>List of Oscar del Calcio winners on the AIC official website. Retrieved 23 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095258/http://www.assocalciatori.it/Pagine/AlbodOro/tabid/161/language/en-US/Default.aspx]</ref> Maemo a Zidane a a golang mo motshamekong a ne a dira gore a tlhophiwe mo setlhopheng sa Yuropa sa go lebana le setlhopha sa Lefatshe sa XI se se neng se na le setlhopha sa kwa pele sa ga Ronaldo le Gabriel Batistuta ka Sedimonthole 1997.<ref>"Web Archive - Europe vs. Rest of the World team list". FIFA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052155/https://www.fifa.com/news/y=1997/m=12/news=europe-rest-the-world-team-list-71633.html]</ref>Fa Zidane e ne e le motlhami wa motshameko kwa Juve, o ne a tshameka fela fa morago ga motshameki wa kwa pele Alessandro Del Piero, mme Del Piero o gakologelwa jaana, "Zidane o ne a na le talente e e sa tlwaelegang, e e neng ya dira gore a kgatlhegele fela go thusa setlhopha. E ne e se motshameki yo o pelotshetlha. O ne a na le bokgoni jo bo sa tshwaneng le bope jwa go nna motho yo o molemo le go nna motho yo o berekang mmogo. Ke ne ka nna lesego go tshameka le ene". <ref>"Juventus legend Del Piero: What it was like to call Zidane a teammate..." Tribal Football. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512021123/https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/juventus-legend-del-piero-wha-it-was-like-to-call-zidane-a-teammate-4183835#2dD7rJbsTTF6AtLt.99]</ref> O ne a latlhegelwa ke UEFA Champions League Final ya 1997 3 - 1 go Borussia Dortmund fa a ne a sa kgone go dira kgatelelo kgatlhanong le go tshwaya ga Paul Lambert.<ref>Gordon, Phil (6 September 2009). "Norwich City manager Paul Lambert on his vision for the future". ''Sunday Herald''. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2012.[http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/english-football/norwich-city-manager-paul-lambert-on-his-vision-for-the-future-1.917708]</ref>Mo setlheng se se latelang, Zidane o ne a ntsha maduo a le supa mo metshamekong e le 32 mo kgaisanong go thusa Juventus go fenya Serie A ka 1997-98 mme ka jalo a boloka Scudetto. Kwa Yuropa, Juventus e ne ya dira motshameko wa bone wa boraro o o latelanang wa UEFA Champions League Final, mme ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke motshameko ka 1 - 0 go Real Madrid. Ka 1998, Zidane o ne a bidiwa FIFA World Player of the Year, mme a gapa Ballon d'Or. Juventus e ne ya feletsa e le ba bobedi mo Serie A ya 2000-01, fela ba ne ba tswa mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha tsa Champions League, morago ga gore Zidane a kganelwe go tshameka motshameki wa Hamburger SV, Jochen Kientz ka tlhogo.<ref>"Five-match ban for Zidane". ''BBC Sport''. 27 October 2000. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2012.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/champions_league/994847.stm]</ref> Ka 2001, Zidane o ne a bidiwa Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year ka lekgetlo la bobedi<ref>List of Oscar del Calcio winners on the AIC official website. Retrieved 23 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095258/http://www.assocalciatori.it/Pagine/AlbodOro/tabid/161/language/en-US/Default.aspx]</ref> == '''Real Madrid''' == * [[Setshwantsho:Beckham zidane team.jpg|thumb|Beckham Zidane]]Ka ngwaga wa 2001, Zidane o ne a tsena mo Real Madrid ka tlhwatlhwa ya rekoto ya lefatshe ya dibilione di le 150 tsa di-lira tsa Italy,<ref>"Zidane al Real" (in Italian). Juventus F.C. 9 July 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20010806031702/http://www.juventus.com/news/0%2C%2CA_336083%7CL_IT%2C00.html]</ref><ref>"Zidane stecca la prima". ''Rai Sport'' (in Italian). 28 July 2001. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053511/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/sport/calcioestero/200107/28/3b62f895068d4/ 2017]</ref> (mo e ka nnang €77.5 million ka tlhwatlhwa e e tlhomameng ya phapanyetsano; e e begilweng e le dibilione di le 12.8 tsa di-peseta<ref>"El fichaje de Zidane por el Real Madrid llega a su final". ''ABC'' (in Spanish). Madrid. 4 July 2001. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2017.[http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-04-07-2001/abc/Deportes/el-fichaje-de-zidane-por-el-real-madrid-llega-a-su-final_32626.html]</ref>) ka dikarolwana,<ref>"Reports and Financial Statements at 30 June 2002" (PDF). Juventus F.C. 28 October 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150607132859/http://www.juventus.com/wps/wcm/connect/7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c]</ref> mme a saena konteraka ya dingwaga di le nne. Go tlaleletsa mo nakong ya Galacticos ya dinaledi tsa lefatshe tse di saenetsweng ke Real Madrid ngwaga mongwe le mongwe, mo setlheng sa gagwe sa ntlha mo setlhopheng Zidane o ne a bona phenyo e e tumileng ya motshameko, phenyo ya motshameko ka leoto la gagwe la molema le le bokoa go tswa mo ntlheng ya lebokoso la jarata tse 18, mo phenyong ya 2 - 1 ya Madrid kgatlhanong le Bayer Leverkusen mo Finale ya UEFA Champions League ya 2002. <ref>Smith, Rory (20 December 2009). "Top 20 sporting moments of the decade: Zinedine Zidane's Champions League final winner". ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2014.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/6833372/Top-20-sporting-moments-of-the-decade-Zinedine-Zidanes-Champions-League-final-winner.html]</ref><ref>"2001 – present – Real Madrid surpasses the century mark". Real Madrid CF. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2008.[http://www.realmadrid.com/en/about-real-madrid/history/football/2001-2010-the-ninth-with-zidane-beckham-ronaldo-and-figo]</ref> Goal eno e ne ya kaiwa e le nngwe ya tse di gaisang mo hisetoring ya Champions League.<ref>Smith, Rory (20 December 2009). "Top 20 sporting moments of the decade: Zinedine Zidane's Champions League final winner". ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref><ref>"Ten of the best Champions League goals". ''The Guardian''. London. 16 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2014.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/apr/16/best-champions-league-goals]</ref><ref>"Who's made our Champions League top five". ''BT Vision''. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105220012/http://www.btvision.bt.com/sport/whos-made-our-champions-league-top-five/]</ref> Bogolo jwa tlhaselo bo ne jwa dira gore Zidane a nne le mongwe wa mekete ya gagwe ya go keteka mokgele ka maikutlo fa a ne a tabogela kwa moleng wa kgoreletso ka molomo o bulegile, a goa ka boitumelo * Zinedine Zidane, yo o neng a le bokgakala jwa dimetara di le 18, a lebile e bile a letile, o ne a fetola tsela e mmele wa gagwe o lebegang ka yone mme ka go dira jalo, a dira tiro e e motlhofo, a bo a tshwara kgwele ya motshameko ka botlalo ka leoto la gagwe la molema. E fofa fa pele ga Hans-Jörg Butt. E ne e le nako ya go galalediwa ga Zidane, go feta fa a ne a le kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 1998, ka ntlha ya bopelontle le bontle jwa nako eo, ka ntlha ya tsela e a neng a kgona go laola sengwe le sengwe se se mo dikologileng ka yone. E ne e le Bruce Lee yo o tsamayang ka bonya fa go ne go rena tlhakatlhakano ya kung-fu. == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == * Fora le Algeria di tsaya Zidane e le moagi wa tsone. Go ne go na le magatwe a gore mokatisi Abdelhamid Kermali o ne a gana go fa Zidane maemo mo setlhopheng sa Algeria ka gonne a ne a akanya gore motshameki yo mmotlana wa kwa gare o ne a se bonako ka mo go lekaneng. <ref>"The scarred French messiah". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.[http://specials.rediff.com/sports/2006/jul/10sld-zid1.htm]</ref> Zidane o ne a ganetsa magatwe ao mo potsolotsong ya 2005, a re o ne a ka se ka a tshamekela Algeria ka gore o ne a setse a tshamekele Fora.<ref>Le Buteur magazine 7 May [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013751/http://img106.imageshack.us/my.php?image=sanstitre15bu.jpg 2005]</ref> Zidane e ne e le lekoko la setlhopha sa Fora sa ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le 21 se se neng sa gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa Metshamekong ya Mediterranean ya 1993 kwa Languedoc-Roussillon.<ref>''Zinedine Zidane 'The best player ever in History'''. epubli. pp. 69–. GGKEY:L6NR6UY3RQ0. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210605192930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk280bcN8hIC&pg=PA69]</ref> O ne a tshameka kgwele ya gagwe ya ntlha le Fora jaaka motshameki yo o neng a le mo boemong jwa gagwe mo motshamekong wa botsalano kgatlhanong le Czech Republic ka di 17 Phatwe 1994, o o neng wa felela ka go sa tshwane ga 2- 2 morago ga gore Zidane a goge gabedi go thusa Fora go phimola tlhaelo ya 2 - 0. Morago ga gore Eric Cantona a kgaolwe ngwaga otlhe ka January 1995 ka ntlha ya go tlhasela motshameki, Zidane o ne a tsaya maemo a motshameki. <ref>"Cantona and Ginola omitted by France". ''The Independent''. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cantona-and-ginola-omitted-by-france-1348207.html]</ref> '''Euro 1996''' Le fa gone Fora e ne e se mo maemong a yone a a kwa godimo mo kgaisanong eno, e ne ya fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a manè. Zidane o ne a ise a tlhomamisiwe ka botlalo mo setlhopheng sa Fora mme seemo sa gagwe se ne se le mo magareng mo kgaisanong yotlhe, mme o ne a kgona go ntsha maduo mo kgaisanong ya kotlhao mo makgaolakgannyeng le mo makgaolakgannyeng. Fora e ne ya ntshiwa mo metshamekong ya makgaolakgang ya Euro 96 mo kgaisanong ya go thuntsha ya kotlhao kgatlhanong le Czech Republic.<ref>"Czechs prevail on penalties to reach final". UEFA. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2015.[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=1996/matches/round=224/match=52915/postmatch/report/index.html]</ref> '''1998 World Cup''' [[Setshwantsho:Arc de triomphe du carrousel in Paris France.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Morago ga gore lefatshe Fora e fenye Sejana sa Lefatshe, setshwantsho sa ga Zidane se ne sa bewa mo Arch de Triomphe (setshwantsho) mmogo le mafoko a a reng "Merci Zizou"]] Sejana sa lefatshe sa FIFA sa 1998 e ne e le Sejana sa Lefatshe sa ntlha se Zidane a neng a nna le seabe mo go sone; kgaisano e ne e tshwaretswe kwa nageng ya gaabo, Fora. Setlhopha sa Mafora se ne sa fenya metshameko yotlhe e meraro mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha, mme Zidane o ne a tsentse golo ya ga Christophe Dugarry mo motshamekong wa go bula kgatlhanong le Afrika Borwa go tswa kwa sekhutlong, mme a thusa go tsentse golo ya ga Thierry Henry mo motshamekong wa bobedi kgatlhanong le Saudi Arabia. O ne a kobiwa mo motshamekong wa bofelo ka go kgwathisa Fuad Anwar, a nna motshameki wa ntlha wa Mofora go amogela karata e khibidu mo motshamekong wa makgaolakgang wa Sejana sa Lefatshe.<ref>Wilson, Jonathan (21 March 2020). "Ranked! The 10 best players of France 98". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/best-players-world-cup-france-98-zidane-ronaldo-thuram-bergkamp-suker]</ref> Kwa ntle ga motshameki wa bone, France e ne ya tswelela go fenya 1 -0 mo motshamekong wa makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Paraguay mme, fa a boela kwa letlhakoreng, a fenya Italy 4 -3 mo dikotlhaong morago ga go sa kwalwa gope kwa makgaolakgannyeng, mme Zidane a ne a tshwara kgwele ya ntlha mo motshamekong wa go thuntshana. <ref>Di Gennaro, Dario. "Italia-Francia, 1998 0-0 (3-4)" [Italy–France, 1998 0–0 (3–4)]. ''rai.it'' (in Italian). Rai Sport. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616003113/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/eventi/francia98/incontri/ita_fra.htm]</ref>France e ne ya fenya Croatia ka 2 - 1 mo semi-finaleng. Le fa Zidane a ne a na le seabe mo go fitlheleleng ga setlhopha, o ne a ise a fitlhelele le fa e le gope mo Sejaneng sa Lefatshe. <ref>Will Magee (23 June 2017). "How Zinedine Zidane's France Won World Cup '98". Vice Sports. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190226050020/https://sports.vice.com/en_au/article/gyp7jw/how-zinedine-zidanes-france-won-world-cup-98]</ref> Zidane le Fora ba ne ba ya go tshameka kgatlhanong le bafenyi ba ba tshwereng maemo le ba ba rategang Brazil kwa Stade de France kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa 1998. Fora e ne ya laola Brazil go tloga fela fa go ne go simololwa motshameko, mme Zidane o ne a ntsha maduo a le mabedi a a tshwanang, ka bobedi jwa one e le ka ditlhogo ka ntlha ya go itewa ga Emmanuel Petit le Youri Djorkaeff. Ka ntlha ya dipholo tse pedi tsa ga Zidane, Fora e ne ya tsena mo kgaoganyong ya sephatlo sa motshameko ka go etelelwa pele ke 2 - 0 ka letsogo le le lengwe mo sejaneng sa Sejana sa Lefatshe. Petit o ne a tsenya golo ya boraro ka nako ya go khutla ga motshameko go tiisa phenyo ya 3-0 le go fenya ga Fora mo Sejaneng sa Lefatshe sa ntlha. Zidane o ne a bidiwa monna wa motshameko, a nna mogaka wa bosetšhaba ka bonako mme o ne a tla amogela Legion of Honour moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Go feta batho ba le milione ba ne ba kokoana mo Champs-Élysées kwa Paris, mme mekete e ne e le go dikologa Arc de Triomphe.<ref>"For Joyous French, a Night to Remember" Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''Washington Post''. Retrieved 21 November 2013.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/soccer/longterm/worldcup98/articles/party.htm]</ref><ref>"Zidane calls time on international career" Archived 27 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ABC. Retrieved 21 November 2013.[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-08-13/zidane-calls-time-on-international-career/2025020]</ref> '''Euro 2000''' [[Setshwantsho:Maillot Zidane.jpg|thumb|Seaparo sa ga Zidane sa Fora sa Euro 2000]] Dingwaga tse pedi morago ga moo Fora e ne ya fenya Euro 2000, mme ya nna setlhopha sa ntlha go tshwara Sejana sa Lefatshe le Sejana sa Yuropa fa e sa le Jeremane Bophirima e dira jalo ka 1974. Zidane o ne a fetsa ka dipholo di le pedi, e leng go itaya kgwele e e golang mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Spain le go itaya kgwele ya gauta mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Portugal ka kotlhao.<ref>"Raul miss sends France through". ''BBC Sport''. 25 June 2000. Archived from the original on 28 July 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/805574.stm]</ref><ref>"Zidane sends France through". ''BBC Sport''. 28 June 2000. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 12 January [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/810547.stm 2018]</ref> O ne gape a beela Henry leano la go fenya Denmark ka 3 - 0 mo motshamekong wa bone wa ntlha wa setlhopha.<ref>Evagora, Andreas (11 June 2000). "France shuts out Denmark in Euro 2000". ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved 22 April 2024.[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/france-shuts-out-denmark-in-euro-2000-1.208072]</ref> UEFA e ne ya bitsa Zidane go nna Motshameki wa Motshameko.<ref>"Euro 2000: The French Revolution" Archived 26 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 August [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17760487 2014]</ref>Zidane ka boene o dumela gore o ne a le kwa setlhoeng sa gagwe ka nako ya kgaisano, fa webosaete ya UEFA e bolela gore, "Kwa Belgium le Netherlands, Zidane o ne a laola mo kgaisanong e kgolo ka tsela e go seng motho ope yo o kileng a kgona go dira jalo fa e sale Diego Maradona ka 1986. Go tswa mo motshamekong wa go bula kgatlhanong le Denmark go ya kwa motshamekong wa makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Italy, 'Zizou' o ne a phatsima thata, a kgatlhisa baganetsi ba gagwe ka metshameko ya gagwe e e botlhale, a kgatlhisa batsamaisi ba dinao, a taboga ka lebelo le le kwa godimo le go nna le pono e e botlhale".<ref>"Zidane basks in his golden summer of 2000". UEFA. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190713153926/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/memories/newsid=1757816.html]</ref> '''2002 World Cup''' Jaaka mmampodi wa lefatshe le wa Yuropa, Fora e tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2002 kwa Japan/Korea jaaka ba ba neng ba ratiwa, fela kgobalo ya serope e e neng ya nna teng mo motshamekong wa go thutafatsa pele ga kgaisano e ne ya thibela Zidane go tshameka mo metshamekong ya ntlha e mebedi ya Fora mme ntle le pheko ya bone, setlhopha sa Fora se ne sa palelwa ke go dira maduo mo metshamekong e mebedi, ba latlhegelwa ke 1 - 0 kgatlhanong le Senegal, mme ba tshwara Uruguay go ya kwa go se nang maduo. O ne a busediwa morago pele ga nako mo motshamekong wa boraro kgatlhanong le Denmark, le fa a ne a sa itekanela sentle, mme ga a ka a kgona go thibela Fora go latlhegelwa ke 2 - 0, mme a kgaolwa ka tsela e e tlhabisang ditlhong mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha a sa dira le fa e le gope fela; e ne e le tiragatso e e maswe go gaisa ya mmampodi yo o emetseng mo hisetoring ya kgaisano.<ref>Bland, Gareth (28 July 2015). "The story of France's failure at World Cup 2002". ''These Football Times''. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2018.[https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/07/28/frances-failure-at-world-cup-2002/]</ref> '''Euro 2004''' Kwa Euro 2004, Fora e ne ya fenya Engelane le Switzerland. Mo motshamekong wa go bula kgatlhanong le Engelane, Zidane o ne a dira kgwele ya mahala le kotlhao mo nakong ya go khutla ga motshameko go fetola go fenngwa mo go neng go le gaufi go nna phenyo ya 2-1.<ref>"France 2–1 England". ''BBC Sport''. 13 June 2004. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/3787491.stm]</ref> <ref>"Euro Moments: Zidane quick on the double to down England". ''The Irish Times''. Dublin. 27 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/euro-moments-zidane-quick-on-the-double-to-down-england-1.2650665]</ref>Mo motshamekong o o latelang wa setlhopha kgatlhanong le Croatia, kgwele ya gagwe e ne ya faposiwa ke mosireletsi Igor Tudor, yo o neng a tsenya golo ya gagwe; motshameko o ne wa felela ka go sa tshwane ka 2 - 2.<ref>"Battling Croatia rattle holders France in EURO 2004 Group B". UEFA.com. 17 June 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2024.[https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d7b43fc35c7-f77277b8ddb7-1000--battling-croatia-rattle-holders-france-in-euro-2004-group-b/]</ref>Mo motshamekong wa bofelo wa setlhopha sa Fora, Zidane o ne a bula maduo ka go fenya Switzerland ka 3-1. <ref>"Switzerland 1 - 3 France". ''The Guardian''. 21 June 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2024.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/jun/21/euro2004.sport17]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, France e ne ya fenngwa ke bafenyi ba ba neng ba tlile go fenya Greece ka go fenngwa ke 1 - 0.<ref>"France 0–1 Greece". ''BBC Sport''. 25 June 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/3830575.stm]</ref> Morago ga go fenngwa ga Fora, Zidane o ne a itsise ka go tlogela ga gagwe go tshameka kgwele ya dinao ya boditšhabatšhaba.<ref>"Zidane quits French national team". CNN. 12 August 2004. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170717013255/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/08/12/zidane.retirement/]</ref> '''2006 world cup''' Ka go tlogela go tshameka ga batshameki ba bagolo jaaka Bixente Lizarazu, Marcel Desailly, Claude Makélélé {{Infobox person|credits=Se ke tlileng go se bua se ka nna sa utlwala e le go feteletsa dilo, mme ke boammaaruri. Modimo o teng mme o boile mo setlhopheng sa Fora. Thierry Henry, fa Zidane a boa}} [[Setshwantsho:Zinedine zidane wcf 2006-edit.jpg|thumb|Zidane ka nako ya makgaolakgang a Sejana sa Mafatshe sa 2006]] le Lilian Thuram, Fora e ne ya kgaratlhela go tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2006. Ka go rotloediwa ke mokatisi Raymond Domenech, Zidane o ne a tswa mo pensheneng mme a busediwa mo maemong a gagwe jaaka mokapotene wa setlhopha. <ref>"Zidane & Makelele back for France". ''BBC Sport''. 3 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2019.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4743069.stm]</ref>Zidane, mmogo le Thuram le Makélélé, ba ne ba boela mo kgaisanong ya Fora ka go fenya Faroe Islands ka 3-0 ka 3 Lwetse 2005. Ba bararo ba ne ba thusa Fora go tlhatloga go tswa mo maemong a bone go fenya setlhopha sa bone sa ditlhopho. <ref>"Zidane & Makelele back for France". ''BBC Sport''. 3 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402075815/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=178912]</ref> Ka 27 Motsheganong 2006, Zidane o ne a bona kgwele ya gagwe ya bo lekgolo mo Fora ka go fenya Mexico ka 0-1, e leng motshameko wa gagwe wa bofelo kwa Stade de France. Zidane o ne a nna motshameki wa bone wa kwa Fora go fitlhelela palo ya 100 ya go tshameka mo lefatsheng, morago ga Desailly, Thuram le Didier Deschamps. Fora e ne e na le tshimologo e e bonya go ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng a 2006 mme, morago ga go kgaolwa mo motshamekong wa boraro wa setlhopha, Zidane o ne a boa go ya go beela Patrick Vieira le go itirela leano mo motshamekong wa bobedi kgatlhanong le Spain. Mo makgaolakgannyeng, Fora e ne ya tshwara Brazil ka go thuntsha kgwele e le nngwe fela mo motshamekong wa bofelo wa 1998. Zidane o ne a thusa Thierry Henry go bona kgwele e e neng ya dira gore a bone motshameko mme FIFA e ne ya mmitsa Monna wa Motshameko.<ref>"Brazil 0–1 France". ''BBC Sport''. 1 July 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991616.stm]</ref> <ref>"Man of the Match: Stage 2". FIFA. 1 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 July 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060711212605/http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/w/mom/s2.html]</ref>France e ne ya kopana le Portugal mo semi-finaleng mme, jaaka kwa Brussels dingwaga di le thataro tse di fetileng; gape, kotlhao ya ga Zidane e ne ya dira tshwetso ya kgaisano mme ya romela France kwa makgaolakgannyeng a mangwe a magolo.<ref>"Zidane and France seize their final chance". ''The Guardian''. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/06/worldcup2006.match]</ref><ref>"World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No5: Zinedine Zidane's head-butt" Archived 18 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London Retrieved 16 May 2013.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/11/world-cup-moments-zinedine-zidane-head-butt]</ref> O ne a setse a itsisitse gore o tla tlogela morago ga go khutla ga konteraka ya gagwe ya Real Madrid kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha sa 2005/06, lefatshe la kgwele ya dinao le ne le setse le itse gore makgaolakgang a bobedi a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa ga Zidane e ne e tla nna motshameko wa gagwe wa bofelo. Mo metsotsong e le supa ya makgaolakgang a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2006 kwa Berlin, Zidane o ne a tsenya Fora kwa pele ka kgwele ya kotlhao ya Panenka e e neng ya itaya mo sefapanong mme ya tlolela kwa godimo ga mola wa kgoro <ref>"The cult of the Panenka penalty". FIFA. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628113325/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html]</ref> go nna motshameki wa bone fela mo hisetoring ya Sejana sa Lefatshe yo o tsentseng mo makgaolakgannyeng a mabedi a a farologaneng, mmogo le Pelé, Paul Breitner, le Vavá, mo godimo ga go tshwaraganngwa mo maemong a ntlha le Vavá, Pelé le Geoff Hurst ka di le tharo tsa makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe, rekoto ka nako eo, e e neng ya rojwa ke Kylian Mbappé ka 2022. O batlile a kgona go tsenya bolo ya bobedi ka nako ya go oketsa motshameko, mme tlhogo ya gagwe e ne ya bolokiwa ke motshwaramarapo wa kwa Italy e bong Gianluigi Buffon. Zidane o ne a kobiwa mo motshamekong mo motsotsong wa bo110 morago ga gore a iteye Marco Materazzi ka tlhogo mo sehubeng,<ref>"Italy – France". ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2016.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/aug/18/newsstory.sport2]</ref><ref>Smale, Simon (18 December 2022). "Kylian Mbappé nets World Cup final hat trick to prove his class, but there has to be a winner and a loser". ''Abc.net''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-19/kylian-mbappe-fifa-world-cup-final-hattrick-messi/101787976]</ref> ka jalo o ne a se ka a nna le seabe mo motshamekong wa go thuntsha, o Italy e neng ya o fenya ka 5 -3.<ref>"Materazzi admits to insulting Zidane". ''ESPN Soccernet''. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20140115071331/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id=373706&cc=5901 2009]</ref> Se e ne e le go lelekwa ga bo 14 ga Zidane mo botshelong jwa gagwe, mme o ne a kopana le Rigobert Song wa Cameroon jaaka batshameki ba le esi ba ba kileng ba lelekwa mo metshamekong e mebedi ya Sejana sa Lefatshe. <ref>Buckingham, Mark. "1998 World Cup – France". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 3 July 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060703033753/http://home.skysports.com/worldcup/historyarticle.aspx?hlid=373681]</ref>Sengwe se se neng se gakgamatsa ka go lelekwa ga ga Zidane e ne e le gore moatlhodi o ne a se ka a bona go itewa ga gagwe ka tlhogo, ka jalo o ne a ya go botsa batlhokomedi ba mola, ba le bone ba neng ba sa bona sepe. Mme lefa go ntse jalo, moatlhodi wa bonè o ne a bona motshameko oo, mme ka go bo a ne a kgatlhilwe ke tsela e a neng a lebega ka yone, o ne a leleka motshameki wa bo10 wa setlhopha sa Fora. O ne gape a nna motshameki wa bone yo o neng a fiwa karata e khibidu mo makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe, mo godimo ga go nna wa ntlha go ntshiwa mo motshamekong ka nako e e okeditsweng. <ref>"Zidane sent off in extra time for head butt". ESPNsoccernet. 9 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 11 July [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811220022/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373588&cc=5901 2006]</ref> Ditiro tsa ga Zidane di ne tsa nna mo ditlhogong tsa dikgang lefatshe ka bophara, fa kwa Fora Le Figaro e ne ya bitsa go itaya ga gagwe tlhogo ka kgwele ya dinao e re "ke selo se se makgapha", mme tsebe ya ntlha ya L'Équipe e ne ya botsa jaana, "Re tshwanetse go bolelela bana ba rona eng, ba o fetogileng sekao sa bone go ya go ile? ... Seo se ka diragalela motho yo o tshwanang le wena jang?"<ref>Lee, Sam (17 January 2021). "The evolution of Pep Guardiola, decade by decade". ''The Athletic''. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212922/https://theathletic.com/2322975/2021/01/17/the-evolution-of-pep-guardiola-decade-by-decade/]</ref> Zidane o ne a amogetse ditebogo ka ntlha ya go tshameka ga gagwe mo kgaisanong, ka Pep Guardiola a kwala gore o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo setlhopheng gore "Fora ga e ke e tlhakatlhakana". Letsatsi morago ga makgaolakgang, Zidane o ne a fiwa Golden Ball jaaka motshameki wa kgaisano.<ref>"2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards: Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award". fifa.com. 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2020.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180714151444/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/2006-fifa-world-cup-official-fifa-awards-zidane-wins-adidas-golden-bal-16415]</ref> Fa a sena go boela kwa Fora, Place de la Concorde kwa Paris e ne e tletse ka diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng {{Infobox person|credits="Tshameko e lo e tshamekileng maabane e ne e tletse ka bokgoni le botswerere. Ke a itse gore o utlwile botlhoko e bile o swabisitswe mme se ke batlang go go bolelela sone ke gore naga yotlhe e motlotlo thata ka wena. O tlotlomaditse naga ka dinonofo tsa gago tse di tlhomologileng le moya wa gago o montle wa go lwa, o e neng e le nonofo ya gago mo dinakong tse di thata, mme gape le mo dinakong tsa go fenya". Moporesidente wa Fora, Jacques Chirac, o tlotla Zidane kwa Paris morago ga Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 2006}} ba lebile ba ntse ba tsholetsa difolaga le go opela ba re "Zizou! Zizou!", mme ba ne ba etelelwa pele ke poresidente wa Fora Jacques Chirac.<ref>"World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No5: Zinedine Zidane's head-butt" Archived 18 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London Retrieved 16 May 2013.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/11/world-cup-moments-zinedine-zidane-head-butt]</ref> Mafoko a ga Chirac a ne a supa maikutlo a setšhaba sa Mafora, ka dipotsolotso tse di dirilweng ka bonako morago ga tiragalo e e neng e supa tshegetso ya ga Zidane: 61% ya Mafora ba ne ba re ba setse ba mo itshwaretse ka ditiro tsa gagwe fa 52% ba ne ba re ba a tlhaloganya.[ 84]<ref>"World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No5: Zinedine Zidane's head-butt" Archived 18 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London Retrieved 16 May 2013.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/11/world-cup-moments-zinedine-zidane-head-butt]</ref> Go ya ka mokwaladikgang wa kwa Fora Philippe Auclair, ditshupo tsa ga Zidane mo metshamekong ya go tswa mo kgaisanong di ne di "lebagane le tse di gaisang tsotlhe tsa gagwe a apere hempe e e pududu".<ref>"World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No5: Zinedine Zidane's head-butt" Archived 18 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London Retrieved 16 May 2013.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/11/world-cup-moments-zinedine-zidane-head-butt]</ref> Jaaka motshameki wa motshameko, Zidane o ne a file setlhopha tsholofelo, le lekwalodikgang la letsatsi le letsatsi la Sefora la Libération le bolela gore, "Mo kgweding e le nngwe, Fora e ne e lora ka Zidane".<ref>"World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No5: Zinedine Zidane's head-butt" Archived 18 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London Retrieved 16 May 2013.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/11/world-cup-moments-zinedine-zidane-head-butt]</ref> Zidane o ne a nna a ntse e le letshwao la setšhaba sa Fora, mme mokwadi mongwe wa Mofora o ne a re, "Go molemo gore re bone mogaka wa rona wa bosetšhaba a na le diphoso". Moragonyana go ne ga senolwa ka dipotsolotso gore Marco Materazzi o ne a tlhapaditse kgaitsadie Zidane, se se neng sa dira gore Zidane a galefe thata le go tsiboga. <ref>"Marco Materazzi: I used 'stupid words' before Zinedine Zidane head-butt". ''ESPN FC''. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February [http://www.espnfc.us/fifa-world-cup/story/2910348/marco-materazzi-i-used-stupid-words-before-zinedine-zidane-head-butt 2017]</ref> Ka 2010, Zidane o rile o tla "swa go na le go kopa maitshwarelo" go Materazzi ka ntlha ya go mo itaya ka tlhogo mo makgaolakgannyeng,<ref>"Zidane: I'd "rather die" than say sorry". ''ESPN Soccernet''. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100304145802/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/749212/ce/uk/?cc=5739&ver=global]</ref> mme gape o dumetse gore o ne a ka se "tshele le ene" fa a ne a letleletswe go nna mo lebaleng le go thusa Fora go fenya motshameko.<ref>"Zidane is glad he was sent off in 2006 World Cup final". ''ww38.momento24.com''. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190803202919/http://ww38.momento24.com/en/2009/12/22/zidane-is-glad-he-was-sent-off-in-the-2006-world-cup-final/comment-page-1/]</ref> Moragonyana o ne a re, "Fa o leba dikarata tse dikhibidu di le lesome le bone tse ke di boneng mo tirong ya me, di le lesome le bobedi tsa tsone e ne e le ka ntlha ya go tshosediwa. Seno ga se seipato, seno ga se seipato, mme lorato lwa me, bogale jwa me le madi a me di dirile gore ke tsibogele seo". <ref>"Zinedine Zidane". ''Esquire''. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416133836/http://www.esquireme.com/zinedine-zidane/ 2015]</ref> Morago ga karata ya gagwe e khibidu kwa makgaolakgannyeng, Zidane o ne a tlogela kgwele ya dinao mme a tlhomamisa gore ga a kitla a boela morago mo tshwetsong ya gagwe. <ref>"I'm sorry but no regrets – Zidane". ''BBC Sport''. 12 July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 4 July [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5169342.stm 2010]</ref> O ne a atlholelwa ke FIFA go kgaolwa mo metshamekong e le meraro ka ntlha ya karata e khibidu.[<ref>"FIFA bans Zidane for head butt". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2014.[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SPORT/football/07/20/fifa.zidane/]</ref>Jaaka a ne a setse a tlogetse tiro, o ne a dumela go fetsa malatsi a le mararo a tirelo ya setšhaba le bana mo go nngwe ya diporojeke tsa botho tsa FIFA.<ref>"Zidane/Materazzi disciplinary proceedings: suspensions, fines, community service and regret". FIFA. Retrieved 13 May 2014.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514020245/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=104545/index.html]</ref> Zidane o ne a feleletsa a tshwere Cafu wa kwa Brazil ka rekoto ya dikarata tse dintsi tse a di filweng mo metshamekong ya Sejana sa Lefatshe, ka tse thataro.<ref>"Counting Cards at the World Cup". ''U.S. News & World Report''. 12 June 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2017.[https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2014/06/12/counting-the-cards-at-the-world-cup/]</ref> == Go tlogela tiro == [[Setshwantsho:Zidane passing 2008.jpg|thumb|Zidane a tshameka motshameko wa futsal ka ngwaga wa 2008.|241x241px]] Fa e sale a tlogela tiro, Zidane o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa Real Madrid Veterans. Gape o kile a tshameka mo metshamekong ya futsal makgetlo a le mmalwa. Ka 2015 o ne a tshameka mo kgaisanong ya futsal kwa Dubai, United Arab Emirates, mo motshameki wa kganetso a neng a amogela karata ya mmala o mosetlha ka go tsaya selfie le Zidane. <ref>"Player Gets a Yellow Card for Taking an In-Match Selfie with Zinedine Zidane". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2518159-player-gets-a-yellow-card-for-taking-an-in-match-selfie-with-zinedine-zidane]</ref> Mo potsolotsong ka Seetebosigo 2008, Zidane o ne a bolela fa a batla go boela mo kgwele ya dinao, mme o ne a sena maano a go dira jalo<ref>Gordos, Phil (22 June 2008). "Zidane tips Ronaldo for Real move". ''BBC Sport''. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7468229.stm]</ref> Ka di bongwe a tlhola Seetebosigo 2009, Zidane o ne a itsisiwe jaaka mogakolodi wa mopresidente morago ga gore Florentino Pérez a bidiwe mopresidente wa Real Madrid lekgetlo la bobedi. <ref>"Real Madrid Board of Director Announcement". Real Madrid CF. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2011.[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202773095983/noticia/ComunicadoOficial/ANNOUNCEMENT_OF_THE_BOARD_OF_DIRECTORS.htm]</ref> Ene, mmogo le mokaedi-kakaretso Jorge Valdano le mokaedi wa metshameko Miguel Pardeza, e ne e le bona ba ba tsayang ditshwetso mo letlhakoreng la metshameko ya tlelapo.<ref>"Real Madrid Board of Director Announcement". Real Madrid CF. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2011.[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202773095983/noticia/ComunicadoOficial/ANNOUNCEMENT_OF_THE_BOARD_OF_DIRECTORS.htm]</ref>Morago ga letsholo le le bosula la Fora kwa Sejaneng sa Lefatshe sa 2010, Zidane o ne a re ga a ikaelela go nna mokatisi mo nakong e e sa fediseng pelo.<ref>"World Cup 2010: Zinedine Zidane doesn't agree with France 'strike'". ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100625005428/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/france/7843258/World-Cup-2010-Zinedine-Zidane-doesnt-agree-with-France-strike.html]</ref> == Tiro ya bopelo tshweu == [[Setshwantsho:Zidane in Poznan.jpg|thumb|Zidane kwa Danone Nations Cup, 2008. Kgaisano ya kgwele ya dinao e e akaretsang bana ba le dimilione di le 2,5 ba ba tswang mo ditlelapeng di feta 11 000 go ralala lefatshe, mme Zidane ke ene moemedi wa yone]] Ka masome a mabedi le bone a thlola Tlhakole 2007, fa pele ga boidiidi jwa babogedi ba le 10 000 kwa motshamekong kwa bokone jwa Thailand wa Keuydaroon bana ba AIDS, Zidane o ne a tsenya bolo ya ntlha mme a tsenya ya bobedi mo motshamekong wa gagwe wa kwa Malaysia fa motshameko o ne o fela ka 2 -2. Tiragalo eno e ne ya dira gore go kokoanngwe madi a a kana ka 260,000 (R7 500). Madi ano a ne a duelela go agiwa ga dikolo di le pedi le matlo a le 16 a a nang le diphaposi tse tharo tsa borobalo. <ref>"Zidane big fan of Celtic star Nakamura". Zinedine-zidane-news.newslib.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174233/http://zinedine-zidane-news.newslib.com/story/1409-3237631/]</ref> Ka di 19 Ngwanatsele 2008, Zidane o ne a tsaya karolo mo motshamekong wa botlhano wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa Match Against Poverty kwa Málaga, Spain, o le one o neng wa felela ka go sa kwalwa ga 2 - 2; o ne a sa gapa gope mme o ne a kgona go tsenya golo ya bobedi ya setlhopha sa gagwe. Ene le Ronaldo, ba ba neng ba dirisana mmogo mo go rulaganyeng tiragalo ya ngwaga le ngwaga go thusa United Nations Development Programme, ba nna ba etelela pele ditlhopha tsa bone tse di nang le batshameki ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba kgwele ya dinao, baatlelete ba bangwe ba seporofeshenale le batho ba ba tumileng. <ref>"Match Against Poverty" Archived 6 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 September 2014.[https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235451/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/goodwillambassadors/match_against_poverty/]</ref>Zidane, moemedi wa UN Goodwill go tloga ka 2001, o boletse pele ga motshameko gore "mongwe le mongwe a ka dira sengwe go dira lefatshe lefelo le le botoka". <ref>"French Soccer Champion Zinedine Zidane to Be Appointed" (Press release). United Nations Information Service Vienna. 7 March 2001. Archived from the original on 27 August 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2006.[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2001/note126.html]</ref> Ka Seetebosigo le Phukwi 2009, Zidane o ne a etela kwa Canada ka go ema kwa Toronto, Montreal le Vancouver. Le fa gone go ne go buiwa ka Zidane le "Ditsala", tse di neng di akaretsa Fabien Barthez le Samuel Eto'o, metshameko ya go supa e ne e tshamekiwa ke batshameki ba mo lefelong leo. Bontlhanngwe jwa madi a a neng a duelwa a ne a isiwa kwa UNICEF<ref>"Zidane & friends tour Canada – A portion of the proceeds will go to UNICEF". Newswire. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180718151640/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/zidane--friends-tour-canada---a-portion-of-the-proceeds-will-go-to-unicef-537836881.html]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Football against poverty 2014 - Zidane (4).jpg|thumb|Zidane mo motshamekong wa botsalano kwa lefelong la Bern, kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2014]] Ka borataro Seetebosigo 2010, Zidane o ne a tsaya karolo mo tiragalong ya go thusa ba bangwe ya Soccer Aid. O ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa Rest of the World, se se neng se eteletswe pele ke motshameki wa pele wa Liverpool le Celtic e bong Kenny Dalglish kgatlhanong le Engelane mmogo le motho yo a neng a tshameka le ene kwa Real Madrid e bong Luís Figo le moanelwa wa Celtic e bong Henrik Larsson. O ne a tshameka kgatlhanong le batshameki ba maloba jaaka Teddy Sheringham le Alan Shearer, gammogo le batho ba ba tumileng jaaka batshameki ba Hollywood Woody Harrelson, Mike Myers, Michael Sheen, moapei Gordon Ramsay, motshameki Damian Lewis le moopedi Robbie Williams. 115] Motshameko o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa Old Trafford, Manchester mme wa fenngwa ke Rest of the World ka lekgetlho la ntlha, kotlhao e e fentseng e ne ya kwalwa ke Harrelson morago ga go goga 2 - 2.<ref>"England Beaten at Soccer Aid" Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. MTV. Retrieved 13 May [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153716/http://www.mtv.co.uk/soccer-aid-2010/news/england-beaten-at-soccer-aid 2014]</ref> Ka bobedi a tlhola Seetebosigo 2013, Zidane o ne a tsaya karolo mo motshamekong wa bopelotlhomogi o o neng o tshamekiwa kwa Old Trafford jaaka karolo ya Manchester United Legends vs. Motshameko wa Real Madrid Legends o ne wa busediwa morago. Motshameko wa ntlha o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. E ne e le karolo ya setlhopha se se neng se na le batshameki ba ba tshwanang le Figo, Fernando Redondo le Manolo Sanchís, mme motshameko o ne wa kokoanya madi go thusa Manchester United Foundation. <ref>"Legends ready for battle" Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Manchester United F.C.[http://www.manutd.com/en/LEGENDSAREBACK/LegendsAreBackNews/2013/May/red-heart-united-preview-manchester-united-v-real-madrid-legends.aspx]</ref> Motshameko wa bo 12 kgatlhanong le Khumanego o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa Saint-Étienne, kwa Fora, ka Mosupologo wa 20 Moranang 2015, kwa Ronaldo le Zidane ba neng ba kopana le dinaledi tse dingwe tsa kgwele ya dinao kgatlhanong le batshameki ba maloba le ba ga jaana ba setlhopha sa Fora sa Ligue 1 sa AS Saint-Étienne. Go ya ka UNDP, "ditharong tse pedi tsa madi otlhe a a bonweng a tla dirisediwa go thusa dinaga tse di amilweng thata ke kgogodi ya Ebola e leng Guinea, Liberia le Sierra Leone go baakanya seemo sa bone". <ref>"Football legends Ronaldo, Zidane to play AS St-Etienne All Stars for Ebola recovery". United Nations Development Programme. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180621144359/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/02/12/football-legends-ronaldo-zidane-to-play-against-asse-all-stars-to-score-for-ebola-recovery-/]</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2018, Zidane o ne a kopana gape le setlhopha sa gagwe sa France 1998 World Cup go tshameka motshameko wa go thusa kgatlhanong le setlhopha sa All-Star se se neng se akaretsa motshameki wa lebelo wa kwa Jamaica Usain Bolt. Thierry Henry o ne a tshameka motshameko wa go fetisa motshameko o le mongwe le Zidane pele ga a ka kwala, mme Zidane o ne a kgoreletsa motshameko ka go ntsha kgwele ya maoto ya dimetara di le 25.<ref>"Thierry Henry scores after gorgeous no-look one-two with Zinedine Zidane in France '98 legends match". ''FourFourTwo''. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/thierry-henry-scores-after-gorgeous-no-look-one-two-zinedine-zidane-france-98-legends-match]</ref> == Tiro ya go nna mokatisi == [[Setshwantsho:Zidane Zizu.jpg|thumb|Zidane ka gwaga wa 2013. E ne ele mothusa mokatisi wa stlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa Real Madrid ka n gwaga wa 2013 go ya ko wa 2014.]] Ka Ngwanatsele 2010, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mogakolodi yo o kgethegileng wa setlhopha sa ntlha sa Real Madrid go arabela kopo e e dirilweng ke mokatisi wa Real Madrid ka nako eo, José Mourinho gore motshameki yo o mo gare wa Real a bereke gaufi thata le setlhopha. Mo tirong ya gagwe e ntšhwa, Zidane o ne a solofetswe go nna le seabe mo ditiragalong le ditiro tsa Champions League mme gape o ne a tshwanetse go tsamaya le setlhopha sa ntlha gangwe le gape le go nna le seabe mo dikopanong tsa pele ga motshameko, dithutego le dikopano le mokatisi wa tlhogo. <ref>"Zidane made special adviser to Real Madrid first team". ''Reuters''. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April [[2011]]</ref>Ka Phukwi 2011, go ne ga itsisiwe gore o tla nna motsamaisi yo moša wa metshameko wa Real Madrid.<ref>"Zinedine Zidane to become Real Madrid sporting director". ''BBC Sport''. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/14067827.stm]</ref> Ka 2013, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mothusa mothapisi wa ga Carlo Ancelotti kwa Real Madrid.<ref>La Liga: Zinedine Zidane named as one of Carlo Ancelotti's Real Madrid assistant coaches". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 17 October [https://web.archive.org/web/20131017170831/http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/8793891/ 2013]</ref> '''Real Madrid Castilla''' Ka Seetebosigo 2014, Real Madrid e ne ya itsise gore Zidane e tla nna mokatisi wa setlhopha sa Real Madrid sa B, Real Madrid Castilla. <ref>"Zidane to manage Castilla in the 2014/2015 season". Real Madrid CF. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2014.[http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/06/zidane-to-manage-castilla-in-the-2014/2015-season]</ref> Ka 29 Phatwe, motsamaisi wa Spanish National Football Coach Education Centre (CENAFE), Miguel Galán, o ne a bega Zidane ka go dira jaaka mokatisi wa Real Madrid Castilla kwa ntle ga dibetšhe tse di tlhokegang tsa go katisa.<ref>"Zidane reported for managing without necessary badges". ''Marca''. Madrid. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2014.[http://www.marca.com/2014/08/29/en/football/real_madrid/1409319935.html]</ref> Go ya ka Galán, "Ga go na ope yo o nang le sepe le lefatshe la kgwele ya dinao yo a ka se itseng gore Zidane o dira jaaka mokatisi wa Real Madrid Castilla mo setlheng seno. Ke selo se se diragetseng se se amogetsweng ke batho ba le bantsi, jaaka go bontshitswe ke dipego tsa metswedi ya dikgang, mme Real Madrid ga e gane". <ref>"Zidane reported for managing without necessary badges". ''Marca''. Madrid. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2014.[http://www.marca.com/2014/08/29/en/football/real_madrid/1409319935.html]</ref> Le fa pego ya semmuso ya motshameko wa Castilla mo motshamekong wa go bula wa Segunda División B e kwadile Santiago Sánchez jaaka mokatisi wa Los Blancos le Zidane jaaka mothusi wa gagwe, Galán a re, "Tsamaiso eno ya maemo e teng fela mo pampiring. Boammaaruri ke gore: Zidane o dira jaaka mokatisi wa Real Madrid Castilla, fa seabe sa ga Rre Sánchez, yo ke mo tlotlang jaaka modirimmogo le ene, e le fela go ba naya dibetšhe.<ref>"Real Madrid Castilla". Real Madrid CF. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140902093053/http://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/academy/real-madrid-castilla]</ref> '''Real Madrid''' Ka Hirikgong a tlhola malatsi a bone 2016, Real Madrid e ne ya itsise go lelekwa ga Rafael Benítez mme ka lone letsatsi leo Zidane o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mokatisi wa setlhopha ka tumelano ya dingwaga di le pedi le halofo. <ref>"Zidane: a club legend in the Real Madrid dugout". Real Madrid CF. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2016.[http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2016/01/zidane-a-club-legend-in-the-real-madrid-dugout]</ref> Motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha jaaka manejara wa setlhopha o diragetse morago ga malatsi a le matlhano, fa Real Madrid e ne e fenya Deportivo La Coruña ka 5 - 0 mo motshamekong wa La Liga. Mo El Clásico ya gagwe ya ntlha jaaka mokatisi, e e neng ya tshwarwa ka 2 Moranang kwa Camp Nou, Zidane o ne a etelela setlhopha sa gagwe pele go fenya Barcelona ka 2-1, a fedisa motshameko wa Barça wa go se fenngwe wa metshameko e le 39.<ref>"Cristiano Ronaldo's late winner gave Zinedine Zidane victory in his first clásico as coach to end Barcelona's 39-game unbeaten run and reignite the title race". ''The Guardian''. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2016.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2016/apr/02/barcelona-v-real-madrid-el-clasico-live]</ref> Ka 4 Motsheganong, Zidane o ne a etelela Real Madrid pele go ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Champions League ka go fenya Manchester City 1 - 0 ka palogotlhe.[ Mo La Liga, Madrid e ne ya fetsa e le mo maemong a bobedi, ka dintlha di le 90 le ntlha e le nngwe fela kwa morago ga bafenyi ba Barcelona. <ref>"2015–16 La Liga Table". ''Sky Sports''. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.[http://www.skysports.com/la-liga-table/2015]</ref> Ka 28 Motsheganong, Real Madrid e ne ya fenya kgwele ya dinao ya bo11 ya Champions League morago ga go fenya Atlético Madrid ka 5 - 3 mo go thuntshaneng ka kotlhao, mme phitlhelelo eo e ne ya bidiwa "La Undécima". <ref>"1-1: La Undécima is oursfinal". Real Madrid. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May [http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2016/05/1-1-la-undecima-is-ours 2016]</ref><ref>"Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again". ''UEFA.com''. 28 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2016.[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000638/match=2015789/postmatch/report/index.html]</ref>Zidane o ne a nna monna wa bosupa go gapa Sejana sa Yuropa jaaka motshameki le mothapisi le monna wa bobedi (morago ga Miguel Muñoz) go fitlhelela phitlhelelo le Real Madrid. Gape o ne a nna mokatisi wa ntlha wa Mofora, ntle le Helenio Herrera wa Mofora-wa-Argentina, go fenya sekgele<ref>"Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again". UEFA. 28 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2016.[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000638/match=2015789/postmatch/report/index.html]</ref><ref>"Real Madrid were crowned champions of Europe for the 11th time after beating Atletico Madrid in a dramatic penalty shootout in Milan". ''BBC Sport''. 29 May 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2018.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36254652]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:El dulce recibimiento del Ayuntamiento al Real Madrid (01).jpg|thumb|Zidane le batshameki ba gagwe ba setlhopha sa Real Madrid, ba eme ka fa mojeng wa ratoropo wa Madrid Manuela Carmena morago ga gore Real Madrid e fenye serwalo sa bone sa masome a mararo le boraro sa La Liga, kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa 2017]] Real Madrid e simolotse letsholo la bone la 2016-17, e e neng e tla nna setlha sa ntlha sa Zidane sa go etelela setlhopha pele, ka phenyo mo UEFA Super Cup ya 2016 kgatlhanong le Sevilla. 133] <ref>"Carvajal wonder goal wins Super Cup for Madrid". ''UEFA.com''. Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 15 June [http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/season=2016/matches/round=2000778/match=2019261/postmatch/report/index.html 2017]</ref>Ka 10 Sedimonthole 2016, Madrid e ne ya tshameka motshameko wa bone wa bo35 ka go latelana ba sa fenngwa, e leng se se neng sa dira rekoto e ntšha ya setlhopha. <ref>"Real Madrid 3–2 Deportivo de La Coruña". ''BBC Sport''. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2016.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38203086]</ref>Ka 18 Sedimonthole 2016, setlhopha se ne sa fenya setlhopha sa Majapane sa Kashima Antlers ka 4 - 2 mo makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa 2016. <ref>"Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final". FIFA. 18 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220125922/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=276112/match=300364984/match-report.html]</ref> Ka 3 -3 draw kwa Sevilla mo legong la bobedi la Copa del Rey round of 16 ka 12 Pherekgong 2017, Madrid e ne ya fetela kwa makgaolakgannyeng ka phenyo ya 6 - 3 mme ya oketsa motshameko wa yona wa go sa fenngwe go ya go 40 ya metshameko, e roba rekoto ya Spain ya Barcelona ya metshameko e le 39 ya go sa fenngwe mo dikgaisanong tsotlhe go tswa mo setlheng se se fetileng. <ref>"Real Madrid break Barcelona's Spanish record as unbeaten run reaches 40". ESPN. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.[http://www.espnfc.com/real-madrid/story/3037193/real-madrid-break-barcelonas-spanish-record-as-unbeaten-run-reaches-40]</ref>Ba ne ba felelwa ke motshameko morago ga go latlhegelwa ke motshameko o le mongwe le motshameko o le mongwe mo La Liga morago ga malatsi a le mararo. <ref>West, Aaron (15 January 2017). "Sevilla just snapped Real Madrid's unbeaten streak one match after they set the record". ''Fox Sports''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.[http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/sevilla-just-snapped-real-madrids-unbeaten-streak-one-match-new-record-011517]</ref>Setlhopha se ne sa tswa mo Copa del Rey ka go fenngwa ke Celta Vigo ka 3 - 4 ka palogotlhe. Ka Motsheganong wa ngwaga oo, Madrid e ne ya fenya kgwele ya dinao ka lekgetlo la bo 33, kgwele ya bone ya ntlha mo dingwageng di le tlhano, ba kgobokanya dintlha di le 93 mo tiragalong eo. <ref>"Real Madrid won their first La Liga title since 2012 thanks to a final-day victory at Malaga". BBC.com. 21 May 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39926301]</ref> Ka 3 Seetebosigo 2017, go fenya ga setlhopha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Champions League kgatlhanong le Juventus go ne ga dira gore <ref>Daniel Taylor (3 June 2017). "Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jun/03/juventus-real-madrid-champions-league-final-match-report 2017]</ref><ref>Andrew Haslam (3 June 2017). "Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff". ''UEFA.com''. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 June [http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2017/matches/round=2000787/match=2019641/postmatch/report/index.html#majestic+real+madrid+champions+league+cardiff 2017]</ref>Real Madrid e nne setlhopha sa ntlha go sireletsa serwalo sa bona ka katlego mo motlheng wa UEFA Champions League, le sa ntlha go fenya ditlhopho tse di latelanang mo kgaisanong eno fa e sale Milan ka 1989 le 1990, fa kgaisano e ne e itsiwe jaaka European Cup.<ref>Saffer, Paul (3 June 2017). "Zidane matches Villalonga with unique double". UEFA. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2017.[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2470798.html]</ref> Real e simolotse letsholo la 2017-18 ka go fenya UEFA Super Cup ya bobedi ka tatelano le ya bone ka kakaretso ka go fenya Manchester United ka 2-1. <ref>"Real Madrid v Manchester United: Super Cup – as it happened". ''The Guardian''. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 9 August [https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2017/aug/08/real-madrid-v-manchester-united-super-cup-live 2017]</ref> Malatsi a le matlhano morago ga moo, Real Madrid e ne ya fenya Barcelona kwa Camp Nou 3 - 1 mo legong la ntlha la 2017 Supercopa de España mme ya fenya Barça 2 - 0 mo legong la go boela, e feditse rekoto ya bone ya go supa maduo mo metshamekong ya El Clásico e le 24 ka go latelana mme ya fenya sekgele sa bobedi sa setlha. <ref>"Real Madrid 2 Barcelona 0 (5–1 on aggregate): Woeful Barca dismissed as Zinedine Zidane's unstoppable side win Super Cup". ''Telegraph''. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 24 August [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/08/16/real-madrid-vs-barcelona-spanish-super-cup-live-score-updates/ 2017]</ref>Sereto seno se ne sa dira gore Zidane a tshwane le Vicente del Bosque jaaka mokatisi wa boraro yo o atlegileng thata wa Real Madrid ka direto di le supa, a le mongwe a le kwa tlase ga Luis Molowny. Se gape se ne se raya gore, ka nako eo, Zidane o ne a fentse dikgele di le dintsi mo maemong a gagwe a go nna mokatisi wa Real Madrid jaaka metshameko e a neng a e latlhegetswe ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo tirong. Katlego ya ga Zidane e ne ya dira gore a bidiwe Motlhatlheledi yo o Molemo go Gaisa wa FIFA ka 2017.<ref>"FIFA Football Awards 2017 – Voting Results" (PDF). FIFA. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095638/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/the-best/general/02/91/68/84/fullresults-tbffa_award_rankingpresslist2017_neutral.pdf 2017]</ref> Ka 16 Sedimonthole 2017, Zidane o ne a gapa sefoka sa gagwe sa borobedi jaaka mokatisi fa Real e ne e fenya setlhopha sa Brazil sa Grêmio ka 1 - 0 mo makgaolakgannyeng a Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA mme ya nna setlhopha sa ntlha go nna le sefoka<ref>"Ramos and Real make history in the Emirates". ''FIFA''. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073615/https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/ramos-y-el-madrid-redondean-un-ano-historico-en-emiratos-2925318-2925321]</ref>Ka 24 Ferikgong 2018, Madrid e ne ya ntshiwa mo kgaisanong ya Copa del Rey kwa legatong la kotara-ya-finale ke Leganés ka go ntsha diponto. Setlhopha se se ne sa nna le dipholo tse di sa itumediseng ka gonne Real e ne ya kgobokanya dintlha di le 76 fela mme ya fetsa e le ya boraro, e le kwa morago ga Barcelona ka dintlha di le 17. Madrid e ne ya dira botoka thata mo Champions League, gape ba ne ba ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng koo ba neng ba fenya Liverpool 3-1 go nna setlhopha sa ntlha go fenya ditlhopho tse tharo ka go latelana mo nakong ya Champions League, mmogo le setlhopha sa ntlha go fenya ditlhopo tse tharo ka go latelana mo European Cup/Champions League fa e sale Bayern Munich ka 1976. Ka nako eo, o ne a nna mongwe wa batsamaisi ba le bararo, mmogo le Bob Paisley le Carlo Ancelotti, go gapa Sejana sa Yuropa gararo, fa gape e ne e le mokatisi wa ntlha go gapa sekgele ka dipaka di le tharo tse di latelanang.<ref>Haldevang, Max de (26 May 2018). "The records broken in Real Madrid's Champions League final victory". ''Quartz''. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2018.[https://qz.com/1290231/cristiano-ronaldo-mohamed-salah-and-zinedine-zidane-can-set-records-in-real-madrid-vs-liverpool-champions-league-final/]</ref>Ka 31 Motsheganong, malatsi a le matlhano morago ga makgaolakgang a Champions League, Zidane o ne a itsise go rola tiro ya gagwe jaaka mokatisi wa Real Madrid, a tlhalosa fa setlhopha se "tlhoka go fetoga" jaaka lebaka la gagwe la go tsamaya.<ref>Pope, Nick (31 May 2018). "Zinedine Zidane Announces His Resignation From Real Madrid". ''Esquire''. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2018.[https://www.esquire.com/uk/latest-news/a20973571/zinedine-zidane-announces-his-resignation-from-real-madrid/]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane: Real Madrid boss stands down five days after Champions League win". ''BBC Sport''. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2018.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44315700]</ref> '''Go boela kwa Real Madrid''' Morago ga diphitlhelelo tse di sa itumediseng tsa Real Madrid mo dikgweding tse di latelang go tsamaya ga Zidane . tse di neng tsa felela ka go tlosiwa mo kgaisanong ya Copa del Rey kwa Barcelona, go fenngwa mo kgaisanong le ene moganetsi yo o tshwanang kwa lefelong le le lengwe le le neng la bula pharologano ya dintlha di le lesome le bobedi magareng ga ditlhopha, le go fenngwa go go sa solofelwang ga Ajax ka 4-1 kwa Champions League go go tlisitseng katlego e telele mo kgaisanong eo kwa bokhutlong, tsotlhe mo sebakeng sa beke .<ref>"Zinedine Zidane: Real Madrid reappoint Frenchman to replace Santiago Solari". ''BBC Sport''. 11 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2019.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47528561]</ref> molekane wa gagwe wa pele wa setlhopha Santiago Solari (yo ka boene a neng a le mo tirong dikgwedi di le tlhano fela, morago ga gore Julen Lopetegui a nne le nako e khutshwane a le mo taolong) o ne a kobiwa mme Zidane o ne a boela jaaka mokatisi wa Real Madrid ka la lesome le bongwe a tlhola Mopitlwe 2019, ka konteraka go fitlha ka selemo sa 2022<ref>"Official Announcement". Real Madrid C.F. 11 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.[https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2019/03/official-announcement]</ref> Paka ya 2019-20 e ne e lebega e solofetsa, jaaka Madrid e ne ya ya go dirisa madi a mantsi ka selemo sa 2019, go saena Eden Hazard, Luka Jović, Éder Militão, Ferland Mendy, Rodrygo, Reinier le batshameki ba bangwe ka palogotlhe ya go feta €350 million. Ka 12 Pherekgong 2020, Zidane o ne a kaela Madrid go gapa sefoka sa bone sa ntlha mo setlheng sa gagwe sa bobedi, mme setlhopha se ne sa fenya Atlético Madrid mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang ya Supercopa de España.<ref>"Spanish Super Cup: Real Madrid beat Atletico Madrid on penalties". ''BBC Sport''. 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51085601]</ref> Morago ga go khutla dikgwedi tse tharo ka ntlha ya COVID-19 ka Mopitlwe 2020, La Liga e ne ya simololwa gape ka Seetebosigo mme Madrid e ne ya fenya metshameko e le lesome ka go latelana go gapa serwalo sa setlhopha sa 34 sa liki, ba kgobokanya dintlha di le 87 ka kakaretso. E ne e le sereto sa bobedi sa Zidane mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna mokatisi. <ref>"Real Madrid 2-1 Villarreal: Real win first La Liga title in three years". ''BBC Sport''. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53437428]</ref> Mogopolo wa gagwe o ne wa tlotlomadiwa ke metswedi ya dikgang ya boditšhabatšhaba le ya Spain, jaaka Real Madrid e ne ya roba direkoto di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le palo ya batlhatlheledi le go boloka rekoto ya bona e e gaisang ya go itshireletsa mo dingwageng di le 30, ka 21 ya batshameki ba gagwe ba kgona go tsena mo lenaneong la batlhatlheledi ka nako ya letsholo. <ref>"How Real Madrid and Zinedine Zidane won back La Liga". ''BBC Sport''. 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53385358]</ref><ref>"Mendy's first Real Madrid goal makes him the club's 21st different scorer this season". ''MARCA in English''. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.[https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2020/07/13/5f0cd0ece2704e200f8b45df.html]</ref><ref>Rodrigo Salamanca (8 August 2020). "Real Madrid close out season that yielded two trophies: LaLiga and Spanish Super Cup". realmadrid.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2022.[https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2020/08/08/real-madrid-close-out-season-that-yielded-two-trophies-laliga-and-spanish-super-cup]</ref> Zidane o ne a tsamaya lekgetlo la bobedi ka 27 Motsheganong 2021 morago ga go se gapa sefoka mo setlheng seo.<ref>"Zinedine Zidane leaves Real Madrid for second time as manager". bbc.com. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57263375]</ref> O ne a kopiwa go nna mokatisi wa United States morago ga go khutla ga Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa 2022 kwa tshimologong ya 2023, mme o ne a se gana.<ref>"Sources: Zidane rejected approach from USMNT". ''ESPN.com''. 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.[https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37635349/zinedine-zidane-rejected-approach-coach-usa]</ref> == Boswa jwa go amogela baeng == '''E le motshameki''' [[Setshwantsho:Zidane-France-2006-home-shirt.jpg|thumb|197x197px|Seaparo sa motshameko sa ga Zidane kwa Fora sa Sejana sa Mefatshe sa ngwaga wa 2006. E ne e le motshameki wa maemo a a kwa godimo, o ne a apara nomoro ya bolesome mo lobakeng lo loleele lwa botshelo jwa gagwe jwa boditšhabatšhaba.]] Bontsi jwa batho ba ba tlotlegang ba ile ba akgola bokgoni jwa ga Zidane le botlhokwa jwa gagwe mo hisetoring ya kgwele ya dinao, jaaka mokatisi wa Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira, yo o neng a bitsa Zidane "monster" ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe. <ref>Jon Stevenson. "Zidane's lasting legacy" Archived 31 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 July [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/france/5147908.stm 2010]</ref>Mogokgo wa Mojeremane Franz Beckenbauer o ne a re, "Zidane ke mongwe wa batshameki ba bagolo mo hisetoring, ke motshameki yo o kgatlhisang tota".<ref>Jon Stevenson. "Zidane's lasting legacy" Archived 31 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 July 2010.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stevenson]</ref>Mookamedi wa Italy Marcello Lippi, yo gape a neng a katisa Zidane, o ne a re, "Ke akanya gore Zidane ke talente e kgolo e re e itseng mo kgweleng ya dinao mo dingwageng tse di masome a mabedi tse di fetileng". Mookamedi wa maloba wa Engelane Kevin Keegan o ne a re, "O leba Zidane o bo o akanya gore 'Ga ke ise ke bone motshameki yo o tshwanang le ene.' Se se dirang gore Zidane a farologane le ba bangwe ke tsela e a dirisang kgwele ya dinao ka yone, a ithekela lefelo le le seng gone. O oketsa ka pono ya gagwe mme seo se dira gore a nne motho yo o kgethegileng". <ref>Barclay, Patrick (27 August 2000). "Zidane has the measure of true greatness". ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/4769833/Zidane-has-the-measure-of-true-greatness.html]</ref> Kwa Sejaneng sa Lefatshe sa 1998, mookamedi wa Italy Cesare Maldini o ne a re, "Ke ne ke ka tlogela batshameki ba le batlhano gore ke nne le Zidane mo setlhopheng sa me.<ref>"Zizou Top" Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London. 2 July [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jul/02/euro2000.sport2 2000]</ref> Fa go tla mo go tsholeng kgwele, o ne a le motshameki yo mogolo go gaisa botlhe, a segofaditswe ka bopelontle jo bo ntseng jalo le temogo e e fetang ya tlholego mo a neng a kgona go tshameka motshameko wa botshelo jwa mmatota wa Pac-Man mme a sa tshwarwe. Rob Smyth wa The Guardian ka kgwele ya Zidane.<ref>"On Second Thoughts: Rivaldo" Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. ''The Guardian''. London. Retrieved 10 June 2018.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/19/barcelona.brazil]</ref> Mo gare ga balekane ba gagwe ba ba tshamekang, motshameki wa kwa Sweden Zlatan Ibrahimović o ne a akgela jaana, "Zidane o ne a tswa kwa polaneteng e nngwe. Fa Zidane a tsena mo lebaleng, ba bangwe ba le lesome ba ne ba ikutlwa botoka ka bonako. Go motlhofo fela jalo". <ref>Inyang, Ifreke (19 December 2012). ""Messi plays as if he's on PlayStation, Zidane made other players look good" – Ibrahimovic". ''Daily Post''. Lagos. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2019.[https://dailypost.ng/2012/12/19/messi-plays-hes-playstation-zidane-made-players-look-good-ibrahimovic/]</ref> David Beckham o tlhalositse Zidane jaaka "mogolo go gaisa botlhe",<ref>"Zidane is the best player ever, says Beckham". Soccernews.com. 13 July 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March [http://www.soccernews.com/zidane-is-the-best-player-ever-says-beckham/4033/ 2011]</ref><ref>"Zidane is the best player ever, says Beckham, Real Madrid Galacticos". Madridgalacticos.com. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130310021208/http://www.madridgalacticos.com/2008/07/14/zidane-is-the-best-player-ever-says-beckham/]</ref> Naledi ya Barcelona Xavi o tlhalositse mo potsolotsong ya 2010 gore Zidane e ne e le "motshameki yo o gaisang mo dingwageng tsa bo90 le kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo2000",<ref>"Xavi: "Winning el Clasico is like having an orgasm", totalBarça". Totalbarca.com. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110221072826/http://www.totalbarca.com/2010/news/xavi-winning-el-clasico-is-like-an-orgasm/]</ref>fa motshameki wa kwa Brazil le yo a neng a tshameka le ene kwa Madrid, Roberto Carlos a boletse ka Zidane, "Ke motshameki yo o gaisang yo nkileng ka mmona. Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba goroga kwa Bernabéu go tla go mmona a thuthafala".<ref>"Roberto Carlos in awe of Real Madrid legend Zidane" Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217222718/http://nz.sports.yahoo.com/football/la-liga/news/article/-/8188178/roberto-carlos-in-awe-of-real-madrid-legend-/]</ref> Motlhami wa kgwele ya dinao wa Brazil Ronaldinho o ne a re, "Zidane ke mongwe wa batshameki ba ba gaisang ba nako tsotlhe, mongwe wa medingwana ya me. O ne a le montle e bile a le pelontle, a na le bokgoni jo bo gakgamatsang jwa go bua e bile a na le pono e ntle". 171] Motlhami wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa Belgium, Eden Hazard, o tsaya Zidane jaaka "yo o gaisang botlhe", mme fa a ntse a gola o ne a ithuta go tswa mo modingwaneng wa gagwe ka go "mo lebelela mo thelebišeneng le mo inthaneteng ka diura di le dintsi".<ref>"Chelsea's Eden Hazard: Real Madrid coach Zinedine Zidane was the best player ever". ''London Evening Standard''. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/chelseas-eden-hazard-real-madrid-coach-zinedine-zidane-was-the-best-player-ever-a3240971.html]</ref><ref>"Chelsea's Eden Hazard: I want to play under Zinedine Zidane". ''London Evening Standard''. 6 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2018.[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/chelseas-eden-hazard-i-want-to-play-under-zinedine-zidane-a3174561.html]</ref> Rivaldo yo o neng a tshameka kgwele ya dinao kwa Brazil o ne a supa bokgoni jwa gagwe ka go dira metshameko e e farologaneng e e jaaka La Roulette pirouette, go tlola le go laola bolo thata, a re, "Go tsamaya ga gagwe ka tsela e e kgatlhisang mo lebaleng le bokgoni jwa gagwe bo a gakgamatsa". <ref>"Rivaldo dreams of Germany" Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. UEFA. Retrieved 21 November 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715171206/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=395064.html]</ref> Mokwadi wa dikgang Sid Lowe o ne a kwala jaana, "Zidane e ne e le karabo ya kgwele ya dinao kwa Bolshoi Ballet. Zidane o ne a le montle go feta sengwe le sengwe". Ka 2005, fa Zidane a boela kwa setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa Fora, tsala ya gagwe Thierry Henry o ne a re, "Kwa Fora, mongwe le mongwe o lemogile gore Modimo o teng, le gore o boile mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa Fora".<ref>"Henry hails 'God Zidane' ''Soccerway''. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://int.soccerway.com/news/2005/august/5/henry-hails-god-zidane/]</ref>Zidane o ne a galalediwa ke batshameki kwa ntle ga kgwele ya dinao; fa a sena go bona golo ya ga Zidane kgatlhanong le Deportivo La Coruña ka Ferikgong 2002, kwa a neng a goga bolo go ya kwa mojeng mme a ya kwa molemeng, a fetola mosireletsi ka fa ntle, pele a kwala ka go fetsa ka leoto la molema, motshameki wa basketball Magic Johnson o ne a re, "Nngwe ya masigo a a neng a nkgothatsa thata mo botshelong jwa me. Zidane ke motho yo o gakgamatsang<ref>McHugh, Liam (29 May 2002). "In the Crosshairs". ''ESPN Magazine''. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.[http://www.espn.com/magazine/vol5no12crosshairs.html]</ref> Zidane o ne a bidiwa "flawed genius" ke ESPN, Zidane o ne a na le kgono e e tlhomologileng ya go tshwara kgwele ya ntlha, mme gape o ne a itsege ka bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go kgwela kgwele ya dinao, go dirisa metshameko, go tshwara kgwele ka tsela e e kgatlhisang, le go nna le bokgoni.<ref>Carter, Jon (11 February 2010). "Zinedine Zidane: A flawed genius". ESPN FC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 25 October [https://www.espn.com/soccer/world-cup/columns/story?id=740358 2019]</ref><ref>Valdano, Jorge (10 July 2001). "El falso lento" [The falso slow-poke]. ''El Pais'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://elpais.com/diario/2001/07/10/deportes/994716012_850215.html]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane". BBC Sport. 8 April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team_pages/france/squad/newsid_1780000/1780386.stm]</ref> O ne a kgona go dirisa leoto le lengwe le lengwe, le fa a ne a tsamaya ka leoto la moja ka tlholego.<ref>Verschueren, Gianni (10 December 2012). "Ranking the Greatest Free-Kick Takers of All Time". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1437739-world-football-ranking-the-greatest-free-kick-takers-of-all-time#slide7]</ref><ref>"Rothen luck for Madrid". UEFA.com. 19 March 2004. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October [https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052433/https://es.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid%3D155502.html 2019]</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa go dira le go rulaganya go ne ga mo kgontsha go dira ditlhaselo le go thunya ka maatla a magolo le ka nepagalo, segolo thata go tswa kwa ntle ga lefelo la kotlhao;<ref>"Brazil's Fans Lament Demise of the Beautiful Game" Archived 19 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/sports/soccer/03brazil.html]</ref><ref>Molinaro, John (6 January 2016). "Zidane: Five defining moments of greatness". Sportsnet. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/zinedine-zidane-la-lia-spain-real-madrid-france-juventus-world-cup-euro/]</ref> gape e ne e le moitseanape wa kgwele e e gololang le kotlhao.<ref>Verschueren, Gianni (10 December 2012). "Ranking the Greatest Free-Kick Takers of All Time". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1437739-world-football-ranking-the-greatest-free-kick-takers-of-all-time#slide7]</ref><ref>Casella, Alberto (9 July 2016). "La testata di Zidane 10 anni dopo, Materazzi: "Ecco la mia versione"" [Zidane's headbut 10 years later, Materazzi: "Here's my version"]. ''Fox Sports'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025075917/https://www.foxsports.it/2016/07/09/testata-zidane-dieci-anni-dopo-materazzi-ecco-mia-versione/]</ref>Ke motshameki wa maemo a a kwa godimo mo lefatsheng, Zidane o ne a le mo maemong a a gololesegang jaaka nomoro ya 10 kwa morago ga batlhasedi.<ref>Carter, Jon (11 February 2010). "Zinedine Zidane: A flawed genius". ESPN FC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.espn.com/soccer/world-cup/columns/story?id=740358]</ref><ref>Gamba, Emanuele (25 January 2000). "Rivaldo? Meglio Zidane" [Rivaldo? Better to have Zidane]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/25/rivaldo-meglio-zidane.html]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 25 October [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/france/squad/744858.stm 2019]</ref>O ne gape a kgona go tshameka jaaka motlhasedi wa bobedi,[188]<ref>"Positions guide: Behind the striker". BBC Sport. September 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 25 October [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197254.stm 2019]</ref><ref>Marrse, Emilio (13 June 1998). "Francia, l' esordio è felice Zidane illumina, Issa regala" [France, his debut is a happy one Zidane illuminates, Issa gifts France the win]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/06/13/francia-esordio-felice-zidane-illumina-issa.html]</ref>[<ref>Smyth, Rob (31 March 2020). "Juventus 2-3 Manchester United: 1999 Champions League semi-final – as it happened". ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 22 April 2024.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2020/mar/31/juventus-v-manchester-united-1999-champions-league-semi-final-live?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-5e8380aa8f08532a0e665732]</ref> jaaka winger,<ref>Walker, Michael (21 June 2004). "Forward-thinking Zidane presses French coach for a move". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 22 April 2024.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/jun/21/euro2004.sport1]</ref> kgotsa a ka tshameka jaaka motshameki wa bogare, e ka nna jaaka motshameki wa bogare kgotsa motshameki wa bogare, ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go rulaganya metshameko ya setlhopha sa gagwe go tswa kwa bogareng ka pono ya gagwe le go fetisa.<ref>"Brazil's Fans Lament Demise of the Beautiful Game" Archived 19 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 November 2013.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/sports/soccer/03brazil.html]</ref><ref>Barclay, Patrick (27 August 2000). "Zidane has the measure of true greatness". ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/4769833/Zidane-has-the-measure-of-true-greatness.html]</ref><ref>Bandini, Paolo (3 May 2017). "Year Zero: The making of Zinedine Zidane (Juventus, 1996/97)". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025075917/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/year-zero-making-zinedine-zidane-juventus-199697%3Fpage%3D0,1]</ref><ref>Vincenzi, Massimo (4 December 2000). "Zidane vede il Pallone d'oro ma Sheva è il suo scudiero" [Zidane sees the Ballon d'Or but Sheva is his squire]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.repubblica.it/online/campionato/shevazida/shevazida/shevazida.html]</ref> Ka jalo, o ne a kgona go thusa le go tsenya maduo, le fa a ne a se motlhatlheledi yo o atlegileng thata kgotsa motlhami yo o atlegileng thata mo tirong ya gagwe.<ref>Smyth, Rob (14 August 2019). "The Joy of Six: football and the outside of the boot". ''The Guardian''. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2019/aug/14/the-joy-of-six-football-and-the-outside-of-the-boot]</ref>Le fa a ne a sa itsege ka bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go nna tlhogo ya kgwele, bogodimo jwa gagwe le maatla a gagwe a mmele a ne a mo letla go nna le bokgoni mo moyeng, mme a bona a kgona go dira ditlhogo di le mmalwa tse di botlhokwa mo tirong ya gagwe.<ref>Crosetti, Maurizio (7 June 2014). "Infallibile Zidane quando con la testa fece meraviglie". ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/06/07/infallibile-zidane-quando-con-la-testa-fece-meraviglie60.html]</ref>Gape o ne a akgolwa ke batsamaisi ba gagwe ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya go itshireletsa. <ref>Valdano, Jorge (10 July 2001). "El falso lento" [The falso slow-poke]. ''El Pais'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://elpais.com/diario/2001/07/10/deportes/994716012_850215.html]</ref><ref>Crosetti, Maurizio (26 April 2006). "Ciao Zizou, campione unico Zidane lascia, Lippi lo racconta" [Bye Zizou, a unique champion who leaves football, Lippi tells us about him]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/04/26/ciao-zizou-campione-unico-zidane-lascia-lippi.html]</ref> Le fa e ne e se motshameki yo o bofefo, o ne a na le botswerere jo bo siameng le go itlhaganedisa,<ref>Valdano, Jorge (10 July 2001). "El falso lento" [The falso slow-poke]. ''El Pais'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://elpais.com/diario/2001/07/10/deportes/994716012_850215.html]</ref><ref>Vincenzi, Massimo (4 December 2000). "Zidane vede il Pallone d'oro ma Sheva è il suo scudiero" [Zidane sees the Ballon d'Or but Sheva is his squire]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.repubblica.it/online/campionato/shevazida/shevazida/shevazida.html]</ref><ref>Crosetti, Maurizio (26 April 2006). "Ciao Zizou, campione unico Zidane lascia, Lippi lo racconta" [Bye Zizou, a unique champion who leaves football, Lippi tells us about him]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/04/26/ciao-zizou-campione-unico-zidane-lascia-lippi.html]</ref>mmogo le tekatekano e e sa tlwaelegang le go nna le bokgoni mo kgwele.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref><ref>Taylor, Dave (9 March 2014). "Italy's All-Time No 10s". Football Italia. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/25/rivaldo-meglio-zidane.html]</ref>O ne gape a na le kakanyo e e gaisang ya go nna mo maemong a a siameng<ref>Crosetti, Maurizio (7 June 2014). "Infallibile Zidane quando con la testa fece meraviglie". ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October [https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/06/07/infallibile-zidane-quando-con-la-testa-fece-meraviglie60.html 2019]</ref> le temogo e e gaisang ya lefelo.<ref>"Big Blogger: week two". ''The Guardian''. 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/feb/23/1]</ref>Le fa a ne a na le botho jo bo ikgatholositsweng le jo bo ikokobeditseng, batsamaisi ba gagwe ba pele ba Juventus Lippi le Ancelotti le bone ba ne ba akgola Zidane ka go nna motshameki wa setlhopha, yo batshameki-ka-ene ba neng ba ka ikaega ka ene. <ref>Gamba, Emanuele (25 January 2000). "Rivaldo? Meglio Zidane" [Rivaldo? Better to have Zidane]. ''La Repubblica'' (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/01/25/rivaldo-meglio-zidane.html]</ref>Le fa Zidane a ne a tlotlomadiwa thata ke baitse ka bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go tshameka, gape o ne a tshwaiwa diphoso ke metswedi ya dikgang ka ntlha ya go nna bogale le go nna le kgalemo, le ka ntlha ya go nna le tirisodikgoka gangwe le gape mo motshamekong, mo go neng ga dira gore a tseelwe dikgato tsa kgalemo; gape o ne a latofadiwa ke bangwe mo motshamekong wa go kgweetsa mo metshamekong le go se nne le dinonofo tsa boeteledipele, le fa a ne a kgona go itshupa e le motshameki yo o tlhomameng le yo o nang le maatla, yo gape e neng e le mokapotene yo o nang le tlhotlheletso kwa maemong a boditšhabatšhaba mo tirong ya gagwe yotlhe.<ref>Hussey, Andrew (4 April 2004). "ZZ top". ''The Guardian''. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/apr/04/sport.features]</ref><ref>"Zinedine Zidane: 45 anni, e 5 cose che forse non-sapete" [Zinedine Zidane: 45 years, and 5 things that you might not know]. ''Il Corriere dello Sport'' (in Italian). 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-estero/liga/real-madrid/2017/06/23-27065535/zinedine_zidane_45_anni_oggi_e_5_cose_che_forse_non_sapete/6/]</ref> Zidane o ne a bidiwa FIFA World Player of the Year gararo, e leng selo se se fitlheletsweng ke Ronaldo, Lionel Messi le Cristiano Ronaldo fela. 200] <ref>"FIFA Ballon d'Or World Player of the Year: Award History" Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. FIFA. Retrieved 13 January 2015.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160107100925/http://m.fifa.com/ballon-dor/history/index.html]</ref>Ka 2002, ESPN e ne ya tlhalosa Zidane jaaka "motshameki yo mogolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng mo motshamekong o mogolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng". <ref>McHugh, Liam (29 May 2002). "In the Crosshairs". ''ESPN Magazine''. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.[http://www.espn.com/magazine/vol5no12crosshairs.html]</ref> Mo patlisisong ya 2002 ya FIFA, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa mo setlhopheng sa FIFA World Cup Dream Team.<ref>FIFA DREAM TEAM: Maradona voted top player. Archived 9 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Reuters. 19 June 2002.[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759]</ref> Ka 2004, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna UEFA Best European Player of the Past 50 Years, mme o ne a bidiwa mo lenaaneng la FIFA 100 la batshameki ba bagolo ba ba tshelang mo lefatsheng.<ref>FIFA DREAM TEAM: Maradona voted top player. Archived 9 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Reuters. 19 June 2002.[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759]</ref> Mo patlisisong ya 2004 e e dirilweng ke lokwalodikgang lwa kwa Fora lwa Journal du Dimanche, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka "Mofaranse yo o tumileng go gaisa botlhe". <ref>"Pele's list of the greatest". ''BBC Sport''. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2013.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3533891.stm]</ref> Ka 2014, mo patlisisong e e dirilweng ke kgaso ya thelebišene ya kwa Fora ya TF1, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki yo o gaisang mo hisetoring ya kgwele ya dinao ya kwa Fora. <ref>"Zidane, rated best of the French league". ''Marca''. Madrid. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March [http://www.marca.com/2014/03/30/en/football/international_football/1396206819.html 2014]</ref>Ka 2016, mo patlisisong e e neng e eteletswe pele ke lokwalodikgang lwa Sefora lwa Le Parisien, Zidane o ne a bidiwa "motshameki yo o gaisang wa Sefora wa dinako tsotlhe"<ref>"Equipe de France de football : Zidane plus haut que Platini". ''Le Parisien''. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.[http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/equipe-france-football/equipe-de-france-de-football-zidane-plus-haut-que-platini-08-06-2016-5865631.php]</ref> '''E le mokatisi''' [[Setshwantsho:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 02.jpg|thumb|Zidane mo bokopanong ya bobegadikgang ka ngwaga wa 2017 FIFA Club World Cup. Jaaka mokatisi wa setlhopha sa Real Madrid, o ne a fenya UEFA Champions League ka makgetho a le mararo a a latelanang.]] Le fa Zidane a ne a itshupa e le mongwe wa bakatisi ba ba atlegileng go gaisa ba motlha wa gagwe le mo hisetoring ya Real Madrid,[A] bangwe ba ne ba akanya gore nako ya gagwe kwa Real Madrid e ne e le ya masego fela.[ B] Filosofi ya gagwe ya ntwa, segolo thata go fetofetoga ga yone, e ile ya akgolwa ke ba le bantsi.<ref>Narasimhan, Raghunandhanan (May 2016). "Tactical philosophy: Zinedine Zidane". ''Outside of the Boot''. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180526030410/http://outsideoftheboot.com/2016/12/08/tactical-philosophy-zinedine-zidane/]</ref><ref>García, Jaime (May 2017). "Are Real Madrid Lucky?: A tactical analysis of Zidane's organised attack". ''ESDF analysis''. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140816/https://www.esdfanalysis.com/manager-analysis/real-madrid-lucky-tactical-analysis-zidanes-organised-attack/]</ref><ref>Nalton, James (September 2017). "Analysing Zinedine Zidane's Real Madrid Tactics & Philosophy". ''Football Whispers''. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[https://www.footballwhispers.com/blog/zinedine-zidane-tactics-real-madrid]</ref> Mokgwa wa Zidane wa go ikgapa, o o itsegeng ka go fetofetoga ga gagwe le go tlhasela kgwele ya dinao, mmogo le bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go kopanya phaposi ya go apara, o ile wa bapisiwa le mokgwa wa go katisa wa ga Carlo Ancelotti. [ 209][210][211] Tiriso ya gagwe ya go tsenya ba bangwe mo motshamekong e ne ya akgolwa thata, jaaka bontsi jwa baemedi ba gagwe ba ne ba isa kwa diphenyong, jaaka go tsenya Marco Asensio le Lucas Vázquez gore ba tle ba kgone go naya Paris Saint-Germain lebelo le bophara mo UEFA Champions League gore ba kgone go fenya ka 3-1. Ka go tshwana, tiriso ya gagwe ya Gareth Bale jaaka motshameki yo a neng a mo emisetsa kwa makgaolakgannyeng a UEFA Champions League ya 2018 e ne ya nna botlhokwa; Bale o ne a ntsha maduo a le mabedi morago ga go tsenngwa mo motshamekong, a fetola motshameko wa 1-1 go nna phenyo ya Madrid ya 3-1. Go lemogilwe gape gore setlhopha sa gagwe se ne se itebagantse le go tlhasela ka matlhakore,[212] fa ene a ne a tlotlomadiwa ka go dira gore 4 - 4 - 2 e itsege gape mo kgwele ya dinao ya segompieno.<ref>von Artikel, AO. "Madrid's Diamond Continues to Win" (in German). SpielverLagerung. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.[https://spielverlagerung.com/2017/09/27/real-madrids-diamond-continues-to-win/]</ref> Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, bangwe ba akanya gore seabe sa ga Zidane se ne se lebagane thata le go bona dipholo le go kopanya kamore ya go apara, go na le go nna le thulaganyo e e tlhomameng ya maano. <ref>Lowe, Sid (25 May 2018). "Real's Zinedine Zidane isn't known for tactics or style, just ability to win". ESPN. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[http://www.espn.com/soccer/uefa-champions-league/775/blog/post/3509559/real-madrid-zinedine-zidane-a-manager-who-knows-how-to-win-faces-champions-league-final]</ref><ref>McTear, Euan (26 February 2018). "Is Zidane really a great man manager?". ''Tifo Football''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083402/https://www.tifofootball.com/features/zidane-really-great-man-manager/]</ref>[ Zidane o ne a gatelela botlhokwa jwa maemo a mmele a batshameki mme a rata go tlhopha batshameki ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso go na le tsamaiso e e tlhalositsweng.<ref>Wiltse, Matt (1 April 2017). "How Zidane's experience in Italy shaped his coaching philosophy". ''Managing Madrid''. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051512/http://www.managingmadrid.com/2017/4/1/15110610/how-zidanes-experience-in-italy-shaped-his-coaching-philosophy]</ref>Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Real Madrid, o ne a dirisa dipopego di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le 4 - 3 - 3, 4 - 2 -3 -1, 4 -4 - 2, le 3 - 5 - 2,<ref>Sillés, Javier (6 September 2019). "Zidane's lack of a set system continues to confuse". AS.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025173235/https://en.as.com/en/2019/09/05/football/1567701388_099859.html]</ref> gore a kgone go bona tsamaiso e e neng e tshwanela batshameki ba gagwe, mme o ne a tlotliwa ka go dirisa "ditsamaiso tse di bonolo", "...gore batshameki ba gagwe ba nne le kgololosego e e tlhokegang go supa go gaisa ga bone". <ref>Sainati, Aldo (22 November 2016). "What is it about Zidane's style that remains so under-appreciated?". Marca. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October [https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2016/11/22/58346bc6468aeb81248b463c.html 2019]</ref>Ka jalo, le fa a sa tsewe e le motlhami wa maano, o ne a akgolelwa <ref>Eterno, Simone (11 May 2017). "Un paradosso chiamato Zidane: il più sottovalutato dei raccomandati" (in Italian). Eurosport. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://it.eurosport.com/calcio/champions-league/2016-2017/un-paradosso-chiamato-zidane-il-piu-sottovalutato-dei-raccomandati_sto6161621/story.shtml]</ref>mokgwa wa gagwe o o lekalekaneng jaaka mokatisi, le go nna le bokgoni jwa boeteledipele le botho jwa go laola le go rotloetsa batshameki ba le mmalwa ba maemo a lefatshe, go dira tikologo e e siameng ya setlhopha, go rotloetsa dikamano tsa seporofešenale, le go nna le mogopolo o o nonofileng wa go fenya; o bontshitse gape bokgoni jwa go fetola batshameki le go ntsha mo go gaisang mo setlhopheng sa gagwe, se se nnileng le seabe se segolo mo katlegong ya gagwe. Ka 2019 o ne a akgela jaana "O mpotsa ka batshameki ba le babedi mme se se nkgatlhang ke setlhopha. Karim o botlhokwa mo setlhopheng, e seng fela ka ntlha ya go fitlhelela ga gagwe dipholo. Casemiro o dira gore go nne le tekatekano, mme ga se gone fela.<ref>García, Javier (27 September 2019). "Zidane: "We go in to the derby in good form"". Real Madrid CF. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2019/09/zidane-we-go-in-to-the-derby-in-good-form]</ref> Mongwe le mongwe o tsenya letsogo mo setlhopheng ka tsela ya gagwe mo lebaleng la metshameko". Malebana le tiro ya gagwe ya go nna mokatisi kwa Real Madrid, Zidane o ne a bua jaana ka 2018: "Fa o dira le batshameki ba boleng jo bo kwa godimo, ba itse go laola dinako tsa metshameko fa o sa tshameke sentle, mme ba busetsa dilo mo tseleng ka bonako. Tiro ya me e ne e le go ritibatsa batho!" <ref>"Zidane on his Real Madrid role: 'My job was to keep them calm'". calciomercato.com. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025173233/https://www.calciomercato.com/en/news/zidane-on-his-real-madrid-role-my-job-was-to-keep-them-calm-27343]</ref>Ba babedi ba ba neng ba mo tlhotlheletsa thata jaaka manejara e ne e le manejara wa gagwe wa pele Marcello Lippi le Carlo Ancelotti<ref>Haugstad, Thore (22 May 2018). "How good really is Zidane the manager? Why the Real Madrid boss just keeps on winning". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/just-how-good-zidane-manager-why-real-madrid-boss-just-keeps-winning]</ref> == Ka ngwao e e tumileng == [[Setshwantsho:P1070029 - voyages provence.jpg|thumb|Z5 Group e e thamilweng ke Zidane, ke lefelo la metshameko le le nang le mabala a metshameko a le matlhano a a tshegediwang ke Adidas.]] Zidane o na le dikgolagano le ditlamo di le dintsi, go akaretsa Adidas, Lego, France Telecom, Orange, Audi, Volvic le Christian Dior. Ditumelelano tse tsa go mo tshegetsa di ne tsa dira gore a bone madi a a kana ka €8.6 million mo godimo ga madi a a neng a a amogela a a kana ka €6.4 million a a neng a a amogela kwa Real Madrid ka 2006, a a neng a dira palogotlhe ya €15 million ($20.4 million), mme seno sa dira gore a nne motshameki wa botlhano yo a neng a duelwa madi a a kwa godimo go gaisa botlhe mo kgweleng ya dinao.<ref>Stehli, Jean-Sébastien; Vidalie, Anne; Miquelm, Paul (8 June 2006). "Icône malgré lui". ''L'Express'' (in French). Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2006.[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014204041/http://lexpress.fr/mag/sports/dossier/mondial-2006/dossier.asp?ida=438679&p=3]</ref> <ref>Berthold, Von Norbert (10 July 2006). "Warum verdienen Fußballspieler so viel Geld?". ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' (in German). Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2006.[https://www.faz.net/s/RubEC1ACFE1EE274C81BCD3621EF555C83C/Doc~E0DB6C733FD4B4271BB2DF785640AD9EA~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html]</ref> Ka 2004, makasine wa Forbes o kwadile madi a gagwe a $15.8 million mo dikgweding tse 12 tse di fetileng.<ref>"The Best Paid Athletes". ''Forbes''. 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2006.[https://www.forbes.com/2004/06/23/04athletesland.html]</ref>Ka Motsheganong 2010, Zidane o ne a tlhagelela mo papatsong ya Louis Vuitton, a tshameka kgwele ya dinao le Pelé le Diego Maradona. <ref>"Maradona, Pelé and Zidane for Vuitton" Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ''GQ''. Retrieved 14 May 2014.[https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2010-04/26/gq-style-news-maradona-pele-and-zidane-for-louis-vuitton]</ref> Zidane o tlhagelela jaaka naledi ya khabara ya Ultimate Edition of the FIFA video game FIFA 20.<ref>Stanley, Jack (30 July 2019). "Zinedine Zidane to Cover 'FIFA 20 Ultimate Edition'". ''HYPEBEAST''. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2019.[https://hypebeast.com/2019/7/fifa-20-zinedine-zidane-ultimate-edition-cover-fut-icon]</ref> Ka 2005, batlhami ba difilimi e bong Philippe Parreno le Douglas Gordon ba ne ba dira filimi e e nang le setlhogo se se reng Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait, e e latelang Zidane mo motshamekong otlhe, e e neng ya gatisiwa ka dikhamera di le 17. Setlhopha sa mmino wa post-rock sa kwa Scotland sa Mogwai se ne sa dira mmino wa yone. Filimi e e ne e le karolo ya 2009 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival<ref>Harrington, Rob (1 April 2009). "Dreams don't cost a thing". ''Independent Weekly''. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090414030605/http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A355289]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Mogwai- Zidane, A 21st Century Portrait @ Albert Hall, Manchester 19-7-2013 (9323563699).jpg|thumb|Go bontshiwa ga Zidane: e le 21st Century Portrait documentary kwa ntlolehalahala ya Albert kwa lefelong la Manchester, le setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Mogwai, se se fileng mmino, mo seraleng.]] Ka Ngwanatsele 2006, Zidane o ne a etela Bangladesh jaaka moeng wa Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus. <ref>"Zinedine Zidane wins the heart of Bangladesh!". Dhaka Daily Photos. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2018.[http://dhakadailyphoto.blogspot.com/2006/11/zinedine-zidane-wins-heart-of.html]</ref>O ne gape a etela lefelo la botsalo la Algeria la batsadi ba gagwe mme a kopana le moporesidente wa Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, yo a neng a mo fa kamogelo ya semmuso. Ka ngwaga wa 2012, motaki wa Mofora-wa Algeria Adel Abdessemed o ne a ribolola setshwantsho sa boronse se se neng se supa fa Zidane a ne a betsa Marco Materazzi ka tlhogo ka motshameko wa makgaolakgang wa Sejana sa Lefatshe wa 2006. <ref>Khazan, Olga (28 September 2012). "France unveils Zidane head-butt statue". ''The Washington Post''. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2017.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/france-unveils-zidane-head-butt-statue/2012/09/28/4e43796e-0999-11e2-858a-5311df86ab04_blog.html]</ref> Ka 5 Ngwanatsele 2006, Zidane o ne a tlhagelela mo go American animated sitcom Family Guy, a bonwa a itaya mosadimogolo ka tlhogo mo karolong ya "Saving Private Brian" e le motlae wa go itaya ga gagwe ka tlhogo kwa Materazzi.<ref>"'Ode to defeat': Zidane headbutt immortalized in bronze statue" Archived 19 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN. Retrieved 13 May 2014.[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/27/sport/football/zidane-head-butt-statue-football/]</ref>Kgogedi e e itsegeng thata ya tlhogo gape e ne e le setlhogo sa tlhamo e e kwadilweng ke mokwadi wa dibuka wa kwa Belgium Jean-Philippe Toussaint e e nang le setlhogo sa La Mélancolie de Zidane (2006). Ka 2010, ditshwantsho tsa Zidane di ne tsa tlhagelela mo bidiong ya mmino wa "Waka Waka" ya ga Shakira, e e mmontshang a keteka go fenya ga Fora Sejana sa Lefatshe sa 1998.<ref>"Shakira launches clip 'Waka Waka' Cup official music" (in Portuguese). Reforma. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070734/http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html]</ref>Ka 2014, motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Australia Les Murray o ne a dira mmogo le setlhopha sa Vaudeville Smash mme a dira pina ya tlotlo ya ga Zidane, bidio e e tsamaelanang le yone e bontsha batshameki ba le bane ba kgwele ya dinao ba dira metshameko ya bolo ba apere di-mask tsa ga Zidane, yo mongwe wa bone a feleletsa a itaya motlhokomedi wa bosigo ka tlhogo.<ref>Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140531005029/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrOLGifnMJk&gl=US&hl=en]</ref> <ref>"Zidane célébré dans une chanson !". ''L'Équipe''. Paris. 3 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2014.[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Zidane-celebre-dans-une-chanson/470655]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2016, Zidane o ne a tlhophiwa mo go ba le 500 ba MaMoseleme ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo lefatsheng ke Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre of Jordan, e e neng ya re: "[Botho jwa ga Zidane] jo bo sa iketlang bo dirile gore batho ba le bantsi ba mo rate".<ref>Schleifer, Professor S Abdallah (2016). ''The Muslim 500: 2017 The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2017''. Amman, Jordan: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. pp. 175–176. ISBN <bdi>978-9957-635-03-9</bdi>.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957-635-03-9]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == [[Setshwantsho:Agmun At Slimane.jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya batsadi ba ga Zidane kwa motseng wa Aguemoune kwa Algeria, e a neng a e etela ka ngwaga wa 2006 kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le botlhano.]] Fa a le dingwaga di le 17, Zidane o ne a kopana le mosadi wa gagwe wa isago, Véronique Fernández (yo o tsholetsweng kwa Aveyron wa lotso lwa Spain),<ref>"Comment on wife upset Zidane". ''Rediff.com''. 31 December 2004. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 April [http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jul/11fwlead02.htm 2011]</ref> fa a ne a tshamekela Cannes ka 1988/89. Ba nyalane ka 1994, mme ba na le bana ba le bane: Enzo Zidane (o tshotswe ka 24 Mopitlwe 1995),<ref>"Enzo Zidane reforzará esta temporada al Real Madrid C". ''Diario AS''. Madrid. 5 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.[http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2013/08/05/primera/1375658605_791775.html]</ref>Luca Zidane (o tshotswe ka 13 Motsheganong 1998),<ref>García, Victor (22 November 2007). "Mi papá es jugador del Real Madrid" (in Spanish). ElConfidencial.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2008.[http://www.elconfidencial.com/cache/2007/11/19/63_jugador_madrid.html]</ref> Théo Zidane (o tshotswe ka 18 Motsheganong 2002),<ref name=":0">"Portada > Plantilla > Otras Categorías > Benjamín B" (in Spanish). Real Madrid CF. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2008.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119225549/http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1193040967842/1330021868266/jugador/Jugador/Theo.htm]</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" />le Elyaz Zidane (o tshotswe ka 26 Sedimonthole 2005).<ref>"Elyaz: "Me gusta dar pases a mis compañeros"". ''Real Madrid'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.[https://www.realmadrid.com/futbol/cantera/cadete-a/elyaz-fernandez]</ref> Ka 12 Phukwi 2019, mogolowe Farid o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya kankere a le dingwaga di le 54.<ref>Oluwatomiwa Babalola. "Farid Zidane, Zinedine Zidane's elder brother dies of cancer at age 54". Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190713192647/https://www.legit.ng/1248700-farid-zidane-zinedine-zidanes-elder-brother-dies-cancer-age-54.html]</ref><ref>Ryan Benson (13 July 2019). "Real Madrid confirm passing of Zidane's brother". ''goal.com''. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200804091458/https://www.goal.com/en/news/real-madrid-confirm-passing-of-zidanes-brother/m5luksw6otb71u2rrn7f4txvy]</ref> == Metswedi == psd2imlt4adgf29wbh7p73owe17qosd 0 9588 55459 47108 2026-09-23T19:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Bundeswehr G36.jpg|thumb|Masole]] Lesole ke motho yo o mo sesoleng. Lesole e ka nna motho yo o tsentsweng mo sesoleng kgotsa yo o ithaopetseng go tsenela sesole, modiredimogolo wa maemo a a kwa tlase, modiredimogolo wa maemo a a kwa tlase kgotsa modiredimogolo. == Modi == [[Setshwantsho:Filipino soldiers in Victoria, World War II.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Filipino_Australians|Filipino]] [[:en:Australian_Army|Australian Army]]]] Lentswe lesole le tswa mo lefokong la Middle English soudeour, go tswa mo lefokong la Old French soudeer kgotsa soudeour, le le rayang masole a a hirilweng, go tswa mo lefokong soudee, le le rayang tlhwatlhwa kgotsa tuelo ya shilling, go tswa mo lefokong sou kgotsa soud, shilling.<ref>Mish, Frederick C., ed. (2004). "soldier". ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' (11th ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. ISBN <bdi>0-87779-809-5</bdi>.[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6]</ref>Lefoko le gape le amana le lefoko la Medieval Latin soldarius, le le rayang lesole (ka tlhamalalo, "yo o duelwang").<ref>Harper, Douglas (2010). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 17 August 2010.[http://www.etymonline.com/]</ref> Mafoko a a tswa mo lefokong la Selatine sa bogologolo e leng solidus, le le kayang madi a tshipi a bogologolo a kwa Roma a a neng a dirisiwa kwa Mmusomogolong wa Byzantine.<ref>Mish, Frederick C., ed. (2004). "soldier". ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' (11th ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-809-5[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6]</ref><ref>Harper, Douglas (2010). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 17 August 2010.[http://www.etymonline.com/]</ref> == Leina la tiro le maina a mangwe == Mo masoleng a le mantsi, lefoko "lesole" le na le bokao jo bo akaretsang jo bo kayang maloko otlhe a sesole sengwe le sengwe, go farologana le ditiro tse di kgethegileng tsa sesole tse di tlhokang mafelo a a farologaneng a kitso le bokgoni. "Masole" a ka nna a bidiwa ka direto, maina, direto, kgotsa ditlhaka tse di supang letsogo le le kgethegileng la tiro ya sesole sa motho, tirelo, kgotsa lekala la tiro ya sesole, mofuta wa yuniti ya bone, kgotsa tiro ya tiro kgotsa tiriso ya setegeniki jaaka: lesole, tanker (leloko la setlhopha sa tanka), commando, dragoon, lesole la sesole, motlhokomedi, lesole la ditlhobolo, lesole la di-paratrooper, lesole la di-grenadier, ranger, lesole le le thuntshang, moenjenere, lesole la di-sapper, lesole la di-craftsman, lesole la di-signaller, lesole la kalafi, lesole la di-rifleman, kana lesole la di-gunner, gareng ga mafoko a mangwe. Mangwe a maina ano kgotsa a a amanang le go kwalwa ga mafoko a teng a na le makgolokgolo a dingwaga a le teng mo puong ya Seesemane, fa a mangwe one e le a bosheng, a bontsha diphetogo tsa botegeniki, go oketsega ga go kgaoganngwa ga tiro, kgotsa mabaka a mangwe. Mo United States Army, tiro ya sesole ya sesole e tlhalosiwa jaaka Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), e e akaretsang mefuta e e farologaneng ya MOS Branches le sub-specialties.<ref>"Army MOS List". ''U.S. Army Basic''. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2023.[https://www.armyprt.com/us-army/army-mos-list/]</ref>Sekai se sengwe sa leina la seane la lesole mo tirong e e rileng ke lereo "di-red caps" go kaya mapodisi a sesole mo sesoleng sa Boritane ka ntlha ya mmala wa seaparo sa bone sa tlhogo. Masole a a tsamayang ka maoto ka dinako dingwe a bidiwa "grunts" mo United States Army (jaaka le mo U.S. Army). Marine Corps) kgotsa "squaddies" (mo sesoleng sa Boritane). <ref>"U.S. ARMY BRANCH SCARF (ARTILLERY, ENGINEER, USMA FACULTY)". ''www.uniforms-4u.com''. Retrieved 27 June 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20241225071642/http://www.uniforms-4u.com/p-army-bib-scarf-scarlet-artillery-for-engineer-13444.aspx]</ref>United States Ditlhopha tsa masole a dibetsa tsa sesole, kgotsa "batlhasedi", ka dinako dingwe ba bidiwa "di-redlegs", go tswa mo mmala wa lekala la tirelo ya dibetsa tsa sesole. Masole a U.S. gantsi a bidiwa "G.I.s" (khutshwafatso ya lefoko "Government Issue"). Mafoko a a ntseng jalo a ka nna a amanngwa le dintwa tse di rileng kana metlha ya hisitori. "G.I". e ne ya simolola go dirisiwa thata ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II le morago ga yone, mme pele le ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I segolobogolo, masole a Amerika a ne a bidiwa "Doughboys", fa masole a Boritane a a tsamayang ka maoto a ne a bidiwa "Tommies" (khutshwafatso ya "Tommy Atkins") le masole a Fora a a tsamayang ka maoto a ne a bidiwa "Poilus" ("ba ba nang le moriri"). Maina mangwe a semmuso kgotsa a e seng a semmuso a ka supa maemo kgotsa diphetogo tsa maemo a masole ka ntlha ya bong, morafe kgotsa mabaka a mangwe a loago. Kwantle ga mabaka mangwe a a rileng, tirelo ya bosole, segolobogolo mo bosoleng jwa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao, ka kakaretso e ne e le tiro ya banna fela mo hisitoring yotlhe ya lefatshe. Ka Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, basadi ba ne ba dirisiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mo masoleng a a neng a lwa le dinaga tse di neng di itirile seoposengwe. Masole mangwe a basadi a a itsegeng thata kwa Soviet Union a ne a tlotliwa jaaka "Badiragatsi ba Soviet Union" ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa bone mo sesoleng kgotsa jaaka batlhabani ba ba ratang ntwa. Kwa United Kingdom, basadi ba ne ba direla kwa Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) mme moragonyana kwa Women's Royal Army Corps (WRAC). Ka bonako fela fa United States e sena go tsena mo ntweng, e ne ya tlhoma Women's Army Corps, e masole a yone a basadi gantsi a neng a bidiwa "WACs". Makala a a neng a kgaogantswe ka bong a ne a fedisiwa mo masomeng a dingwaga a bofelo a lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga mme masole a basadi a ne a tsenngwa mo makaleng a a tlhomameng a sesole, le fa gone bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya dibetsa gantsi bo ne bo lekanyeditswe Morafe ga o bolo go nna kgang e e kgoreletsang batho bangwe go direla kwa U.S. Masole. Go fitlha ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, masole a Bantsho a ne a lwa mo diyuniting tse di kopaneng mme ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di kgaogane, mme ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba sa letlelelwa go direla, segolo thata ka ntlha ya go boifa ditlamorago tse di ka nnang teng tsa tirelo e e ntseng jalo mo setheong sa bokgoba jwa semolao. Masole a mangwe a Bantsho, banna ba ba gololesegileng le banna ba ba neng ba tshabile bokgoba, ba ne ba direla mo masoleng a Union, go fitlha ka 1863, fa Kgoeletso ya Kgololo e ne e bula kgoro ya go tlhomiwa ga diyuniti tsa Bantsho. Morago ga ntwa, masole a Bantsho a ne a tswelela go direla, mme e le mo dikarolong tse di kgaogantsweng, gantsi ba ne ba sotliwa mo mmeleng le ka mafoko ka ntlha ya tlhaolele. Lereo "Masole a Dinare" le ne le dirisiwa go bitsa ditlhopha dingwe tse di neng di lwa mo Ntweng ya Baindia ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga kwa Bophirima jwa Amerika. Kgabagare, polelwana eno e ne ya dirisiwa ka kakaretso mo diyuniting tsa Bantsho tse di neng di kgaogantswe, tse gantsi di neng di tlhomologile mo dintweng tse di neng di lowa le mo ditirong tse dingwe. Ka 1948, Poresidente Harry S. Truman o ne a ntsha taelo ya go fedisa tlhaolele mo United States Armed Forces.<ref>"Black Americans in the U.S. Army". Retrieved 23 January 2023.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240502071222/https://www.army.mil/blackamericans/timeline.html]</ref> '''Go patelediwa go ya bosoleng''' [[Setshwantsho:U.S. Army and French Soldiers Participate in Marara 22 7193591.jpg|thumb|masole a [[:en:United_States_Army|American]] le [[:en:French_Army|French]] ]] Go ralala hisitori, batho ba ile ba patelediwa ke molao gore ba tsenele bosole le masole a mangwe ka nako ya ntwa kana ka dinako tse dingwe. Mefuta ya segompieno ya go patelediwa jalo gantsi e bidiwa "go patelediwa go ya bosoleng" kana "go laelwa go ya bosoleng". Ga jaana, dinaga di le dintsi di tlhoka go ikwadisa mo mofuteng mongwe wa tirelo e e patelediwang, le fa gone tlhokego eo e ka nna ya patelediwa ka tsela e e rileng kgotsa e le teng fela mo molaong mme e seng mo tiragatsong. <ref>"Countries with Mandatory Military Service 2023". ''World Population Review''. 2023. Retrieved 29 January [https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-mandatory-military-service 2023]</ref> Gantsi se se batlegang se ama baagi ba bannye ba banna, le fa go ntse jalo se ka ama le basadi le baagi ba e seng baagi. Ka dinako tsa ntwa, dilo tse di batlegang, tse di jaaka dingwaga, di ka nna tsa okediwa fa go akanngwa gore go tlhokega masole a mangwe. Ka dinako tse di farologaneng le mo mafelong a a farologaneng, batho bangwe ba ile ba kgona go tila go kwadisediwa bosole ka go dira gore motho yo mongwe a tseye maemo a bone. Melao ya segompieno e ka nna ya dira gore motho a se ka a patelediwa go tsenela bosole ka nakwana kgotsa go ya go ile kgotsa e ka nna ya letlelela mofuta mongwe wa tirelo e e seng ya bosole, jaaka go ntse ka batho ba ba ganang go tsenela bosole ka ntlha ya segakolodi. [[Setshwantsho:Norwegian soldier during Saber Strike 2015.jpg|thumb|masole a Norwegian]] Kwa United States, banna ba ba nang le dingwaga di le 18 go ya go 25 ba tshwanetse go ikwadisa kwa Selective Service System, e e nang le boikarabelo jwa go okamela tiro ya bosole. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go ise go ke go nne le letsholo la go thapiwa ga masole fa e sale ka 1973, mme sesole sa U.S. se kgonne go boloka badiri ba sone ka go ithaopa ka boithaopo. <ref>"Selective Service". ''USA.GOV''. Retrieved 29 January 2023.[https://www.usa.gov/selective-service]</ref> '''Go tsenngwa mo sesoleng''' Masole a a mo ntweng a ka nna le mabaka a a farologaneng a go ithaopela go tsenela bosole le go nna mo sesoleng kana mo lekaleng le lengwe la sesole. Mo patlisisong ya direkoto tse di kwadilweng tsa masole a lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga ka nako ya bone ya tirelo, mokwalahisitori Ilya Berkovich o akantsha gore go na le "dilo di le tharo tsa konokono tse di tlhotlheletsang motho go dira sengwe ... 'go pateletsa,' 'go duela,' le 'go laola.'" <ref>Cozens, Joe (October 2017). "review of Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe". ''Reviews in History''. Retrieved 31 January 2023.[https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2183]</ref>Berkovich a re dikakanyo tsa boraditiragalo tsa gore go tshaba go patelediwa go ne go dira gore masole a a neng a sa batle go tsenela bosole a se ka a tshaba le gore go ne go laolwa selekanyo sa go ngwega mo sesoleng di feteleditswe mme gore tuelo epe fela kgotsa tuelo e nngwe ya tirelo jaaka e ne e neetswe ka nako eo e ne e ka se nne tlhotlheletso e e lekaneng. Go na le moo, "masole a a tlwaelegileng a puso ya bogologolo a tshwanetse go lejwa pele jaaka batsayakarolo ba ba ikemiseditseng ba ba neng ba ipona ba dira tiro e e tlhomologileng le e e tlotlegang".<ref>Cozens, Joe (October 2017). "review of Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe". ''Reviews in History''. Retrieved 31 January 2023.[https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2183]</ref>Mo dinakong tsa segompieno, masole a ithaopetse tirelo ya sesole, segolo thata ka nako ya ntwa, ka ntlha ya go rata naga ya bone kgotsa go tsweletsa mabaka a loago, a sepolotiki kgotsa a kgopolo, fa go tokafatsa maemo a dituelo kgotsa katiso e ka nna selo se se rotloetsang mo dinakong tsa mathata a ikonomi. Masole a ka nna gape a ikwadisa ka mabaka a botho, jaaka go latela lelapa kgotsa ditebello tsa loago, kgotsa ka taolo le kgalemo e e tlamelwang ke katiso ya sesole, gammogo le botsalano le kgolagano le masole mmogo le bona e e tlamelwang ke kgolagano e e gaufi mo kgwebong e e tlwaelegileng. <ref>Verweij, Desiree (6 December 2007). "Comrades or Friends? On Friendship in the Armed Forces". ''Journal of Military Ethics''. '''6''' (4): 280–291. doi:10.1080/15027570701755398. S2CID 144653282.[https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15027570701755398]</ref> Ka 2018, RAND Corporation e gatisitse dipoelo tsa patlisiso ya masole a segompieno a Amerika mo Life as a Private: A Study of the Motivations and Experiences of Junior Enlisted Personnel in the U.S. Masole. Patlisiso eno e ne ya fitlhela gore "masole a tsenela bosole ka ntlha ya mabaka a lelapa, a tiro le a tiro, mme ba le bantsi ba anaanela tshono ya go nna masole a a nang le bokgoni. Ba anaanela kamano ya bone le masole a mangwe, ba itumelela botshelo jwa bone jwa go nna le batho ba bangwe, mme ba kgotsofalela botshelo jwa bone jwa go nna masole". Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba yone ba ne ba tlhagisa gore patlisiso eno e ne e dirilwe mo masoleng a le 81 fela le gore "dilo tse di lemogilweng mo patlisisong eno ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa mo U.S. Sesole sotlhe kana maemo ape fela". '''Lobaka lwa tirelo''' [[Setshwantsho:Indian Army soldiers and U.S. Army paratroopers evaluate a recently concluded simulated combat patrol at Fort Bragg, N.C..jpg|thumb|masole a USA]] Lobaka lo motho a tshwanetseng go nna lesole ka lone lo a farologana go ya ka naga le hisitori, go sa kgathalesege gore a motho yoo o ne a patelediwa go nna lesole kgotsa o ne a ithaopetse go nna lesole. Tirelo e e ntseng jalo, go ikaegile ka gore masole a tlhoka go nna le badiri ba le kae kana gore motho o siametse tiro le gore a ka kgona go dira tiro eo, e ka nna ya akaretsa go diragatsa ditlamego tsa konteraka. Tlamego eo e ka nna ya atolosiwa ka nako ya kgotlhang ya dibetsa kgotsa e ka lekanyediwa go palo e e rileng ya dingwaga mo tirong e e dirwang le/kgotsa mo tirong e e sa dirwang. Go tloga ka 2023, go tla nna le tirelo kwa U.S. Sesole sa Naga ke sa Tirelo ya Sesole ya dingwaga di le 2 go ya go di le 6 tsa tirelo ya tiro ka nako e e setseng mo Setlamong sa Motho yo o Ikemetseng sa Motlhokomedi. <ref>"Service Commitment". ''goarmy.com''. Retrieved 1 February [https://www.goarmy.com/army-life/intro-to-army-life/time-commitment.html 2023]</ref>Batho ba ka nna gape ba ikwadisetsa go dira tiro ya nakwana mo go Army Reserve kgotsa National Guard. Go ikaegile ka gore a ba tlhoka go direla kana ba a tshwanelega, gantsi masole a ka nna a boa a tsenela bosole gape ka lobaka lo lo rileng, gongwe ba newa madi kana dilo tse dingwe tse di ba tlhotlheletsang. Kwa United States Masole a a setseng a dirile tiro ya bone ya bosole dingwaga di ka nna 20 a ka kgona go bona phenshene ya go tlogela tiro. Bogolo jwa phenšene jaaka phesente ya tuelo ya lesole gantsi e oketsega ka boleele jwa nako e e diretsweng tiro e e dirwang. <ref>"Retirement & Pension Plans". ''goarmy.com''. Retrieved 1 February 2023.[https://www.goarmy.com/benefits/veterans/retirement.html]</ref> == Mo metsweding ya tshedimosetso le mo setsong se se tumileng == [[Setshwantsho:Singing games - Soldier, Soldier, will you marry me.jpg|thumb|masole masole]] Fa e sale ka histori ya bogologolo e e kwadilweng, masole le ntwa di ile tsa tlhalosiwa mo ditirong di le dintsintsi, go akaretsa dipina, ditlhamane tsa batho, dipolelo, dikgakologelo, dibuka tsa botshelo jwa motho, dibuka tsa ditlhamane le tse dingwe tsa ditlhamane, diterama, difilimi, mme bosheng jaana thelebishene le dibidio, dibuka tsa metlae, dibuka tsa ditshwantsho le metshameko. Gantsi ditshwantsho tseno di ile tsa gatelela dinonofo tsa bopelokgale tsa masole a a mo ntweng, mme ka dinako tse dingwe di ile tsa gatelela dikotsi tsa ntwa, tlhakatlhakano le go tshwenngwa le kafa di amang masole le batho ba bangwe ka teng. == Metswedi == 1u8gscctpibeu66rglj8mpe3rfn3rhk 0 9635 55445 51130 2026-09-23T18:04:07Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Sandie Toletti|image=20131031 FR20 Sandie Toletti 8835.jpg|caption=Toletti in 2013|full_name=Sandie Rose Toletti<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Players - France|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|publisher=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=14 November 2014|date=4 August 2014|page=7|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115534/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1995|7|13|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Bagnols-sur-Cèze]], France|height=1.69 m|position=[[Midfielder]]|currentclub=[[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]]|clubnumber=6|youthclubs1=Sporting Club Cavillargues|clubs1=[[Montpellier HSC (women)|Montpellier]]|youthyears1=2001–2008|youthclubs2=[[FC Bagnols Pont]]|youthyears2=2008–2009|youthyears3=2010–2013|youthclubs3=[[Montpellier HSC (women)|Montpellier]]|years1=2013–2020|goals1=14|caps1=127|clubs2=[[Levante UD Femenino|Levante]]|years2=2020–2022|caps2=53|goals2=10|clubs3=[[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]]|years3=2022–|caps3=46|goals3=4|nationalteam-update=4 June 2024|club-update=26 May 2024|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|[[Women's association football|Women's football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{FRA}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Women's Nations League]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[2024 UEFA Women's Nations League Finals|2024]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014 Canada]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship|2013 Wales]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2012 Azerbaijan]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[2012 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship|2012 Switzerland]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2011 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship|2011 Switzerland]]|}}|nationalteam1=[[France women's national under-17 football team|France U17]]|nationalyears1=2010–2012|nationalcaps1=34|nationalgoals1=12|nationalteam2=[[France women's national under-19 football team|France U19]]|nationalyears2=2013–2014|nationalcaps2=19|nationalgoals2=10|nationalteam3=France U20|nationalyears3=2014|nationalcaps3=6|nationalgoals3=0|nationalteam4=France U23|nationalyears4=2018|nationalcaps4=4|nationalgoals4=4|nationalteam5=[[France women's national football team|France]]|nationalyears5=2013–2025|nationalgoals5=3|nationalcaps5=55}} '''Sandie Rose Toletti''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 1995) ke motshameki wa mofora wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekang mo legareng wa setlhopha sa Spanish Primera División sa [[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid CF]] le setlhopha sa setshaba sa France.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/174674/ Sandie Toletti] at Soccerway</ref> == Tiro == E le motshamekisi wa fagare, Toletti o ile kwa Montpellier ka 2010 mme a tsena mo setlhopheng sa ntlha ka 2013. Le setlhopha sa France sa under-17, Toletti o tshamekile kwa UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship ya 2012 mme o ne a bitswa UEFA Golden Player morago ga gore France e latlhegelwe ke tlhago ya dipenaliti mo makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Jeremane.<ref>Rogers, Steven (24 August 2012). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170704143428/http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/history/season=2012/goldenplayer/index.html 2012: Sandie Toletti]". [[:en:UEFA|UEFA]]. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</ref> O fentse FIFA U17 Women's World Championship le France moragonyana mo ngwageng o o, ba fenya North Korea mo makgaolakgang ka tlhago ya dipenaliti. Kwa UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship ya 2013, Toletti o ne a nna UEFA Golden Player gape. Mo makgaolakgannyeng o ne a nosa nno ya France ya ntlha mo phenyong ya dino tse pedi go lefela kgatlhanong le Enyelane mo nakong e e okeditseng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20141229123641/http://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/history/season=2013/goldenplayer/ 2013: Sandie Toletti]". [[:en:UEFA|UEFA]]. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</ref> Ka Phalane wa 2013 o ne a dira tshameko ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng se segolo sa Fora mo phenyong ya dino tse thataro go lefela la Poland. == Dipalopalo tsa tiro == === Tsa boditshabatshaba === : ''E sale ka motshameko o o tshamekilweng ka Seetebosigo a tlhola gane ka 2024''<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20250609180138/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8301-toletti-sandie/fiche.html Sandie TOLETTI - FFF]". Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Iponagatso le diino go ya ka setlhopha sa setshaba le ngwaga !National team !Ngwaga !Iponagatso !Dino |- | rowspan="12" |France |2013 |2 |0 |- |2014 |1 |0 |- |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |4 |0 |- |2017 |5 |0 |- |2018 |0 |0 |- |2019 |0 |0 |- |2020 |0 |0 |- |2021 |9 |1 |- |2022 |14 |1 |- |2023 |14 |1 |- |2024 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !55 !3 |} : ''Lenaane la dino le maduo a France kwa ntlheng, tokololo ya dino e supa dino morago ga nno nngwe le nngwe ya ga Sandie Toletti''. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Lenaane la dino tsa boditshabatshaba tse di nositsweng ke Sandie Toletti !No. !Letsatsi !Lefelo !Moganetsi !Dino !Maduo !Kgaisano |- |1 |22 October 2021 |Stade Dominique Duvauchelle, Créteil, France |Estonia |5–0 |11–0 |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification |- |2 |1 July 2022 |Stade de la Source, Orléans, France |Vietnam |3–0 |7–0 |Motshameko wa botsalano |- |3 |18 February 2023 |Stade Raymond Kopa, Angers, France |Uruguay |4–1 |5–1 |2023 Tournoi de France |} == Ditlotla == '''France U19''' * UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2013 '''France U17''' * FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup: 2012 '''Individual''' * UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship: Golden Player 2012<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/history/index.html Golden player 2012]</ref> * UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: Golden Player 2013<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/history/index.html Golden player 2013]</ref> == Metswedi == obf7i0uaxl3gq9urpii6lgmr3p891h1 0 9712 55473 37271 2026-09-23T20:02:31Z PERLA.NEGRA 13202 /* */ 55473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lea Schüller''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le bobedi ka 1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya {{Infobox football biography|name=Lea Schüller|image=2023-07-03 Fussball, Frauen, Deutsche Nationalmannschaft, Media Day 1DX 6670 by Stepro-2.jpg|caption=Schüller with [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]] in 2023|height=1.73 m|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|11|12}}|birth_place=[[Tönisvorst]], Germany|fullname=Lea Schüller<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |title=FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 – List of Players: Germany |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=10 |date=7 July 2019 |access-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708190751/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=Manchester United W.F.C|youthclubs1=Hülser SV|youthyears1={{0|0000}}–2012|youthyears2=2012–2014|youthclubs2=[[SGS Essen]]|clubs1=[[SGS Essen]]|years1=2013–2020|years2=2020–|goals1=62|goals2=57|clubs2=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|nationalyears1=2013–2014|nationalteam1=[[Germany women's national under-17 football team|Germany U17]]|nationalgoals1=5|nationalyears2=2014–2016|nationalteam2=[[Germany women's national under-19 football team|Germany U19]]|nationalgoals2=6|nationalteam3=[[Germany women's national under-20 football team|Germany U20]]|nationalyears3=2013–2015|nationalgoals3=2|nationalteam4=[[Germany women's national football team|Germany]]|nationalyears4=2017–|nationalgoals4=42|medaltemplates={{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA Women's Championship]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2022|2022 England]]|}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA Women's Nations League]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[2024 UEFA Women's Nations League Finals|2024 France–Netherlands–Spain]]|}}|club-update=23:00, 20 May 2024 (UTC)}} diano wa moJeremane yo o tshamekang kwa pele mo setlhopheng sa Frauen-Bundesliga sa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] le setlhopha sa setshaba sa Jeremane. == Tiro ya setlhopha == '''<big>SGS Essen</big>''' Schüller o simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao kwa Hülser SV pele ga a ya kwa lephateng la banana la SGS Essen ka 2012. O dirile tshameko ya gagwe ya ntha ya Frauen-Bundesliga a le dingwaga tse lesome le borataro ka Sedimonthole wa 2013 a rogwa, mo tatlhegelong ya dino tse pedi go lefela kgatlhanong le VfL Wolfsburg.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305062848/https://www.sgs-essen.de/aktuelles-rund-um-die-mannschaften/lea-schueller-unterschreibt-bis-2020-bei-der-sgs-essen.html Lea Schüller unterschreibt bis 2020 bei der SGS Essen]" (in German). SGS Essen. 11 July 2017. Archived from [https://www.sgs-essen.de/aktuelles-rund-um-die-mannschaften/lea-schueller-unterschreibt-bis-2020-bei-der-sgs-essen.html the original] on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.</ref> O nositse dino tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa Bundesliga ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2014, mo phenyong ya kwa ntle ga gae ya dino tse tharo go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le BV Cloppenburg. Ka Phukwi wa 2017, Schüller a oketsa tumalano ya gagwe le SGS Essen ka dingwaga tse pedi go fitlha Seeytebosigo wa 2020.<ref>"[https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/fc-bayern-holt-islacker-aus-frankfurt-170527/?no_cache=1&cHash=0781811b95d2b7625c39bb2c9749684c FC Bayern holt Islacker aus Frankfurt]" (in German). DFB. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.</ref> '''<big>Bayern Munich</big>''' Ka Phukwi wa 2020, Schüller a saena tumalano ya dingwaga tse tharo le [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|FC Bayern Munich]]. O ne a dira tshameko ya gagwe ya ntlha ya setlhopha sa gagwe se sesha mo motshamekong wa go ipaakanyetsa setlha, a nosa dino tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa ntlha mo phenyong ya dino tse tharo go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le SC Freiburg ka Phatlwe a ferabongwe.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/de/news/2020/08/nachbericht-testspiel-fc-bayern-frauen-vs-sc-freiburg Schüller mit Doppelpack: Bayern-Frauen schlagen Freiburg mit 3:1]" [Schüller with a brace: Bayern women beat Freiburg 3-1] (in German). FC Bayern München. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</ref> Kwa motshamekong wa botsalano wa go ipaakanyetsa setlha, kgatlhanong le ba ba iponetseng phatlha kwa UWCL, SK Slavia Prague, Schüller a nosa nno mo phenyong ya dino tse nne go lefela.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/de/news/2020/08/nachbericht-testspiel-fc-bayern-frauen-vs-slavia-prag UWCL-Generalprobe: Bayern-Frauen mit 4:0-Sieg gegen Slavia Prag]" [UWCL dress rehearsal: Bayern women with a 4-0 win against Slavia Prague] (in German). FC Bayern München. 16 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</ref> Schüller o ne a dira iponagatso ya gagwe ya ntlhantlha mo UEFA Women's Champions League mo tatlhegelong ya dino tse pedi go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le basireletsa bommampodi Olympique Lyonnais ka Phatlwe a le masome mabedi le boraro. Bayern e ne ya ntshiwa mo kgaisanong ke palogotlhe ya tatlhegelo ya 2-2, Olympique Lyonnais e fetela kwa sekamakgaolakgannyeng ka molao wa nno ya kwa ntle ga gae.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/de/spiele/frauen/champions-league/2019-2020/olympique-lyon-fc-bayern-22-08-2020/spielbericht Bayern-Frauen scheitern nach großem Kampf im UWCL-Viertelfinale]" [Bayern women fail after big fight in UWCL quarterfinals] (in German). FC Bayern München. 23 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</ref> FC Bayern e ne ya simolola Frauen-Bundesliga ya 2020–21 kgatlhanong le SC Sand ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le mane, Schüller a le mo go ba ba lesome le motso ba ba simololang abo a nosa nno ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Bundesliga le setlhopha, o fela ka phenyo ya dino tse thatato go lefela. Bayern e ne ya ya ya fenya bosimega ja liki ja boraro. Schüller o ne a nosa dino palogotlhe tse lesome le borataro mo setlheng sa gagwe sa ntlha le Bayern Munich, a fetsa mo maemong a boraro fa morago ga ga Nicole Billa wa TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (dino di le masome mabedi le boraro) le Laura Freigang wa Eintracht Frankfurt (dino di le lesome le bosupa) e le banosi ba ba kwa godimo ba setlha. O ne a tsweledisa ditshupegetso tsa gagwe tse dintle mo setlheng sa Frauen-Bundesliga sa 2021–22, a fetsa e le mososi yo o kwa godimo wa liki ka dino di le lesome le bosupa ga mmogo le go nna monosi yo o kwa godimo kwa setlhopheng sa gagwe ka dino di le masome mabedi mo dikgaisanong tsotlhe.<ref>"[https://twitter.com/fcbfrauen/status/1534891648563523585 Unsere 𝖳𝖮𝖯 𝖲𝖢𝖮𝖱𝖤𝖱 der Saison 2021/2022!]". ''Twitter''. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</ref> Ka setlha sa 2023–24 a nosa nno ya phenyo mo motsotsong wa masome a supa le bosupa mo phenyong ya dino tse pedi go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le Eintracht Frankfurt.<ref>"[https://www.skysports.com/football/eintracht-frankfurt-ladies-vs-fc-bayern-muenchen-women/live/493146 Live Commentary - Eintracht Frankfurt Ladies vs FC Bayern Women | 09.03.2024]". ''Sky Sports''. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</ref> == Metswedi == jhkciure9sk3awzmuo3tqww2iofqw2n 0 9784 55409 36589 2026-09-23T12:55:46Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Montpellier HSC|image=Montpellier HSC logo.svg|fullname=Montpellier Hérault Sport Club Féminines|nickname=''MHSC'', ''La Paillade''|founded=1990 <br /> 2001 as HSC|ground=Stade Jules Rimet, [[Sussargues]]|capacity=500|chrtitle=President|chairman=Louis Nicollin|manager=[[Frédéric Mendy (footballer, born 1973)|Frédéric Mendy]]|league=[[Division 1 Féminine]]|season=[[2022–23 Division 1 Féminine|2022–23]]|position=Division 1 Féminine, 5th of 12|website=http://www.mhscfoot.com/articles/feminines|pattern_la1=v|pattern_la2=_MHSC_Ext_2012|pattern_b1=_MHSC_Dom_2012|pattern_b2=_MHSC_Ext_2012|pattern_ra1=_MHSC_Dom_2011|pattern_ra2=_MHSC_Ext_2012|pattern_sh1=_MHSC_Dom_2011|pattern_sh2=_MHSC_Ext_2011|pattern_so1=_espanha2h}} '''Montpellier Hérault Sport Club Féminines''' (French pronunciation: [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[mɔ̃pɛˈlyeɪ eɪˈroʊ]]]; gantsi e bidiwa fela '''Montpellier''') Ke setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa bomme sa kwa Fora se kwa mmasepaleng wa Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, e leng toropo e e kwa kgaolong ya Montpellier. Setlhopha seno se ne sa tlhamiwa ka 1990. Montpellier e tshameka mo Division 1 Féminine, e feditse mo maemong a bone mo setlheng sa 2009-10. Setlhopha se se tsamaisiwa ke Frédéric Mendy. Montpellier e tshameka metshameko ya yone kwa Stade Joseph-Blanc, lebala le le kgonang go tsenya batho ba le sekete, se se kwa Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone. Setlhopha gape se tshwara metshameko kwa Stade de la Mosson kwa Montpellier, kwa setlhopha sa borre se tshamekang teng. == Ditso == Setlhopha se se ne sa tlhamiwa ka 1990 ka leina la Montpellier-Le-Crès morago ga go kopanngwa ga ditlhopha tsa selegae ''Racing Club de Paillade'' le ''Entente Cressoise''. Ka 2001, setlhopha sa basadi se ne sa nna karolo ya basadi ya setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa Montpellier HSC. Fa e sale ba tsena mo Montpellier, karolo ya bomme e fentse Division 1 Féminine gabedi ka 2004 le 2005 le Challenge de France gararo ka 2006, 2007, le 2009 go dira gore setlhopha se e nne nngwe sengwe sa ditlhopha tsa kgwele ya dinao tsa bomme tse di atlegileng thata mo kgweleng ya dinao ya Fora. Montpellier e fitlhile kwa seka-makgaolakgang a 2005/06 a UEFA Women's Cup mme, mo setlheng sa 2009/10, se fitlhile kwa di quarter-finaleng tsa kgatiso ya ntlha ya UEFA Women's Champions League e e neng ya fenngwa ke setlhopha sa Sweden sa Umeå ka molao wa dino tsa kwa ntle ga gae.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100328123013/http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/matches/season=2010/round=2000060/match=2001496/report/index.html Umeå strike twice late to stun Montpellier]". UEFA. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.</ref> Montpellier e ntshitse batshameki ba le mmalwa ba ba itsegeng ba ba tshamekileng mo setlhopheng sa bosetshaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa bomme sa Fora. Hoda Lattaf ke tokololo ya gompieno ya setlhopha sa ntlha sa Montpellier mme e ne e le mongwe wa batshameki ba ba eteletseng pele ba setlhopha sa bosetshaba ka nako ya gagwe ya dingwaga di le lesome go tloga ka 1997 go fitlha ka 2007. Lattaf o ne a fetsa tiro ya gagwe ya boditshabatshaba ka go tshameka metshameko e le lekgolo le metso e lesome le bobedi le go nosa dino di le masome mararo le motso. Batshameki ba boditshabatshaba ba gompieno le ba maloba ba akaretsa Sonia Bompastor le Camille Abily bao ka bobedi ba leng batshameki kwa moseja mo WPS kwa Amerika. Batshameki ba boditshabatshaba; Louisa Necib, Élodie Thomis, le Laure Lepailleur botlhe ba ne ba tshamekela Montpellier pele ba ya kwa Olympique Lyonnais. == Metswedi == 9k7mh9h41qn3scelw1lzos4hw6lt2wa 0 9866 55460 36727 2026-09-23T19:06:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55460 wikitext text/x-wiki Sophie Flack (o tshotswe ka di 8 Phatwe 1983) ke mokwadi wa kwa Amerika, mokwadi le {{Infobox person|name=Sophie Flack|caption=Author|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1983|08|08}}|birth_place=[[Watertown, Massachusetts]], U.S.|alma mater=[[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|occupation={{flatlist| * Author * journalist * editor }}|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Josh Charles]]|2013}}|children=2|parents=Fran Forman<br> Bob Flack}} morulaganyi yo o ikemetseng, le motantshi wa pele wa New York City Ballet. == Botshelo jwa gagwe le dithuto == Flack o tsholetswe kwa Watertown, Massachusetts, mo lelapeng la Bajuta.<ref>"Jews in the <nowiki>News:Sarah</nowiki> Michelle Gellar, Julianne Margulies and Jake Gyllenh | Tampa Jewish Federation".[https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-newssarah-michelle-gellar-julianne-margulies-and-jake-gyllenhaal]</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa New York City a le dingwaga di le 15 go ya go thapisiwa kwa The School of American Ballet. Flack o ne a tsenela New York City Ballet jaaka leloko la setlhopha sa ballet ka 2001, mme a tlogela go bina ka 2009. Buka ya gagwe ya Bunheads e ne ya phasaladiwa ka 2011.<ref>Goldstein, Meredith (October 11, 2011). "A novel life". ''The Boston Globe''.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015612/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/10/11/turning_point_watertowns_sophie_flack_spins_her_dance_experience_into_a_young_adult_novel/]</ref>Flack o ne a bona BA ya gagwe kwa Yunibesithing ya Columbia ka 2013. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O nyetswe ke Josh Charles ka 2013. Ka 9 Sedimonthole 2014, o ne a tshola ngwana wa bone wa ntlha, mosimane.<ref>Webber, Stephanie (7 September 2013). "Josh Charles Wedding: Good Wife Star Marries Girlfriend Sophie Flack!". ''Us Weekly''. Retrieved 8 September 2013. <q>Josh Charles ... married longtime girlfriend Sophie Flack on Friday, Sept. [http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/josh-charles-weds-longtime-girlfriend-sophia-flack-201379 6]</q></ref>Ka Phatwe 22, 2018, Flack o ne a tshola ngwana wa bone wa bobedi, mosetsana. <ref>"Josh Charles on Instagram: "Our daughter timed her birth so I could make yesterday's doubleheader. It was a day I'll never forget!"". ''Instagram''. Archived from the original on 2021-12-26.[https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/mrjoshcharles/1852496717289396030]</ref> == Tiro == Flack o ne a bina le New York City Ballet go tloga ka 2001 go fitlha ka 2009.<ref>"Sophie Flack". New York City Ballet. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090331123237/http://www.nycballet.com/company/personnel/artistic/flack.html]</ref>Buka ya gagwe, Bunheads, e e neng e tlhotlheleditswe ke botshelo jwa gagwe mo corps de ballet, e ne ya phasaladiwa ka Diphalane 2011 ke Little, Brown and Company. Flack o ne a bona BA ya gagwe kwa Yunibesithing ya Columbia ka 2013. == Ditiro == Flack, Sophie (2011). Ditlhogo tsa ditonki. New York: Poppy. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-316-12653-3</nowiki>. - Bunheads e latela mosetsana wa dingwaga di le 19 yo o bidiwang Hannah Ward fa a ntse a thapisiwa jaaka motantshi wa ballet kwa Manhattan Ballet School. Hannah o kgaratlha le dilo tse a di tlhokang mo go ikatiseng ga gagwe tse di akaretsang go nna le boima jwa mmele, go itshokela go diega ga bosha, le go ipha nako ya go itlosa bodutu le go kgatlhegela batho ba bangwe. == Metswedi == 1a72lnkzhjl4vxxtmiudmldcou33gzr 0 10001 55481 51236 2026-09-23T20:39:57Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Swazi-born musician and DJ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Use South African English|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Uncle Waffles | image =[[File:Uncle Waffles 01.jpg|thumb|waffles doing flamess]] | caption = Uncle Waffles ka 2024 | birth_name = Lungelihle Zwane | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|03|30}} | birth_place = [[Eswatini]] | label = Kreativekornerr | years_active = 2020–present | occupation = {{flatlist| *DJ *record producer}} | genre = {{flatlist| *[[Amapiano]] }} | background = person }} '''Lungelihle Zwane''' (o tshotswe ka 30 Mopitlwe 2000), yo a itsegeng jaaka '''Uncle Waffles''', ke moletsi wa ditshipi le motsamaisa-direkoto go tswa [[Eswatini|eSwatini]] mme a direla mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":0">Aklilu, Rahel (11 April 2022). [https://www.complex.com/music/uncle-waffles-amapiano-princess-interview "Uncle Waffles, Amapiano Princess, On Her Rise To DJ Superstardom"]. ''[[:en:Complex_Networks|Complex]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221028053318/https://www.complex.com/music/uncle-waffles-amapiano-princess-interview Archived] from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref><ref name=":1">Doubt about her exact birthday was cleared up in 2025 with her own revelation reported by David (30 March 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250403051548/https://iharare.com/shes-grown-uncle-waffles-age-revealed-on-her-birthday/ "Uncle Waffles' Age Revealed on Her Birthday"]. from the original on 30 March 2025., formerly she was thought to be younger as reported in Mphande, Joy (1 April 2022). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2022-04-01-snaps--good-vibes-and-fun-times--inside-uncle-waffles-22nd-birthday-party/ "Good vibes and fun times — Inside Uncle Waffles' 22nd birthday party"]. ''[[:en:TimesLIVE|TimesLIVE]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326185334/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-lincle-waffles-22nd-birthday-party/ Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023.</ref><ref name=":2">Ani, Ivie (7 March 2023). [https://audiomack.com/world/post/uncle-waffles-upnow-interview "Interview: Uncle Waffles to the World"]. ''[[:en:Audiomack|Audiomack]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326202740/https://audiomack.com/world/post/uncle-waffles-upnow-interview Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> O itsege ka tiro ya gagwe mo go tsa [[Amapiano]] le bokgoni jwa gagwe ba go bina,<ref>Nikitta, Jazmine (21 November 2022). [https://www.acclaimmag.com/music/uncle-waffles/ "Uncle Waffles is Flying The Flag for Amapiano"]. ''Acclaim Magazine''. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref><ref>Wangeci, Tela; Mankaprr, Conteh; Makinde, Tami; Miya, Madzadza; Saraki, Seni (28 December 2022). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-afropop-songs-of-2022-1234650065/uncle-waffles-x-tony-duardo-tanzania-feat-sino-msolo-boibizza-1234650178/ "The 40 Best Afropop Songs of 2022"]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326194346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-afropop-songs-of-2022-1234650065/uncle-waffles-x-tony-duardo-tanzania-feat-sino-msolo-boibizza-1234650178/ Rolling Stone]''. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> mo Billboard e neng ya supa fa e le ene "kgosigadi ya Amapiano".<ref name=":3">Mamo, Heran (31 March 2023). [https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/uncle-waffles-south-african-amapiano-coachella-interview-1235296038/ "Meet Uncle Waffles, the Artist Bringing the South African Amapiano Genre to Coachella"]. ''[[:en:Billboard_(magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</ref> Pina ya gagwe eo e golotsweng sa ntlha, "Tanzania", e fitlhile mo maemong a ntlha mo Aforika Borwa,<ref>Peaks on The Official South African Charts: ''Tanzania'' ([https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-17-2022/ "Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100: Week 17"]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.); ''Yahyuppiyah'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230420235230/https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-14-2023/ "Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100: Week 14 2023"]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.); Peacock (Revisit) [[https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-africa-songs-hotw/2023-09-09/ "South Africa Songs: Week of September 9, 2023"]. ''Billboard''. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.]; Wadibusa ([https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-10-week-18-2024/ "Local and International Streaming Chart Top 10: Week 18"]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. Retrieved 27 May 2024.)</ref> koo e tlhomamisitsweng gore ke ya maemo a polatinamo ga supa.<ref>Meara, Paul (7 September 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231013065925/https://www.bet.com/article/cmd4io/uncle-waffles-unboxed-interview-eswatini-south-africa-echoes-solace "Uncle Waffles Is An Amapiano Superstar Setting A Unique Tone and History in the Process"]. ''[[BET]]''. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa bonnyeng == Zwane o tshotswe a bo a golela kwa eSwatini (e pele e neng e le Swaziland).<ref name=":1" /> O godile a sa itse batsadi ba gagwe, a golela mo tlhokomelong ya ga nkukuagwe mo dingwageng tsa bonyana, a bo a kopana le mmaagwe fela fa a le mogolwanyane, mme botalano jwa bone botlhoke go nna jo bo iketlileng.<ref>Meara, Paul (7 September 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231013065925/https://www.bet.com/article/cmd4io/uncle-waffles-unboxed-interview-eswatini-south-africa-echoes-solace "Uncle Waffles Is An Amapiano Siuperstart Setting A Unique Tone and History In the Process"]. ''BET.'' Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> Zwane o godile a reetsa mmino wa house le [[Kwaito]] wa Aforika Borwa go tswa go diopedi tse di jaaka Black Coffee, [[Lebo Mathosa]] le DJ Kent.<ref name=":3" /> Pele ga katlego ya go nna DJ, Zwane o ne a nna mogasi wa thelebishene kwa Studio1 mo Eswatini TV, mme o ne a tseelwa legato ka Phatwe 2022 morago ga go kgaogana le lenaneo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.africa-press.net/eswatini/all-news/nojali-replaces-uncle-waffles-on-studio-1 "Nojali Replace Uncle Waffles On Studio 1"]. ''africa-press.net''. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023</ref> Ke teng fa a neng a itsisiswe la ntlha ka DJ'ing ke tsala ya gagwe e le ene a neng a bereka mo setediong, ka gonne go ne go na le setlhopha sa di-DJ tsa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano koo.<ref name=":3" /> Morago ga moo o ne a fudugela kwa Afrika Borwa go ya go tsena yunibesithi.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == [[Category: Uncle Waffles]] [[Category: Amapiano DJ]] [[Category: DJ Waffles]] [[Category: Swazi DJ]] 6mo350s8zr8y1kxx92e98npy67fpv3d 0 10562 55480 50344 2026-09-23T20:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokgatlho wa Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng wa Thuto, Maranyane le Setso''' ( '''UNESCO''' /j uː ˈ n ɛ s k oʊ / ) <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/|website=UNESCO|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> [ a ] ke lekalana le le kgethegileng la [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng]] (UN) ka maikaelelo a go rotloetsa kagiso le tshireletsego ya lefatshe ka bophara ka tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba mo thutong, bodiragatsi, maranyane le setso. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/brief/|title=Introducing UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|title=UNESCO history|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref> E na le ditšhaba tsa maloko di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le bone le maloko a a amanang le one a le lesome le bobedi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/countries|access-date=23 August 2022|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ga mmogo le badiri ka yone mo makalaneng a e seng a puso, a dipuso le a a ikemetseng ka nosi . <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/partnerships|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO}}</ref> Ntlokgolo ya UNESCO e kwa Paris, kwa Fora, e na le diofisi tsa kgaolo di le masome a le matlhano <ref>{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice?hub=171411|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO}}</ref> le dikhomišene tsa setšhaba di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le boferabongwe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions|url=https://pax.unesco.org/countries/NationalCommissions.html|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=1 August 2019|title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/pacific/about|access-date=24 July 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO e tlhomilwe ka 1945 jaaka motlhatlhami wa Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Tirisanommogo ya Botlhale ya Lekgotla la Ditšhabatšhaba. Thomo ya go tlhoma UNESCO, e e neng ya bopiwa ke ditiragalo tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, ke go atolosa kagiso, tlhabololo e e tswelelang le ditshwanelo tsa batho ka go tlhofofatsa tirisanommogo le dipuisano magareng ga ditšhaba. E latelela maikaelelo a ka dikarolo tse tlhano tse dikgolo tsa lenaneo: thuto, maranyane a tsa tlholego, maranyane a tsa setho/batho, setso le ditlhaeletsano/kitso. UNESCO e tshegetsa mananeo a a tokafatsang kitso ya go bala le go kwala, e tlamela ka katiso le thuto ya setegeniki, e atolosa kitso ya maranyane pele, e sireletsa bobegadikgang jo bo ikemetseng le kgololesego ya bobegadikgang, e somarela ditso tsa dikgaolo le kabakanyo ya tsa setso, le go rotloetsa kabakanyo ya setso.Mokgatlho o o thusa thata go tlhoma le go sireletsa Mafelo a Boswa jwa Lefatshe a a botlhokwa mo setsong le mo tlholegong. UNESCO e laolwa ke Bokopano jwa Botlhe bo bo bopilweng ke maloko a mafatshe le maloko a a amanang le one, e e kopanang gabedi ka ngwaga go tlhoma mananeo le tekanyetso ya go dirisa madi. Gape e tlhopha maloko a khuduthamaga e e laolang tiro ya UNESCO, gape e tlhoma Mookamela Mogolo morago ga dingwaga di le nne gangwe le gape, yo o dirang jaaka motsamaisi yo mogolo wa UNESCO.   === Tlhago === UNESCO le maikaelelo magolo atirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba di ka latedisiwa go ya kwa tshwetsong ya Lekgotla la Ditšhabatšhaba ka la bo 21 Lwetse 1921, go tlhopha khomišene go ithuta kgonagalo ya gore ditšhaba di abelane diphitlhelelo tsa setso, thuto le saense ka kgololesego. [1] [2] Setlhopha se seša seno, e leng Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Tirisanommogo ya Ditlhaloganyo ( ICIC ), se ne sa tlhomiwa ka 1922 [3] mme se ne se na le batho ba ba jaaka Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, le Gonzague de Reynold mo gare ga maloko a sone a a neng a tlhomile dikhomišene tse dinnye tsa Yuropa Bophirima [4] ) . Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Tirisanommogo ya Botlhale (IIIC) se ne sa tlhamiwa kwa Paris ka Lwetse 1924, go dira jaaka setheo se se diragatsang sa ICIC. [5] Le fa go ntse jalo, go simolola ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II go ne ga kgoreletsa tiro ya mekgatlho eno e e neng e le teng pele ga yone thata. [6] Fa e le ka maiteko a poraefete, Biro ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto (IBE) e ne ya simolola go dira jaaka mokgatlho o e seng wa puso mo tirelong ya tlhabololo ya thuto ya boditšhabatšhaba fa e sale ka Sedimonthole 1925 [ 21 ] mme ya tsenela UNESCO ka 1969, morago ga go tlhoma khomišene e e kopanetsweng ka 1952. === Go simololwa ga yone === Morago ga go bewa menwana ga Tšhata ya Atlantic le Mokwalo Papamatso wa Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng, Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Thuto tse di Kopaneng ( CAME ) bo ne jwa simolola diphuthego kwa Lontone tse di neng tsa tswelela go tloga ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borataro 1942 go fitlha ka Sedimonthole a le botlhano 1945. United Kingdom, Amerika le USSR. Se se ne sa latelwa ke ditshitshinyo tsa Khonferense ya Dumbarton Oaks ya 9 Diphalane 1944. Ka tshitshinyo ya CAME le go ya ka dikgakololo tsa Khonferense ya Ditšhabakopano ya Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba (UNCIO), e e neng e tshwerwe kwa San Francisco go tloga ka Moranang go fitlha ka Seetebosigo 1945, go ne ga nna le Khonferense ya Ditšhabakopano ya go tlhoma mokgatlho wa setso/CONF) e ne ya kopanela kwa Lontone go tloga ka 1 go ya go 16 Ngwanatsele 1945 go emetswe dipuso di le masome a manè le bone. Kgopolo ya UNESCO e ne ya tlhamiwa thata ke Rab Butler, Tona ya Thuto ya United Kingdom, yo o neng a na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo go tlhabololeng ga yone. [1] Kwa ECO/CONF, Molaotheo wa UNESCO o ne wa tlhagisiwa le go saeniwa ke dinaga di le 37, mme ga tlhomiwa Khomišene ya Paakanyetso. [2] Khomišene ya Paakanyetso e ne ya dira fa gare ga 16 Ngwanaitseele 1945, le 4 Ngwanatsele 1946 — letlha le Molaotheo wa UNESCO o neng wa tsena mo tirisong ka lone ka go tsenngwa ga kamogelo ya masome a mabedi ke naga e e leng leloko. Bokopano jwa Botlhe jwa ntlha bo ne jwa tshwarwa go tloga ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boferabongwe go fitlha ka Sedimonthole a lesome 1946, mme ga tlhophiwa Julian Huxley go nna Mookamedi-mogolo. [26] Mokolonele wa Sesole sa United States, e le moeteledipele wa sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro gape e le mmueledi wa ditshwanelo tsa batho Blake R. Van Leer le ene o ne a nna leloko.[ 27] Molaomotheo o ne wa fetolwa ka Ngwanatsele 1954 fa phuthego ya Bokopano jwa Botlhe e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya gore maloko a lekgotla la khuduthamaga e tla nna baemedi ba dipuso tsa ditšhaba tse ba leng baagi ba tsone mme ba ka se dire jaaka pele, ba dirisa bokgoni jwa dithata tsa bone ka sebele. [ 28] Phetogo eno mo pusong e ne ya farologanya UNESCO le e e neng e e okametse pele, e leng ICIC, ka tsela e dinaga tse e leng maloko di neng di tla dirisana mmogo ka yone mo dikarolong tse mokgatlho ono o nang le taolo mo go tsone. Phetogo e mo pusong e ne ya farologanya UNESCO le e e neng e e okametse pele, e leng ICIC, ka tsela e ditšhaba tse e leng maloko di neng di dirisana mmogo ka yone mo dikarolong tse mokgatlho o o neng o na le taolo mo go tsone. Jaaka ditšhaba tsa maloko di ne di dira mmogo mo tsamaong ya nako go diragatsa maikaelelo a UNESCO, mabaka a sepolotiki le a ditso a ne a bopa ditiro tsa mokgatlho segolobogolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Botsididi, thulaganyo ya go emisa bokoloniale, le go phatlaladiwa ga Soviet Union.[ 29][30] === .Tlhabololo === Gareng ga diphitlhelelo tse dikgolo tsa mokgatlho o ke tiro ya one kgatlhanong le bosemorafe, sekai ke dipolelo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso ka ga lotso go simolola ka mokwalo Papamatso wa baithutatlholego (gareng ga bone go ne go na le Claude Lévi-Strauss ) le bomankge ba maranyane ba bangwe ka 1950 mme ya wetsa ka Mokwalo Papamatso wa 1978 ka ga Lotso le Kgethololo ya Lotso . Ka 1955, [[Aforika Borwa|Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa]] le ne la ikgogela morago mo UNESCO le bolela gore dikgatiso dingwe tsa mokgatlho di ne di leka "go tsenelela" mo "mathateng a bosemorafe" jwa lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000002428|access-date=2024-07-26|date=1967|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Le tsene gape mo mokgatlhong ka 1994 ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga [[Nelson Mandela]] . <ref>{{Citation|title=UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden|date=2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|work=201–230|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> Nngwe ya ditiro tsa ntlha tsa UNESCO mo lephateng la thuto e ne e le lenaneo la teko ya thuto ya go tswa kwa moding kwa Marbial Valley, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/48223/pf0000000372|access-date=2025-06-17|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Haiti, e e neng ya simololwa ka 1947. Morago ga lenaneo le nngwe ya ditiro tsa baitseanape kwa mafatsheng a mangwe, e ne e akaretsa thomo ya 1949 kwa Afghanistan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/unesco-at-74-an-overview-of-its-laudable-progress-1573916648|access-date=2024-07-26|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> UNESCO e ne ya akantsha 1948 gore mafatshe a e leng Maloko a tshwanetse go dira gore thuto e e kotlase ya mahala e nne e e patelediwang le e e amogelwang ke batho botlhe. <ref name=":0" /> [[The 1990 World Conference on Education for All|Bokopano jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Thuto ya Botlhe]], kwa Jomtien, Thailand, bo ne jwa simolola mokgatlho wa lefatshe lotlhe ka 1990 go tlamela ka thuto ya go tswa kwa moding go bana botlhe, banana le bagolo. <ref name=":0" /> Ka 2000, Foramo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Thuto kwa Dakar, kwa Senegal, e ne ya dira gore dipuso tse e leng maloko a tsone di itlame go fitlhelela thuto ya go tswa kwa moding ya botlhe ka 2015 . <ref name=":0" /> Mokwalo Papamatso wa Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Thuto e e kgolwane e ne ya amogelwa ke Phuthego a Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Thuto e e kgolwane ya UNESCO ka di 9 Diphalane 1998, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action|publisher=UNESCO|date=1998-10-09|access-date=2012-11-12}}</ref> ka boikaelelo jwa go tlhoma maemo a lefatshe ka bophara ka ga dikeletso le phitlhelelo ya thuto e e kgolwane . Ditiro tsa ntlha tsa UNESCO mo setsong di ne di akaretsa Letsholo la Boditšhabatšhaba la go Boloka Difikantswe tsa Nubia, le le neng la simololwa ka 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Boikaelelo jwa letsholo le ne e le go fudusa Tempele e Kgolo ya Abu Simbel gore e se ka ya khurumediwa ke Nile morago ga go agiwa letamo la Aswan . Mo letsholong le la dingwaga di le masome a mabedi go ne ga fudusiwa difikantswe le mafelo a a agilweng a le masomea mabedi le bobedi. Se ne e le lantlha gape le le logolo go gaisa mo motseletseleng wa matsholo a a neng a akaretsa Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) le Acropolis ya Athena (Gerika). Tiro ya mokgatlho o ka ga boswa e ne ya dira gore go amogelwe, ka 1972, Tumalano e e amanang le Tshireletso ya Boswa jwa Setso le jwa Tlhago jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Ka 1976, Komiti ya Boswa jwa Lefatshe e ne ya tlhongwa mme mafelo a ntlha a ne a akarediwa mo Lenaneong la Boswa jwa Lefatshe ka 1978. <ref>{{Cite web|title=41st Session of the World Heritage Committee|publisher=The City of Krakow|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/211447,339,komunikat,41st_session_of_the_world_heritage_committee_.html|date=18 August 2017|access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka nako eo didirisiwa tsa botlhokwa tsa semolao ka ga boswa jwa setso le pharologano di ile tsa amogelwa ke ditšhaba tse e leng maloko tsa UNESCO ka 2003 ( Tumalano ya go Sireletsa Boswa jwa Lefatshe ) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> le 2005 ( Tumalano ya Tshireletso le Thotloetso ya Mefutafuta ya Ditlhagiso tsa Setso ) . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> P​<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CERN|url=https://home.cern/about|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=[[CERN]]}}</ref> Ka 1968, UNESCO e ne ya rulaganya khonferense ya ntlha ya dipuso tse di farologaneng e e neng e ikaeletse go kopanya tikologo le tlhabololo, e leng bothata jo bo tswelelang go rarabololwa mo lephateng la tlhabololo e e tswelelang . Dipoelo tse dikgolo tsa khonferense ya 1968 e ne e le go tlhamiwa ga Lenaneo la UNESCO la Monna le Lefelo la Ditshedi . Mo lephateng la tlhaeletsano, "go elela ga dikakanyo ka kgololesego ka lefoko le setshwantsho" go ntse go le mo molaotheong wa UNESCO fa e sa le o tlhongwa, go latela maitemogelo a Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi fa taolo ya tshedimosetso e ne e le ntlha ya go ruta batho go nna bogale. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War|url=https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal}}</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di neng tsa latela morago fela ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, maiteko a ne a tlhomiwa mogopolo mo go ageng sesha le mo go lemogeng ditlhokego tsa ditsela tsa tlhaeletsano ya batho ba le bantsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe. UNESCO e simolotse go rulaganyetsa katiso le thuto ya babegadikgang ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. <ref name=":1" /> Go tsibogela dipitso tsa " Taelo ya Lefatshe e Ntšhwa ya Tshedimosetso le Tlhaeletsano " kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, UNESCO e ne ya tlhoma Khomišene ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto ya Mathata a Tlhaeletsano, <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|pages=147–169}}</ref> e e neng ya tlhagisa pegelo ya MacBride ya 1980 (e e bidiwang ka modulasetulo wa khomišene, Mokgele wa Kagiso wa Nobel Seureate MacB ). <ref name=":2" /> Ka one ngwaga oo, UNESCO e ne ya tlhama Lenaneo la Boditšhabatšhaba la Tlhabololo ya Tlhaeletsano (IPDC), e leng foramo ya dinaga di le dintsi e e diretsweng go rotloetsa tlhabololo ya bobegakgang mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication – About|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Ka 1993, Khonferensekakaretso ya UNESCO e ne ya tshegetsa Maipolelo a Windhoek ka boipuso jwa bobegadikgang le bontsi, e leng se se dirileng gore Kokoanokakaretso ya UN e itsise letlha la go amogelwa ga yone, 3 Motsheganong, jaaka Letsatsi la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Kgololesego ya Bobegadikgang . <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Press Freedom Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Fa e sale ka 1997, UNESCO e ntse e aba Mokgele wa Kgololesego ya Bobegadikgang wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa UNESCO / Guillermo Cano ka di 3 tsa Mot === Lekgolo la bo21 la dingwaga === Ka 2011, UNESCO e ne ya amogela Palesetina go nna leloko. Melao e e neng ya fetisiwa kwa United States morago ga gore Palestina e dire kopo ya go nna leloko la UNESCO le WHO ka Moranang 1989 <ref name="Sakran2019">{{Cite book|pages=64–}}</ref> e raya gore United States ga e ka ke ya thusa ka madi mo mokgatlhong ope wa UN o o amogelang Palestina jaaka leloko le le tletseng. <ref>{{Cite news|title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|date=31 October 2011|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya seo, United States e ne ya gogela morago matlole a yone, a a neng a dira mo e ka nnang 22% ya tekanyetso ya madi ya UNESCO. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|title=Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians|date=31 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> Iseraele gape e ne ya tsibogela go amogelwa ga Palestina mo UNESCO ka go emisa dituelo tsa Iseraele mo UNESCO le go tsenya dikiletso mo Bogoging jwa Palestina, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|title=After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|date=4 November 2011|access-date=11 December 2011|archivedate=7 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600}}</ref> e bolela gore go amogelwa ga Palestina go tla nna kotsi " mo dipuisanong tse di ka nnang teng tsa kagiso " . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|publisher=CNN|title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds|date=3 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> Ka 2013, dingwaga di le pedi morago ga go emisa go duela dituelo tsa yone kwa UNESCO, United States le Iseraele di ne tsa latlhegelwa ke ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha tsa UNESCO, mme di sa latlhegelwe ke tshwanelo ya go tlhophiwa; ka jalo, United States e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la boto ya khuduthamaga mo pakeng ya go tloga ka 2016 go ya go 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|title=U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row|work=Reuters|date=8 November 2013|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Ka 2019, Iseraele e ne ya tlogela UNESCO morago ga dingwaga di le masome a le marataro le boferabongwe e le leloko, mme moemedi wa Iseraele kwa UN Danny Danon o ne a kwala jaana: "UNESCO ke setlhopha se se tswelelang go kwala ditso sesha, go akaretsa le ka go phimola kgolagano ya Bajuda le Jerusalema... e sentswe le go dirisiwa ka boferefere ke baba ba Iseraele... ga re kake ranna leloko la mokgatlho yo o berekang kgatlhanong le rona ka bomo." <ref>{{Cite web|title="69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US" – The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|access-date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> Ka 2023, Russia e ne ya kgaphelwa thoko mo komiting ya khuduthamaga lekgetho la ntlha, morago ga go palelwa ke go bona ditlhopho tse di lekaneng. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/|date=15 November 2023}}</ref> Gape ka 2023, United States e ne ya bolela maikaelelo a yone a go boela mo UNESCO, dingwaga di le tlhano morago ga go tswa, le go duela didikadike di le makgolo a le borataro tsa didolara tsa Amerikale tsa dituelo tsa yone tsa morago. <ref name="usa2023">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f|first=Angela|last=Charlton|date=2023-06-12|access-date=2024-09-26|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence}}</ref> United States e ne ya amogelwa gape ke [[UNESCO|Bokopano jwa Botlhe jwa UNESCO]] ka Phukwi yoo. <ref name="uspbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw|title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw|last=Lee|first=Matthew|website=[[PBS]]|date=2024-09-26|access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref> == Ditiragalo ==   UNESCO e diragatsa ditiro tsa yone ka dikarolo di le tlhano tsa lenaneo: thuto, Maranyane a tlholego, Maranyane a setho le batho, setso, le tlhaeletsano le kitso. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise|title=Expertise|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> * UNESCO e tshegetsa dipatlisiso mo thutong ya papiso, e tlamela ka boitseanape le go rotloetsa tirisanommogo go nonotsha boeteledipele jwa bosetšhaba jwa thuto le bokgoni jwa ditšhaba go tlamela botlhe ka thuto ya boleng . Seno se akaretsa ** Ditilo tsa UNESCO, e leng mafaratlhatlha a boditšhabatšhaba a ditilo tsa UNESCO di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a le mane le bone tse di akaretsang makalana a feta makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le supa mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borataro ** Mokgatlho wa Tshomarelo ya Tikologo ** Tumalano e e Kgatlhanong le Kgethololo mo Thutong e e amogetsweng ka 1960 ** Mokgatlho wa Phuthego ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto ya Bagolo ( CONFINTEA ) mo pakeng ya dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ** Go gatisiwa ga Pegelo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Tlhokomelo ya Thuto ya Botlhe ** Go gatisiwa ga ''tokomane e e botlhokwa thata ya Dipilara tse Nnè tsa go Ithuta'' ** [[UNESCO|UNESCO ASPNet]], e leng mafaratlhatlha a boditšhabatšhaba a dikolo di feta dikete di le lesome le bobedi mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le bobedi UNESCO ga e neele dikolo tsa thuto e kgolwane tetlelelosemmuso. Kgoro ya UNESCO ya go dira dilo mo pepeneneng e diretswe go kgontsha setšhaba go bona tshedimosetso tebang le ditiro tsa Mokgatlho, jaaka tekanyetso ya tiriso ya madi ya yone e kopanetsweng ya dingwaga di le pedi, mmogo le dikgolagano tsa ditokomane tse di lebaganeng le mananeo le tsa matlole. Ditlhopha tse pedi tse tse di farologaneng tsa tshedimosetso di gatisitswe mo ya IATI, ka go latelana go ikaegilwe ka Seelo sa Tiro sa IATI le Seelo sa Mokgatlho wa IATI. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Transparency Portal|url=https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=opendata.unesco.org|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mananeo a masha a a akanyeditsweng === Go akanyeditswe mananeo a mabedi a masha a UNESCO. <ref name="newunescolists">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/|title=Tangible Cultural Heritage – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=unesco.org|access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref> Lenaneo la ntlha le le akanyeditsweng le tla tsepamisa mogopolo mo bosweng jwa setso jo bo tsamayang jaaka dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, ditshwantsho tse di takilweng, le dilo tse di tshelang. Lenaneo le le ka akaretsa dilo tsa setso, tse di jaaka Jōmon Venus wa kwa Japane, ''Mona Lisa'' wa Fora, Thipa ya Gebel el-Arak ya [[Egypt|Egepeto]], ''Lekhubu la Borobongwe'' la Russia, Mosadi yo o Ntseng wa Çatalhöyük wa Turkey, <nowiki><i id="mwAq8">Dafide</i></nowiki> (Michelangelo) wa Italy, Mathura Herakles wa kwa India, Manuwppiek wa kwa Korea, Manuwppiek wa kwa ''Korea'' . ''Hay Wain'' wa United Kingdom, le [[Benin Bronzes|Diboronse tsa Benin]] tsa Nigeria. <ref name="newunescolists"/> Lenaneo la bobedi le le akanyeditsweng le tla remelela mo ditshiding tsa lefatshe ka bophara.l<ref name="newunescolists"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Document – Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> == Bobegakgang == UNESCO le makalana a yone a a kgethegileng a gatisa dibukana di le mmalwa. E tlhamilwe ka 1945, bukana ya ''UNESCO Courier'' e bolela maikaelelo a one go "rotloetsa dikeletso tsa UNESCO, go tlhokomela serala sa dipuisano magareng ga ditso le go tlamela ka foramo ya dingangisano tsa boditšhabatšhaba". Fa e sa le ka March 2006 e ntse e bonwa mahala mo Internet, mme e na le ditokololo tse di gatisitsweng tse di lekanyeditsweng. Ditlhogo tsa yone di tlhagisa maikutlo a bakwadi ba e seng maikutlo a UNESCO. Go ne ga nna le kgaotso ya go gatisa fa gare ga 2012 le 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|title=Archives|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=14 November 2018|date=20 April 2017}}</ref> Ka 1950, UNESCO e ne ya simolola tshekatsheko ya kotara le kotara ''ya Tlhotlheletso ya Maranyane mo Setšhabeng'' (e gape e bidiwang ''Impact'' ) go tlotla ka tlhotlheletso ya maranyane setšhabeng. Lekwalobukana le ne la emisa go gatisiwa ka 1992. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|title=Science and Technology Education|publisher=UNESCO|date=1998|access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> == DiNGO tsa semmuso tsa UNESCO == UNESCO e na le dikamano tsa semmuso le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e e seng ya puso (di-NGO) e le malgolo a le mararo le masome a mabedi le bobedi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|title=Quoted on UNESCO official site|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> Bontsi jwa tse ke tse UNESCO e di bitsang "tse di dirang"; di le mmalwa tse di tlhophilweng ke tsa "semmuso". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> Mofuta o o kwa godimo wa go nna leloko la UNESCO ke "molekane wa semmuso", mme diNGO di le masome a mabedi le bobedi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> tse di nang le dikamano ''tsa semmuso tsa molekane'' (ASC) tse di nang le diofisi kwa UNESCO ke: {| class="sortable wikitable" !Khutshwafatso ! Thulaganyo |- | IB | Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Dikerite |- | CCIVS | Komiti ya Kgokaganyo ya Tirelo ya Boithaopo ya Boditšhabatšhaba |- | CIPSH | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Filosofi le Dithuto tsa Botho ( ''Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Filosofi le Disaense Tsa Batho'' ; le gatisa Diogenes ) . |- | CIOFF | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Mekgatlho ya Mekete ya Ditso le Botsweretshi jwa Setso ( ''Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Mekgatlho ya Meletlo ya Ditso le Botsweretshi jwa Setso'' ) . |- | EI | Thuto ya Boditšhabatšhaba |- | IAU | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Diyunibesiti |- | IFTC | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Difilimi, Thelebišene le Tlhaeletsano ya Ditsebe le Ditshwantsho |- | ICOM | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Dimusiamo |- | ICSSPE | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Saense ya Metshameko le Thuto ya go Itshidila mmele |- | ICA | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Diakhaefe |- | IKOMOS | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Difikantswe le Mafelo |- | IFJ | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Babegadikgang |- | IFLA | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mekgatlho ya Dilaeborari le Ditheo |- | IFPA | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mekgatlho ya Poko |- | IMC | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Mmino |- | IPA | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Sepodisi |- | SETLAKETA | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Saense la Tlhabololo ya Ditlhaketlhake |- | ISC | Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Saense ( le pele e neng e le ICSU le ISSC ) |- | ITI | Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Bobogelo |- | IUCN | Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Tshomarelo ya Tlhago le Ditsompelo tsa Tlhago |- | IUTAO | Kopano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mekgatlho le Mekgatlho ya Setegeniki |- | UIA | Kopano ya Mekgatlho ya Boditšhabatšhaba |- | WAN | Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Dikuranta |- | WFEO | Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Mekgatlho ya Boenjenere |- | WFUCA | Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Ditlelapa, Disenthara le Mekgatlho ya UNESCO |} [[Setshwantsho:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|Setheo sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Metsi kwa Delft]] == Makalana le disenthara == Makalana ke maphata a kgethegileng a mokgatlho a a tshegetsang lenaneo la UNESCO, a a tlamelang ka tshegetso e e kgethegileng ya diofisi tsa ditlhopha le tsa bosetšhaba. {| class="sortable wikitable" !Khutshwafatso ! Leina ! Lefelo |- | IBE | Biro ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto | Geneva <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|title=International Bureau of Education|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | UIL | Setheo sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Botshelo Jotlhe | Hamborogo <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|website=UIL – UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning|title=About the Institute|access-date=14 November 2018|date=29 October 2015|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | IIEP | Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thulaganyo ya Thuto | Paris ( ntlokgolo ) le Buenos Aires le Dakar ( diofisi tsa kgaolo ) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|title=IIEP UNESCO|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | IITE | Setheo sa UNESCO sa Dithekenoloji tsa Tshedimosetso mo Thutong | Mosekou <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|website=UNESCO IITE|title=Contact Us|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | IICBA | Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Kago ya Bokgoni mo Aforika | Adis Ababa <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IICBA|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | IESAL | Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa UNESCO sa Thutogodimo kwa Latin America le kwa Caribbean | Karakase <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2030&Itemid=1411&lang=en|title=Contact Us|publisher=UNESCO|website=IESALC|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | MGIEP | Setheo sa Thuto sa Mahatma Gandhi sa Kagiso le Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang Pele | Deli e Ntšha <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|publisher=UNESCO|website=UNESCO MGIEP|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> |- | UNESCO-UNESCO | Senthara ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto le Katiso ya Setegeniki le ya Tiro ya Diatla ya UNESCO-UNEVOC | Bonn <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | ICWRGC | Senthara ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Metswedi ya Metsi le Phetogo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe | Koblenz <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waterandchange.org/en|website=ICWRGC – International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change|title=The International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC)|access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> |- | IHE | Setheo sa IHE-Delft sa Thuto ya Metsi | Delft <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|title=Home|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | ICTP | Senthara ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Fisika ya Dikgopolo | Teriesete <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|website=ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO|title=Mission & History|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- | UIS | Setheo sa Dipalopalo sa UNESCO | Montreale <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|title=Contact Us|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=14 November 2018|date=21 November 2016}}</ref> |} == Dietsele == UNESCO e aba dietsele di le masome a mabedi le borataro mo thutong, mo maranyaneng a tlholego, mo maranyaneng a tsa setho le batho, mo setsong, mo tlhaeletsanong le mo tshedimosetsong mmogo le mo kagisong: === Thuto === * UNESCO/Seetsele sa Puisokwalo wa Kgosi Sejong * Seetsele sa UNESCO/Confucius wa Puisokwalo * Moputso wa UNESCO-Japan wa Thuto ya Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang Pele * Sekgele sa UNESCO sa Thuto ya Basetsana le Basadi * Seetsele sa UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum wa Tiro e e ko godimo le Tiragatso ya go Ntlafatsa Bokgoni jwa Barutabana * Seetsele sa UNESCO sa Kgosi Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa wa Tiriso ya mafaratlhatlha a Tshedimosetso le Tlhaeletsano mo Thutong * Dietsele tsa L'Oréal-UNESCO tsa Basadi ba ba mo maranyaneng * Seetsele sa UNESCO/Kalinga wa go Dira gore maranyane a itsege * Seetsele sa Boditšhabatšhaba wa UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea wa Patlisiso mo Maranyaneng a Botshelo * Mokgele wa Carlos J. Finlay wa Thutoditshedi tse dinnye * Mokgele wa UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos wa go Somarela Tikologo * Seetsele sa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mendeleev wa UNESCO-Russia wa Maranyane a Motheo * Seetsele sa Boditšhabatšhaba wa UNESCO-Al Fozan wa Thotloetso ya Bomankge ba maranyane ba ba Botlana ba STEM * Seetseele sa Michel Batisse ya Botsamaisi jwa Polokelo ya Ditshedi === Maranyane a tsa Setho le Batho === * Seetsele sa UNESCO wa Avicenna wa Maitsholo mo Saenseng * Seetsele sa UNESCO/Juan Bosch wa go Tsweletsa Patlisiso ka Saense ya Loago kwa Latin America le kwa Caribbean * Seetsele sa UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh wa Thotloetso ya Itshokelano le go se Dirise Dikgoka * Seetsele sa UNESCO-Sharjah wa Setso sa Maarabia * UNESCO/Seetsele sa Boditšhabatšhaba wa ga José Martí * Seetsele sa UNESCO-UNAM / Seetsele sa ga Jaime Torres Bodet wa maranyane a tsa setho, tsa batho le tsa bodiragatsi === Tlhaeletsano le Tshedimosetso === * Seetsele sa Kgololesego ya Bobegadikgang wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa UNESCO/Guillermo Cano * UNESCO/Mokgele wa Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah go rotloetsa Thuto ya Boleng ya Batho ba ba nang le Bogole jwa Tlhaloganyo * Mokgele wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa UNESCO/Jikji === Kagiso === * Seetsele sa Félix Houphouët-Boigny sa Kagiso === Dietsele tsa Kagiso tse di seyong mo tirisong === * == Malatsi a a lebelelwang kwa UNESCO a boditšhabatšhaba == Malatsi a Boditšhabatšhaba a a lebelelwang kwa UNESCO a kwadilwe mo lenaneong le le fa tlase: {| class="sortable wikitable" !Date !Name |- |14 January |World Logic Day |- |24 January |World Day for African and [[Batswakwa ba Aferika|Afrodescendant]] Culture<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> |- |24 January |International Day of Education |- |25 January |[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |27 January |International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust |- |11 February |International Day of Women and Girls in Science |- |13 February |World Radio Day |- |21 February |[[Letsatsi la Boditšhabatšhaba la loleme lwa ga Mmè|International Mother Language Day]] |- |4 March |UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development |- |8 March |International Women's Day |- |14 March |International Day of Mathematics |- |20 March |International Francophonie Day |- |21 March |International Day of Nowruz |- |21 March |World Poetry Day |- |21 March |[[Letsatsi la mafatshefatshe la go emisiwa ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala|International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] |- |22 March |World Water Day |- |5 April |International Day of Conscience |- |6 April |International Day of Sport for Development and Peace |- |15 April |World Art Day |- |23 April |World Book and Copyright Day |- |30 April |International Jazz Day |- |3 May |World Press Freedom Day |- |5 May |African World Heritage Day |- |5 May |World Portuguese Language Day |- |16 May |International Day of Light |- |21 May |World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development |- |22 May |International Day for Biological Diversity |- |5 June |World Environment Day |- |8 June |World Oceans Day |- |17 June |World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |- |7 July |Kiswahili Language Day |- |18 July |Nelson Mandela International Day |- |26 July |International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem |- |9 August |International Day of the World's Indigenous People |- |12 August |International Youth Day |- |23 August |International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition |- |8 September |International Literacy Day |- |9 September |International Day to Protect Education from Attack |- |15 September |International Day of Democracy |- |20 September |International Day for University Sport |- |21 September |International Day of Peace |- |28 September |International Day for the Universal Access to Information |- |5 October |World Teachers' Day |- |6 October |International Geodiversity Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day}}</ref> |- |11 October |International Day of the Girl Child |- |13 October |International Day for Disaster Reduction |- |17 October |International Day for the Eradication of Poverty |- |24 October |United Nations Day |- |27 October |World Day for Audiovisual Heritage |- |2 November |International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> |- |3 November |International Day for Biosphere Reserves<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |First Thursday of November |International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying<ref>{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |5 November |World Day of Romani Language |- |5 November |World Tsunami Awareness Day |- |10 November |World Science Day for Peace and Development |- |14 November |International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |Third Thursday of November |World Philosophy Day |- |16 November |International Day for Tolerance |- |18 November |International International Day of Islamic Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |25 November |International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women |- |26 November |World Olive Tree Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330112831/https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |29 November |International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People |- |1 December |World AIDS Day |- |2 December |World Futures Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |3 December |International Day of Persons with Disabilities |- |10 December |Human Rights Day |- |18 December |International Migrants Day |- |18 December |World Arabic Language Day |} == Ditšhaba tse e leng maloko == [[Setshwantsho:UNESCO_member_states.png|right|thumb|334x334px]] As of July 2023[update], UNESCO has 194 member states and 12 associate members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> Some members are not [[Independent state|independent states]] and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[Dependent territory|dependent territories]].<ref name="Palestine">{{Cite web|title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|publisher=WADA|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except Israel<ref>{{Citation|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> and [[Liechtenstein]]), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|title=State Parties|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|title=Member States of the United Nations|publisher=United Nations|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 4, 2025, Nicaragua e ne ya itsise tshwetso ya yone ya go ikgogela morago mo UNESCO, go simolola ka Sedimonthole 31, 2026. <ref>{{Cite news|title=UNESCO Statement following Nicaragua's decision to withdraw from the Organization|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-statement-following-nicaraguas-decision-withdraw-organization|access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nicaragua leaves UNESCO after exiled newspaper wins award – DW – 05/04/2025|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nicaragua-leaves-unesco-after-exiled-newspaper-wins-award/a-72431357|access-date=2025-07-24|website=dw.com}}</ref> United States e ne ya tswa mo UNESCO ka 1984, ya tsenela UNESCO gape ka 2003, ya tswa gape ka 2018, mme ya tsenela gape ka 2023. <ref name="usa2023"/> <ref name="us withdrawal" /> <ref name="uspbs"/> Ka Phukwi 22, 2025, United States e ne ya itsise Mookamedi-mogolo ka tshwetso ya yone ya go ikgogela morago gape go simologa ga Sedimonthole a le malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe.]2 <ref name="us withdrawal">{{Cite web|date=2025-07-22|title=US says it's leaving UNESCO again, only 2 years after rejoining|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-trump-withdraw-paris-united-nations-israel-129a4ffbce562e1aa497231e0bdd55a5|access-date=2025-07-22|website=AP News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The United States Withdraws from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)|url=https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/07/the-united-states-withdraws-from-the-united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-unesco/|access-date=2025-07-22|website=United States Department of State}}</ref> 21]. <ref name="us withdrawal"/> == Makgotlana a tsa bolaodi == === Mookamedi-mogolo === Mo go Seetebosigo wa 2023, go nnile go nnile le baokamedi bagolo ba UNESCO sale jaaka e simolodisiwa, borre ba le boferabongwe le bomme ba le babedi. Baokamedi bagolo ba ba lesome le bongwe ba UNESCO ba tswa mo dikgaolong tse di borataro go tswa mo mokgatlhong: Bophirima jwa Yuropa (botlhano), Bogare jwa Amerika (bongwe), Amerika Bokone (bobedi), Africa Bophirima (bongwe), Asia Botlhaba(bongwe), le Yuropa Bophirima (bongwe). Go fitlha mo bogompienong, ga go ise go nne le Mookamedi-mogolo yo o tlhophilweng go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di setseng di le lesome mo teng ga UNESCO: Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, Asia Borwa, Asia Bogare le Bokone, Botlhabagare, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, Aforika Bogare, Aforika Borwa, Australia-Oceania, le Amerika Borwa. Lenaneo la Baokamedi bagolo ba UNESCO fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 1946 le ntse jaana: {| class="wikitable" |+Directors-General of UNESCO | scope="col" |Order ! scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Name ! scope="col" |Country ! scope="col" |Term |- |1st |[[Setshwantsho:Julian_Huxley_1-2.jpg|75x75px]] | scope="row" |Julian Huxley | United Kingdom |1946–1948 |- |2nd |[[Setshwantsho:JAIME_TORRES_BODET_1902,_ESCRITOR,_POETA_Y_POLITICO_MEXICANO_(13451293993).jpg|79x79px]] | scope="row" |Jaime Torres Bodet | Mexico |1948–1952 |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Setshwantsho:Captura_de_Pantalla_2022-06-03_a_las_23.24.45.png|79x79px]] |John Wilkinson Taylor | United States | bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |acting 1952–1953 |- |3rd |[[Setshwantsho:Luther_Harris_Evans,_Diretor-geral_da_United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization_(UNESCO).tif|79x79px]] | scope="row" |Luther Evans | United States |1953–1958 |- |4th |[[Setshwantsho:Contemporary_history,_Italy_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002707_0001.tiff|79x79px]] | scope="row" |Vittorino Veronese | Italy |1958–1961 |- |5th |[[Setshwantsho:René_Maheu_(France),_UNESCO_Director_General_(1961-1974).JPG|76x76px]] | scope="row" |René Maheu | France |acting 1961; 1961–1974 |- |6th |[[Setshwantsho:Unesco_history,_M'Bow_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002701_0001.tiff|79x79px]] | scope="row" |Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow | Senegal |1974–1987 |- |7th |[[Setshwantsho:Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza_et_Alain_Husson-Dumoutier_(cropped).jpg|78x78px]] | scope="row" |Federico Mayor Zaragoza | Spain |1987–1999 |- |8th |[[Setshwantsho:Matsuura_Koichiro_1-2.jpg|75x75px]] | scope="row" |Koïchiro Matsuura | Japan |1999–2009 |- |9th |[[Setshwantsho:Irina_Bokova_crop.jpg|83x83px]] | scope="row" |Irina Bokova | Bulgaria |2009–2017 |- |10th |[[Setshwantsho:Didier_Plowy_-_Audrey_Azoulay_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] | scope="row" |Audrey Azoulay | France |2017–''Incumbent'' |} === Bokopano jwa Botlhe === Lenaneo le ke la diphuthego tsa Bokopano jwa Botlhe ya UNESCO tse di tshwerweng fa e sa le ka 1946: {| class="sortable wikitable" !Session !Location !Year !Chaired by !from |- |1st |Paris |1946 |Léon Blum | France |- |2nd |Mexico City |1947 |Manuel Gual Vidal | Mexico |- |3rd |Beirut |1948 |Hamid Bey Frangie | Lebanon |- |1st extraordinary |Paris |1948 | | |- |4th |Paris |1949 |Edward Ronald Walker | Australia |- |5th |Florence |1950 |Stefano Jacini | Italy |- |6th |Paris |1951 |Howland H. Sargeant | United States |- |7th |Paris |1952 |Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | India |- |2nd extraordinary |Paris |1953 | | |- |8th |Montevideo |1954 |Justino Zavala Muniz | Uruguay |- |9th |New Delhi |1956 |Abul Kalam Azad | India |- |10th |Paris |1958 |Jean Berthoin | France |- |11th |Paris |1960 |Akale-Work Abte-Wold | Ethiopia |- |12th |Paris |1962 |Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro | Brazil |- |13th |Paris |1964 |Norair Sisakian | Soviet Union |- |14th |Paris |1966 |Bedrettin Tuncel | Turkey |- |15th |Paris |1968 |William Eteki Mboumoua | Cameroon |- |16th |Paris |1970 |Atilio Dell'Oro Maini | Argentina |- |17th |Paris |1972 |Toru Haguiwara | Japan |- |3rd extraordinary |Paris |1973 | | |- |18th |Paris |1974 |Magda Jóború | Hungary |- |19th |Nairobi |1976 |Taaita Toweett | Kenya |- |20th |Paris |1978 |Napoléon LeBlanc | Canada |- |21st |Belgrade |1980 |Ivo Margan | Yugoslavia |- |4th extraordinary |Paris |1982 | | |- |22nd |Paris |1983 |Saïd Tell | Jordan |- |23rd |Sofia |1985 |Nikolai Todorov | Bulgaria |- |24th |Paris |1987 |Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez | Guatemala |- |25th |Paris |1989 |Anwar Ibrahim | Malaysia |- |26th |Paris |1991 |Bethwell Allan Ogot | Kenya |- |27th |Paris |1993 |Ahmed Saleh Sayyad | Yemen |- |28th |Paris |1995 |Torben Krogh | Denmark |- |29th |Paris |1997 |Eduardo Portella | Brazil |- |30th |Paris |1999 |Jaroslava Moserová | Czech Republic |- |31st |Paris |2001 |Ahmad Jalali | Iran |- |32nd |Paris |2003 |Michael Omolewa | Nigeria |- |33rd |Paris |2005 |Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan | Oman |- |34th |Paris |2007 |Georgios Anastassopoulos | Greece |- |35th |Paris |2009 |Davidson Hepburn | Bahamas |- |36th |Paris |2011 |Katalin Bogyay | Hungary |- |37th<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Conference 37th|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> |Paris |2013 |Hao Ping | China |- |38th |Paris |2015 |Stanley Mutumba Simataa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/|title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> | Namibia |- |39th |Paris |2017 |Zohour Alaoui<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=12 November 2017|date=5 October 2017}}</ref> | Morocco |- |40th |Paris |2019 | Ahmet Altay Cengizer<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO: President of the 40th session of the General Conference|date=14 October 201|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/presiden|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> | Turkey |- |41st<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|title=41st Session of the General Conference – 9–24 November 2021|date=1 June 2021|website=UNESCO|access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> |Paris |2021 |Santiago Irazabal Mourão | Brazil |- |42nd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Address by Ms Simona Mirela Miculescu|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387533?posInSet=16&queryId=ffd33a3a-41f1-4a8b-9543-7f10c0f2dd6a|date=13 November 2023}}</ref> |Paris |2023 |Simona Miculescu | Romania |} === Lekgotla la Khuduthamaga === Ditlhopho di tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga, mme baemedi ba ba tlhophilweng ba le masome a le matlhano le boferabobedi ba nna mo maemong dingwaga di le nne. {| class="wikitable" |- style="border-top: 2px solid;" !Term !Group I <br /><br />(9 seats) !Group II <br /><br />(7 seats) !Group III <br /><br />(10 seats) !Group IV <br /><br />(12 seats) !Group V(a) <br /><br />(13 seats) !Group V(b) <br /><br />(7 seats) |- style="border-top: 2px solid;" |2017–<br /><br />2021 |  Finland  Portugal  Turkey |  Albania  Belarus  Bulgaria |  Cuba  Grenada  Jamaica  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Venezuela |  Bangladesh  China  India  Indonesia  Japan  Philippines |  Burundi  Equatorial Guinea  Ethiopia  Madagascar  Zambia  Zimbabwe |  Egypt  Jordan  Morocco |- |2019–2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|date=16 October 2019|website=UNESCO|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> |  France  Germany  Italy  Netherlands  Spain  Switzerland | Hungary Poland Russia Serbia |  Argentina  Brazil  Dominican Republic Uruguay | Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Philippines Pakistan South Korea  Thailand | Benin Congo Guinea Ghana  Kenya Namibia  Senegal Togo | Saudi Arabia UAE  Tunisia |- style="background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;" |'''2021–2025'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c|date=17 November 2021}}</ref> |  Austria  Iceland  Turkey | Armenia Azerbaijan Lithuania |  Chile  Grenada Haiti  Mexico  Paraguay  Saint Lucia | China Cook Islands India Japan Philippines  Vietnam | Angola Botswana Congo Djibouti  South Africa Tanzania | Egypt Jordan Kuwait |- style="background:#efe;border-top: 2px solid;" |'''2023–2027'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/42/elections|date=15 November 2023}}</ref> |  France  Germany  Italy  Spain  United Kingdom United States | Albania Czech Republic Serbia Slovakia |  Argentina  Brazil Cuba  Dominican Republic | Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Pakistan South Korea  Sri Lanka | Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Gabon Liberia  Mauritius Mozambique  Nigeria | Iraq Oman Qatar  Saudi Arabia |} Diofisi tsa pereko tsa UNESCO go ralala lefatshe di arogantswe ka mefuta e mene ya diofisi tsa konokono go ikaegilwe ka tiro ya tsone le lefelo le di akaretsang mo go lone: diofisi tsa ditlhopha, diofisi tsa bosetšhaba, dibiro tsa dikgaolo le diofisi tsa puisano. === Diofisi tsa perekelo go ya ka dikgaolo === Lenaneo le latelang la Diofisi tsotlhe tsa pereko tsa UNESCO le rulagantswe go ya ka thutafatshe ke Kgaolo ya UNESCO mme le supa dinaga tse e leng maloko le maloko a a amanang le UNESCO a a direlwang ke ofisi nngwe le nngwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|title=List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ==== Aforika ==== * Abidjan – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Côte d’Ivoire * Abuja – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Nigeria * Accra – Kantoro ya Setlhopha sa Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone le Togo * Addis Ababa – Kantoro ya Puisano le [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] le le Khomišene ya Ikonomi ya Aforika * Bamako – Kantoro ya Setlhopha ya Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali le Niger * Brazzaville – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya Rephaboliki ya Congo * Bujumbura – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Burundi * Dakar – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Thuto mo Aforika le Kantoro ya Setlhopha ya Kapa Botala, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, le Senegal * Dar es Salaam – Kantoro ya Setlhopha sa Dinaga tsa Comoro, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles le Tanzania * Harare – Kantoro ya Setlhopha ya [[Botswana]], Malawi, Mozambique, [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe]] * Juba – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Sudan Borwa * Kinshasa – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya Repaboliki ya Temokerasi ya Congo * Libreville – Kantoro ya Setlhopha ya Rephaboliki ya Congo, Rephaboliki ya Temokerasi ya Congo, Ekhweitha Guinea, Gabon le São Tomé le Príncipe * Maputo – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Mozambique * Nairobi – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Disaense mo Aforika le Kantoro ya Setlhopha ya Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, [[Kenya]], Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan Borwa le Uganda * Windhoek – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa [[Namibia]] * Yaoundé – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Cameroon, Repaboliki ya Aforika Bogare le Chad ==== Maloko a Arabea ==== * Amman – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Jordan * Beirut – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Thuto kwa Dinageng tsa Maarabia le Ofisi ya Setlhopha kwa Lebanon, Siria, Jordan, Iraq le Palesetina * Cairo – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Maranyane kwa Dinageng tsa Maarabia le Ofisi ya Setlhopha ya [[Egypt|Egepeto]] le Sudan * Doha – Kantoro ya Setlhopha go ya kwa Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Emirate ya Maarabia a a Kopaneng le Yemen * Iraq – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya Iraq (e ga jaana e leng kwa Amman, Jordan) * Khartoum – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Sudan * Manama – Senthara ya Kgaolo ya Maarabia ya Boswa jwa Lefatshe * Rabat – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco le [[Tunisia]] * Ramallah – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya Dikgaolo tsa Palestina ==== Asia le Pacific ==== * Almaty – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan le Uzbekistan * Apia – Ofisi ya Setlhopha e e yang kwa Australia, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Cook, Fiji, Kiribati, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Marshall, Dinaga tse di Kopaneng tsa Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Solomon, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatember le Mekelau ) * Bangkok – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Thuto kwa Asia le kwa Pacific le Ofisi ya Setlhopha kwa Thailand, Burma, Laos, Singapore le [[Vietnam]] * Beijing – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Korea Bokone, Japane, Mongolia, [[China|Repaboliki ya Batho ya China]] le Korea Borwa * Dhaka – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Bangladesh * Hanoi – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya [[Vietnam]] * Islamabad – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Pakistan * Jakarta – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Disaense kwa Asia le kwa Pacific le Ofisi ya Setlhopha kwa Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, le Timor Botlhaba * Manila – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Philippines * Kabul – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Afghanistan * Kathmandu – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Nepal * New Delhi – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives le Sri Lanka * Phnom Penh – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Cambodia * Tashkent – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Uzbekistan * Teheran – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Afganistan, Iran, Pakistan le Turkmenistan ==== Yuropa le Amerika Bokone ==== * Brussels – Ofisi ya Puisano le Kopano ya Yuropa le mekgatlho ya yone e e tlaleletsang kwa Brussels * Geneva – Ofisi ya Puisano le Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng kwa Geneva * Toropo ya New York – Ofisi ya Puisano le Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng kwa New York * Venice – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Maranyane le Setso kwa Yuropa ==== Amerika wa Selatine le Kharibbea ==== * Brasília – Ofisi ya Bosetšhaba kwa Brazil <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|website=unesco.org|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> * Toropokgolo ya Guatemala – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba ya Guatemala * Havana – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Setso kwa Latin America le kwa Caribbean le Ofisi ya Setlhopha kwa Cuba, kwa Rephaboliking ya Dominican, kwa Haiti le kwa Aruba * Kingston – Kantoro ya Setlhopha se se yang kwa Antigua le Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts le Nevis, Boitshepo Lucia, Boitshepo Vincent le Ditlhaketlhake tsa Grenadines, Suriname le Ditlhaketlhake tsa Trinidad le Tobago mmogo le naga e e amanang le Boritane, Curaçao le Sint Maarten * Lima – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Peru * Toropokgolo ya Mexico – Ofisi ya Bosetšhaba kwa Mexico * Montevideo – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Maranyane kwa Amerika wa Selatine le kwa Caribbean le Ofisi ya Setlhopha kwa Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay le Uruguay * Port-au-Prince – Kantoro ya Bosetšhaba kwa Haiti * Quito – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Bolivia, [[Colombia|Kolombia]], Ecuador le Venezuela <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|website=unesco.org|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> * San José – Kantoro ya Setlhopha kwa Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua le Panama * Santiago de Chile – Biro ya Kgaolo ya Thuto kwa Amerika Selatine le kwa Caribbean le Ofisi ya Bosetšhaba kwa Chile === Mekgatlho ya badiri ka mokgatlho === * Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Sefapaano se Sehibidu (ICRC) * Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Thebe e e Botala jwa Legodimo (BSI) * Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Dimusiamo (ICOM) * Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Difikantswe le Mafelo (ICOMOS) * Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Molao wa Botho (IIHL) == Dikganetsano == === Taolo ya Lefatshe le Lesha ya Tshedimosetso le Tlhaeletsano === UNESCO e nnile bogare jwa dikganetsano mo nakong e e fetileng, bogolosegolo mo dikamanong tsa yone United States, United Kingdom, Singapore le Soviet Union ya maloba . Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tshegetso ya UNESCO ya " Taelo ya Lefatshe e Ntšha ya Tshedimosetso le Tlhaeletsano " le pegelo ya yone ya MacBride e e neng e ikuela gore bobegakgang bo nne jwa puso ya batho ka batho le phitlhelelo ya tshedimosetso ka tekatekano e ne ya ganetswa mo mafatsheng a jaaka maiteko a go thibela kgololesego ya bobegadikgang . UNESCO e ne e tsewa jaaka serala sa makomonisi le babusaesi ba Lefatshe la Boraro go tlhasela Bophirima, go farologana le ditatofatso tse di dirilweng ke USSR kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1940 le kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Ka 1984, United States e ne ya emisa dithuso tsa yone tsa madi mme ya ikgogela morago mo mokgatlhong o go bontsha boipelaetso, mme ya latelwa ke United Kingdom ka 1985. <ref>{{Citation|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&sid=AONE&xid=ef6d5640|title=UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position'|journal=[[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]]|date=January 1986|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Singapore le yone e ne ya ikgogela morago kwa bokhutlong jwa 1985, e umaka gore dituediso tsa maloko di ne di tlhatloga. <ref>{{Citation|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19841228&id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&pg=5684,5359479|title=Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO|journal=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]|date=28 December 1984|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Morago ga phetogo ya puso ka 1997, UK e ne ya tsenela gape. United States e ne ya tsenela gape ka 2003, mme ya latelwa ke Singapore ka Phalane a le malatsi a le boferalobedi 2007. <ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|title=UNESCO|journal=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=14 February 2018|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> === China === UNESCO e kgadilwe ka go dirisiwa ke Lefatshe la Batho la China go tlhagisa mofuta wa ditso ya Lekoko la Bokomonisi la China le go fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa merafepotlana kwa China jaaka Ba-Uyghur le Ba-Tibet . <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=How China uses UNESCO to rewrite history|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/21/how-china-uses-unesco-to-rewrite-history|access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashgarian|first=Asim|date=16 February 2023|title=UNESCO Accused of Complicity in China's Treatment of Uyghur Heritage|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unesco-accused-of-complicity-in-china-s-treatment-of-uyghur-heritage-/6966959.html|access-date=22 September 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kachmar|first=Oleh|date=24 September 2020|title=Uyghur Heritage and the Charge of Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/rules-based-international-order/genocide/uyghur-heritage-and-the-charge-of-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang/|access-date=22 September 2023|website=New Lines Institute|publisher=[[Fairfax University of America]]}}</ref> === Iseraele === Iseraele e ne ya amogelwa mo UNESCO ka 1949, ngwaga o le mongwe morago ga go tlholwa ga yone. Iseraele e ntse e le leloko la yone fa e sa le ka nako eo. Ka 2010, Iseraele e ne ya tlhoma Logaga lwa Bapatriareka kwa Hebrone le Lebitla la ga Ragele kwa Bethelehema – ka bobedi kwa West Bank – jaaka Mafelo a Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba mme ya itsise tiro ya go tsosolosa, mme seno sa dira gore puso ya ga Obama e tshwaiwe phoso le go dira ditshupetso go tswa kwa Bapalestina. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|date=26 February 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2010, boto ya khuduthamaga ya UNESCO e ne ya tlhopha go itsise mafelo ano jaaka "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Lebitla la Bapatriareka" le "Mosque wa ga Bilal bin Rabah/Lebitla la ga Rachel" mme ya bolela gore e ne e le "karolo e e botlhokwa ya kgatelelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya Iseraele le Palestina " molao . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|date=21 October 2010|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> UNESCO e tlhalositse mafelo a jaaka a a botlhokwa mo "bathong ba dingwao tsa Mamoseleme, Bokeresete le Bajuta", mme ya latofatsa Iseraele ka go tlhagisa fela semelo sa Bajuta sa mafelo ano. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Two Palestinian sites of Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron and the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Iseraele le yone e ne ya latofatsa UNESCO ka go "kgaoganya Setšhaba sa Iseraele le boswa jwa yone", mme ya e latofatsa ka go tlhotlhelediwa ke sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|last=Hillel Fendel|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Rabi wa Lebota la Bophirima o ne a bolela gore lebitla la ga Ragele le ne le ise le itsisiwe pele gore ke lefelo le le boitshepo la Bamoseleme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva|last=Maayana Miskin|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Iseraele e ne ya emisa ka bontlhabongwe dikamano tsa yone le UNESCO. Motlatsatona wa Merero ya Dinaga di Sele wa Iseraele Danny Ayalon o boletse gore tshwetso e ne e le "karolo ya go oketsega ga Palestina". Zevulun Orlev, modulasetulo wa Komiti ya Thuto le Setso ya Knesset, o ne a bua ka ditshwetso tseno e le maiteko a go nyatsa thomo ya UNESCO jaaka mokgatlho wa maranyane le wa setso o o rotloetsang tirisanommogo mo lefatsheng lotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO|date=3 November 2010|website=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Shalom|first=Rabbi|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=5 November 2010|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi 2011, Komiti ya Boswa jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe ya UNESCO, ka ntlha ya go gatelelwa ke Jordan, e ne ya kgala . Tshwetso ya Iseraele ya go thuba le go aga sesha Borogo jwa Kgoro ya Mughrabi kwa Jerusalema ka ntlha ya mabaka a pabalesego. Israel e ne ya bolela gore Jordan e beile monwana tumalano le Israel e e neng e tlhalosa gore borogo jo bo leng teng bo tshwanetse go tlhatlhamololwa ka ntlha ya pabalesego; Jordan o ne a ganetsa tumalano eno, a bolela gore e ne ya bewa monwana fela ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya United States. Iseraele gape e ne ya palelwa ke go bua le komiti ya UNESCO ka ntlha ya dikganetso go tswa kwa [[Egypt|Egepeto]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews|journal=Ynetnews|date=20 June 1995|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2014, malatsi pele ga e rulaganyediwa go bulwa, Mookamedi-mogolo wa UNESCO, Irina Bokova, "o ne a busetsa morago ka bosakhutleng" mme a phimola ka katlego pontsho e e neng e tlhamilwe ke Senthara ya sa Simon Wiesenthal e e bidiwang "Batho, Buka, Lefatshe: Sekepe sa dingwaga di le 3 500 fa gare ga batho ba Iseraele . Tiragalo e e ne e rulaganyeditswe go simolola ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a le mabedi le bongwe go fitlha ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mararo kwa Paris. Bokova o phimotse tiragalo eno morago ga gore baemedi ba dinaga tsa Maarabia kwa UNESCO ba nganga gore pontsho ya yone e tla " gobatsa thulaganyo ya kagiso " . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|access-date=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Mokwadi wa dipontsho tse, e leng motlhatlhelelladithuto a Robert Wistrich wa [[Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Anti-Semitism|Senthara ya Boditšhabatšhaba sa Thuto ya Boganetsi jwa Bajuda sa Vidal Sassoon]] sa Yunibesithi ya Sehebera, o ne a bitsa go phimolwa ga yone a re ke "tiro e e tshosang", mme a tlhalosa tshwetso ya ga Bokova e le "tiro e e sa tlhomamang ya go tlhoka maitseo gotlhelele le, tota, go nyatsa ditso tsa Bajuda". UNESCO e ne ya baakanya tshwetso ya go phimola pontsho eno mo lobakeng lwa ngwaga, mme ka bonako fela e ne ya tuma mme ya tsewa e le katlego e kgolo. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|access-date=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Ka Firikgong letsatsi la ntlha 2019, Iseraele e ne ya tswa mo UNESCO semmuso go latela go ikgogela morago ga US ka ntlha ya go tsaya letlhakore mo go tswelelang kgatlhanong le Iseraele go ya ka bone. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=1 January 2019}}</ref> ==== Tharabololo ya Palesetina e e Gapilweng ====   Ka Phalane a le lesome le boraro 2016, UNESCO e ne ya fetisa tshwetso ka ga Jerusalema Botlhaba e e neng e kgala Iseraele ka ntlha ya "ditlhaselo" tsa mapodise le masole a Iseraele le "dikgato tse di seng kafa molaong" kgatlhanong le kgololesego ya kobamelo le go fitlhelela ga Mamoseleme mafelo a bone a a boitshepo, fa gape e amogela Iseraele jaaka mmuso o o gapang lefatshe. Baeteledipele ba Palestina ba ne ba amogela tshwetso eno. <ref name="UNESCO adopts anti">{{Cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> Le fa mokwalo o ne o amogela "botlhokwa jwa Motse wa Bogologolo wa Jerusalema le mabota a one mo ditumelong tse tharo tsa Modimo a le mongwe", o ne o bua ka moago o o boitshepo wa setlhoa sa thaba mo Motseng wa Bogologolo wa Jerusalema fela ka leina la one la Semoseleme "Al-Haram al-Sharif", Searabia se se kayang Noble Sanctuary. Fa e araba, Iseraele e ne ya kgala tshwetso ya UNESCO ka ntlha ya go tlogela mafoko a " Thaba ya Tempele " kgotsa " Har HaBayit ", e bolela gore e ganetsa dikamano tsa Bajuta le lefelo le le boitshepo le le botlhokwa . <ref name="UNESCO adopts anti" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=UNESCO Digital Library|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Morago ga go kgalwa ke boradipolotiki le badipolomate ba le bantsi ba Iseraele, go akaretsa le Benjamin Netanyahu le Ayelet Shaked, Iseraele e ne ya kgaotsa dikamano tsotlhe le mokgatlho ono. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Tshwetso e ne ya kgalwa ke Ban Ki-moon le Mokaedi-Kakaretso wa UNESCO, Irina Bokova, yo o neng a bolela gore Bojuda, Boiselamo le Bokeresete di na le dikgolagano tse di bonalang sentle tsa hisitori le Jerusalema le gore "go gana, go fitlha kgotsa go phimola epe ya dingwao tsa Bajuda, tsa Bokeresete kgotsa tsa Bamoseleme go nyatsa bothokgami jwa <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO chief 'received death threats' for opposing Jerusalem motion|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-chief-received-death-threats-for-opposing-jerusalem-motion/|date=17 October 2016|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> ] Moqsas " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/statement_by_the_director_general_of_unesco_on_the_old_city-1/#.WAQnmeUrLb3|title=Statement by the Director-General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> ]. Al-Haram al-Sharif" gape ke Thaba ya Tempele, e Lebota la yone la Bophirima e leng lefelo le le boitshepo go gaisa mo Bojudeng." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|access-date=14 October 2016|archivedate=14 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466}}</ref> E ne gape ya ganwa ke Palamente ya Czech e e neng ya re tshwetso e bontsha "maikutlo a a tlhoileng a a kgatlhanong le Iseraele ", <ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> mme makgolokgolo a Bajuta ba Italy ba ne ba dira ditshupetso kwa Roma ka ntlha ya go ikgapha ga Italy. <ref name="timesofisrael.com" /> Ka la bo 26 Diphalane, UNESCO e ne ya amogela mofuta o o sekasekilweng wa tshwetso, e gape e neng ya kgala Iseraele ka ntlha ya go tswelela ga yone "go gana go letla baitseanape ba mokgatlho ono go tsena mo mafelong a a boitshepo a Jerusalema go bona maemo a one a tshomarelo". <ref>{{Cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Le fa e ne e na le go nolofadiwa ga puo morago ga ditshupetso tsa Iseraele ka ntlha ya mofuta o o fetileng, Iseraele e ne ya tswelela go kgala mokwalo ono. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Tshwetso e bua ka lefelo le Bajuta le Bakeresete ba le bitsang Thaba ya Tempele, kgotsa Har HaBayit ka Sehebera, fela ka leina la lone la Searabia – tshwetso e e botlhokwa ya bokao e gape e amogetsweng ke boto ya khuduthamaga ya UNESCO, e e tsosang kgalemo go tswa go Iseraele le balekane ba yona. Moemedi wa Amerika Crystal Nix Hines o ne a bolela jaana: "Ntlha eno e ka bo e fentswe. Ditshwetso tseno tse di tsenngwang mo dipolotiking le tse di letlhakore le le lengwe di senya botshepegi jwa UNESCO." <ref>{{Cite news|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2017, United States le Iseraele di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikgogela morago mo mokgatlhong o, di umaka gore bontlhabonngwe jwa yone bo ne bo le kgatlhanong le Iseraele. <ref name="stategov">{{Cite news|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> === Palestina === ==== Kganetsano ya makasine wa basha wa Palesetina ==== Ka Tlhakole 2011, go ne ga gatisiwa athikele mo makasineng wa banana wa Palesetina e mo go yone mosetsana mongwe yo mmotlana a neng a tlhalosa mongwe wa batho ba le bane ba a neng a ba etsa sekao e le Adolf Hitler . Ka December 2011, UNESCO, e e neng e thusa makasine ono ka bontlhanngwe jwa madi, e ne ya kgala tshedimosetso eno mme morago ga moo ya emisa dithuso tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=23 December 2011|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> ==== Kganetsano ya Yunibesithi ya Boiselamo ya Gaza ==== Ka 2012, UNESCO e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya gore e tlhome setulo kwa Yunibesithing ya Boiselamo ya Gaza mo lephateng la bolepadinaledi, fisikisi ya dinaledi, le saense ya lefaufau, <ref name="UNESCOIslamicUniversity">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> mme se sa baka dikganetsano le go tshwayatshwaya diphoso. Israel e ne ya boma sekolo seno ka 2008 e bolela gore ba dira dibetsa le go di boloka koo, e leng se Israel e neng ya se bua gape fa e ne e kgala kgato ya UNESCO. Tlhogo, Kamalain Shaath, o ne a femela UNESCO, a bolela gore "Yunibesiti ya Boiselamo ke yunibesiti ya thuto fela e e kgatlhegelang thuto le tlhabololo ya yone fela". <ref name="NationalPostUNESCO">{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs}}</ref> <ref name="ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot}}</ref> <ref name="BostonIUGProfile">{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|title=Hamas University|access-date=2025-07-31|archivedate=2012-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/}}</ref> Moemedi wa Iseraele kwa UNESCO Nimrod Barkan o ne a rulagantse go romela lekwalo la boipelaetso le le nang le tshedimosetso ka ga dikamano tsa yunibesithi le Hamas, segolobogolo a galefile ka gore eno e ne e le yunibesithi ya ntlha ya Palesetina e UNESCO e neng ya tlhopha go dirisana le yone. Ga a ise a ko a neele bosupi bope jo bo tshegetsang polelo ya gagwe ya gore o na le kamano le Hamas. <ref name="HaaretzUNESCOGaza">{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza|access-date=2025-07-31|archivedate=2012-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Bajuda wa B’nai B’rith le one o ne wa kgala kgato e. <ref name="BnaiBrithUNESCO">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University}}</ref> === Go tsenya lenaneo la ditokomane tsa Polao ya Nanjing === Ka 2015, Japane e ne ya tshosetsa go emisa go thusa UNESCO ka madi ka ntlha ya tshwetso ya mokgatlho o ya go akaretsa ditokomane tse di amanang le polao ya batho ba le bantsi kwa Nanjing ka 1937 mo lenaaneng la bosheng la thulaganyo ya yone ya "Memory of the World". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Ka Piphala e 2016, Tona ya Merero ymafatshe adi Sele ya Japane Fumio Kishida o ne a tlhomamisa gore matlole a ngwaga le ngwaga a Japane a 2016 a ne a le ¥4.4.&nbsp;dibilione di ne di emisitswe, le fa gone a ne a ganela gore go na le kamano epe e e tlhamaletseng le kganetsano ya tokomane ya Nanjing. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> === United states le UNESCO === United States e ne ya ikgogela morago mo UNESCO ka 1984, e umaka gore mokgatlho o o ne o " tseneletse thata mo dipolotiking ", " bobaba jwa one jo bo bonalang mo makalaneng a motheo tsa [[Free society|setšhaba se se gololesegileng]], segolobogolo mmaraka o o gololesegileng le bobegadikgang jo bo gololesegileng ", mmogo le " katoloso ya one e e sa thibelweng ya tekanyetso tiriso ka fa tlase ga botsamaisi jo bo bokoa jwa Mokaedi AmadoG M'Bow wa Senegal. <ref name="withdrawal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> Ka Lwetse a le lesome le boferabongwe 1989, Mopalamente wa Lekgotla la Dikgotlatheomolao wa United States e bong Jim Leach o ne a bolela jaana fa pele ga komitipotlana ya lekgotla la Dikgotlatheomolao: <ref name="cspan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1|title=United States & UNESCO, Part 1|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|website=Starting from 05:08|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>   === Kgotlhang ya Ba-Kurd le Ba-Turkey === Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano 2016, mmoki wa Turkey le molweladitshwanelo tsa batho Zülfü Livaneli o ne a rola tiro ya gagwe jaaka moemedi a le esi wa [[Turkey]] wa UNESCO yo o thusang batho. O ne a gatelela boemo jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa Turkey le go senngwa ga kgaolo ya ditso ya Sur ya Diyarbakir, toropo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Turkey jo bontsi jwa Ba-Kurdish bo nnang mo go jone, ka nako ya ntwa fa gare ga sesole sa Turkey le dirukutlhi tsa Ba-Kurdish e le mabaka a magolo a go bo a ne a rola tiro. Livaneli o ne a re: "Go bua ka kagiso fa o ntse o didimetse kgatlhanong le ditlolomolao tse di ntseng jalo ke go thulana le dikeletso tsa motheo tsa UNESCO." === Matsholo kgatlhanong le kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya botaki === Ka 2020 UNESCO e ne ya bolela gore bogolo jwa kgwebisano e e seng kafa molaong ya dithoto tsa setso bo ne bo fitlha go &nbsp;didolara di le dibilione di lesome ka ngwaga. Pegelo ya ngwaga oo ke [[Rand Organization|Mokgatlho wa Rand]] e tshitshintse gore mmaraka wa nnete "ga o ka ke wa nna mogolo go feta didolara di le dikete di le makgolo a le mmalwa ngwaga le ngwaga". Moitseanape yo o umakilweng ke UNESCO e le yo o amanyang 10&nbsp;palo ya dibilione o ne a e ganela, a re ga a na "kakanyo" ya gore palo eo e tswa kae. Barekisi ba botaki ba ne ba nyatsa palo ya UNESCO thata ka gonne e ne e le 15% ya mmaraka otlhe wa botaki wa lefatshe. Ka Ngwanatsele 2020, karolo ya letsholo la papatso la UNESCO le boikaelelo jwa lone e neng e le go tlhagisa kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dilo tsa botaki tse di thubilweng e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go gogelwa morago morago ga gore e tlhagise ka maaka motseletsele wa ditiro tsa botaki tse di neng di tshwerwe kwa lefelong la dits tse di nang le ditso tse di itsiweng jaaka dilo tse di sa tswang go thubiwa tse di neng di tshwerwe mo dikokoanyong tsa poraefete. Dipapatso di ne di bolela gore tlhogo ya ga Buda e e neng e le mo kokoanyong ya Musiamo wa Metropolitan fa e sa le ka 1930 e ne e thubilwe kwa Musiamong wa Kabul ka 2001 mme morago ga moo ya tsenngwa ka bokhukhuntshwane kwa mmarakeng wa botaki wa United States, gore sefikantswe sa phitlho se se tswang kwa Palmyra se Met e neng e se bone ka 1901 se ne sa thubiwa ke Palmy the Islamic State bosheng jaana. e ne ya tsenngwa ka bokukuntshwane mo mmarakeng wa dilo tsa bogologolo tsa Yuropa, le gore maseke wa Ivory Coast o o nang le lefelo le le supang gore o ne o le kwa United States ka 1954 o ne wa thubelwa ka nako ya dintwa tse di tlhometseng ka 2010–2011. Morago ga dingongorego tsa Met, dipapatso di ne tsa gogelwa morago. == Dithoto le ditirelo == * UNESDOC Database <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> – E na le ditokomane tsa UNESCO di feta dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le mane le borataro ka mokwalo o o feletseng tse di gatisitsweng fa e sale ka 1945 mmogo le metadata go tswa mo dikokoanyong tsa Motlobo wa UNESCO le mafelo a ditokomane mo diofising tsa tshimo le mo ditheong === Didiriswa tsa go dira tshedimosetso === UNESCO e tlhama, e tlhokomela, le go anamisa, mahala, diphuthelwana tse pedi tsa dirweboleta tse di amanang tsa taolo ya polokelotshedimosetso (CDS/ISIS [e se ke ya tlhakatlhakanngwa le sephuthelwana sa dirweboleta tsa mapodisi a UK ISIS]) le tshekatsheko ya meepo ya tshedimosetso/dipalopalo (IDAMS). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Information Processing Tools|publisher=Unesco}}</ref> * CDS/ISIS – thulaganyo ya polokelo le go busetsa tshedimosetso e e akaretsang. Mofuta wa Windows o ka nna wa dira mo khomphuteng e le nngwe kgotsa mo netewekeng ya lefelo la selegae. Dikarolo tsa tlelaente/sefara ya JavaISIS di letla taolo ya polokelotshedimosetso e e kgakala ka Inthanete mme di teng mo Windows, Linux, le Macintosh. Mo godimo ga moo, GenISIS e letla badirisi go tlhagisa diforomo tsa Webo tsa HTML tsa go batla mo polokelotshedimosetsong ya CDS/ISIS. ISIS_DLL e fana ka API ya ho ntshetsa pele dikopo tse thehilweng ho CDS/ISIS. * OpenIDAMS – sephuthelwana sa sofotewere sa go dira le go sekaseka tshedimosetso ya dipalo e e tlhamilweng, e e tlhokometsweng le go anamisiwa ke UNESCO. Sephuthelwana sa ntlha e ne e le sa mong, fela UNESCO e simolotse porojeke ya go se tlamela jaaka motswedi o o bulegileng. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=OpenIDAMS|publisher=Unesco}}</ref> * IDIS – sedirisiwa sa kananyo ya tshedimosetso ka tlhamalalo fa gare ga CDS/ISIS le IDAMS == Bona gape == * Neteweke ya tsamaiso ya akatemi * Metlobo ya Kgolagano ya Ditšhaba * Manaane a Boswa jwa Setso jo bo sa Tshwaregeng a UNESCO * ''Setshwantsho se se Repameng sa UNESCO sa 1957–58'', se se betlilweng ke Henry Moore * Uniref * Tšhata ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Thuto ya go Itshidila mmele, go Itshidila mmele le Metshameko [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] == Malatsi a boditšhabatšhaba a a lebelelwang kwa UNESCO == Malatsi a Boditšhabatšhaba a a lebelelwang kwa UNESCO a kwadilwe mo lenaneong le le fa tlase: {| class="sortable wikitable" !Date !Name |- |14 January |World Logic Day |- |24 January |World Day for African and [[Batswakwa ba Aferika|Afrodescendant]] Culture<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> |- |24 January |International Day of Education |- |25 January |[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |27 January |International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust |- |11 February |International Day of Women and Girls in Science |- |13 February |World Radio Day |- |21 February |[[Letsatsi la Boditšhabatšhaba la loleme lwa ga Mmè|International Mother Language Day]] |- |4 March |UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development |- |8 March |International Women's Day |- |14 March |International Day of Mathematics |- |20 March |International Francophonie Day |- |21 March |International Day of Nowruz |- |21 March |World Poetry Day |- |21 March |[[Letsatsi la mafatshefatshe la go emisiwa ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala|International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] |- |22 March |World Water Day |- |5 April |International Day of Conscience |- |6 April |International Day of Sport for Development and Peace |- |15 April |World Art Day |- |23 April |World Book and Copyright Day |- |30 April |International Jazz Day |- |3 May |World Press Freedom Day |- |5 May |African World Heritage Day |- |5 May |World Portuguese Language Day |- |16 May |International Day of Light |- |21 May |World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development |- |22 May |International Day for Biological Diversity |- |5 June |World Environment Day |- |8 June |World Oceans Day |- |17 June |World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |- |7 July |Kiswahili Language Day |- |18 July |Nelson Mandela International Day |- |26 July |International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem |- |9 August |International Day of the World's Indigenous People |- |12 August |International Youth Day |- |23 August |International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition |- |8 September |International Literacy Day |- |9 September |International Day to Protect Education from Attack |- |15 September |International Day of Democracy |- |20 September |International Day for University Sport |- |21 September |International Day of Peace |- |28 September |International Day for the Universal Access to Information |- |5 October |World Teachers' Day |- |6 October |International Geodiversity Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day}}</ref> |- |11 October |International Day of the Girl Child |- |13 October |International Day for Disaster Reduction |- |17 October |International Day for the Eradication of Poverty |- |24 October |United Nations Day |- |27 October |World Day for Audiovisual Heritage |- |2 November |International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|website=UNESCO|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> |- |3 November |International Day for Biosphere Reserves<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |First Thursday of November |International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying<ref>{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |5 November |World Day of Romani Language |- |5 November |World Tsunami Awareness Day |- |10 November |World Science Day for Peace and Development |- |14 November |International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |Third Thursday of November |World Philosophy Day |- |16 November |International Day for Tolerance |- |18 November |International International Day of Islamic Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |25 November |International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women |- |26 November |World Olive Tree Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330112831/https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |29 November |International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People |- |1 December |World AIDS Day |- |2 December |World Futures Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |3 December |International Day of Persons with Disabilities |- |10 December |Human Rights Day |- |18 December |International Migrants Day |- |18 December |World Arabic Language Day |} 47mv3kf1zs85gy382pgcxjcdq95ca7v 0 10975 55468 42249 2026-09-23T19:45:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thato Rantao MWOSA''' ke Mokwaledi wa Botswana-Amerika, Motshwantshi, Mokwadi wa terama, morutabana, le Motlhami wa Motshameko. Filimi ya ntlha ya ga Mwosa Don’t Leave Me e ne ya bontshiwa kwa Moletlong wa Difilimi kwa New York. Filimi ya gagwe ya bobedi, Don’t Tell Me You Love Me, e ne e le go fetolwa ga leboko la motaki wa mafoko a a buiwang kwa Swazi, Deslisile. Filimi e ne e bontsha [[:en:Domestic_violence|tirisodikgoka ya mo gae]]. {{Infobox person|name=Thato Rantao Mwosa|birth_date=1901|citizenship=Botswana|occupation=Filmmaker,<br>Film director|nationality=Motswana}} Accompanying the demise of a marriage<ref>Mimi Tsiane, [https://www.mmegi.bw/2005/August/Thursday25/7843995681715.html Motswana filmmaker wins US award,] ''Mmegi'', 25 August 2005.</ref>E ne ya gapa awate ya 'Modiri wa Difilimi yo o Tlhagelelang go gaisa tsotlhe' kwa Moletlong wa bosupa wa [[:en:Roxbury_Film_Festival|Roxbury]] [[:en:Roxbury_Film_Festival|Film Festival]] ka ngwaga 2005.<ref>Elen Leahy, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201104113331/https://eaglenewsonline.com/new/2006/10/18/breaking-the-silence-on-domestic-violence/ Breaking the silence on domestic violence,] ''Eagle News Online'', October 18, 2006</ref>Filimi ya gagwe ya The Day of My Wedding e ne e le go tlhophiwa semmuso ke BETJ e gompieno e bidiwang [[:en:BET_Her|BET Her]] Best Shorts Program. Motseletsele wa gagwe wa TV Ya M’Afrika, o ne o supiwa mo kanaleng ya sathalaete ya Gabonese 3A Telesud, e ne e le motseletsele wa terama e e itlhametsweng e e neng o latedisa matshelo a basadi ba le bane ba Aforika ba ba neng ba nna mmogo mo ntlong kwa [[:en:Queens,_New_York|Queens, New York.]]<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200701040810.html Botswana: Kwelagobe to Feature in an International Series,] ''Mmegi'', 2 January 2007</ref>Tokomane ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa 2011 ya A Tribe of Women e ne ya latedisa basadi ba ba direlang kagiso kwa [[Sudan]].<ref>[https://unagb.org/other-events/celebrating-the-tribe-of-women-in-our-lives/ Celebrating the “Tribe of Women” in Our Lives], United Nations Association of Greater Boston, March 17, 2011</ref>Filimi ya kanelo ya ga Mwosa e e bidiwang Memoirs of a Black Girl e tla gololwa ka ngwaga 2021. Ke tlhopho ya semmuso ya Moletlo wa Difilimi wa Basadi wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Toronto. == Filim == ** ''Don't Leave Me'', 2005. Short film. ** ''Don't Tell Me You Love Me'', 2005. Short film ** ''The Day of My Wedding'', 2007 ** ''Ya M'Afrika'', 2007. TV show. ** ''An African in America'', 2008 ** ''Rapping for Life'', 2009 ** ''A Tribe of Women'', 2011. Documentary. ** ''Memoirs of a Black Girl'', 2021. Feature Narrative Film == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Botswana]] <references /> == Tse di kwa ntle == * [[imdbname:3473888|Thato Rantao Mwosa]] kwa [[imdbname:3473888|IMDb]] 7q301wkxe0lh6jam4n1w4lp78hus945 0 11178 55462 42862 2026-09-23T19:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunday Maweni''' (yo o tshotsweng ka 1 Ferikgong 1959) ke [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running) motabogi] wa Botswana. O ne a gaisana mo [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres dimetara di le 400 tsa banna] kwa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 1988].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon Mallon, Bill;] et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100124/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/sunday-maweni-1.html "Sunday Maweni Olympic Results".] ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference Sports Reference LLC]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100124/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/sunday-maweni-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</ref> {{Infobox sportsperson|nationality=Motswana|name=Sunday Maweni|birth_date={{birth date and age|1959|1|1|df=yes}}|country=Botswana|olympics=1988 Summer Olympics|event=400 metres|sport=Sprinting}} == Tse di kwa ntle == * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14549496 Sunday Maweni] kwa [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14549496 World Athletics] * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/sunday-maweni Sunday Maweni] kwa [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/sunday-maweni Olympics.com] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65476 Sunday Maweni] kwa [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65476 Olympedia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220101/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/36018 Sunday Maweni] kwa [https://web.archive.org/web/20220101/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/36018 the Commonwealth Games Federation] (archived == Metswedi == hwphr0ve600z640ygb4g5rqdaenr1ne 0 11182 55486 42872 2026-09-23T21:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilfred Kareng''' (yo o tshotsweng ka di 25 Moranang 1946) ke motabogi wa mabelo a [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdling dikgoreletsi] wa Botswana. O ne a gaisana mo mabelong [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres_hurdles a dikgoreletsing tsa banna a dimitara di le 400] kwa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 1980].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon Mallon, Bill;] et al[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417175539/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/wilfred-kareng-1.html . "Wilfred Kareng Olympic Results"]. ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference Sports Reference LLC.] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20121216131746/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/wilfred-kareng-1.html the original] on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2017</ref> {{Infobox sportsperson|name=Wilfred Kareng|nationality=Motswana|sport=Track and Field|event=400metres hurdles|birth_date=25 April 1946 (79)}} == Tse di kwa ntle == * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14550402 Wilfred Kareng] kwa [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14550402 World Athletics] * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/wilfred-kareng Wilfred Kareng] kwa [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/wilfred-kareng Olympics.com] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65469 Wilfred Kareng] kwa [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65469 Olympedia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220101/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/37343 Wilfred Kareng] kwa the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220101/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/37343 Commonwealth Games Federation] (archived) == Metswedi == h89qibeto9fnqor6lszje30bvudvppe 0 11185 55444 42878 2026-09-23T17:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Chideka''' (yo o tshotsweng ka di 1 Motsheganong 1956) ke motabogi wa Botswana wa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running sekgale se seleele]. O ne a gaisana mo mabelong a [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_5000_metres dimetara di le 5000] tsa banna kwa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 1980].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon Mallon, Bill;] et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064440/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/robert-chideka-1.html "Robert Chideka Olympic Results".] ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference Sports Reference LLC]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064440/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/robert-chideka-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2017</ref> {{Infobox sportsperson|name=Robert Chideka|nationality=Motswana|birth_date={{birth date and age|1956|5|1|df=yes}}|event=5000 metres|sport=Long-distance running}} == Tse di kwa ntle == * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14550368 Robert Chideka] kwa [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14550368 World Athletics] * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/robert-chideka Robert Chideka] kwa [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/robert-chideka Olympics.com] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65464 Robert Chideka] kwa [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/65464 Olympedia] == Metswedi == fvedu6six3z0pv1ip5koygkfyisiy6f 0 11477 55440 44431 2026-09-23T17:35:11Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson|club=Baobab Hockey Club, Mombasa|sport=Field hockey|birth_date=1 December 1956 (age 68)|name=Raphael Fernandes|nationality=Kenyan}}'''Raphael Fernandes''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e rogwa ka ngwaga wa 1956) ke motshameki wa hoki ya lebala wa kwa [[Kenya]]. O ne a gaisana mo [[kgaisanong ya banna]] kwa [[Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 1984]].<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; [[:en:Bill_Mallon|Mallon, Bill;]] et al[[:en:Sports_Reference|. "Raphael Fernandes Olympic Results".]] ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. [[:en:Sports_Reference|Sports Reference LLC.]] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213112324/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fe/raphael-fernandes-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</ref> == Tse di kwa ntle == * [https://tms.fih.ch/people/12446 Raphael Fernandes] kwa the [[:en:International_Hockey_Federation|International Hockey Federation]] * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19420 Raphael Fernandes] kwa [[:en:Olympedia|Olympedia]] == Metswedi == j1tp6xmkcsc31r3axyhz0aj99cuowos 0 11944 55415 51550 2026-09-23T13:30:11Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nompumelelo Thembekile Madisa''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1979), yo o itsegeng jaaka Mpumi Madisa, ke mosadi wa kgwebo wa Aforika Borwa. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ale boferabobedi(8) ka ngwaga wa 2019, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna CEO wa Bidvest Group, mosadi wa ntlha wa motho montsho le wa mo Aforika go tlhophiwa go nna [[CEO]] wa khamphani e e kwa godimo ya [[Johannesburg Stock Exchange]] e e mo setlhopheng sa 40,<ref name=":0">[https://www.news24.com/citypress]"Mpumi Madisa officially appointed as Bidvest's first female CEO". ''The South African''. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106060305/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-mpumi-madisa-bidvest-ceo/]</ref><ref name=":1">[https://fortune.com/ranking/most-powerful-women/2023/mpumi-madisa/]</ref><ref>"Bidvest says Mpumi Madisa will be its next CEO". ''BusinessLIVE''. Retrieved 6 November 2019.[https://www.businessday.co.za/bd/companies/industrials/2019-03-04-bidvest-says-mpumi-madisa-will-be-its-next-ceo/]</ref> <ref>Africa, CNBC (16 May 2019). "How Mpumi Madisa scored top job at Bidvest". ''CNBC Africa''. Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106060303/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/article/2019/05/16/how-mpumi-madisa-scored-top-job-at-bidvest/ 2019]</ref>e bonwang jaaka letshwao la kgatelopele e ntšhwa mo go fetoleng bong mo kgwebong mo Aforika Borwa. <ref name=":2">Africa, Forbes. "'I Don't Do Suave'". Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106062641/https://www.forbeswomanafrica.com/entrepreneurs/2019/07/23/i-dont-do-suave/ 2019]</ref><ref name=":3">"President congratulates incoming Bidvest's CEO Mpumi Madisa". ''South Africa Government''. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326145957/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-congratulates-incoming-bidvest%E2%80%99s-ceo-mpumi-madisa 2019]</ref><ref>"Executive Directors". Bidvest. Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20250729092808/https://bidvest.co.za/executive-directors 2019]</ref> == Botshelo le thuto == Madisa o tsholetswe kwa Mohlakeng, kwa bophirima jwa Gauteng mo [[Afrika Borwa]]. O goletse kwa Sebokeng kwa [[borwa jwa Johannesburg]]. Ke mongwe wa bana ba le banè. O ne a tsena sekolo sa poraemari le sa sekontari kwa Sancta Maria Junior High le kwa Mondeor High School ka go latelana. O ne a tsweletsa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Wits University koo a neng a fetola dithuto tsa gagwe go tswa mo go tsa saense go ya go tsa dipalo, dipalopalo le ikonomi. O na le dikirii ya bachelor mo go tsa ikonomi le dipalo, [[BComm]] honours degree mo go tsa ikonomi le master's degree mo go tsa madi le dipeeletso, tsotlhe go tswa kwa [[Wits University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Mpumi Madisa – Business Leadership South Africa". Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106062642/https://blsa.org.za/about-us/the-board/mpumi-madisa/ 2019]</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == Fela fa a sena go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa teritiary, o ne a thapiwa ke Hollard Insurance jaaka mothusi wa mmaraka wa moithuti. O ne a dira koo dikgwedi di le lesome le boferabobedi (18) mme morago ga moo a ya go dira kwa Prestige, e leng setlamo se se thusang sa Bidvest se se kgethegileng mo go phepafatseng. [[Kwa Prestige]], o ne a dira jaaka mookamedi wa dikamano le bareki, maemo a a neng a a bopetswe ene le tshimologo ya tiro ya gagwe. Dingwaga di le tharo morago ga moo, o ne a tlogela Prestige go ya go dira mo tirelong ya setšhaba koo a neng a le motsamaisimogolo wa phetogo kwa lefapheng la Gauteng la temothuo le tlhabololo ya metseselegae. Fa a boela kwa Prestige, o ne a direla jaaka motsamaisi wa merero ya khamphane yo o ikarabelelang mo mafapheng a le manè le motsamaisi wa thekiso. Dikgwedi di sekae morago ga moo, o ne a tlhatlosiwa maemo go ya go dira mo setlhopheng mme a tlhomiwa go nna leloko la boto ya Bidvest. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ale boferabobedi(8) ka ngwaga wa 2019, o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go tlhomiwa go nna Motlhankedi-mogolo wa Bidvest Group, maemo a a a tsereng ka botlalo ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>"The logic behind Bidvest". ''Fin24''. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 6 November [https://www.news24.com/business 2019]</ref><ref>"Mpumi Madisa « Africa Strategy Execution Conference". Retrieved 6 November [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106063040/https://strategyexecution.africa/speakers/nompumelelo-thembekile-madisa/ 2019]</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Dikgele le ditlotla == Madisa o ne a le mo maemong a bo 94 mo lenaaneng la Fortune la Basadi ba ba Maatla go Gaisa ka ngwaga wa 2023 <ref name=":1" /> Madisa o ne a bidiwa Business Leader of the Year ke Sunday Times ka 2023<ref>Venter, Liesl (23 November 2023). "Business Leader of the Year: Mpumi Madisa: Driving force for growth and transformation". Sunday Times. Retrieved 16 November 2023.[https://www.sundaytimes.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/business/business/2023-11-12-business-leader-of-the-year--mpumi-madisa-driving-force-for-growth-and-transformation/]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2023, o ne a le mo maemong a bo 88 mo lenaaneng la Forbes la "Basadi ba le 100 ba ba maatla go gaisa mo lefatsheng"<ref>"The World's Most Powerful Women 2023". ''Forbes''.[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118132340/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Madisa o nyetse mme o na le ngwana a le mongwe.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/citypress]</ref> == Metswedi == s1kdxlmwic59c3owwgxymku89in4c8p 0 12038 55434 51118 2026-09-23T16:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Tsiang Cherng''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1947 kgotsa 1948 )Ke mogwebi wa mosadi wa kwa Amerika wa mogwebi le moitsesaense wa dikhomputara yo o neng a thaya Panda Express ka ngwaga wa 1983 mme ke motsamaisimogolo wa Panda Restaurant Group . Ka tlhotlhwa e e fopholediwang go nna US$3.7 billion go tloga kakgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2024, Forbes e begile gore ke mosadi wa bobedi yo o humileng go gaisa mo Amerika yo o itiretseng ka boena yo o tsholetsweng kwa ntle ga US le mongwe wa batho ba le 400 ba ba humileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng. <ref name=":0">"Rihanna, Celine Dion, Safra Catz: Here Are The Most Successful Immigrant Women In The U.S." ''forbes.com''. 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2019-06-[https://www.forbes.com/sites/denizcam/2019/06/06/rihanna-celine-dion-safra-catz-immigrant-self-made-women-america-successful-entrepreneur/#2bd1183e5b23 19]</ref><ref>"The Forbes 400 List 2024 – The Richest People in America Ranked". ''Forbes''. Retrieved 2024-10-04.[https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/]</ref> Ba Cherng ba beeletsa khumo ya bona kwa ofising ya bone ya lelapa, e leng Cherng Family Trust. == Botshelo le thuto == Peggy Tsiang o belegetswe kwa Mawlamyine, kwa Myanmar, mme a golela kwa Hong Kong. O ne a tsena sekolo sa Clementi Secondary School kwa Hong Kong <ref name=":0" /> mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":1">"How Did I Get Here? Peggy Cherng". ''bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 2018-05-01.[https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-how-did-i-get-here/peggy-cherng.html]</ref> O ne a ya kwa United States go ya go tsena kwa Baker University kwa Baldwin City, Kansas, kwa a neng a kopana le monna wa gagwe, Andrew Cherng, yo o neng a le mo ngwageng wa bobedi..<ref>"A Passion for Panda". ''pasadenaweekly.com''. 2011-07-01. Archived from the original on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-04-[https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012611/https://www.pasadenaweekly.com/2011/07/01/a-passion-for-panda 30]</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa Oregon State University ngwaga morago ga moo, kwa a neng a bona dikirii ya bachelor mo applied mathematics ka ngwaga wa 1970.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Cherngs honored for contributions in L.A. area" (PDF). ''bakeru.edu''. Retrieved 2018-04-30.[https://web.archive.org/web/20260206220721/http://www.bakeru.edu/images/pdf/Alumni/BakerPride_Spring08.pdf]</ref>O ne a ya kwa Yunibesithing ya Missouri, a bona dikerii ya master mo computer science ka ngwaga wa 1971, le PhD mo electrical engineering ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Tsiang, Peggy Pui-Kee (1974). ''Computer analysis of chest radiographs using size and shape descriptors'' (Ph.D.). University of Missouri. OCLC 12702017. ProQuest 302753191.[https://www.proquest.com/docview/302753191/]</ref>O ne a dira go fitlhelela PhD ya gagwe ka go tlhama thulaganyo ya go lemoga dipopego e e neng ya dira dijitale tsa X-rays le go dirisa di-algorithms go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jwa pelo jo bo tsalwang. Morago ga go bona PhD ya gagwe, ene le Andrew ba ne ba fudugela kwa Los Angeles kwa ba neng ba nyalana teng.<ref>"The Tao of Panda Express". ''lamag.com''. 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2018-04-[https://lamag.com/food/tao-panda/ 30]</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele == Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1975 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1977, Cherng e ne e le moenjiniri yo o kgethegileng kwa McDonnell Douglas, kwa a neng a kwala dikhoutu tsa di-simulator tsa ntwa tsa Sesole sa Difofane sa US.<ref name=":1" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1977 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1982, e ne e le moenjiniri wa setegeniki le mookamedi wa lefapha la software kwa Comtal Corporation, e leng setlamo sa 3M.<ref name=":1" /> == Setlhopha sa Diresetšhurente sa Panda == Setlhogo se segolo: Panda Restaurant Group Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 1973, Andrew Cherng mmogo le rraagwe Ming Tsai Cherng ba ne ba tsaya resetšhurente mme ba simolola resetšhurente e ntšha ya Se-China e e bidiwang Panda Inn kwa Pasadena, California, ba dirisa madi a lelapa le kadimo ya Small Business Administration. <ref>"A Passion for Panda". ''pasadenaweekly.com''. 2011-07-01. Archived from the original on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-05-[https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012611/https://www.pasadenaweekly.com/2011/07/01/a-passion-for-panda/ 01]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1982, Peggy Cherng o ne a tlogela Comtal mme a nna Mookamedi wa Ditirelo kwa Panda Restaurant Group.<ref name=":1" />Ka ngwaga wa 1982, o ne a aga ditsamaiso tsa khomputara tsa khampani ya resetšhurente go latedisa dikakgelo tsa bareki le go tokafatsa ditiro. <ref name=":2">"Peggy Cherng". ''[https://www.forbes.com/profile/peggy-cherng/ Forbes]''</ref>O ne a dirisa dikhomputara go latedisa ditlamelo le go di rulaganya gape.<ref>Abadi, Mark. "Meet the billionaire couple behind Panda Express, who run nearly 2,000 restaurants and sell 90 million pounds of orange chicken a year". ''Business [https://www.businessinsider.com/panda-express-ceo-andrew-peggy-cherng-2018-3 Insider]''</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1983, ba Cherng ba ne ba bula Panda Express ya ntlha, resetšhurente ya dijo tse di bofefo, kwa mabenkeleng a a neng a sa tswa go bulwa a Glendale Galleria II kwa Glendale, California.<ref name=":3">Krantz, Matt (2006-09-13). "Panda Express spreads Chinese food across USA". ''USA Today''. Retrieved 2018-04-[https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2006-09-10-entrepreneur-panda-express_x.htm 30]</ref> Motlhami wa lebenkele la mabenkele o ne a jele kwa Panda Inn, mme a rotloetsa ba Cherng go tsaya lefelo kwa kgotleng ya dijo. <ref>Hirsch, Jerry (2009-08-31). "Profile | Andrew Cherng, Panda Express founder". ''Seattle Times''. Retrieved 2018-04-[https://www.seattletimes.com/ 30]</ref>Peggy Cherng o ne a nna Tautona ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a le CEO le Tautona wa Panda Restaurant Group go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1997 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2003, mme ka 2004 o ne a nna modulasetulo le motsamaisimogolo wa Panda Restaurant Group.<ref>How Did I Get Here? Peggy Cherng". ''www.bloomberg.com''. [https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-how-did-i-get-here/peggy-cherng.html 2016]</ref>Panda Restaurant Group e rekile ditshiamelo mo diresetšhurenteng tse dingwe tse di jaaka Urbane Cafe, Just Salad, Uncle Tetsu, Pieology le Ippudo. <ref name=":2" />Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2018, ba Cherngs ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa rekise diresetšhurente tsa Panda Express ntle fela le mo mabakeng a le mmalwa, ba sa ntse ba na le diresetšhurente tsotlhe tsa bone mme ba di tsamaisa ntle le go di phasalatsa.<ref name=":4">Hannon, Kerry (March 22, 2018). "For Panda Express Owners, It's About Family". ''The New York Times'' – via NYTimes.com.[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/business/panda-express-owners.html]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, o santse a le motsamaisimogolo wa Panda Express, e e neng e na le mafelo a a fetang 2,200. <ref name=":2" /> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa 2018, banyalani ba ne ba na le madi a a kana ka $3.3 billion.<ref name=":4" />Gape o ne a le #12 mo lenaaneng la Basadi ba ba Itiretseng ba Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2019<ref name=":2" /> ke Forbes. Ka kgwedi ya Diphalane ka ngwaga wa 2019, khampani ya gagwe ya ditlhabololo CFT NV Developments LLC e ne ya reka lefatshe kwa Hawaii ka $10 million.Ene le monna wa gagwe ke batsayakarolo ba bagolo ba Hawaii ba Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers.<ref>Magin, Janis L. (October 10, 2019). "Panda Express founders pay $10M for Oahu land, plan new Raising Cane's restaurant". ''Pacific Business News''.[https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2019/10/10/panda-express-founders-pay-10m-for-oahu-land-plan.html]</ref> O mo dikomiting tsa lekala la Los Angeles la Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, United Way of Los Angeles, Methodist Hospital of Arcadia le Peter F. Sekolo sa Tsamaiso sa Drucker.<ref>"Peggy Cherng". ''Panda Restaurant Group''. Archived from the original on 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2019-12-02.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170419212810/https://www.pandarg.com/peggy-cherng]</ref> == Tiro ya bopelotshweu == Ka Panda Cares, lekala la philanthropic la Panda Restaurant Group, Peggy le Andrew Cherng e ntse e le baabi ba ka metlha go tshegetsa tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, thuto ya bana ba ba senang ditirelo tse di lekaneng, dipatlisiso tsa kalafi le tsa akatemi, thuso ya matlhotlhapelo le mabaka a mangwe a bopelotlhomogi. <ref name=":5">Da Rocha, Grace (February 22, 2025). "Historic $17M donation to help Las Vegas' St. Rose Dominican Hospital expand its health services". Greenspan Media Group. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 1 July 2025.[https://lasvegassun.com/news/2025/feb/22/historic-17m-donation-to-help-st-rose-dominican-ho/]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2011, ba Cherng ba ne ba ntsha moneelo wa $2.5 million go tshegetsa Collins College of Hospitality Management kwa California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.<ref>"Panda Express founders pledge $2.5 million". ''Fast Casual''. February 28, [https://www.fastcasual.com/news/panda-express-founders-pledge-25-million/ 2011]</ref><ref>Galindo, Erick (March 4, 2011). "Panda's pledge: Founders donate $2.5M to Cal Poly Pomona". ''San Bernardino Sun''. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170405064535/http://www.sbsun.com/article/ZZ/20110304/NEWS/110308713]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa 2017, California Institute of Technology e ne ya itsise gore ba fetola leina la lephata la boenjiniri jwa bongaka go nna Andrew le Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering morago ga go amogela mpho ya diranta di le dimilione di le 30 go tswa go Andrew le Peggy Cherng. <ref>Henry, Jason (March 28, 2017). "Panda Express founders donate $30 million to Caltech in hopes of inspiring other immigrants". ''Pasadena Star-[https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2017/03/28/panda-express-founders-donate-30-million-to-caltech-in-hopes-of-inspiring-other-immigrants/ News]''</ref>Mo kgweding e e latelang, Yunibesiti ya Missouri e ne ya itsise gore e amogetse mpho ya diranta di le dimilione di le 1,5 go tswa go bo Cherngs e e neng e tla solegela Honors College molemo.<ref>Jost, Ashley (April 28, 2017). "Panda Express execs give $1.5 million to Mizzou". ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250822135824/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/panda-express-execs-give-million-to-mizzou/article_91c7b659-b1ff-522d-9b63-81ad3689a383.html]</ref> Ba-Cherng ba ne ba abela City of Hope diranta di le dimilione di le 100 ka ngwaga wa 2023 go tsweletsa pele kalafi ya kankere e e kopanyang mekgwa ya go alafa ya Botlhaba le ya Bophirima. E ne e le "mpho e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe ya tlhokomelo ya kankere" e e amogetsweng ke setheo sa Duarte.<ref>"Panda Express founders donate $100 million to City of Hope for alternative cancer care". ''Los Angeles Times''. 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2024-06-[https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-09-12/panda-express-founders-donate-100-million-to-city-of-hope-for-alternative-cancer-care 04]</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2025, booraCherng ba ne ba ntsha moneelo wa diranta di le dimilione di le lesome le bosupa (17) go St. Rose Dominican Hospital's Siena Campus kwa Henderson, NV. Go ya ka badiredi ba bookelo, e ne e le mpho e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe mo hisitoring ya dingwaga di le 78 tsa setheo seno.<ref name=":5" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Ba-Cherng ba na le di-dau di le tharo .Mogolwane ke motlhankedi wa letshwaokgolo kwa Panda Express, morwadie wa bobedi o tsamaisa dipeeletso tsa Cherng Family Trust, mme yo mmotlana o dira le Panda Charitable Foundation.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2018, go ne ga itsisiwe gore Cherng Family Trust e rekile hotele ya pele ya Mandarin Oriental kwa Las Vegas Strip mme ya e fetola leina ya nna Waldorf Astoria. Tlhwatlhwa yotlhe ya go reka setsha e ne e le $214 million.<ref>"Hilton's Waldorf Astoria to debut in Las Vegas". ''apnews.com''. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.[https://apnews.com/travel-general-news-18e2b5d9bd924154928ef9390ac559c3]</ref>Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2019, ba Cherng ba nna kwa Henderson, Nevada.<ref>"Andrew & Peggy Cherng's House in Henderson, NV". 24 November 2019.[https://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/andrew-and-peggy-cherngs-house/]</ref> == Metswedi == nf28skkdheirpp43aq8xiqglbmydnie 0 12057 55446 45198 2026-09-23T18:05:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sara Treleaven Blakely'''<ref>"VoterRecords". Archived from the original on April 20, 2019.[https://voterrecords.com/voter/17455434/sara-blakely]</ref>(o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bosupa (27) ka ngwaga wa 1971) ke mosadi wa kgwebo wa kwa Amerika ebile ke motho yo o ratang go thusa ba bangwe. O ne a tlhoma Spanx, khampani ya diaparo tse di nang le borokgwe le di leggings, kwa Atlanta, Georgia.<ref>Wes Moss (September 2, 2008). ''Starting From Scratch: Secrets from 22 Ordinary People Who Made the Entrepreneurial Leap''. Kaplan Publishing. pp. 77–86. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4277-9828-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013.[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=lNufrFRa5RcC&pg=PA87&redir_esc=y]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2012, Blakely o ne a bidiwa ka leina la gagwe mo Time magazine's "Time 100" annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.<ref>Couric, Katie (April 18, 2012). "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". ''Time''. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120813084453/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112100,00.html]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2014, o ne a kwalwa jaaka mosadi wa bo 93 wa maatla go gaisa mo lefatsheng ke Forbes.<ref>"The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". ''Forbes''. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2014.[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118132340/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/#tab:overall]</ref> == Botshelo le thuto == Blakely o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bosupa (27), ka ngwaga wa 1971, kwa Clearwater, Florida. Ke morwadia Ellen (née Ford), motaki, le mmueledi wa dikgobalo tsa mmele John Blakely. O na le kgaitsadie, motaki Ford Blakely.<ref name=":0">O'Connor, Clare. "How Sara Blakely of Spanx Turned $5,000 into $1 billion". ''Forbes''. Retrieved April 8, [https://www.forbes.com/global/2012/0326/billionaires-12-feature-united-states-spanx-sara-blakely-american-booty.html 2024]</ref><ref>My Bay City: "Billionaire Spanx Founder Sara Blakely Has Bay City Connection" by Dave Rogers Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine March 20, 2012 | ''"Sara's mother is Ellen Ford, the only child of Charles Kelton and Morrow Weber Ford, of Bay City. Ellen married attorney John Blakely after her graduation from the University of Michigan. She and John Blakely, who are divorced, also have a son, Ford Blakely. Ford Blakely is an entrepreneur in California "[http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/p3_v2/P3V3-0200.cfm?P3_ArticleID=6852]''</ref>O tsene sekolo kwa Clearwater High School mme a aloga kwa Florida State University ka dikirii ya tlhaeletsano,<ref name=":0" /> kwa a neng a le leloko la Delta Delta Delta sorority.<ref>Sanders, Triston V. (September 1, 2007). "Behind the Seams". ''Tallahassee Magazine''. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2012.[[Sanders, Triston V. (September 1, 2007). "Behind the Seams". Tallahassee Magazine. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2012.]]</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya pele == Le fa gone Blakely a ne a ikaeletse go nna mmueledi, o ne a fetola mogopolo wa gagwe morago ga go bona maduo a a kwa tlase thata mo tlhatlhobong ya go amogelwa mo Sekolong sa Molao; go na le moo, o ne a amogela tiro kwa Walt Disney World kwa Orlando, Florida, kwa a neng a bereka teng dikgwedi di le tharo. Gape o ne a dira jaaka motshameki wa metlae ka dinako tse dingwe mo nakong eno.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga nako e khutshwane a le kwa Disney, Blakely o ne a amogela tiro kwa khampaning ya dilwana tsa ofisi ya Danka, koo a neng a rekisa metšhini ya fekese ka ntlo le ntlo.<ref name=":0" />O ne a atlegile thata mo go rekiseng mme a tlhatlosediwa maemo a go nna motlhatlheledi wa thekiso wa bosetšhaba a le dingwaga di le 25.<ref name=":0" />O ne a patelesega go apara di-pantyhose mo maemong a bosa a Florida a a mogote ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya go rekisa, Blakely o ne a sa rate tsela e leoto la gagwe le neng le lebega ka yone fa a ne a apere ditlhako tse di nang le menwana e e bulegileng mme o ne a rata tsela e mmotlolo wa gagwe o neng o tlosa mela ya di-pantyhose mme o dira gore mmele wa gagwe o lebege o nonofile. <ref name=":0" /> Ka go ya kwa phathing ya poraefete, o ne a lekeletsa ka go kgaola maoto a gagwe a di pantyhose fa a ntse a di apere ka fa tlase ga borokgwe jo bosha mme a fitlhela gore di pantyhose di ne di nna di phutholola maoto a gagwe, mme gape o ne a fitlhelela maduo a a neng a a batla.<ref name=":0" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Ka ngwaga wa 2008, Blakely o nyetse Jesse Itzler, <ref>Eldredge, Richard L. (July 30, 2008). "Spanx CEO books resort for wedding". ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution]</ref>mothei-mmogo wa Marquis Jet.Mmogo, ba na le bana ba le bane. <ref>The Wall Street Journal (New York): "A Day in the Life of Spanx's Founder Sara Blakely" by Christopher Ross Archived 2014-10-22 at the Wayback Machine August 14, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-day-in-the-life-of-spanxs-founder-sara-blakely-1408032515 2014]</ref> O sokologetse mo Sejudeng.<ref>Singer, Jenny (July 12, 2018). "These Are America's Richest Self-Made Jewish Women". Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019.[https://forward.com/schmooze/405267/these-are-americas-richest-self-made-jewish-women/]</ref> == Metswedi == nn2ti0izdiys8luf5zcoljw3ayax5b2 0 12064 55443 50093 2026-09-23T17:40:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Jeptoo''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano (15) ka ngwaga wa 1981) ke motabogi wa marathone wa kwa Kenya. Mo godimo ga go fenya Marathone wa Boston ka makgetlho a mabedi, gape o fentse marathone a kwa Chicago, Stockholm le Milan. Jeptoo. Jeptoo e ne e le mmampodi wa bronze kwa IAAF World Road Running Championships ya 2006 a emela Kenya. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, Jeptoo o ne a fiwa thibelo ya dingwaga di le pedi, e e neng ya okediwa go nna dingwaga di le nne, morago ga go tlhatlhobelwa EPO kwa ntle ga kgaisano ka kgwedi ya Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25) ka ngwaga wa 2014.<ref>"Rita Jeptoo tested positive for EPO". ESPN. Associated Press. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.[https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/11814692/rita-jeptoo-tested-positive-epo-officials-say]</ref> <ref>Kaduk, Kevin (30 January 2015). "Marathon champ Rita Jeptoo receives two-year ban for positive drug test". Retrieved 10 February 2015.[https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131628/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/the-turnstile/marathon-champ-rita-jeptoo-receives-two-year-ban-for-positive-drug-test-141220783.html]</ref><ref name=":0">"Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.03.15". IAAF. Retrieved 7 March 2015</ref><ref name=":1">"IAAF News Issue 160, 24 February 2015". IAAF. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</ref><ref name=":2">"IAAF appeal upheld - Rita Jeptoo suspended for four years by the court of arbitration for sport (CAS)" (PDF).[https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3979__final_.pdf]</ref> == Tiro == Jeptoo o ne a fenya ka ngwaga wa 2004 Stockholm Marathon, e leng kgaisano ya gagwe ya ntlha ya marathone,<ref>Stockholm Marathon History 2004–2006 accessed 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719064210/http://www.stockholmmarathon.se/start/content.cfm?Dep_ID=20&Sec_ID=478&Rac_ID=126&Lan_ID=3 2007]</ref> mme morago ga moo a fenya ka go latelana kwa Milan Marathon. <ref>Milan City Marathon 2004 Archived 5 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605075632/http://milanocitymarathon.gazzetta.it/2004/index.shtml 2007]</ref>O ne a feletsa a le wa boraro kwa Turin Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2005 mme a le wa bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2005 World Championships.<ref>Turin Marathon History Archived 11 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811084906/http://tm.turinmarathon.it/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=10 2007]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, o ne a tlhoma nako e e gaisang ya gagwe ya 2:23:38 a fenya Boston Marathon, o ne a tsaya sereto kwa Paris Half Marathon,<ref>"untitled". ''www.arrs.run''. Retrieved 2 May 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124603/https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParisHM.htm]</ref> o ne a gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa ngwaga wa 2006 World Road Running Championships,<ref>Athlete profile for Rita Jeptoo Sitienei Retrieved 22 April 2014.[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/rita-jeptoo-sitienei-14289446#honours]</ref> o ne a le wa bone kwa New York City Marathon mo ngwageng oo. Ka ngwaga wa 2007, o ne a fetsa a le mo maemong a bone kwa Boston, a leka go sireletsa serwalo sa gagwe, mme o ne a nopolwa a re, "Ga ke ise ke ko ke ikutlwe sentle mo serameng. Ke ne ke sa kgone go dira gore mmele wa me o dire ka tsela e e tshwanetseng". <ref>Runner's World article by Toby Tanser – Russian Woman wins Boston Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Runner's World Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031611/http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-239-379--11801-0,00.html 2007]</ref>O ne a fenya Lisbon Half Marathon ka ngwaga oo, morago ga moo a tsaya maemo a bosupa mo marathong a 2007 World Championships in Athletics. O feditse ngwaga wa gagwe wa 2007 ka rekhoto e ntšhwa mo Obudu Ranch International Mountain Race, a amogela US$50,000 ka ntlha ya seo.<ref>Hughes, Danny (24 November 2007). "Jeptoo, Awash cruise to Obudu Mountain victories". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/jeptoo-awash-cruise-to-obudu-mountain-victori 2016]</ref> O ne a fenya Portugal Half Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2008. O ne a le mongwe wa batabogi ba ba neng ba eteletse pele kwa Boston le New York marathone mo setlheng seo, a fetsa mo maemong a boraro le a bone ka go latelana.<ref>Jeptoo Sitienei Rita. Marathon Info. Retrieved 16 April 2011.[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/sitienei_rita.htm]</ref>O ne a tsaya nako a sa tsenele dikgaisano tsa boimana go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2008 go ya pele, mme a boela gape kwa kgaisanong ka ngwaga wa 2011.<ref>Runner's World article by Toby Tanser – Russian Woman wins Boston Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Runner's World Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031611/http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-239-379--11801-0,00.html 2007]</ref> Rotterdam Marathon e ne e le marathone a gagwe a go boela morago mme o ne a tla a le wa botlhano ka nako ya diura di le 2:28:09.<ref>van Hemert, Wim (10 April 2011). "Chebet impresses with 2:05:27 victory in Rotterdam". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April 2016.[https://worldathletics.org/news/news/chebet-impresses-with-20527-victory-in-rotter]</ref>O ne a taboga lebelo le le gaisang la marathone fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2005 kwa Frankfurt Marathon, a tsaya maemo a botlhano morago ga diura di le 2:25:44.<ref>Butcher, Pat (30 October 2012). "Kipsang tantalises with 2:03:42 World record assault in Frankfurt". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April 2016.[https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kipsang-tantalises-with-20342-world-record-as]</ref> Fa a boela kwa lefelong le a neng a fentse kwa go lone ka ngwaga wa 2006, o ne a nna wa borataro kwa Boston Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>Morse, Parker (16 April 2012). "Korir and Cherop the best as warm weather slows Boston". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/korir-and-cherop-the-best-as-warm-weather-slo 2016]</ref> O ne a tla a le bone kwa Beach kwa Beacon 10K le Falmouth Road Race, mme o ne a dira bontle jwa gagwe mo sephatlong sa dingwaga tse di lesome kwa Chicago Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2012. O ne a fenya Atsede Baysa mo dikgaisanong tsa bofelo tsa kgaisano mme a nna wa bobedi, mme nako ya gagwe ya 2:22:04 e ne ya feta ya gagwe ya dingwaga di le thataro ka motsotso le halofo.<ref>Gugala, Jon (7 October 2012). "Course record for Kebede, Baysa dethrones Shobukhova – Chicago Marathon report". IAAF. Retrieved 2 February 2013.[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/course-record-for-kebede-baysa-dethrones-shob]</ref> RAK Half Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2013 e ne e le bofefo thata mo Jeptoo a neng a tokafatsa lebelo la gagwe go nna metsotso e le 66:27 ⁇  a mo dira wa botlhano yo o bofefo go gaisa botlhe ⁇  mme a mo tlogela mo maemong a boraro mo lobelong.<ref>"Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half". IAAF. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac 2013]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2013, pele ga go thuntshiwa ga bomo, o ne a fenya Boston Marathon ka nako ya 2:26:25, <ref>"Desisa and Jeptoo will defend their Boston Marathon titles". IAAF. 13 December [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/2014-boston-marathon-ethiopia-lelisa-desisa-k 2013]</ref>le Chicago Marathon ka nako ya 2:19:57 (e e neng e le nako ya gagwe e e gaisang).<ref>"Kimetto smashes course record, Jeptoo cracks 2:20 in Chicago". IAAF. 13 October [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kimetto-smashes-course-record-jeptoo-cracks-2 2013]</ref> Jeptoo o ne a tsaya karolo mo Boston Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2014 mme kwa tshimologong o ne a kwadisitswe jaaka mofenyi, ka nako ya 2:18:57. <ref>Fantz, Ashley (21 April 2014). "A year later, Boston Marathon runners race again". Retrieved 21 April 2014.[https://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/21/us/boston-marathon/index.html]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go thibelwa go dirisa diokobatsi, o ne a se ka a tlhola a kgona go tshameka mme a tseelwa sereto sa gagwe le rekoto ya khoso. == Kgetsi ya go dirisa diritibatsi == Jeptoo o ne a sireletsa sereto sa gagwe sa Chicago Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2014, a fenya ka nako ya 2:24:35. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le tlhatlhobo e e supang gore o dirisa diokobatsi mo sekaing sa gagwe sa "A", se a neng a se newa kwa Kenya dibeke di le pedi pele ga lobelo. Moemedi wa gagwe Federico Rosa, yo e leng leina le le itsegeng thata mo mabelong a marathone a maemo a a kwa godimo, o ne a tlhomamisa ntlha eno mme a gana go senola selo se se neng se le molato.<ref>Rita Jeptoo: Kenyan marathon runner fails doping test. BBC Sport (31 October 2014). Retrieved on 2 November [[Bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/29855763|2014]]</ref><ref>Pilon, Mary & Logman, Jere (31 October 2014). Rita Jeptoo, Kenyan Marathon Champion, Fails Preliminary Doping Test. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 2 November 2014.[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/sports/marathon-champion-rita-jeptoo-fails-doping-test.html]</ref><ref>Agent: Boston Marathon winner Rita Jeptoo failed doping test. ''USA Today'' (31 October 2014). Retrieved 2 November [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/10/31/rita-jeptoo-positive-doping-test-boston-marathon-winner-kenya/18240941/ 2014]</ref> Moragonyana go ne ga lemogiwa gore seokobatsi se se ileditsweng e ne e le EPO, mme o ne a kganelwa go tshameka dingwaga di le pedi ke Athletics Kenya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bongwe (21) ka ngwaga wa 2015, Court of Arbitration for Sport e ne ya itsise gore e amogetse dikopo tse pedi tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le thibelo. Mongwe wa bone, yo o tswang kwa Jeptoo, o ne a kopa gore tshwetso e e gwetlhiwang e phimolwe, le gore go emisiwa ga gagwe ka dingwaga tse pedi go tlosiwe. Ya bobedi e ne e tswa kwa International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), e e neng ya kopa gore thibelo ya ga Jeptoo e okediwe go nna dingwaga di le nne, ka ntlha ya "...maemo a a masisi a e reng a dira gore a se ka a tlhola a letlelelwa go tsenela motshameko oo".<ref>The Court in its statement announced that both appeals were currently in progress, with no decision date [https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/Kenya-marathon-star-Rita-Jeptoo-facing-increased-doping-ban/1100-2693758-qu2x07/index.html given]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane a le masome a mabedi le borataro (26) ka ngwaga wa 2016, Kgotlatshekelo ya Arbitration for Sport e ne ya amogela boikuelo go tswa go IAAF kgatlhanong le go letlelelwa go sa tsene mo metshamekong ka dingwaga di le pedi tse di neng di neetswe ke Athletics Kenya, mme mo boemong jwa moo ya tlhoma thibelo ya dingwaga di le nne, le go phimolwa ga dipholo tsotlhe morago ga kgwedi ya Moranang a le lesome le bosupa (17) ka ngwaga wa 2014, go akaretsa diphenyo tsa gagwe tsa ngwafa wa 2014 Boston le Chicago marathone, a bua ka "boitshwaro jwa gagwe jo bo tsietsang le jo bo kgoreletsang mo ditsamaisong tsotlhe" jaaka mabaka a a oketsang a a dirang gore kotlhao e nne e e kwa godimo.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Dunbar, Graham (26 October 2016). "Rita Jeptoo Stripped Of 2014 Boston Marathon Win". WBUR. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020.[https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224204/https://www.wbur.org/news/2016/10/26/rita-jeptoo-boston-marathon]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O nyetswe ke Noah Busienei, motabogi wa sekgala se se fa gare.<ref>"Profile – Rita Jeptoo". Boston Marathon Runner. Retrieved 10 August 2007.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012955/http://www.boston.com/marathon/runners/2007_runners/jeptoo.htm]</ref> == Metswedi == o5h4zt843lczs2repqdykf7g18go4za 0 12099 55416 51551 2026-09-23T13:30:15Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Mpumi Nyandeni|full_name=Nompumelelo Nyandeni|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|8|19}}|birth_place=[[South Africa]]|height=1.63 m|position=[[Midfielder]]|currentclub=[[JVW]]|clubnumber=18|clubs1=[[WFC Rossiyanka]]|clubs2=[[JVW FC]]|years2=-2022|goals2=55|clubs3=[[TS Galaxy Queens]]|years3=2023-2024|caps3=60|goals3=7|clubs4=[[JVW FC]]|years4=2024-|nationalteam1=[[South Africa women's national football team|South Africa]]|nationalyears1=2002–2025|nationalcaps1=150|nationalgoals1=39|club-update=11 August 2014|nationalteam-update=8 April 2025}} '''Nompumelelo "Mpumi" Nyandeni''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Phatwe a le lesome le boferabongwe 1987) ke [[motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao]] wa [[Aforika Borwa]] wa fa gare wa setlhopha sa [[JVW]] sa [[Liki ya Basadi ya SAFA]]. Nyandeni o emetse [[setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa basadi sa Aforika Borwa]] makgetho a le lekgolo le masome a matlhano, go akaretsa le kwa Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 2012 le 2016 ka bobedi. Ke motshameki wa boraro yo o tshamekileng thata mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba.<ref name=":2">Mthembu, Thuthukani. [https://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/banyana-banyanas-nyandeni-set-for-emotional-farewell-in-final-match-against-malawi-b81f7a21-f37a-4eec-bb3a-556354d8cff5 "Banyana Banyana's Nyandeni set for emotional farewell in final match against Malawi"]. ''www.iol.co.za''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka 2010, o ne a tsaya karolo mo letsholong la FIFA la go tokafatsa botsogo ka kgwele ya dinao ya itlosobodutu mmogo le batshameki ba tshwana [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], [[Lionel Messi]], le [[Didier Drogba]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111016212758/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/medical/media/news/newsid=1172509/index.html <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [[:en:FIFA|FIFA]]</ref> O ne a nna mokapotene wa JVW kwa dikgaisanong tsa bosetšhaba ka 2019.<ref name=":0">Ndumela, Mntungwa (8 December 2019). [https://sasolinsport.co.za/jvw-crowned-2019-sasol-league-national-champions/#:~:text=Gauteng%20based%20JVW%20Football%20Club,took%20place%20in%20Tsakane,%20Ekurhuleni. "JVW Crowned 2019 Sasol League National Champions"]. ''Sasol In Sport''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka 2022 o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa basadi wa ngwaga wa Mokgatlho wa Babegadikgang ba Kgwele ya Dinao wa Aforika Borwa (Safja).<ref name=":1">Mjikeliso, Compiled by Sibusiso. [https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/bafanabafana/100-cap-banyana-veteran-nyandeni-wins-football-writers-player-of-the-year-award-20230321 "100-cap Banyana veteran Nyandeni wins football writers' player of the year award"]. ''Sport''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == Mpumi Nyandeni o fitile ka tsamaiso ya bašha ya Detroit Ladies e e kwa [[Mpumalanga]]. Fa a ne a le motshameki wa basha, o ne a gaisana le batshameki ba bagolo go bona maemo mo setlhopheng se segolo. Morago ga moo o ne a fudugela kwa [[WFC Rossiyanka]] mo Kgaisanong ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Basadi ya Russia. Ka 2011, o ne a tlhophiwa ke FIFA jaaka mongwe wa letlhakore la batshameki ba le lesome le motso ba boditšhabatšhaba go rotloetsa dikgang tsa botsogo mo bašheng; ba bangwe mo lenaaneng leno ba ne ba akaretsa [[Lionel Messi]] le [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074541/http://sawomensoccer.com/mpumi-skito-nyandeni-road-to-international-stardom-and-life-and-russia "Mpumi "Skito" Nyandeni Road To International Stardom And Life And Russia"]. SA Women. 8 May 2012. Archived from [http://sawomensoccer.com/mpumi-skito-nyandeni-road-to-international-stardom-and-life-and-russia the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Fa a le kwa Rossiyanka, o ne a kopana le [[Refiloe Jane]] lekgetho la ntlha, yo o neng a tlhotlheleditswe ke Nyandeni mme moragonyana le ene a ne a tla nna motshameki wa boditšhabatšhaba wa Aforika Borwa.<ref>Mailwane, Tshepang (22 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510173522/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/2015/08/22/ball-girl-now-a-star-banyana-player "Ball girl now a star Banyana player"]. ''Sowetan Live''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> === JVW === Ka 2019 o ne a nna mokapotene wa JVW go bona sekgele sa bone sa ntlha fa ba ne ba fenya [[Dikgaisano tsa Bosetšhaba tsa Sasol League tsa 2019]]<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2021, o ne a le monosi wa dino yo o kwa godimo mmogo le Andisiwe Mgcoyi ka dino di le masome mabedi le bosupa a thusa JVW go nna mo maemong a ntlha a botlhano mo liking.<ref>Kganakga, Tlamelo (28 March 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240526115337/https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ "HBSL Honours Top 2021/22 Season Performers"]. ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O nositse dino di le masome mararo mo setlheng sa 2022 mme a gapa sekgele sa go nosa dino tse di kwa godimo mo setlheng sa bobedi ka go latelana.<ref>[https://www.safa.net/2022/12/04/sundowns-ladies-dominate-the-2022-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ "Sundowns Ladies dominate the 2022 Hollywoodbets Super League Awards - SAFA.net"]. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O ne a konela setlha seo ka go fenya sekgele sa 2022 sa Mokgatlho wa Babegadikgang ba Kgwele ya Dinao wa Aforika Borwa (Safja) wa motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Basadi wa ngwaga.<ref name=":1" /> === TS Galaxy Queens === Ka 2023, o ne a nna leloko la TS Galaxy Queens.<ref>Hare, Rudene (4 February 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250515094052/https://gsport.co.za/ts-galaxy-queens-squad-announced-for-hollywoodbets-super-league-season/ "TS Galaxy Queens Squad Announced for Hollywoodbets Super League Season"]. ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O nositse dino di le 7 mo setlhopheng mo setlheng sa 2023. === JVW === Ka Mopitlo 2024, o ne a boela kwa JVW. == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == O ne a tshameka lekgetlho la ntlha mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano ka 2002.<ref name=":2" /> Nyandeni o biditswe go tshameka mo [[setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa basadi sa Aforika Borwa]] ka nako ya metshameko ya go ipatela phatlha kwa Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 2012 kwa [[Lontone]], kwa United Kingdom. O ne a swabisitswe ke go tlosiwa mo setlhopheng, se a neng a se amanya le go fetofetoga ga sebopego sa gagwe, mme o ne a bidiwa gape mme moragonyana a tshamekela Aforika Borwa mo metshamekong e le meraro kwa Metshamekong ka boyone.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418065704/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ny/mpumi-nyandeni-1.html "Mpumi Nyandeni"]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference Sports Reference]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418065704/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ny/mpumi-nyandeni-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Fa e sa le ka nako eo o nnile mongwe wa batshameki ba ba nang le maitemogelo thata mo setlhopheng sa Aforika Borwa, e le mongwe wa batshameki ba le bane mmogo le [[Janine van Wyk]], [[Amanda Dlamini]] le [[Noko Matlou]] ba ba nang le iponagatso tse di fetang lekgolo mongwe le mongwe wa bone.<ref>Molobi, Timothy (2 August 2016). [http://city-press.news24.com/Sport/banyana-seek-redemption-at-rio-games-20160730 "Banyana seek redemption at Rio Games"]. ''News 24''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna mo setlhopheng sa Diolimpiki tsa Selemo tsa 2016 kwa [[Rio de Janeiro]], kwa Brazil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161127221405/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mpumi-nyandeni "Nyandeni, Mpumi"]. Rio 2016. Archived from [https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mpumi-nyandeni the original] on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ka Moranang 2025 o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng go tshameka iponagatso ya gagwe ya bo lekgolo le masome a matlhano.<ref>Morake, Matlhomola. [https://www.news24.com/citypress/sport/almost-forgotten-banyana-midfielder-mpumi-nyandeni-is-in-line-for-a-150th-cap-20231124 "Almost forgotten Banyana midfielder Mpumi Nyandeni is in line for a 150th cap"]. ''City Press''. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Nyandeni e ne e le mokapotene wa Banyana Banyana mo motshamekong wa gagwe wa bo lekgolo le masome a matlhano mo phenyong ya 2-1 kgatlhanong le Malawi ka Moranang a ferabobedi 2025 kwa Lebaaleng la Lucas Moripe.<ref>Ntloko, Mninawa (7 April 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250515091806/https://safa.net/2025/04/07/nyandeni-prepares-for-her-final-cap-as-banyana-wrap-up-series-against-malawi/ "Nyandeni prepares for her final cap as Banyana wrap up series against Malawi - SAFA.net"]. Retrieved 27 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Ke motshameki wa boraro yo o tshamekileng diponagatso tse dintsi morago ga [[Noko Matlou]] (diponagatso di le lekgolo le masome a supa le bone) le [[Janine van Wyk]] (diponagatso di le lekgolo le masome a ferabobedi le metso e metlhano).<ref name=":2" /> === Dino tsa boditšhabatšhaba === {| class="wikitable" !No. !Letsatsi !Lefelo !Moganetsi !Dino !Maduo !Kgaisano |- |1 |21 November 2018 |[[Cape Coast Sports Stadium]], [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]] | [[Equatorial Guinea]] |'''2'''–0 |7–1 |[[2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations]] |} == Ditlotla == * Sasol League National Championship: 2019 '''Ka bo ga gagwe''' * 2021 SAFA Women's League: Top Goal Scorer (dino tse masome mabedi le bosupa) * 2022 SAFA Women's League: Top Goal Scorer (dino tse masome mararo) * 2022 South African Football Journalists' Association (Safja): Women's footballer of the year == Metswedi == dwhqbciq3ijsgi9v3bp17grjtn4fktj 0 12544 55441 46916 2026-09-23T17:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Raymonde Goudou Coffie.jpg|thumb]] '''Raymonde Goudou Coffie''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1965) ke radipolotiki wa kwa [[Ivory Coast]]. Morago ga go katisiwa jaaka moitseanape wa tsa melemo, o tshwere ditshiamelo tse di farologaneng tsa bodihedi go akaretsa Tona ya Lelapa, Basadi le Bana, Tona ya Boitekanelo le Boitekanelo jwa Setšhaba le Tona ya Tsamaiso ya Tsamaiso le Tlhabololo ya Ditirelo tsa Setšhaba. Ka ngwaga wa 2021, o ne a nna Tona-Molaodi wa kgaolo ya di-Lac. == Tiro ya gagawe == Raymonde Coffie o belegwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 ke mmagwe wa kwa [[Ivory Coast]] le rraagwe wa kwa [[:en:Guadeloupean|Guadeloupe]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220513212756/https://apr-news.fr/en/actualites/cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-exceptional-pharmacist <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/485289/politique/femmes-politiques-ivoiriennes-dinfluence-raymonde-goudou-coffie-ministre-de-la-sante/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] O ne a tshwanelega jaaka rakhemisi morago ga go ithuta kwa [[:en:University_of_Caen|University of Caen]] kwa Fora, morago a nna rakhemisi yo mogolo kwa kokelong ya [[:en:Yamoussoukro|Yamoussoukro]] go tloga ka 1984 go fitlha ka 1986. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220513212756/https://apr-news.fr/en/actualites/cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-exceptional-pharmacist <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] O ne a tsenela PDCI ([[:en:Democratic_Party_of_Ivory_Coast_–_African_Democratic_Rally|Democratic Party of Ivory Coast -African Democratic Rally]]). Ka 2011, o ne a dirwa Tona ya Lelapa, Basadi le Bana mme ngwaga o o latelang o ne a nna Tona ya Boitekanelo le Boitekanelo jwa Setšhaba. O tshwere maemo a go fitlha ka 2018, a lebagane le matshosetsi a [[Bolwetse jwa mogare wa Ebola|ebola]] le go fedisa seboko sa Guinea le [[:en:Polio|polio]] mo nageng. Dipalo tsa go entiwa di ne tsa amiwa ke Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Selegae ya Ivory Coast. O ne a tsenela boto ya [[:en:Global_Alliance_for_Vaccines_and_Immunization|Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)]] mme ka 2018 o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tona ya Tsosoloso ya Tsamaiso le Tlhabololo ya Ditirelo tsa Setšhaba. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220513212756/https://apr-news.fr/en/actualites/cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-exceptional-pharmacist <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] O ne a itsise portal ya inthanete e e bidiwang Miliê ngwaga o o latelang. [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/485289/politique/femmes-politiques-ivoiriennes-dinfluence-raymonde-goudou-coffie-ministre-de-la-sante/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://www.lintelligentdabidjan.info/news/administration-publique-moderne-la-plus-innovante-en-cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-veut-la-1ere-place-en-2020-de-4-milliards-cfa-pour-la-reconstruction-de-la-case-des-enfants/ <nowiki>[ 5]</nowiki>] Coffie o ne a dirwa Tona ya Setso le Francophonie mme ka 2021 a nna Tona Molaodi wa Kgaolo ya des Lacs. [https://prixgalienafrique.com/en/profile/doctor-raymonde-goudou-coffie/ <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>][https://www.fratmat.info/article/215812/regions/district-autonome-des-lacs-la-ministre-gouverneure-raymonde-goudou-coffie-installee <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>] == Dieetsele == Coffie o amogetse ditlotla tse di jaaka Commander in the [[:en:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta|Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], Officer in the National Order of Côte d'Ivoire, Commander in the Order of Health le Commander in the Ivorian Order of Cultural Merit.[1] [[:en:Jeune_Afrique|Jeune Afrique]] e ne ya mmitsa mongwe wa basadi ba le masome a mabedi ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo Côte d'Ivoire ka 2017.[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/485289/politique/femmes-politiques-ivoiriennes-dinfluence-raymonde-goudou-coffie-ministre-de-la-sante/ <nowiki>[ 2]</nowiki>] == Metswedi == [https://apr-news.fr/en/actualites/cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-exceptional-pharmacist <nowiki>[1] "Côte d'Ivoire: Raymonde Goudou Coffie, an exceptional pharmacist"</nowiki>]. Regional Press Agency. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [2] Konan, André Silver (2 November 2017). [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/485289/politique/femmes-politiques-ivoiriennes-dinfluence-raymonde-goudou-coffie-ministre-de-la-sante/ "Femmes politiques ivoiriennes d'influence : Raymonde Goudou Coffie, ministre de la Santé – Jeune Afrique]". Jeune Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/10/committee-elimination-discrimination-against-women-considers-report-cote <nowiki>[3] "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers report of Côte d'Ivoire"</nowiki>]. OHCHR. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/peace-progress-and-public-health-cote-divoire-road-recovery <nowiki>[4] "Peace, Progress and Public Health: Côte d'Ivoire on the road to recovery</nowiki>]". GAVI. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [https://www.lintelligentdabidjan.info/news/administration-publique-moderne-la-plus-innovante-en-cote-divoire-raymonde-goudou-coffie-veut-la-1ere-place-en-2020-de-4-milliards-cfa-pour-la-reconstruction-de-la-case-des-enfants/ <nowiki>[5] "Administration publique moderne la plus innovante en Côte d'Ivoire</nowiki> : Raymonde Goudou Coffie veut la 1ère place en 2020 de 4 milliards CFA pour la reconstruction de la case des enfants"]. L'Intelligent d'Abidjan (in French). 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210612234741/https://prixgalienafrique.com/en/profile/doctor-raymonde-goudou-coffie/ <nowiki>[6] "Doctor Raymonde Goudou Coffie</nowiki>]". Prix Galien Africa. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2022. [7] Kouadio, Théodore (30 October 2021)[https://www.fratmat.info/article/215812/regions/district-autonome-des-lacs-la-ministre-gouverneure-raymonde-goudou-coffie-installee . "District autonome des Lacs: La Ministre Gouverneure Raymonde Goudou Coffie installée | FratMat"]. Fratmat. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2022 pi1zua4zg8r3ehd088j8tfuxxyatm1n 2 12706 55470 47634 2026-09-23T19:55:29Z Tulips.01 12481 ke siamisitse mafoko a mangwe mme ka tsenya le matshwao a puiso mo a nepagetseng 55470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katlego e ka ya goreng ka ngwaga wa 2026.''' [[Setshwantsho:USDA Cindy Axne at Iowa Center for Economic Success in Des Moines, Iowa (20241017-USDA-RD-IA-CRL-0029).jpg|thumb|Katlego ga e sale jaaka bogologolo,Diphetho ke tse dintsi mongwageng wa 2026]] '''Bogologolo''' katlego e ne e kadiwa ka ditiro tse dibonagalang :tiro e e duelang madi a le mantsi ,ntlo e kgolo, sejanaga sa mabonwa kgotsa maemo mo sechabeng .Gompieno tlhaloso ya katlego e fetogile, mo lefatsheng le e leng gore le dirisa tekenoloji, diphetogo tsa ikonomi .<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2023 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/digest/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260221212618/https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/digest/ |archive-date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Mo nakong tsa peleng tswelopele ene e le gore jaaka wena o le motho o tshwanetse go tsena sekolo, o fitlhele makwalo a gago a thuto, o kgone go fitlhela tiro e e maleba, Fela seo se fetogile mongwageng wa 2026. Go gola ga tiro ya kgakala (remote work), boithaopo mo tirong (freelancing), kgwebo ya motho ka nosi le botlhale jwa maitirelo (AI) go fetotse mokgwa wa ditiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2023 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/digest/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260221212618/https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/digest/ |archive-date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Basha ba le bantsi jaanong ba itirela ditšhono go na le go di emela go bangwe, katlego e raya go aga kgwebo ba bangwe, e raya go nna le mekgwa e mentsi ya letseno. Mo go ba le bantsi, e raya fela go nna le botsitso jwa madi mo ikonoming e e sa tlhomamang. Katlego ga e sa le go latela tsela e e beilweng, mme ke go ikgopolela tsela ya gago == Kemedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Katlego]] jiemsyakaxjjfcp9bta1ovawijrj6ru 0 13004 55451 48973 2026-09-23T18:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Radipolotiki wa Motswana}}{{Infobox officeholder|name=Setlhabelo Naser Modukanele|image=|image_size=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Botswana]]|office=Motlatsa Tona wa Puso ya Selegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae a Selegae wa Botswana|term_start=13 Tlhakole 2022|term_end=|president=[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]|predecessor=|successor=|office2=|term_start2=|term_end2=|prime_minister2=|predecessor2=|successor2=|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]}} '''Setlhabelo Naser Modukanele''' ke radipolotiki le morutabana wa Motswana. Ke Motlatsa Tona wa Puso ya Selegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae a Selegae kwa [[Botswana]],<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Botswana Cabinet List – Embassy of the Republic of Botswana |url=https://botswana-brussels.com/botswana-cabinet-list-april-2021/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221042325/https://botswana-brussels.com/botswana-cabinet-list-april-2021/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> a tlhomiwa mo maemong ao ka 2019 ke tautona wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Nako ya gagwe e simolotse ka 13 Tlhakole 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Government Ministries |url=https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.govpage.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦ |url=http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.botswana.se}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef|before=}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Motlatsa Tona wa Puso ya Selegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae a Selegae wa Botswana]]|years=}} {{S-aft|after=}} {{S-end}}{{authority control}} [[Category:Batho ba ba sa ntseng ba tshela]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Puso ya Botswana]] {{Mapolotiki a Botswana} boxnzncvn9ahhsliyvv984u0pz4t6u4 0 13282 55529 54114 2026-09-24T10:31:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]<ref name=Goldman2020/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex<ref name=Ferri2022/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid<ref name=CDC2015Fact/><ref name=Kent08/>|differential=Many other diseases<ref name=CDC2015Fact/>|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]<ref name=CDC2015Fact/>|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=CDC2015Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/><!-- incidence table -->|deaths=107,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Death/>|named after=}}Rasephiphi ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang ka tlhakanelodikobo jo bo bakwang ke mogare yo bitswang ''[./Treponema_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= pallidum]''.<ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}</ref> Go kgonagala gore dikai di itshupe.<ref name="WHO21May2024">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}</ref> Lefa go ntse jalo, di farologana go ya ka gore ke kgato efe mo go tse nne e e leng teng (ya ntlha, ya bobedi, jo bo iphitlhileng, le ya boraro).<ref name="Ferri2022" /> Kgato ya ntlha gantsi e itshupa ka sesonyana, se le sengwe (bolwetse jo bo thata, jo bo sa utlwaleng, jo bo se nang ditlhabi jwa letlalo gantsi bo fa gare ga 1 cm le 2 cm ka bophara) le fa go ka nna le dintho di le dintsi.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Mo thosola ya bobedi, go nna le go ruruga go go sa bonaleng sentle, mo gantsi go akaretsang diatla le direthe tsa maoto.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Gape go ka nna ga nna le dintho mo molomong kgotsa mo bosading<ref name="CDC2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo thosola e e sa bonaleng, e e ka tsayang dingwaga, go na le dikai di le mmalwa kgotsa ga go na dikai<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Mo thosola ya boraro go na le borurugo (go gola go go bonolo, go go seng kankere), mathata a boboko, kgotsa dikai tsa bolwetse jwa pelo.<ref name="Kent08">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}</ref> Rasephiphi e itsege jaaka "mo etsa yo mogolo" ka gonne e ka baka dikai tse di tshwanang le tsa malwetsi a mangwe a mantsi.<ref name="Ferri2022">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Rasephiphi e anamisiwa thata ka tlhakanelodikobo.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Gape e ka fetisetswa go tswa go mmè go ya kwa ngwaneng ka nako ya boimana kgotsa fa ngwana a tsholwa, e e felelang ka thosola ya tsalo.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Wood09">{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}</ref> Malwetsi a mangwe a a bakwang ke mogare wa ''Treponema'' a akaretsa di-yaws (subspecies pertenue), Pinta (subspecie ''carateum''), le nonvenereal endemic syphilis (subspeèce endemicum).<ref name="Kent08" /> Malwetsi a mararo ano ga a tshelanwe ka tlhakanelodikobo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go tlhatlhoba gantsi go dirwa ka go dirisa Ditlhatlhobo tsa madi; megare e ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa maranyane a maekorosekopo a a lefifi.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) e rotloetsa basadi botlhe ba ba itshofetseng gore ba tlhatlhobiwe.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Bodiphatsa jwa go fetisa thosola ka tlhakanelodikobo bo ka fokodiwa ka go dirisa sekausu.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Bolwetsi jwa Rasephiphi bo ka alafiwa sentle ka Dibolayamegare.<ref name="CDC2015Tx">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sebolayamegare se se dirisiwang thata nako e ntsi ke benzathine benzylpenicillin e e tsenngwang ka lemao mo mmeleng.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Mo go ba ba nang le go ganana thata le penicillin, go ka dirisiwa doxycycline kgotsa tetracycline.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Mo go ba ba nang le Neurosymphilis, go akantshiwa benzylpenicillin kgotsa Ceftriaxone e a rotloediwa.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ka nako ya kalafi batho ba ka nna ba nna le mhikela, go opiwa ke tlhogo, le ditlhabi tsa mmele, e leng mokgwa o o itsegeng jaaka Jarisch-Herxheimer.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2022 go ne go na le batho ba le dimilione di roba bobedi ba ba tshwerweng ke bolwetsi jwa thosola mo bagolong ba dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya go tse masome a mane le boroba bongwe lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="WHO21May2024" /> Mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng go nnile le koketsego e kgolo mo lefatsheng lotlhe ya batho ba ba tshwerweng ke bolwetse jo.<ref name="Ghanem2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 45,4 ba ne ba tsenwa ke bolwetsi jwa thosola,<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> mme ba le dimilione di le thataro ba ne ba na le bolwetse jo.<ref name="New2015">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> &nbsp;Ka ngwaga wa 2015, e bakile dintsho di ka nna 107,000, go tswa go 202,000 ka 1990.<ref name="GBD2015Death">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}</ref> Morago ga go fokotsega thata ka go nna teng ga mokento wa penicillin ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940, dipalo tsa go amiwa ke bolwetsi di oketsegile go tloga ka tshimologo ya mileniamo mo mafatsheng a mantsi, gantsi di kopane le megare ya human immunodeficiency (HIV).<ref name="Kent08" /><ref name="Music08">{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2008-12_27_12/page/1151|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}</ref> Seno go dumelwa gore ke ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga tlhakanelodikobo, boaka, go fokotsega ga tiriso ya sekausu, le mekgwa e e sa babalesegeng ya tlhakanelodikobo gareng ga banna ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo le banna.<ref name="Coffin2010">{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}</ref><ref name="Gao2009">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|url=https://archive.org/details/sexually-transmitted-infections_2009-09_85_5/page/354|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}</ref><ref name="Karp2009">{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mmt850uthr650vsok4pb1bf4ojlu2nj 0 13283 55535 54129 2026-09-24T10:39:08Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=>70 and 15–30 years old<ref name=WHO2014Pre/>|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008/>|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}</ref><ref name=Autism2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions<ref name=WHO2016/>|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year<ref name=Var2012/>|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)<ref name=WHO2019Epi>{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NEJM2020/>|named after=}} '''Go ipolaya''' ke tiragolo ya go ipolaya ka boomo.<ref name="Sted2006">{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}</ref> Malwetsi kgotsa makoa a tlhaloganyo —a a akaretsang go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, bolwetse jwa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, autism, schizophrenia, mathata a botho, mathata a go tlhobaela le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang—go akaretsa le go tshwakgolwa ke bojalwa le go dirisa dipilisi tsa benzodiazepine —ke dilo tse di ka nnang kotsi.<ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hawton2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}</ref><ref name="Dod2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Autism2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}</ref> Dipolao dingwe ke ditiro tse di dirwang ka go sa akanyetse ka ntlha ya go ngomoga pelo, tse di jaaka go tswa mo mathateng a madi, mathata a botsalano a a tshwanang le go kgaogana, kgotsa go kgerisiwa.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ba ba kileng ba leka go ipolaya ba mo kotsing e kgolo ya go leka go ipolaya mo nakong e e tlang.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Maiteko a a atlegang a go thibela go ipolaya a akaretsa go fokotsa go fitlhelela mekgwa ya go ipolaya—e e jaaka ditlhobolo, diritibatsi le botlhole; go alafa malwetsi a tlhaloganyo le go dirisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e sa siamang; go bega ka kelotlhoko ga metswedi ya dikgang ka go ipolaya; le go tokafatsa maemo a itsholelo.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Le fa megala ya mathata e tlwaelegile, ga e ise e ithutiwe sentle.<ref name="Sak2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}</ref><ref name="Zal2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}</ref> Mokgwa o o dirisiwang thata wa go ipolaya o farologana go ya ka mafatshe, mme bontlha bongwe jwa one bo amana le go nna teng ga ditsela tse di nang le matswela.<ref name="Yip2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}</ref> Mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go ipolaya e akaretsa go kalediwa, go tshelwa botlhole jwa dibolaya-ditshenekegi, le go dirisa ditlhobolo.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Aj2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2008-09_86_9/page/726|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}</ref> Go ipolaya go ne ga baka dintsho di le 828 000 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 2015, e leng koketsego go tswa go dintsho di le 712 000 ka ngwaga wa1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Seno se dira gore go ipolaya e nne selo sa bo lesome se se bakang dintsho tse dintsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name="Hawton2009" /><ref name="Var2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}</ref> Selekanyo se se ka nnang 1.5% ya batho ba swa ka go ipolaya.<ref name="NEJM2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}</ref> Mo ngwageng o o rileng seno se ka nna lesome le Blanc bobedi mo bathong ba le 100 000.<ref name="Var2012" /> Dielo tsa go ipolaya ka kakaretso di kwa godimo mo banneng go na le mo basading, go simolola ka makgetlo a le 1.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang go ya go makgetlong a le 3.5 mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2014Pre" /> Go ipolaya ka kakaretso go tlwaelegile thata mo bathong ba ba fetang dingwaga di le masome a supa le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng mangwe, batho ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mararo ke bone ba ba mo kotsing e tona <ref name="WHO2014Pre">{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Yuropa e ne e na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo thata tsa go ipolaya go ya ka dikgaolo ka ngwaga wa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go fopholediwa gore go na le di le 10 go ya go di le 20&nbsp;dimilione di le dimilione tse di sa bolayeng tsa maiteko a go ipolaya ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}</ref> Maiteko a go ipolaya a a sa bolayeng a ka baka dikgobalo le bogole jwa nako e telele.<ref name="EB2011" /> Mo lefatsheng la Bophirima, maiteko a tlwaelegile thata mo bašweng le mo basading.<ref name="EB2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}</ref> Megopolo ka go ipolaya e ile ya tlhotlhelediwa ke ditlhogo tse di anameng tsa botshelo tse di jaaka bodumedi, tlotlo le bokao jwa botshelo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame ka tlwaelo di tsaya go ipolaya e le tlolomolao mo Modimong, ka ntlha ya tumelo mo boitshepong jwa botshelo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka nako ya bosamurai kwa Japane, mofuta mongwe wa go ipolaya o o bidiwang seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) o ne o tlotliwa e le tsela ya go duelela go palelwa kgotsa e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|url-status=live}}</ref> Sati, e leng tlwaelo e e neng e thibetswe ke British Raj, e ne e lebeletse gore motlholagadi wa Moindia a ipolaye mo molelong wa phitlho ya monna wa gagwe, e ka tswa e le ka go rata kgotsa ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya balelapa la gagwe le setšhaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}</ref> Go ipolaya le go leka go ipolaya, le mororo pele go ne go se kafa molaong, ga go tlhole go ntse jalo mo mafatsheng ka bontsi tsa Bophirima.<ref name="White2010">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|url-status=live}}</ref> E santse e le tlolomolao mo mafatsheng mangwe.<ref name="Islam2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}</ref> Mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa mo makgetlong a a sa tlwaelegang e le tsela ya go ipelaetsa, mme go thunya ka dibomo ka kamikaze le go ipolaya go ile ga dirisiwa e le leano la sesole kana la borukhutlhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0igqnveag8bfekfgvy1rnwg4uj9b8z7 0 13287 55524 54180 2026-09-24T10:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Tuberculosis|synonym=Koch's disease,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuberculosis (Concept Id: C0041296) - MedGen - NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/22513#:~:text=clinical%20entity,without%20genetic%20inheritance. |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=3 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116163006/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/22513#:~:text=clinical%20entity,without%20genetic%20inheritance. |url-status=live }}</ref> phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption|image=Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[Chronic cough]], [[fever]], [[hemoptysis|cough with bloody mucus]], weight loss<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|risks=Smoking, [[HIV/AIDS]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|diagnosis=[[Chest X-ray|CXR]], [[microbial culture|culture]], [[tuberculin skin test]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter T|edition=2nd}}</ref>|prevention=Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, [[vaccination]] with [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref name=Haw2014/><ref name=TBCon2008/><ref name=Harr2013/>|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=25% of people (latent TB)<ref name=WHO2018Fact/>|deaths=1.5&nbsp;million (2018)<ref name=Report2019>{{cite web |title=Global Tuberculosis Report |url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1 |website=WHO |publisher=WHO |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217003608/https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Exec_Sum_12Nov2019.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>|named after=}} '''Bolwetse jwa mafatlha''' ( '''TB''' ) ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo gantsi bo bakiwang ke mogare wa''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' ( MTB ).<ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730165218/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa mafatlha ka kakaretso bo ama mafatlha, mme bo ka ama gape le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa mmele.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Bontsi jwa Meg are ga e ga e bontshe dikai dipe,mme mo lebakeng leo e itsege jaaka bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo fitlhegileng.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Palo e ka tshwarang 10% ya megare tse di fitlhegileng di tswelela go nna bolwetse jo bo matlhagatlhaga jo, fa bo tlogelwa bo sa alafiwe, bo bolayang mo e ka nnang Sephatlo sa ba ba amegang.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Dikai tsa tlwaelo tsa TB tse di matlhagatlhaga ke go gotlhola mo go sa foleng mo go nang le mamina a a nang le madi, letshoroma, go fufula bosigo, le go fokotsega ga boima jwa mmele.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> E ne e bidiwa " '''tiriso''' " mo dusting ka ntlha ya go fokotsa boima jwa mmele.<ref name="Cha1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tshwaetso ya dirwe tse dingwe e ka baka dikai tse di farologaneng.<ref name="ID10">{{Cite book|first=N Franklin|last=Adkinson|first2=John E|last2=Bennett|first3=Robert Gordon|last3=Douglas|first4=Gerald L|last4=Mandell|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa mafatlha bo anamisiwa go tswa mo mothong yo mongwe go ya kwa go yo mongwe ka mowa fa batho ba ba nang le TB e e matlhagatlhaga mo mafatlheng a bona ba gotlhola, ba kgwa mathe, ba bua, kgotsa ba ethimola.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /><ref name="CDC2012B">{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=11 February 2016|date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Batho ba ba nang le TB e e fitlhegileng ga ba anamise bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Megare e e matlhagatlhaga e tlhagelela gantsi mo bathong ba ba nang le HIV/AIDS le mo go ba ba gogang.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Temogo ya TB e e matlhagatlhaga e ikaegile ka maranta be a X-ray ya mafatlha, mmogo le tlhatlhobo ya maekerosekopo le setso sa diedi tsa mmele.<ref name="AP" /> Go tlhatlhoba TB e e fitlhegileng go ikaegile ka teko ya letlalo ya tuberculin (TST) kgotsa diteko tsa madi.<ref name="AP">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thibelo ya TB e akaretsa go tlhatlhoba ba ba mo kotsing e kgolo, go lemoga le go alafa dikgetse go sa le gale, le go enta ka moento wa bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).<ref name="Haw2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|display-authors=6|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2014-12_78_4/page/650|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref><ref name="TBCon2008">{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|df=dmy-all|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232631/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Harr2013">{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr/page/682 682]|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682}}</ref> Ba ba mo kotsing e kgolo ba akaretsa batho ba ba nang le TB e e matlhagatlhaga mo malapeng, kwa tirong, le mo setšhabeng.<ref name="TBCon2008" /> Kalafi e tlhoka tiriso ya dibolayamegare tse dintsi mo pakeng e telele.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Go gana dibolayamegare ke bothata jo bo golang ka dikelo tse di oketsegang tsa bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo sa alafegeng ka diokobatsi tse dintsi (MDR-TB) le bolwetse jwa mafatlha jo bo sa alafegeng thata ka melemo (XDR-TB).<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2018 go akanngwa gore kotara e le nngwe ya baagi ba lefatshe ba na le tshwaetsego e e fitlhegileng ya TB.<ref name="WHO2018Fact">{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=15 September 2018|date=16 February 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171550/http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|url-status=live}}</ref> Megare e mesha e diragala mo go bokana ka 1% ya baagi ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name="WHO2002">{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|year=2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617193438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html|archive-date=17 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2018, go ne go na le dikgetse di feta dimilione di le 10 tsa TB e e dirang e e neng ya felela ka 1.5.&nbsp;dintsho di le dimilione di le le some. Se se dira gore e nne selo sa ntlha se se bakang dintsho ka ntlha ya bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang.<ref name="WHO2017Report">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|title=Global tuberculosis report|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030205301/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga we 2018, bontsi jwa dikgetse tsa TB di diragetse kwa dikgaolong tsa Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Asia (44%), Aforika (24%) le Pacific Bophirima (18%), mme go feta 50% ya dikgetse di ne tsa lemogiwa mo mafatsheng a robabobedi: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), Philippines (6%), Pakistan (4%).<ref name="WHO2017Report" /> Palo ya dikgetsi tse diša ngwaga le ngwaga e fokotsegile fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Palo e e ka tshwarang 80% ya batho kwa mafatsheng ale mantis a Asia le Aforika ba tlhatlhobiwa ba na le mogare fa 5–10% ya batho ba baagi ba United States ba tlhatlhobiwa ka tlhatlhobo ya tuberculin.<ref name="Robbins">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|last2=Robbins|first2=Stanley L.|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa mafatlha bo ntse bo le teng mo bathong go tloga bogologolo tala.<ref name="Lancet11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lawn SD, Zumla AI|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|date=July 2011|pmid=21420161|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a18da0d39f1a2c68d3eee0529e35f7d2bd715803|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827165456/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tuberculosis-Lawn-Zumla/e5221448d0c46a5e455b3c835ea6f8348fd084dd|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1ssifnrrihh14iusugcb8ezobefkzpd 0 13289 55525 54184 2026-09-24T10:24:46Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]<ref name=CDC2014Q>{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection<ref name=Tint2011>{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}</ref><ref name="Deutschman2014">{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q />|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),<ref name=Tint2011 /> [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q /><ref name= "SSC–G2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016" /><ref name=Jawad2012/>|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)<ref name=Jawad2012/><ref name=Martin2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Sepsis''' ke boemo jo bo ka tsenyang botshelo mo kotsing jo bo nnang teng fa tsela e mmele o tsibogelang megare ka yone e baka kgobalo mo ditshikig le mo dirweng tsa one.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref> Kgato e ya tshimologo e latelwa ke kgatelelo ya masole a mmele.<ref name="pmid31611560">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death & Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}</ref> Dikai tse di tlwaelesegileng di akaretsa letshoroma, go itaya ga pelo, go hema ka bonako, le go tlhakana tlhogo.<ref name="CDC2014Q">{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref> Gape go ka nna le dikai tse di amanang le megare e e rileng, jaaka go gotlhola ka [[nyumonia]], kgotsa go rota mo go botlhoko ka tshwaetsego ya diphilo.<ref name="Tint2011">{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor-last=Tintinalli|editor-first=Judith E.}}</ref> Banana, ba ba godileng, le batho ba ba nang le masole a mmele a a bokoa ba ka nna ba se ka ba nna le dikai dipe tsa tshwaetsego e e rileng, mme mogote wa ya mmele o ka nna kwa tlase kgotsa e o go na le go nna le letshoroma . Sepsis e e masisi ke sepsis e e bakang go sa dire sentle ga dirwe kgotsa go elela ga madi.<ref name="SSCG2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}</ref> Go nna teng ga kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi, lactate e e kwa godimo mo mading, kgotsa go tswa ga motlhapo go go kwa tlase go ka kaya kelelo e e bokoa ya madi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Septic shock ke kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi ka ntlha ya sepsis e e sa tokafaleng morago ga go emisetsa seeledi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Sepsis ke tsibogo ya masole a mmele ya go ruruga e e tlhotlhelediwang ke tshwaetsego.<ref name="Tint2011" /><ref name="Deutschman2014" /> Dikai tsa dibakateria ke tsone tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di bakang seno, mme ditshwaetso tsa fungal, megare le diporotozoa le tsone di ka baka sepsis. Mafelo a a tlwaelegileng a tshwaetsego ya ntlha a akaretsa mafatlha, boboko, mosele wa motlhapo, letlalo, le dirwe tsa mpa . BBatho ba ba mo diphatsa ba akaretsa banana,bagodi, masole a mmele a a bokoa ka mabaka a kankere kgotsa bolwetse jwa sukiri, kgobalo e kgolo, kgotsa go fisiwa.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /> Pele, tlhatlhobo ya sepsis e ne e tlhoka go nna teng ga bonnye dikelo tse pedi tsa karabelo ya go ruruga ga thulaganyo (SIRS) mo seemong sa tshwaetsego e e akanngwang. Ka ngwaga wa 2016, maduo a a khutshwafaditsweng a tlhatlhobo ya go palelwa ga dirwe tsa mmele ka tatelano (maduo a SOFA), a a itsiweng jaaka maduo a SOFA a a bonako (qSOFA), a ne a tsaya sebaka sa thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba ya SIRS.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016" /> Ditekanyetso tsa qSOFA tsa sepsis di akaretsa bonnye di le pedi tsa tse tharo tse di latelang: go hema go go oketsegileng, go fetoga ga selekanyo sa go itharabologelwa, le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi. Dikaelo tsa sepsis di akantsha gore go bonwe ditso tsa madi pele o simolola dibolayamegare; le fa go ntse jalo, go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jono ga go tlhoke gore madi a tshwaetsege . Ditshwantsho tsa kalafi di a thusa fa go batliwa lefelo le go ka diregang gore tshwaetsego e nne mo go lone.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Dilo tse dingwe tse di ka nnang tsa baka matshwao a a tshwanang le ano di akaretsa anaphylaxis, go sa lekana ga diphilo, selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa madi, go sa dire sentle ga pelo, le go tsenwa ke madi mo makgwafong . Sepsis gantsi e tlhoka kalafi ya ka bonako ka dibolayamegare le diedi tse di tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /><ref name="SSC–G2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Tlhokomelo e e tswelelang gantsi e tswelela mo yuniting ya tlhokomelo e e tseneletseng . Fa teko e e lekaneng ya go emisetsa dieledi e sa lekana go boloka kgatelelo ya madi, go tla bo go tlhokega gore go dirisiwe melemo e e tlhatlosang kgatelelo ya madi . Go ka tlhokega go tsenya mowa ka metšhini le go tlhatswa madi go tshegetsa tiro ya mafatlha le diphilo, ka go latelana. Go ka nna ga tsenngwa tšhupu ya ditshika tse di fa gare le tšhupu ya ditshika gore di kgone go tsena mo mading le go kaela kalafi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ditekanyo tse dingwe tse di thusang di akaretsa ntsho ya pelo le go tlala ga okosejene ya vena cava e e kwa godimo.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Batho ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sepsis ba tlhoka dikgato tsa thibelo ya thrombosis e e tseneletseng ya ditshika, diso tsa kgatelelo, le diso tsa kgatelelo ntle le fa maemo a mangwe a thibela ditsereganyo tse di jalo.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Batho bangwe ba ka solegelwa molemo ke taolo e e gagametseng ya selekanyo sa sukiri mo mading ka insulin.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Tiriso ya di-corticosteroid e a ganetsana, ka ditshekatsheko dingwe di bona mosola,<ref name="Ann2019">{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}</ref><ref name="Fang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}</ref> mme tse dingwe ga di bone.<ref name="Long2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}</ref> Bokete jwa bolwetse bo laola phelelo ka bontlhabongwe.<ref name="Jawad2012" /> Kotsi ya loso ka ntlha ya sepsis e kwa godimo go fitlha go 30%, fa mo sepsis e e masisi e le kwa godimo go fitlha go 50%, le septic shock 80%.<ref name="Jawad2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}</ref> Sepsis e amile batho ba ka nna dimilione di le masome a mane le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le bosupa , mme go ne ga swa batho ba le dimilione di le lesome le motso (motho a le mongwe mo go ba le batlhano lefatshe ka bophara).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}</ref> Mo mafatsheg a a tlhabologileng, dipalo tse di katshwarang 0,2 go ya go ba le 3 mo go ba le 1000 ba amiwa ke bolwetse jwa sepsis ngwaga le ngwaga, mme seno se felela ka gore go nne le dikgetsi di ka nna milione ka ngwaga kwa United States.<ref name="Jawad2012" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref> Dipalopalo tsa malwetse di ntse di oketsega.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Sepsis e tlwaelegile thata mo banneng go feta mo basading.<ref name="Tint2011" /> Ditlhaloso tsa sepsis di simolotse ka nako ya ga Hippocrates.<ref name="NEJM2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-08-29_369_9/page/840|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}</ref> Maina la "septicemia" le "botlhole jwa madi" a ntse a dirisiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mme ga a tlhole a rotloediwa.<ref name="NEJM2013" /><ref name="1992consensus">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f7sb7i6oqzisw01y8sad0uty4u92tmi 0 13299 55537 50162 2026-09-24T10:43:08Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|complications=[[Persistent vegetative state]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=PhD|first1=Gary Martin|title=Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-5792-8|page=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132127/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|archive-date=2017-08-03|df=}}</ref>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Go Swa Mohama ke''' bolwetse jo mo go jone kelelo e e bokowa ya madi mo bobokong e bakang go swa ga disele.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Go na le mefuta e mebedi ya Go swa Mohama : ischemic, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka kelelo ya madi, le hemorrhagic, ka ntlha ya go dutla madi.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ka bobedi jwa tsone di dira gore dikarolo tsa boboko di se ka tsa tlhola di dira sentle.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Dikai tsa go swa Mohama di akaretsa go sa kgone go tshikhinyega kgotsa go utlwa mo letlhakoreng le lengwe la mmele, mathata a go tlhaloganya kgotsa go bua, go tsewa ke sedidi, kgotsa go latlhegelwa ke pono mo letlhakoreng le lengwe.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Gantsi dikai tsa bolwetse di bonala ka bonako fela fa seemo sa go swa Mohama se se sena go diragala.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Fa dikai tsa bolwetse di tsaya lobaka lo lo kwa tlase ga ura e le nngwe kgotsa di le pedi, Go swa Mohama ke tlhaselo ya nakwana ya ischemic (TIA), e gape e bidiwang seterouku se sennye.<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Seterouku se se tswang madi gape se ka amana le go opiwa ke tlhogo thata.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Dikai tsa go swa Mohama e ka nna tsa sennelaruri.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Mathata a paka e telele a ka akaretsa [[nyumonia]] le go latlhegelwa ke taolo ya senya.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Bodiphatsa jo botona jwa Bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama ke kgatelelo e tona ya madi.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Mabaka a mangwe a a kotsi a akaretsa go goga motsoko, mmele o motona, kholeseterole e e kwa godimo mo mading, bolwetse jwa sukiri, TIA e e fetileng, bolwetse jwa diphilo jo bo mo kgatong ya bofelo, le go roroma ga pelo.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Go swa Mohama mo go itsiweng ka leina sa ischemic gantsi go bakwa ke go thibana ga tshika ya madi, le fa gape go na le mabaka a a sa tlwaelegang.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref> Go swa Mohama mo go akang go dutla madi go bakwa ke go dutla madi ka tlhamalalo mo bobokong kgotsa mo sebakeng se se fa gare ga dimembrane tsa boboko.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Go dutla madi go ka diragala ka ntlha ya go thubega ga tshika ya boboko.<ref name="HLB2014T" /> Temogo gantsi e ikaegile ka tlhatlhobo ya mmele mme e tshegediwa ke ditshwantsho tsa kalafi jaaka CT scan kgotsa MRI scan.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> CT scan e ka kgaphela thoko go dutla ga madi, mme e ka nna ya se ka ya kgaphela thoko ischemia, gantsi e sa bonaleng mo CT scan.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-07-01_80_1/page/n40|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref> Ditlhatlhobo tse dingwe jaaka electrocardiogram (ECG) le diteko tsa madi di dirwa go bona gore ke dilo dife tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono le go kgaphela kwa thoko dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading e ka nna ya baka dikai tse di tshwanang.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Thibelo e akaretsa go fokotsa mabaka a a kotsi, loaro la go bula ditshika tsa boboko mo bathong ba ba nang le bothata jwa go ngotlega ga ditshika tsa karote, le warfarin kgotsa diritiatsi tse dingwe tse di thibelang madi go ema mo bathong ba ba nang le go roroma ga ditshika tsa pelo.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go ka nna grotloediwa go dirisa aspirin kgotsa di-statin go thibela bolwetse jono.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go Swa Mohama kgotsa TIA gantsi e tlhoka tlhokomelo ya tshoganyetso.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Go swa mohama ga ischemic, fa go lemogiwa mo diureng di le tharo go ya go di le nne le sephatlo, se ka alafiwa ka melemo e e ka thubang letlhotlhora.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go swa Mehama ga go ke dutla madi go solegelwa molemo ke loaro.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Kalafi ya go leka go boela mo tirong e e latlhegileng e bidiwa tsosoloso ya Go swa Mohama, mme e diragala mo yuniting ya seterouku ; le fa go ntse jalo, tseno ga di yo mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013)batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 6.9 ba ne ba nna le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama jwa ischemic mme batho ba le dimilione di le 3.4 ba ne ba nna le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama jwa go tswa madi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le botlhano (2015) go ne go na le di ka nna 42.400.&nbsp;batho ba le dimilione ba ba kileng ba bo ba na le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama mme ba sa ntse ba tshela.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome(2010) palo ya bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama tse di diragalang ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya fokotsega ka selekanyo sa 10% mo mafathseng a tlhabologileng mme ya oketsega ka 10% mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="Fei2013" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), bolweste jwa Go swa Mohama e ne e le selo sa bobedi se se bakang dintsho kgapetsakgapetsa morago ga bolwetse jwa ditshika tsa pelo, mme se ne sa baka dintsho di le 6.3 .&nbsp;dintsho di le dimilione di le dimilione (11% ya palogotlhe).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 3.0 di bakilwe ke bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama jwa ischemic fa dintsho di le dimilione di le 3.3 di bakilwe ke seterouku sa hemorrhagic.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Selekanyo sa Sephatlo sa batho ba ba kileng ba tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama ba tshela lobaka lo lo kwa tlase ga ngwaga. Ka kakaretso, Bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama di diragetse mo bathong ba ba fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro le botlhano 65.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c8ytwa1hlqfzh3sovcevz2v8vuqrw8o 0 13300 55538 54174 2026-09-24T10:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Diabetes mellitus|synonym=|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre|caption=Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|_|ə|'|b|i|_|t|i|z|,_|-|t|I|s}}</br>{{IPAc-en|'|m|ɛ|l|_|I|_|t|ə|s|,_|m|ə|'|l|aI|-}}|specialty=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[polyuria|Frequent urination]], [[polydipsia|increased thirst]], [[polyphagia|increased hunger]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|complications=[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[chronic renal failure|chronic kidney failure]], [[diabetic foot ulcer|foot ulcers]], [[cognitive impairment]], [[diabetic gastroparesis|gastroparesis]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Kit2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnasamy S, Abell TL | title = Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management | journal = Diabetes Therapy | volume = 9 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 1–42 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29934758 | pmc = 6028327 | doi = 10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 }}</ref><ref name=Sa2016/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks='''Type 1''': [[Genealogy|Family history]]<ref name=Change2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL | title = Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2014-07_37_7/page/2034 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 2034–54 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24935775 | pmc = 5865481 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-1140 }}</ref><br>'''Type 2''': [[Obesity]], lack of exercise, [[Heredity|genetics]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=NIH2014Cause>{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref>|diagnosis=High [[blood sugar]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Healthy diet]], [[physical exercise]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|medication=[[Insulin]], [[anti-diabetic medication]] like [[metformin]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |first=Erika F. |last=Brutsaert |date=February 2017 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214514/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |url-status=live }}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=463 million (8.8%)<ref name=IDF2019/>|deaths=4.2 million (2019)<ref name=IDF2019/>|named after=}} '''Bolwetse jwa sukiri''' ( '''DM''' ), jo gantsi bo bidiwang '''bolwetse jwa sukiri''', ke setlhopha sa mathata a metaboliki a a tlhaolwang ke selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading ka nako e telele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331094533/http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> Dikai gantsi di akaretsa go tlhapologa kgapetsakgapetsa, go tshwarwa ke leyora thata le keletso e e tseneletseng ya dijo.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO|access-date=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Fa bolwetse jwa sukiri bo sa alafiwe bo ka baka mathata a le mantsi.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mathata a a masisi a ka akaretsa ketoacidosis ya sukiri, seemo sa go nna le sukiri e ntsi mo mading, kgotsa loso.<ref name="Kit2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2009-07_32_7/page/1335|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032}}</ref> Mathata a a masisi a nako e telele a akaretsa bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, [[Go Swa Mohama|bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama]], bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa diphilo, diso tsa dinao, go senyega ga ditshika, go senyega ga matlho le go sa kgone go dirisa tlhaloganyo sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="Sa2016">{{Cite journal|last=Saedi|first=E|last2=Gheini|first2=MR|last3=Faiz|first3=F|last4=Arami|first4=MA|title=Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments.|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|date=15 September 2016|volume=7|issue=17|pages=412–22|doi=10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412|pmid=27660698|pmc=5027005}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri bo bakwa ke go sa tlhagise insulin sentle ga satlhoko e e lekaneng, kgotsa disele tsa mmele ga di tsibogele insulin e e tlhagisiwang sentle.<ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e meraro e megolo ya bolwetse jwa sukiri: <ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa ntlha bo bakiwa ke go palelwa ga santlhoko go ntsha insulin e e lekaneng ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo ikaegileng ka insulin" (IDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa bana".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta go bakwa ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang ka yone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hormones|last=Norman|first=Anthony|last2=Henry|first2=Helen|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780123694447|location=|pages=136–137}}</ref> Se se bakang tsibogo eno ya masole a mmele ga se itsiwe.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa bobedi bo simolola ka go sa kgone go dirisa insulin, e leng seemo se mo go sone disele di palelwang ke go tsibogela insulin sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Fa bolwetse bo ntse bo tswelela, go ka nna ga nna le go tlhoka insulin le gone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus|year=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-489-9|page=235|edition=Revised 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014172232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo sa ikaegang ka insulin" (NIDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo simololang mo bagolong".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang seno ke kopano ya bokete jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele le go sa itshidila mmele.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana ke mofuta wa boraro o mogolo, mme bo diragala fa basadi ba ba itsholofetseg ba ba senang hditso tsa bolwetse jwa sukiri mo nakong e e fetileng ba nna le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa 1 bo tshwanetse go laolwa ka go tlhabelwa insulin.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Thibelo le kalafi ya bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2 e akaretsa go ja dijo tse di itekanetseng, go ikatisa mmele ka metlha, boima jwa mmele jo bo tlwaelegileng, le go tila go goga motsoko.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa bobedi bo ka alafiwa ka melemo e e jaaka di-sensitizer tsa insulin tse di nang le insulin kgotsa tse di senang yone.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|date=October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Go laola kgatelelo ya madi le go tlhokomela tlhokomelo e e siameng ya maoto le matlho go botlhokwa mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Insulin le melemo mengwe e e nowang di ka baka go nna le sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading.<ref>{{Cite book|veditors=Rippe RS, Irwin JM|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-9992-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1/page/n580 549]|edition=5th}}</ref> Go arwa ga batho ba ba mmele motoa go fokotsa boima jwa mmele ka dinako tse dingwe ke tsela e e nang le matswela mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2.<ref name="Picot2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|date=September 2009|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana gantsi bo rarabologa morago ga go tsholwa ga lesea.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cash|first=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-8261-6875-7|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011231/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> {{asof|2019}}, an estimated 463&nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.<ref name="IDF2019">{{Cite web|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019|url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|website=www.diabetesatlas.org|access-date=18 May 2020|language=EN|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.<ref name="IDF2019" /> Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.<ref name="WHO2013" /> In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2&nbsp;million deaths.<ref name="IDF2019" /> It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Diabetes?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en-us|date=11 March 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518120023/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|website=www.who.int|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|url-status=live}}</ref> The global [[economic cost]] of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at {{USD|727}} billion.<ref name="IDF2019" /> In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327&nbsp;billion in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-03-22|title=Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=41|issue=5|pages=917–928|doi=10.2337/dci18-0007|pmid=29567642|issn=0149-5992|last=American Diabetes Association|pmc=5911784}}</ref> Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deaths and Cost {{!}} Data & Statistics {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 July 2019|language=en-us|date=20 February 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112157/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6ynhjb9n4osnx27888tzqotiy7ahorv 0 14311 55447 55136 2026-09-23T18:26:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sepatela sa Nyangabgwe Referral''' ke bookelo jwa kgaolo kwa Toropong ya [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]], bookelo bo tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989).<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments1/ "Nyangabgwe Referral Hospital"]. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</ref> == Ditso == Sepatela sa Nyangabgwe se ne sa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989). Ke setheo sa boitekanelo sa Puso ya [[Botswana]]. Bookelo jono bo kwa toropong ya bobedi e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa Botswana e e bidiwang [[Francistown]]. Nyangabgwe e na le malao a le makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano (550), (120-150) malao kwa Lefapheng la Kalafi ya mo teng ga Setheo. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260708155723/https://www.electives.net/hospital/3480/preview "Three major Referral hospitals in Botswana"]. ''Electives.net''. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</ref>E golagantswe le puso ya Botswana ya database system. == Lephata la Kalafi ya mo Teng == Lephata leno le tlhokomela diphaposi di le mmalwa mo bookelong go tswa kwa diphaposing tsa banna, tsa basadi, tsa batho ba ba sa direleng sepe le tsa batho ba ba itlhaotseng. == Ditirelo == Lephata la thuso ya potlako la bookelo le le dirang diura di le masome a mabedi le bone le kgona go thusa bagolo le bana. Mafapha a bookelo a akaretsa Rehabilitation Centre, khemisi, kalafi e e kgatlhanong le megare ya HIV le AIDS, ditirelo tsa go gakolola batho morago ga kgobalo, ditirelo tsa tiro, ditirelo tsa go tlhatswa diaparo, ditirelo tsa boapeelo le kamore ya phitlho. == Ditheo == Sepatela sa Nyangabgwe Referral se na le letlhomeso, le le nang le malao a ka nna makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano (550), <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260708155723/https://www.electives.net/hospital/3480/preview "The Electives Network".] Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref>lefelo le le nang le didiriswa tsa motheo tsa kalafi go dira tlhatlhobo ya tlhatlhobo. == Metswedi == 6hmjx2kuxp4eecgast114ow2qngedr5 0 14544 55485 52985 2026-09-23T21:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilderness Air''', e pele e neng e itsege ka leina la '''Sefofane Air Charter''', ke kompone e e hirang difofane e e nang le ntlokgolo kwa [[Botswana]], Aforika.<ref name=":0">Sefofane Air Charters (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716035738/http://www.sefofane.com/location.html "Where we are".] Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</ref><ref name=":1">myDestinationInfo.com Ltd (2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710140329/http://namibia.mydestinationinfo.com/en/sefofane-air-charters "Sefofane Air Charters"]. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</ref>E dira difofane tsa charter tse di rulagantsweng ka metlha le tse di dirisiwang fela, mmogo le ditiro tse di lekanyeditsweng tsa dithoto. Gape e na le le go tsamaisa mokgatlho wa bopelotshweu o o bidiwang Children in the Wilderness o o nayang bana ba kwa metseselegaeng difofane le go ba ruta ka dikampa tsa bone le diphologolo tsa naga tsa selegae.<ref>[https://businessweekly.co.bw/news/wilderness-air-botswana-celebrates-30-years-of-aviation-excellence "Wilderness Air Botswana celebrates 30 years of aviation excellence".] ''The Business Weekly & Review''. 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2025-03-14.</ref><ref>Nagy, Colin (2020-01-03). [https://skift.com/2020/01/03/a-bush-pilot-who-always-longs-to-return-to-african-skies/ "A Bush Pilot Who Always Longs to Return to African Skies"]. ''Skift''. Retrieved 2025-03-14.</ref> E tswelela go dirisa sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa go etsisa sefofane mo Botswana, go katisa bakgweetsi ba sefofane sa [[Cessna 208B Grand Caravan]].<ref>botsunplugged (2022-09-16). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260721194447/https://botswanaunplugged.com/wilderness-air-botswana-to-launch-first-flight-simulator-in-maun/ "Wilderness Air Botswana to launch first flight simulator in Maun - Botswana Unplugged".] ''Botswana Unplugged - The News | The Beat | The Style''. Retrieved 2025-03-14.</ref> === Ditso === === letshwao la pele === Komponi e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe jaaka Sefofane Air Charter ke Neil le Suzy Lumsden ba tsamaisa [[Cessna 206]] e le nngwe. <ref name=":1" /> Komponi eno e dira kwa Botswana, [[Namibia]], [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] le kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Lefelo la konokono la difofane le kwa [[Maun]], [[Botswana]]. <ref name=":0" /> == Dipalamo == Wilderness e na le difofane tse di latelang: Cessna 208B Grand Caravan Cessna 210 Centurion == Dikotsi le ditiragalo == Komponi eno e ne ya nna le kotsi e e neng ya bolaya batho ba le makgolo a mabedi le lesome ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome . Go lebega sefofane se ne sa thubega fa se ne se le mo moyeng se fofa go tswa kwa [[Damaraland]] go ya kwa [[Swakopmund,]] kwa [[Namibia]]. Mokgweetsi wa sefofane, yo e neng e le ene fela mo sefofaneng, o ne a bolawa. <ref>Hartman, Adam (April 2010). [http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2010/april/article/pilot-killed-in-plane-crash/ "Pilot killed in plane crash".] Retrieved 10 May 2010.</ref> == Metswedi == sb4zkt0tglhxrw0kp9orjzb6uzkbisu 0 14576 55528 54191 2026-09-24T10:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2004-09_54_9/page/817 |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8"/> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6"/> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52"/> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52"/> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9"/> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |url=https://archive.org/details/governingglobald0000unse |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_1998-05_79_5/page/815 |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> == Dithutopatlisiso == === Sahel === Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng. * '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga. * '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone. === Lenaka la Aforika === Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng. * '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri. * '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong. * '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla. === Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo === Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo !Kgaolo !Lebaka la konokono !Dipalo !Ditlamorago tsa Konokono |- |'''Sahel''' |Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) |masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng |Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga |- |'''Lenaka la Aforika''' |Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) |tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) |Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela. |} === Lenaka la Aforika === Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}</ref> Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}</ref> === Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia === Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. <ref>{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}</ref> Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]] === Amerika Borwa === Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. <ref name=":0" /> Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka == [[File:Harsh_Vardhan_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification_(UNCCD)_Asia-Pacific_four-day_Regional_Workshop,_in_New_Delhi_(1).JPG|thumb|Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka]] [[File:North_Sahara._Anti-sand_shields.jpg|thumb|Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, [[Tunisia|kwa Tunisia]]]] [[File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg|thumb|Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India . ]] [[File:Tamarisk_planted_along_roads_in_Xinjiang_near_Cherchen_to_slow_desertification.jpg|thumb|Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo ]] Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone. Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drost |first=Daniel |last2=Long |first2=Gilbert |last3=Wilson |first3=David |last4=Miller |first4=Bruce |last5=Campbell |first5=William |date=1 December 1996 |title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices |url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |journal=Journal of Extension |volume=34 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=237}}</ref> Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert reclamation projects |url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu === Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela . Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Justdiggit |url=http://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nefzaoui |first=Ali |date=30 January 2014 |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba. Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krah |first=Kwabena |last2=Michelson |first2=Hope |last3=Perge |first3=Emilie |last4=Jindal |first4=Rohit |date=1 December 2019 |title=Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach |journal=World Development |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651 |s2cid=202302505 |article-number=104651}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duflo |first=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |hdl=1721.1/63964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD |url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> === Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala === Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi. Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. <ref>{{Cite book |date=June 2015 |title=Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-108912-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203240/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live<!-- |access-date=June 2015 -->}}</ref> " Lebota le letala la China " ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=desertification 3D environment |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228141238/https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813110737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2018|title=Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm|access-date=26 July 2026|archivedate=9 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130927/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm}}</ref> Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka, maano mo Aforika go simolola "lebota" go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda Mamadu |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> [[File:Great_green_wall_map.svg|thumb|Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye. ]] Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Victoria |date=2024-10-22 |title=Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished? |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/will-africas-great-green-wall-ever-be-finished |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka 2007 [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall{{!}}Action Against Desertification{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153831/https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle === Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO ₂ go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. <ref name="Tlovell">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|access-date=5 May 2013|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. <ref name="Tlovell" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss|publisher=mongabay.com|access-date=2 May 2026|date=21 February 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=11 May 2013|date=25 January 2010|archivedate=17 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817083349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html}}</ref> Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO ₂ . <ref name="Tlovell" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190052813500320 |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1 |hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase === Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo ''Scientific Reports'' e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse "ka tsela e e bonalang thata" ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |date=2026-01-10 |title=Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-improves-desert-soil-quality/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cool Down |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Mingjie |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Zheng |first3=Xiannian |last4=Yang |first4=Xinghua |last5=Mamtimin |first5=Ali |last6=Zhou |first6=Chenglong |last7=Li |first7=Chaofan |last8=Huo |first8=Wen |last9=Zheng |first9=Xinqian |last10=Wang |first10=Tianhe |last11=He |first11=Peng |last12=Gong |first12=Qing |date=2025-11-29 |title=Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12775456/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=472 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12775456 |pmid=41318781}}</ref> == Ditso == Dikaka tse di itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng di bopilwe ke ditiragalo tsa tlholego tse di dirigatseng mo nakong e telele. Mo bontsing jwa dinako tse, dikaka di ile tsa gola le go ngotlega ka botsone go sa laolwe ke ditiro tsa batho. Dikaka tsa bogologolo ke mawatle a matona a motlhaba a jaanong a sa direng sepe ka gonne a baakantswe ke dimela, dingwe di feta melelwane ya mo bogompienong ya dikaka tsa konokono, tse di tshwanang le Sahara, sekaka se setona e bile se le mogote go di gaisa tsotlhe. <ref name=":1"/> Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore go senyega ga lefatshe mo go masisi le mo go tseneletseng mo go neng ga diragala makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go ne go na le mafelo a mararo: Mediterranean, Mogorogoro wa Mesopotamia le Loess Plateau ya China, kwa palo ya batho e neng e le ntsi teng. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Puisano ya ntlha e e itsiweng ka ga kgang e e ne ya tlhagelela ka bonako fela morago ga gore Aforika Bophirima e nne kolone ya Fora, fa Comité d'Etudes e ne e laela gore go dirwe patlisiso ka ga ''desséchement progressif'' go sekaseka go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara pele ga ditso. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mortimore, Michael |year=1989 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6"/> 7k2e4i6y4sah7n6w3zl702brf1ry69y 0 14875 55526 54139 2026-09-24T10:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior<ref name=Land2008/>|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}</ref>|onset=By age two or three<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web |title= NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=DSM5/>|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]<ref name=NIH2016/>|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors<ref name=Ch2012/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]<ref name=CCD2007/><ref name=San2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}</ref>|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)<ref name=Ji2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}</ref><ref name="Oswald DP 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}</ref>|prognosis=Frequently poor<ref name=Ste106/>|frequency=24.8 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Autism''' ke bolwetse jwa kgolo jo bo tlhaolwang ke mathata a go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone, le ka boitshwaro jo bo thibetsweng le jo bo boaboelediwang.<ref name="DSM5" /> Gantsi batsadi ba lemoga dikai mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa botshelo jwa ngwana wa bone.<ref name="Land2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|editor-last=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}</ref> Dikai tse gantsi di gola ka iketlo, le fa bana bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism ba itemogela go nna maswe le go feta mo bokgoning jwa bone jwa go buisana le go dirisana le batho morago ga go fitlhelela diphitlhelelo tsa kgolo ka lobelo lo lo tlwaelegileng.<ref name="Stef2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_2008-12_18_4/page/305|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa autism bo amana le dilo tse di amanang le dijini le tikologo.<ref name="Ch2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}</ref> Dintlha tsa kotsi ka nako ya boimana di akaretsa ditshwaetsegi dingwe, jaaka rubella, botlhole jo bo akaretsang valproic acid, bojalwa, khokheine, dibolayasenyi, lloto, le [[Kgotlelego ya mowa|kgotlhelo ya mowa]], thibelo ya kgolo ya lesea le le mo popelong, le malwetse a a amanang le masole a mmele.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}</ref> Dikganetsano di amana le mabaka a mangwe a a tshitshintsweng a tikologo ; sekai, kgopolo ya mokento, e e ganeditsweng.<ref name="Rut2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2005-01_94_1/page/n3|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}</ref> Autism e ama go dirisiwa ga tshedimosetso mo bobokong le kafa disele tsa methapo le di-synapse tsa tsone di golaganang le go rulagana ka gone; gore seno se diragala jang ga go tlhaloganngwe sentle.<ref name="Lev2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_november-7-13-2009_374_9701/page/1627|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}</ref> Bukana ya go Tlhatlhoba le ya Dipalopalo ya Mathata a Tlhaloganyo (DSM-5), e kopanya autism le mefuta e e seng maswe thata ya boemo jono, go akaretsa le bolwetse jwa Asperger le bolwetse jo bo anameng jwa tlhabololo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang ka tsela e nngwe (PDD-NOS) go nna go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jwa autism spectrum (ASD).<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="John2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ditsela tsa ntlha tsa boitshwaro kgotsa kalafi ya puo di ka thusa bana ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autism go nna le bokgoni jwa go itlhokomela, go dirisana le batho ba bangwe le go buisana le bone.<ref name="CCD2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="San2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}</ref> Le fa go se na kalafi e e itsiweng,<ref name="CCD2007" /> go nnile le dikgetsi tsa bana ba ba neng ba fola.<ref name="Helt2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}</ref> Bagolo bangwe ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa autistic ga ba kgone go tshela ba ikemetse.<ref name="Ste106">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}</ref> Setso sa autistic se tlhamilwe, ka batho bangwe ba batla kalafi mme ba bangwe ba dumela gore autism e tshwanetse go amogelwa jaaka pharologano e e tshwanetseng go amogelwa go na le go alafiwa.<ref name="Sil2008">{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}</ref><ref name="Frith2014">{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archivedate=2019-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, go akanyediwa gore bolwetse jwa autism bo ama batho ba le dimilione di le 24,8 {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi, palo ya batho ba ba amegileng e ne e akanyediwa go nna bongwe goya ko go bobedi (1–2) mo bathong ba le lekgolo lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="News2007" /> Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bana ba lemogiwa ba na le ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}</ref> go tswa go 0.7% ka 2000 kwa United States.<ref name="ASD2016" /> E tlhagelela makgetlo a le mane go ya go a matlhano mo go tse ditonanyana go feta tse di namagadi.<ref name="ASD2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Palo ya batho ba ba lemogilweng e oketsegile thata fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke diphetogo mo mokgweng wa go tlhatlhoba.<ref name="News2007" /> Potso ya gore a ditlhwatlhwa tsa mmatota di oketsegile ga e ise e rarabololwe.<ref name="News2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Autism]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jnx7udejagqarni67h6x7rqxj0qz0wd 0 14883 55536 54148 2026-09-24T10:40:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pregnancy|synonym=Gestation|image=Pregnant_woman.jpg <!--Do not reverse image to look towards text - not allowed per [[MOS:IMAGE]]-->|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A woman in the third trimester of pregnancy|pronounce=|specialty=[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]|symptoms=Missed periods, tender breasts, [[Morning sickness|nausea and vomiting]], hunger, frequent urination<ref name=NIH2013Sym/>|complications=[[Miscarriage]], [[high blood pressure of pregnancy]], [[gestational diabetes]], [[iron-deficiency anemia]], [[hyperemesis gravidarum|severe nausea and vomiting]]<ref name=John2012/><ref name=NIH2013Compli/>|onset=|duration=~40&nbsp;weeks from the [[last menstrual period]]<ref name=NIH2013Def/><ref name=Ab2011/>|types=|causes=[[Sexual intercourse]], [[assisted reproductive technology]]<ref name=She2016/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Pregnancy test]]<ref name=NIH2012Diag/>|differential=|prevention=[[Birth control]] (including [[emergency contraception]])<ref name=Tay2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor D, James EA | title = An evidence-based guideline for unintended pregnancy prevention | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-obstetric-gynecologic-neonatal-nursing-jognn_november-december-2011_40_6/page/782 | journal = Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 782–93 | date = 2011 | pmid = 22092349 | pmc = 3266470 | doi = 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01296.x }}</ref>|treatment=[[Prenatal care]],<ref name=NIH2013Prenatal/> [[abortion]]<ref name=Tay2011/>|medication=[[Folate|Folic acid]], [[iron supplements]]<ref name=NIH2013Prenatal/><ref name="Keats2019" />|prognosis=|frequency=213 million (2012)<ref name=Sed2014/>|deaths={{decrease}} 230,600 (2016)<ref name=GBD2016/>|named after=}} '''Boimana''', jo gape bo itsegeng jaaka '''boimana''', ke nako e ka yona ngwana a le mongwe kgotsa go feta a golang mo teng ga [[mosadi]] . Boimana jo bontsi bo akaretsa bana ba ba fetang bongwe, jaaka mafatlha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wylie|first=Linda|title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care|date=2005|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-443-10041-3|page=172|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boimana gantsi bo diragala ka [[thobalano]], fela bo ka dirala ka maranyane a thuso ya tsalo.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book|last=Shehan|first=Constance L.|title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-65845-1|page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boimana bo ka felela ka pelegi ya ngwana yo tshelang, go senyegelwa ke mpa, [[Go senya mpa|go senya mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang]], kgotsa ngwana yo o tlhokafetseng . Pelegi gantsi e diragala mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le masome a mane,dibeke go tloga ka tshimologo ya [[Setswalo|paka ya bofelo ya go bona setswalo]] (LMP).<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Ab2011" /> Se se feta fela borobabongwe jwa &nbsp;dikgwedi – ( dingwaga tsa boimana ) fa kgwedi nngwe le nngwe e nang le palo ya malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Ab2011" /> Fa go dirisiwa dingwaga tsa gore matute a bong a kopane leng,e ka nna dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi.<ref name="Ab2011" /> Embryo ke ngwana/bana ba ba golang mo dibekeng tsa ntlha tse robedi morago ga go nontshiwa, (dibeke di le lesome tsa dingwaga tsa boimana) morago ga moo, lereo ''lesea le'' le mo popelong le dirisiwa go fitlha a tsholwa.<ref name="Ab2011">{{Cite book|last=Abman|first=Steven H.|title=Fetal and neonatal physiology|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4160-3479-7|pages=46–47|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyVDJoOIvbYC&pg=PA46|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082142/https://books.google.com/books?id=OyVDJoOIvbYC&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> Dikai tsa go ima go sa le gale a ka akaretsa go sa bone kgwedi, mabele a a botlhoko, go feroga sebete le go kgwa, tlala, le go rota kgapetsakgapetsa. Boimana bo ka netefadiwa ka teko ya boimana . Boimana bo kgaogantswe ka dikgwedi tse tharo, e nngwe le e nngwe e na le dikgwedi tse thato. Legato la ntlha leakaretsa go ima, e leng fa peo ya bonna e nontsha lee.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Go tswa foo lee le le nontshitsweng le tsamaya mo tšhupuneng ya fallopian mme le kgomarela mo teng ga popelo, koo le simololang go bopa lesea le le mo popelong.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Mo kgweding ya ntlha ya boimana, kgonagalo ya go senyegelwa ke mpa (loso lwa tlholego lwa lesea le le mo popelong kgotsa lesea le le mo popelong) e kwa godimo thata.<ref name="John2012">{{Cite book|title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5|page=438|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang mo bogareng jwa kgweditharo ya bobedi, go ka utlwala motsamao wa lesea le le mo popelong.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Ka dibeke di le masome s mabedi le borobabobedi, go feta 90% ya masea a ka tshela kwa ntle ga popelo fa a ka newa tlhokomelo ya kalafi ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e tokafatsa ditlamorago tsa boimana.<ref name="NIH2013Prenatal" /> Tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi e ka akaretsa go nwa dipilisi tsa foliki esiti e e oketsegileng, go tila diritibatsi, go goga motsoko, le bojalwa, go itshidila mmele gangweble gape , go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa madi, le go tlhatlhobiwa mmele ka metlha . Mathata a boimana a ka akaretsa mathata a kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi, bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana, anemia e e tlhaelang tshipi, le go feroga sebete le go kgwa thata . Mo tirong e e siameng ya pelegi e simolola ka boyone fa mosadi a le "mo pakeng". Masea a a tsholwang pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le bosupa a " tsholwa pele ga nako " mme a mo kotsing e tona ya go nna le mathata a boitekanelo a a tshwanang le cerebral palsy . Masea a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le bosupa le masome a mararo le borobabongwe a tsewa e le "a paka ya ntlha" fa a a tshotsweng magareng ga dibeke masome a mararo le borobabongwe le masome a mane le bongwe a tsewa e le "a paka e e tletseng".<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Masea a a tshotsweng fa gare ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bongwe le dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " a a tshotsweng morago ga nako " fa morago ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi a tsewa e le " morago ga nako ".<ref name="NIH2013Def" /> Go belega pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ka tsosetswa ditlhabi kgotsa ka karo ya karo ga go rotloediwe ntle le fa go tlhokega ka ntlha ya mabaka a mangwe a kalafi. Boimana bo ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a mabefi le lesome le boraro bo diragetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), mme mo go jone, dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a robabongwe (89%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologang mme dimilione di le masome a mabedi le boraro (11%) di ne di le kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="Sed2014" /> Palo ya boimana mo basading ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le botlhano le masome a mane le bone ke lekgolo le madome a mararo le boraro mo basading ba le sekete.<ref name="Sed2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R|title=Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=45|issue=3|pages=301–314|date=September 2014|pmid=25207494|pmc=4727534|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang 10% go ya go 15% ya boimana jo bo amogelwang bo felela ka go senyegelwa ke mpa.<ref name="John2012" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, mathata a boimana a ne a felela ka dintsho tsa baimana ba le 230 600, e leng kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 377 000 ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990.<ref name="GBD2016">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1151–1210|date=September 2017|pmid=28919116|pmc=5605883|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9|last=GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Mabaka a tse di tlwaelegileng a akaretsa go dutla madi, ditshwaetso, malwetse a kgatelelo e e kwa godimo ya madi a boimana, go kgoreletsega ga pelegi, le mathata a a amanang le go senyegelwa ke mpa, go senya mpa, kgotsa boimana jo bo kwa ntle ga popelo.<ref name="GBD2016" /> Lefatshe ka bophara, 44% ya boimana ga bo a rulaganngwa.<ref name="Bea2018" /> Go feta sephatlo (56%) boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang bo a senngwa.<ref name="Bea2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G|title=Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=6|issue=4|pages=e380–e389|date=April 2018|pmid=29519649|pmc=6055480|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30029-9}}</ref> Gareng ga boimana jo bo sa ikaelelwang kwa United States, 60% ya basadi ba ne ba dirisa thibelo ya pelegi ka selekanyo se se rileng mo kgweding e boimana bo neng jwa diragala ka yone. == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name=isbn_9780759110441>{{cite book|last=Womack|first=Mari|title=The anthropology of health and healing.|year=2010|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Plymouth|isbn=978-0-7591-1044-1|pages=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvR53MCGx1YC&pg=PA133&dq=In+most+cultures,+pregnant+women+have+a+special+status+in+society#v=onepage|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072357/https://books.google.com/books?id=DvR53MCGx1YC&pg=PA133&dq=In+most+cultures%2C+pregnant+women+have+a+special+status+in+society#v=onepage|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Category:Boimana]] [[Category:Pregnancy]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0e179093eqb1cm07bh0rkatdinskqok 0 14893 55534 55217 2026-09-24T10:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Genital warts|synonym=Condylomata acuminata, venereal warts, anal warts, anogenital warts<ref name=Andrew2020/>|image=SOA-Condylomata-acuminata-around-anus.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Severe case of genital warts around the anus of a female|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[papule|Small bumps]] of genital skin, varying sizes and shapes, typically protrude out, burning, itch<ref name=Trip2022/>|complications=|onset=1-8 months following exposure<ref name=AFP2010/>|duration=|types=|causes=HPV types 6 and 11<ref name=CDC2010/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, can be confirmed by [[tissue biopsy|biopsy]]<ref name=CDC2010/>|differential=[[Molluscum contagiosum]], [[skin tags]], [[condyloma latum]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]]<ref name=Fer2018/>|prevention=[[HPV vaccine]], [[condoms]]<ref name=AFP2010/><ref name=NHS2017/>|treatment=Medications, [[cryotherapy]], surgery<ref name=CDC2010/>|medication=[[Podophyllum resin|Podophyllin]], [[imiquimod]], [[trichloroacetic acid]]<ref name=CDC2010/>|prognosis=|frequency=~1% (US)<ref name=AFP2010/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Dikakana tsa bong''' ke tshwaetsego e e tshelanwang ka tlhakanelodikobo e e bakiwang ke mefuta mengwe ya human papillomavirus (HPV).<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=406-410|edition=13th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|language=en|chapter=19. Viral diseases: genital warts|access-date=2023-03-17|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317141930/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|url-status=live}}</ref> Gantsi di tlhagelela jaaka dikakana tse dinnye mo letlalong la bonna, vulva, molomo wa popelo le marago.<ref name="Trip2022">{{Cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Anuj|last2=Sahu|first2=Utkarsha|editor-last=Khare|editor-first=Prashant|editor-last2=Jain|editor-first2=Ashish|title=Immunopathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of HPV induced Malignancies|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=London|isbn=978-0-323-98644-1|pages=1-13|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IthOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|language=en|chapter=1. An overview of HPV: causes, symptoms, and clinical manifestations|access-date=2023-03-17|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317164916/https://books.google.com/books?id=IthOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref> Di ka nna tsa bo di le sephaphathi kgotsa di tswa mo godimo ga letlalo, mme mmala wa tsone o ka nna wa farologana; borokwa, bosweu, bosetlha jo bo bosetlha, bohibidu jo bo serolwana, kgotsa botala jo bo tseneletseng.<ref name="Andrew2020" /><ref name="Trip2022" /><ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780323529570|page=1376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1376|language=en|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213852/https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1376|url-status=live}}</ref> Go ka nna le dikakana di le mmalwa ka bongwe kgotsa di le mmalwa, e ka nna ka setlhopha kgotsa di kopantswe mmogo mme si lebega jaanka sethunya sa kholifolawa.<ref name="Trip2022" /><ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Madoff|first=Robert D.|last2=Melton-Meax|first2=Genevieve B.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|page=938|edition=26th|volume=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA938|language=en|chapter=136. Diseases of the rectum and anus: anal warts|access-date=2023-03-17|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112104/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA938|url-status=live}}</ref> Gantsi di baka dikai di le mmalwa, fela di ka nna botlhoko ka dinako tse dingwe.<ref name="CDC2010">{{Cite web|title=CDC - Genital Warts - 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/genital-warts.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-us|date=28 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133714/https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/genital-warts.htm|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di ka nna tsa tlhotlhorega kgotsa tsa fisiwa.<ref name="Trip2022" /> Gantsi di tlhagelela kgwedi e le nngwe go ya go tse robedi morago ga go tlhagelela.<ref name="AFP2010">{{Cite journal|last=Juckett|first=G|last2=Hartman-Adams, H|title=Human papillomavirus: clinical manifestations and prevention.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2010-11-15_82_10/page/1209|journal=American Family Physician|date=Nov 15, 2010|volume=82|issue=10|pages=1209–13|pmid=21121531}}</ref> [[Dikakana]] ke dikai tse di lemogiwang bonolo thata ka tshwaetsego ya HPV ya bong.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Mefuta ya HPV wa borataro le wa lesome le bongwe ke yone e e tlwaelegileng go baka dikakana tsa bong.<ref name="CDC2010" /> E anamisiwa ka go ama letlalo ka tlhamalalo, gantsi ka nako ya thobalano ya molomo, [[Thobalano|ya bong]], kgotsa ya marago le molekane yo o a nang le mogare.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Temogo ka kakaretso e ikaegile ka dikai mme e ka netefadiwa ka maranyane a biopsy.<ref name="CDC2010" /> Mefuta ya HPV e e bakang kankere ga e tshwane le e e bakang dikakana.<ref name="NCI2017">{{Cite web|last=US National Cancer Institute|title=HPV and Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031233555/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV|url-status=live}}</ref> Mekento mengwe ya HPV e ka thibela dikakana tsa bong jaaka [[Sekausu|dikausu tsa itshireletso]].<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="NHS2017">{{Cite web|title=Genital warts|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-warts/|website=NHS|access-date=2 January 2018|date=21 August 2017|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011716/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-warts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditlhopho tsa kalafi di akaretsa ditlolo di tshwana le podofilini, imiquimod, le esiti ya trikoloroasetiki.<ref name="CDC2010" /> Cryotherapy kgotsa karo le yone e ka nna kgetho.<ref name="CDC2010" /> Morago ga kalafi dikakana gantsi di rarabologa mo dikgweding di le thataro.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Fa go sa alafiwe, mo go nngwetharong ya dikgetsi di rarabologa ka botsone.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Selekanyo sa 1% ya batho kwa United States ba na le dikakana tsa bong.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba le bantsi ba na le mogare mme ga ba na dikai tsa bolwetse jono.<ref name="AFP2010" /> Kwantle ga go tsaya mokento batho botlhe ba ba tlhakanelang dikobo ba tla nna le mofuta mongwe wa HPV ka nako nngwe mo matshelong a bone.<ref name="NCI2017" /><ref name="CDC2017Fact">{{Cite web|last=US Centers for Disease Control|title=Genital HPV Infection - Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911095019/http://www.cdc.gov/STD/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse jo bo ntse bo itsege the go tloga ka nako ya ga Hippocrates ka 300 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syrjänen|first=Kari J.|last2=Syrjänen|first2=Stina M.|title=Papillomavirus infections in human pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/papillomavirusin0000syrj|date=2000|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester [u.a.]|isbn=9780471971689|page=[https://archive.org/details/papillomavirusin0000syrj/page/n18 1]}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 68r4e4s75wdsq1kph19z6pxln6pzc5c 0 15013 55455 54729 2026-09-23T19:02:58Z VNGao 10152 55455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Hazel_Carby|Hazel Vivian Carby]] ('''o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton,]]Devon)<ref>Tsakanias, Caroline (4 August 2018). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carby-hazel-v-1948/ "Hazel V. Carby (1948– )"]. [[:en:BlackPast.org|BlackPast.org.]] Retrieved 9 June 2023.</ref> mopoporofesara Emerita wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studies]] le [[:en:American_studies|American Studies]].O direla jaaka Charles Charles C. le Dorathea S. Dilley e le mopoporofesa wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studie]]<nowiki/>s le American Studies kwa [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]]. == BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO == Hazel Carby o tshotswe ke batsadi ba mo Jamaican le Welsh mo Okehampton, mo Devon,UK,ka kgwedi ya Firikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948.)<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/carby-hazel-1948 "Carby, Hazel 1948–",] Encyclopedia.com.</ref>O na le digerata tsa BA mo sekgoeng le ka Ditso gotswa mon University,She earned a BA degree in English and history from Portsmouth Polytechnic in 1970, then a PGCE in 1972, at the Institute of Education, London University. She taught high school from 1972 to 1979, then went back to university, at Birmingham University Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, where she gained a M.A (1979) and a Ph.D. (1984).[2] == METSWEDI == hrwyf31yoh6dj1w49pgaky57xcm5ycm 55464 55455 2026-09-23T19:30:08Z VNGao 10152 /* BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO */ 55464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Hazel_Carby|Hazel Vivian Carby]] ('''o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton,]]Devon)<ref>Tsakanias, Caroline (4 August 2018). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carby-hazel-v-1948/ "Hazel V. Carby (1948– )"]. [[:en:BlackPast.org|BlackPast.org.]] Retrieved 9 June 2023.</ref> mopoporofesara Emerita wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studies]] le [[:en:American_studies|American Studies]].O direla jaaka Charles Charles C. le Dorathea S. Dilley e le mopoporofesa wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studie]]<nowiki/>s le American Studies kwa [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]]. == BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO == Hazel Carby o tshotswe ke batsadi ba mo Jamaican le Welsh mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton]], mo [[:en:Devon|Devon,]]UK,ka kgwedi ya Firikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948.)<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/carby-hazel-1948 "Carby, Hazel 1948–",] Encyclopedia.com.</ref>O na le digerata tsa BA mo sekgoeng le mo gotsa Ditso gotswa mo University ya [[:en:Portsmouth_Polytechnic|Portsmouth Polytechnic]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa, ga nna gape ke [[:en:Professional_Graduate_Certificate_in_Education|PGCE]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi kwa [[:en:UCL_Institute_of_Education|Sekolong sa go Rutuntsha Barutabana]], mo [[:en:University_of_London|sekolong segolwane sa Ithutelo tiro sa London]]. One a ruta mo sekolong se segolwane gotswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe, mme a boela kwa mmadikolo kwa [[:en:University_of_Birmingham|Birmingham University]] [[:en:Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies|Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]], koo a neng a aloga mo M.A ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe le Ph. D ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi. == METSWEDI == ipdixgw0zd639do0j14jlnzkt79ppr7 55475 55464 2026-09-23T20:05:32Z VNGao 10152 /* METSWEDI */ 55475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Hazel_Carby|Hazel Vivian Carby]] ('''o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton,]]Devon)<ref>Tsakanias, Caroline (4 August 2018). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carby-hazel-v-1948/ "Hazel V. Carby (1948– )"]. [[:en:BlackPast.org|BlackPast.org.]] Retrieved 9 June 2023.</ref> mopoporofesara Emerita wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studies]] le [[:en:American_studies|American Studies]].O direla jaaka Charles Charles C. le Dorathea S. Dilley e le mopoporofesa wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studie]]<nowiki/>s le American Studies kwa [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]]. == BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO == Hazel Carby o tshotswe ke batsadi ba mo Jamaican le Welsh mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton]], mo [[:en:Devon|Devon,]]UK,ka kgwedi ya Firikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948.)<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/carby-hazel-1948 "Carby, Hazel 1948–",] Encyclopedia.com.</ref>O na le digerata tsa BA mo sekgoeng le mo gotsa Ditso gotswa mo University ya [[:en:Portsmouth_Polytechnic|Portsmouth Polytechnic]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa, ga nna gape ke [[:en:Professional_Graduate_Certificate_in_Education|PGCE]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi kwa [[:en:UCL_Institute_of_Education|Sekolong sa go Rutuntsha Barutabana]], mo [[:en:University_of_London|sekolong segolwane sa Ithutelo tiro sa London]]. One a ruta mo sekolong se segolwane gotswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe, mme a boela kwa mmadikolo kwa [[:en:University_of_Birmingham|Birmingham University]] [[:en:Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies|Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]], koo a neng a aloga mo M.A ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe le Ph. D ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso, Carby one a supiwa jalo ele morutuntshi mo lephateng la English Department kwa Yale University ( Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso gotsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi,mme morago ga moo a ruta sekgowa kwa Wesleyan University go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe 1982–89), mme morago a ikgolaganya le Yale University ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo, a robabongwe , masome a robabobedi lle borobabongwe. == METSWEDI == jl3un6tn2w2b8sny99e9z7acli2bx9n 55476 55475 2026-09-23T20:15:15Z VNGao 10152 /* BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO */ 55476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Hazel_Carby|Hazel Vivian Carby]] ('''o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton,]]Devon)<ref>Tsakanias, Caroline (4 August 2018). [https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carby-hazel-v-1948/ "Hazel V. Carby (1948– )"]. [[:en:BlackPast.org|BlackPast.org.]] Retrieved 9 June 2023.</ref> mopoporofesara Emerita wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studies]] le [[:en:American_studies|American Studies]].O direla jaaka Charles Charles C. le Dorathea S. Dilley e le mopoporofesa wa [[:en:Black_studies|African American Studie]]<nowiki/>s le American Studies kwa [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]]. == BOTSHELO JWA PELE LE DITHUTO == Hazel Carby o tshotswe ke batsadi ba mo Jamaican le Welsh mo [[:en:Okehampton|Okehampton]], mo [[:en:Devon|Devon,]]UK,ka kgwedi ya Firikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948.)<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/carby-hazel-1948 "Carby, Hazel 1948–",] Encyclopedia.com.</ref>O na le digerata tsa BA mo sekgoeng le mo gotsa Ditso gotswa mo University ya [[:en:Portsmouth_Polytechnic|Portsmouth Polytechnic]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa, ga nna gape ke [[:en:Professional_Graduate_Certificate_in_Education|PGCE]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi kwa [[:en:UCL_Institute_of_Education|Sekolong sa go Rutuntsha Barutabana]], mo [[:en:University_of_London|sekolong segolwane sa Ithutelo tiro sa London]]. One a ruta mo sekolong se segolwane gotswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe, mme a boela kwa mmadikolo kwa [[:en:University_of_Birmingham|Birmingham University]] [[:en:Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies|Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]], koo a neng a aloga mo M.A ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe le Ph. D ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso, Carby one a supiwa jalo ele morutuntshi mo lephateng la English Department kwa [[:en:Yale_University|Yale University]] ( Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso gotsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi,mme morago ga moo a ruta sekgowa kwa [[:en:Wesleyan_University|Wesleyan University]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe 1982–89), mme morago a ikgolaganya le Yale University ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo, a robabongwe , masome a robabobedi lle borobabongwe. == METSWEDI == pj8c6i9kv0mvyvc7wojxsekgmqrmhbh 0 15027 55531 54807 2026-09-24T10:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong morago ga pelegi''' ( '''PPD''' ), go tswa mo Selatineng ''post partum'' (morago ga pelegi), go go itsegeng gape jaaka '''go tshwenyega thata''' '''mo maikutlong ga pele ga pelegi''', ke maikutlo a tlhakatlhakaneng a utlwiwang ke basadi ba ba imileng kgotsa morago ga pelegi. <ref name="Paulson_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |date=2010 |title=Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=27 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}</ref> Matshwao a a akaretsa go hutsafala thata, go tlhoka maatla, [[Tlhobaelo|go tlhobaela]], go lela ka dinako tse dingwe, go tenega le go fetoga ka go ja thata kgotsa mokgwa yo o robalang ka teng. PPD e ka ama gape ngwana yo o sa tswang go tsholwa ka tsela e e sa siamang. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE |date=November 2003 |title=The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=263–274 |doi=10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 |pmid=14628179 |s2cid=20966469}}</ref> <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2009-04_200_4/page/357 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}</ref> Le fa go sa itsiwe sentle gore PPD e baka eng, go dumelwa gore e ka kopantswa ke mmele, maikutlo, a dijini le a loago a a tshwanang le go sa lekalekane ga dihoromone le go tlhoka boroko . <ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621200731/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=NIMH}}</ref> <ref name="Ste2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stewart DE, Vigod SN |date=January 2019 |title=Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=183–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106 |pmid=30691372 |s2cid=59341428}}</ref> <ref name="Soa2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares CN, Zitek B |date=July 2008 |title=Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0831 |pmc=2440795 |pmid=18592034}}</ref> Mabaka a a kotsi a akaretsa ditiragalo tsa pele tsa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong morago ga pelegi, bolwetse jwa go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, hisitori ya lelapa ya go tlhakatlhakana thata mo maikutlong, kgatelelo ya tlhaloganyo, mathata a pelegi, go tlhoka tshegetso, kgotsa bolwetse jwa tiriso ya diritibatsi . <ref name="NIH2017" /> Go tlhatlhobiwa ga bolwetse go ikaegile ka matshwao a motho. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Le fa bontsi jwa basadi ba nna le nako e khutswane ya go sa itumela morago ga go belega, go tshwenyega thata ga maikutlo morago ga pelegi go tshwanetswe go lemogiwa matshwao a teng a tseneletseng go fetang dibeke di le pedi. <ref name="NIH2017" /> Mo gare ga ba ba mo kotsing, go tlamela ka tshegetso ya tlhaloganyo le loago go ka nna ga sireletsa mo go thibeleng PPD. <ref name="AHRQ">{{Cite web |title=Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes |url=http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111225343/http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |archive-date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Agency for Health Care Research and Quality}}</ref> Se se ka akaretsa tshegetso ya setshaba jaaka dijo, ditiro tsa mo gae, tlhokomelo ya bo mme, le botsalano. <ref name="Dennis_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L |date=July 2007 |title=Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review |journal=Women's Health |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=487–502 |doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 |pmid=19804024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kalafi ya PPD e ka akaretsa kgakololo kgotsa melemo. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Mefuta ya kgakololo e e nang le matswela e akaretsa kalafi ya tlhaloganyo ya go dirisana le batho ( IPT ), kalafi ya boitshwaro jwa tlhaloganyo ( CBT ) le kalafi ya tlhaloganyo . <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Bosupi jo bo tlhomameng bo tshegetsa tiriso ya dithibela-go tsewa gape ga serotonin (SSRIs). <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Go tshwenyega ga maikutlo morago ga pelegi go tlhaga go basadi ba le 10 go fitlha go 20% . <ref>{{Cite book |date=2022 |title=Williams obstetrics |publisher=McGraw Hill Medical |isbn=978-1-260-46273-9 |veditors=Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Spong CY, Hoffman BL, Casey BM}}</ref> Gantsi go tshwenyego thata mo maikutlong morago ga pelegi go ama bomme ba ba kileng ba tshola ngwana yo a setseng a tlhokofetse, bomme ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong le bomme ba ba mo dingwageng tsa bolesome. <ref name="Carlson_2023">{{Cite book |date=2023 |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Postpartum Depression |pmid=30085612 |access-date=2023-09-18 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109101503/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, tlhakatlhakano ya maikutloe ama borre ba ba ntshwa a ka nna 1% go fitlha go 26% . <ref name="Paulson_2010" /> Mofuta o o farologaneng wa bothata jwa maikutlo morago ga pelegi ke bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo jwa morago ga pelegi, jo bo masisi thata mme bo tlhagelela mo basading ba ka nna 1 go ya go ba le 2 mo go ba le 1 000 morago ga pelegi . <ref name="Sey2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Seyfried LS, Marcus SM |date=August 2003 |title=Postpartum mood disorders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.1080/09540260305196 |pmid=15276962}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo morago ga pelegi ke bongwe jwa dilo tse di bakang polao ya bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga ngwaga o le mongwe, se se diragalang mo go bana ba ka nna 8 mo go ba le 100 000 ba ba tsholwang kwa United States . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spinelli MG |date=September 2004 |title=Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2004-09_161_9/page/1548 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=9 |pages=1548–1557 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548 |pmid=15337641 |s2cid=35255623}}</ref> [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] n6bgqms32dc5inwz59mhwzpuiduvs61 0 15028 55442 54812 2026-09-23T17:39:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Rebecca Dallis|birth_date=Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1896|birth_place=Connersville, Indian, [[USA]]|death_date=Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa 1971|education=Swift Memorial College}} '''Rebecca Dallis''' (o o tshotsweng ka Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le borataro - a tlhokafala ka Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le motso) e ne e le motlhatlhelela dithuto wa bana ba bantsho ba ma Amerika gape e le molwela ditshwanelo wa mo Amerika. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Rebecca Huey o tshotswe ka Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le borataro kwa Connersville, Indiana.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250321034024/https://www.azwhf.org/copy-of-mary-russell-ferrell-colton-2 "Rebecca Dallis".] ''AWHF''. Retrieved 11 September 2026</ref><ref name=":2">[https://www.casagrandemainstreet.org/media/attachments/2021/04/22/dallis.pdf "Rebecca Dallis (b. 1896, d. 1971)"] (PDF). ''Casa Grande Main Street''. Retrieved 11 September 2026</ref> Dallis o ne a nyalwa ke William Curtis Dallis ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref name=":3">Cleere, Jan (2012). "LEGACIES OF THE PAST:HISTORIC WOMEN OF ARIZONA". ''Arizona Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies''. '''1''': 89–105.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le bone, o ne a aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Swift Memorial ka dithuto tsa Bachelor of Arts le thuto go tswa kwa moding.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, o ne a fudugela kwa Phoenix le monna wa gagwe, kwa monna wa gagwe a neng a na le kgwebo ya tsa diphitlho.<ref name=":4">Cleere, Jan (2016-03-14). [https://tucson.com/news/local/article_5ec390c9-a049-5f9f-a072-f63f7a051dbd.html "Western women: Teacher set high expectations for black students".] ''Arizona Daily Star''. Retrieved 11 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaonwge masome a mararo le bobedi, e ne e le morutabana kwa Mobile, kwa Arizona, kgaolo e bontsi jwa banni ba yone e leng batho ba mmala o montsho ba Amerika.<ref name=":1" /> Dallis o ne a boela sekolong, a aloga ka dithuto tsa Master of Arts mo go tsa thuto go tswa kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Arizona ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano.<ref name=":3" /> E ne e le mongwe wa basadi ba ntlha ba ma America ba bantsho go aloga ka dithuto tsa master's degree go tswa kwa sekolong seo.<ref name=":5">Snell, Dawn; Society, Casa Grande Valley Historical (2011-11-28). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=-OvBCQAAQBAJ&dq=rebecca+dallis+arizona&pg=PA82&redir_esc=y Casa Grande]''. Arcadia Publishing. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-4982-4|<bdi>978-1-4396-4982-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, setshaba sa Casa Grande se ne sa agela bana ba babereki ba temo ya letsela ba bantsho kwa Amerika ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa toropong sekolo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabongwe Dallis o ne a nna morutabana wa sekolo sa Southside Colored Grammar School. O ne a ruta bana ba ka nna dipalo tsa masome a mane go tsena masome a supa ba dithuto tse dipotlana go tsena ba lokwalo lwa borobabobedi, a duelwa boraro fela mo tuelong ya barutabana ba basweu, mme gape a berekela mo diemong tsa lehuma.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a rutela tsa itsholelo ya mo gae kwa lolwapeng lwa gagwe, ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didirisiwa tsa thuto e kwa sekolong.<ref name=":4" /> Dallis le monna wa gagwe gape ba ne ba eme nokeng baithuti ba ba feditseng lokwalo lwa borobabobedi, ba ba rutela mo lolwapaneng lwa lolwapa lwa gagwe go netefatsa gore ba kgona go aloga mo sekolong sa legare go ya kwa go se segolwane.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">Melcher, Mary (1999). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347024 ""This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950"]. ''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies''. '''20''' (2): 190–214. doi:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347024?origin=crossref 10.2307/3347024]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0160-9009 0160-9009]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]][https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347024 &nbsp;3347024.]</ref> Fa a tla go itse gore baithuti ba tlhoka gore ba bo ba itse puo ya Spanish go tsena mo sekolong se segolwane, o ne a reka dithuto tseo, a ithuta le baithuti ba gagwe.<ref name=":3" /> Dallis le monna wa gagwe gape ba ne ba rutela kwa Stanfield, Arizona, kwa sekolong se se neng se reeletswe ka rraagwe ebong William Huey.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> W.C Dallis o ne a tswelela ka go ruta koo le fa a sena go simolodisa go ruta kwa Southside Colored School, a felela a nna mogokgo.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Dallis gape o rutile bana ba Casa Grande go tshameka piano, ba e tshameka kwa manyalong le diphitlho.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi, setshaba sa Casa Grande se ne sa aga sekolo se setona sa East School.<ref name=":1" /> Dallis o ne a thapiwa e le mogokgo wa sekolo se sesha se.<ref name=":3" /> Fa a bona tiro ya ga Dallis le ntswa a tlhaelelwa ke didirisiwa, mosadi o moseu Louise Henness, o ne a simolola go buelela kopano ya dikolo.<ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro, morago ga go fedisa kgaogano ya lotso le mmala, Dallis o ne a nna mogokgo wa sekolo seo. Dallis o ne a rolwa marapo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bobedi ka ntlha ya ditshetlana ts go ithola tiro, le ntswa a ka tswa a ne a tswelela ka go ruta kwa Stanfield.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Fa a lemoga letlhoko la go engwa nokeng ga malwapa a a nang le bana ba ba tshelang ka bogole, Dallis o ne a ya go tsena sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Arizona State Univessity go dira dithuto tseo.<ref name=":1" /> Dallis morago o ne a ikopanya le babereki ba sekolo sa kereke ya Trinity Southern Baptist sa Spero go thusa bana ba ba nang le bogole jwa tlhaloganyo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Dallis o tlhokafetse ka Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le motso.<ref name=":4" /> == Boswa == Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi, sekolo sa Southside Colored, kwa Dallis a neng a ruta teng, se ne sa fudusediwa kwa mabaleng a mokgatsha wa Casa Grande wa metlobo ya ditso, sa fetolwa leina go nna Rebecca Dallis Schoolhouse.<ref name=":7">[https://www.library.pima.gov/content/rebecca-huey-dallis/ "Rebecca Huey Dallis".] ''www.library.pima.gov''. Retrieved 11 September 2026</ref><ref name=":4" /> Dallis o ne a fiwa tlotla ya go nna mongwe wa bomme ba tlotla ba Arizona mo porojekeng ya ditso ya "go dira pharologanyo: bomme ba Arizona ba aga setshaba, go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe go tsena sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bosupa, Dallis o ne a tsenngwa mo palong ya bomme ba Arizona ba ba tumileng.<ref name=":7" /> == Metswedi == aty0bz8d0tkez7s7dipzcrjelghtcha 0 15030 55532 54840 2026-09-24T10:34:27Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55532 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="8" |Khoisan | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:San_tribesman.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[San people|San]] man of [[Namibia]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Total population |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |~ 400,000<ref>Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k [[Nama people]] (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k [[Damara people]] (1996): James Stuart Olson, « Damara » in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010): </ref> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x2009;2010</span>) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Regions with significant populations |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[South Africa]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Languages |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Afrikaans]],<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFParkinson2016">Parkinson, Christian (2016-06-14). </cite></ref> [[Khoe-Kwadi languages]], [[Kxʼa languages]], [[Tuu languages]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Religion |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Mainly [[Christianity in Africa|Christian]] and [[African Traditional Religion|African traditional religions]] ([[San religion]]) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Related ethnic groups |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Tswana people|Tswana]], [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], [[Coloured]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]] |} Khoisan kgotsa Khoe-Sān ke lereo le le akaretsang merafe e e farologaneng e e seng ya Bantu ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika e ka tlwaelo e buang dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu, e kopanya batho ba Khoekhoen le ba Sān. Batho ba MaKhoisan ka tlwaelo ba bua dipuo tsa go tobetsa. Ba tsewa e le ditšhaba tsa hisetori go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika, ba ntse ba le kwa godimo go fitlha fa batho ba Banthu ba atologa le go dirwa kolone ke BaYuropa. MaKhoisan ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a sa siamelang temo-thuo ya Banthu, go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Kapa go ya kwa Namibia le Botswana, koo batho ba BaKhoekhoe ba BaNama le BaDamara e leng ditlhopha tse di tumileng. Go tswakana go go tseneletseng le ditlhopha tse di buang SeBantu go supiwa ke go anama ga medumo ya go tobetsa mo dipuong di le dintsi tsa Bantu tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa SeXhosa.<ref name=":1">https://www.goodthingsguy.com/eldorado-parks-art-walkway-gets-a-khoi-san-heritage-chapter/</ref> Bontsi jwa batho ba BaKhoisan ke ditlogolwana tsa go phatlalala ga batho ba segompieno go ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng. (Le fa go le jalo, bona fa tlase go bona tiro ya bosheng e e tshegetsang kakanyo ya dikgaolo tse dintsi e e supang gore Ba-Khoisan e ka nna motswedi wa batho ba segompieno.) Dipuo tsa bone di na le go tshwana go le gonnye fela, go go akaretsang go nna teng ga medumo ya go tobetsa. Ga go na bosupi jwa gore di tswa mo puong e le nngwe fela e e tlwaelegileng ya ntlhantlha, mme di kgaogantswe ka bonnye jwa malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo tse di sa amaneng (Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu le Kxʼa). Go ile ga akantshiwa gore BaKhoekhoe ba ka tswa ba emela ba ba neng ba goroga kwa Borwa jwa Aforika morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa, ba ka tswa ba ne ba sutisiwa ke go atologa ga batho ba Banthu ba ba neng ba fitlha mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng tse di magareng ga di le 1 500 le 2 000 tse di fetileng.<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/news/cogta-committee-flags-key-issues-ahead-tabling-traditional-and-khoisan-leaders-bill</ref> Ba-Sān ba tsewa e le batho ba ba batlang dijo kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari le kwa mafelong a Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho le Afrika Borwa. Lefoko sān le tswa mo puong ya SeKhoekhoe mme le raya batho ba ba batlang dijo ("ba ba phuthang dilo mo mmung") ba ba se nang leruo. Ka jalo, le ne le dirisiwa go bua ka batho botlhe ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba ba neng ba kopana le batho ba ba buang SeKhoekhoe, mme gantsi le ne le bua ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo. E ne e farologana le ditlhopha tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemi, e bile e ne e sa amane ka gope le morafe ope o o rileng.<ref>https://www.africanews.com/2026/03/23/dignity-restored-remains-of-63-khoisan-people-reburied-in-south-africa/</ref> Le fa gone go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le tsela eno ya go tshela, lefoko leno le kaya dilo tsa ikonomi e seng tsa setso kgotsa tsa lotso. Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya tsena mo tirisong e e anameng ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.<ref name=":2">https://www.citizen.co.za/highway-mail/lnn/article/khoisan-chief-refuses-to-leave-union-buildings-despite-3rd-eviction-notice/</ref> == Leina == Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya simolola go dirisiwa ka bophara ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.<ref>https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/koranna-clan-calls-for-formal-recognition-of-khoisan/</ref> Ka nako ya Bokoloniale/Apartheid, batho ba ba buang Se-Afrikaans ba ba nang le lotso lwa se-Khoesān le bone ba ne ba bidiwa Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Kaap Swartes) kgotsa Western Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Wes-Kaap Swartes). Se se ne se direlwa go ba farologanya le batho ba ba buang SeBantu, baagi ba bangwe ba Aforika ba Aforika Borwa ba le bona ba neng ba na le losika lo lo botlhokwa lwa BaKhoe-San.<ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-25-khoisan-leader-crawford-fraser-dies-leavleaving-legacy-of-activism-and-community/</ref> Lereo Khoisan (le gape le kwadiwang KhoiSan, KhoiSan, KhoeSan) le ne la tsenngwa mo tirisong ya Aforika Borwa jaaka leina le le itlhalosang morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990. Fa e sale ka bo 2010, go ntse go na le mokgatlho wa badiraditshupetso wa Ba-Khoisan, ba batla go amogelwa le ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe go tswa go puso le morafe wa basweu o o nang le dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe la poraefete la naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba le bantsi ba tsaya lefoko leno le le thata ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mmalwa. Mellet a re Leonhard Schultze-Jena, yo o simolotseng go dirisa lereo le, o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke tlhaolele e e tlhokang go emelana le yone: 47 Sa bobedi, batho ba San ba na le go gana leina le, jaaka le tlhagisitswe ke setlhopha sa bakwadi ba BaSan ba tshegediwa ke WIMSA, ba ba tlhalosang gore: "BaSan ba kgatlhanong le go kopanngwa mmogo le modisa yo o maatla thata wa ga jaana KhoeKhoen ka ntlha ya mabaka a thuto le a puo": 224 Lebaka la boraro ke gore kamano magareng ga batho ba Khoekhoe le ba San mo hisetoring e nnile e e raraaneng ka bosupi jwa gore makomando a a nang le seabe sa Khoekhoe kgotsa boeteledipele jwa Khoekhoe bo nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo polaong ya morafe kgatlhanong le batho ba Cape San mo ngwagakgolong wa bo18 le wa bo19.<ref>https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4b0b67a416b946a39572666f684a5628</ref> [[File:San-Mann_beim_Sammeln_der_Teufelskralle_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|San man collecting [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]]] == Hisetori == [[File:InitialExpansionMitogenome.PNG|thumb|Lefelo le le batlileng le tshwana le kwa L0d le L0k haplogroups di simologileng teng kwa borwa jwa Afrika, e e kwadilweng dingwaga tse di fetang 90 000 tse di fetileng ke Behar et al. (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=Doron M. |last2=Villems |first2=Richard |last3=Soodyall |first3=Himla |last4=Blue-Smith |first4=Jason |last5=Pereira |first5=Luisa |last6=Metspalu |first6=Ene |last7=Scozzari |first7=Rosaria |last8=Makkan |first8=Heeran |last9=Tzur |first9=Shay |last10=Comas |first10=David |last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume |last12=Quintana-Murci |first12=Lluis |last13=Tyler-Smith |first13=Chris |last14=Wells |first14=R. Spencer |last15=Rosset |first15=Saharon |display-authors=2 |date=2008 |title=The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2008-05_82_5/page/1130 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1130–1140 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 |pmc=2427203 |pmid=18439549 |quote=Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)}}</ref>]] Go akantshiwa gore bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba segompieno ba ne ba atologela kwa borwa jwa Aforika (go tswa kwa Botlhaba kgotsa Bogare jwa Aforika) pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng mme gongwe le pele ga dingwaga di le 260 000 tse di fetileng. Kwa tshimologong ya MIS 5 "megadrought" dingwaga tse 130,000 tse di fetileng, go ne go na le ditlhopha tse pedi tsa bagologolwane ba batho mo Aforika; ba ba tshotseng mt-DNA haplogroup Lo kwa borwa jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng Khoi-San, le ba ba tshotseng haplogroup L1-6 kwa bogare/botlhaba jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng mongwe le mongwe o sele. [tshupiso e tlhokegang] Setlhopha se se ne sa dira gore go nne le baagi ba San ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi. Leqhubu la moraorao la ho falla, ho pota kapa pele ho qaleho ya Mehla e Tlwaelehileng, le ile la hlahisa batho ba Khoe, bao e neng e le badisa.<ref name=":3">https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/khoisan-praise-singer-boosts-sas-linguistic-diversity-pansalb/</ref> Ka ntlha ya go atologa ga bone le go kgaogana ga bone go go sa le gale, baagi ba bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba ne ba fopholediwa gore ba ne ba emetse "batho ba le bantsi go gaisa" ka nako e ntsi ya tatelano ya nako ya batho ba segompieno, go tloga ka go kgaogana ga bone pele ga 150 kya go fitlha ka go nna le batho ba le 70 kya kwa Eurasia. Di ne di aname thata go feta gompieno, ka ntlha ya go nyelela ga tsone ka nako ya go atologa ga batho ba Banthu. Ba ne ba gasagasame go ralala bontsi jwa borwa le borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika. Gape go ne go na le go fuduga go go botlhokwa ga ba ba tshotseng L0 go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika magareng ga 120 le 75 kya. Rito et al. (2013) ba fopholetsa gore kgatelelo go tswa go go huduga go go ntseng jalo go ka nna ga ba ga nna le seabe mo go phatlalaleng ga batho ba Aforika Botlhaba go tswa mo Aforika ka 70 kya.<ref>https://iol.co.za/news/2025-11-25-crawford-fraser-prominent-khoisan-chief-and-advocate-dies-at-51/</ref> Tiro ya bosheng jaana e ile ya akantsha gore kgopolo ya gore go na le mafelo a a farologaneng e ka tshegediwa ke tshedimosetso ya bosheng ya dijini tsa batho. Phuputso ya 2023 e phatlalatsweng koranteng ya Nature e fana ka maikutlo a hore dintlha tsa jwale tsa lefutso di ka utlwisiswa hantle jwalo ka ha di bontsha metswako ya kahare ya mehlodi e mengata ya baahi ho pholletsa le Aforika, ho kenyeletswa le baahi ba baholo ba Khoisan. === Motlha wa Morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa === [[File:Schematic_representation_of_the_major_inferred_migrations_involving_mtDNA_haplogroup_L0.png|thumb|Schematic representation of the "out of South Africa" migration of the post-Eemian Middle to Late Stone Age (after 100 kya) inferred from mtDNA haplogroup L0 in modern African populations (Rito et al. 2013).<ref name="Rito2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rito |first=Teresa |last2=Richards |first2=Martin B. |last3=Fernandes |first3=Verónica |last4=Alshamali |first4=Farida |last5=Cerny |first5=Viktor |last6=Pereira |first6=Luísa |last7=Soares |first7=Pedro |last8=Gilbert |first8=Tom |display-authors=2 |date=2013 |title=The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=8 |issue=11 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...880031R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080031 |pmc=3827445 |pmid=24236171 |doi-access=free |article-number=e80031}}</ref>]] Batho ba BaSan ba e neng e le bagologolwane ba Ba-Khoisan ba ne ba aname go ralala karolo e kgolo ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika go ralala Motlha wa Letlapa wa Bogologolo morago ga dingwaga di ka nna 75 ka. Go ile ga akantshiwa gore go ne ga nna le koketsego e nngwe gape e e diragetseng dingwaga di ka nna 20 pelenyana ga foo. Rosti le ba bangwe ba akantsha gore go na le kamano ya go atologa ga bosheng jaana le go anama ga ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa mo dipuong tsa Aforika Botlhaba (puo ya Se-Hadza).<ref name=":4">https://vocfm.co.za/khoisan-languages-face-extinction-amid-heritage-month-reflections/</ref> Madirelo a Sangoan a morago ga Motlha wa Leje a ne a le kwa borwa jwa Aforika mo mafelong a pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga metara (1000 mm; 39.4 in). Batho ba San le ba Khoi ba gompieno ba tshwana le ba ba emelwang ke masalela a marapo a bogologolo a Sangoan. Kgatlhanong le tlhaloso ya setso e e fitlhelang tshimologo e e tshwanang ya BaKhoi le BaSan, bosupi jo bongwe bo supile gore bagologolwane ba batho ba BaKhoi ke bafaladi ba temothuo ba pele ga batho ba Bantu ba ba sa tswang go goroga mo borwa jwa Aforika ba ba tlogetseng temothuo jaaka tlelaemete e ne e omelela mme ba ikamanya le BaSan jaaka batsomi-ba-kopanyi kgotsa ba ne ba tswelela go nna badisa. Ka go goroga ga badisa le badisa ba Banthoid mo Aforika Borwa dingwaga di ka nna 2,300 tse di fetileng, ditlhabololo tsa puo moragonyana di ne tsa bonala ka go amogela ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa le mafoko a a adimilweng go tswa mo dipuong tsa bogologolo tsa Khoe-San. Tsona di tlhotlheleditse tlhagelelo ya merafe e e kopantsweng ya balemirui le badisa le batsomi, e e neng ya feleletsa e dirile gore go nne le merafe ya segompieno, e e kopantsweng ya dipuo tsa tlholego e e fitlhelwang gompieno mo Aforika Borwa, Botswana le Namibia (sekao, mo bathong ba MaXhosa, Basotho, Batswana le MaZulu ba Aforika Borwa).<ref>https://dailyvoice.co.za/news/2026-02-26-down-with-the-click-khoisan-teen-finally-gets-his-cultural-name-recognised-on-sa-id-in-historic-victory/</ref> Gompieno ditlhopha tseno di emela bontsi jwa dimilione tsa ditlogolwana tsa bogologolo tsa Ba-Khoe-San. === Nako ya Sehisetori === Ba-Khoikhoi ba ne ba tsena mo hisitoring fa ba ne ba kopana la ntlha le babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi, mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le 1.000 morago ga gore Ba-Bantu ba ba leleke. Palo ya baagi ba lefelo leo e ne ya fokotsega fa BaKhoi ba sena go tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana jo bo neng bo tswa kwa Yuropa. BaKhoi ba ne ba tlhasela BaYuropa gangwe le gape fa Khampani ya Dutch East India e ne e thiba mafulo a bone a setso gore go se ka ga nna le dipolasi. Mokgatlho wa loago wa BaKhoikhoi o ne wa senngwa thata mme kwa bofelong wa senngwa ke go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale le go gapiwa ga lefatshe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo17 go ya pele. Fa thulaganyo ya loago e ntse e senyega, batho bangwe ba BaKhoikhoi ba ne ba nna mo dipolaseng mme ba nna batlhanka (bondservants) kgotsa badiri ba mo dipolaseng; ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsenngwa mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di le teng tsa BaKhoi le malapa a BaXhosa. Georg Schmidt, Morwarra Moravia go tswa Herrnhut, Saxony, jaanong Jeremane, o ne a tlhoma Genadendal ka 1738, e e neng e le seteishene sa ntlha sa thero mo borwa jwa Aforika, mo bathong ba Khoi kwa Baviaanskloof mo Dithabeng tsa Riviersonderend. Baagi ba bogologolo ba Yuropa ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba nyalana le basadi ba BaKhoikhoi, mme seno se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le batho ba le bantsi ba merafe e e farologaneng ba jaanong ba itsegeng e le BaGriqua. Batho ba Griqua ba ne ba tla fudugela kwa go seo ka nako eo e neng e le melelwane ya mafelo a a bolokilweng a BaXhosa mme ba tlhoma Griqualand Botlhaba, eo e neng e na le bontsi jwa baagi ba BaXhosa.<ref>https://novanews.co.za/tygerburger/khoisan-community-protest-for-land-rights-in-strandfontein/</ref> [[File:Khoikhoi-nedersetting_-_1711.png|thumb|Lefelo la Ba-Khoikhoi kwa Table Bay, jaaka go bontshitswe mo mokwalong wa ga Abraham Bogaert wa Historische Reizen, 1711.]] Andries Stockenström o thusitse go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go nna la "Kat River" la BaKhoi gaufi le molelwane wa botlhaba wa Cape Colony. Metse e ne ya gola le go atologa, mme Kat River ka bonako e ne ya nna kgaolo e kgolo le e e atlegileng ya Kapa e e neng e ikemetse ka nosi. Batho ba bontsi ba ne ba bua Seaforikanse, e leng BaGonaqua Khoi, fela lefelo la bonno le ne la simolola go ngoka Ba-Khoi ba bangwe, BaXhosa le ditlhopha tsa merafe e e kopaneng tsa Kapa.<ref name=":5">https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/khoisan-chief-in-court-for-alleged-assault-of-elderly-men-for-trespassing-on-ancestral-land-20260226-1167</ref> Dintwa tsa "Bushman Wars" (1673-1677) e ne e le karabo ya baagi ba BaSan go thopiwa le go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale ke bajaki ba BaDutch. Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga, MaKhoikhoi ba kwa Kapa Bophirima ba ne ba nna mo nageng e e neng e laolwa ke MaDutch. Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bontsi jwa MaKhoisan ba ne ba dira jaaka 'badiri ba ba thapilweng,' ba ne ba sa farologane thata le makgoba. Fa go lejwa ka tsela ya loago, fa modiri a ne a le kgakala le Cape Town, go ne go nna thata le go feta go isa dikuno tsa temothuo kwa marekisetsong. Go ntshiwa ga dilaesense tsa phulo kwa bokone jwa Noka ya Berg mo go se ka nako eo e neng e le Tulbagh Basin go ne ga rotloetsa kgolo ya bokoloniale mo lefelong leo. Thulaganyo e ya go fudusiwa ga lefatshe e ne ya dira gore MaKhoijhou ba latlhegelwe ke lefatshe la bone le leruo la bone mmogo le phetogo e kgolo mo tlhabololong ya loago, ikonomi le sepolotiki. Morago ga go fenngwa ga botsuolodi jwa BaXhosa ka 1853, puso e ntšhwa ya Kapa e ne ya leka go neela MaKhoi ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki go thibela go se kgotsofale ga bomorafe mo isagweng. Puso e ne ya dira molao wa Cape franchise ka 1853, o o neng o laela gore baagi botlhe ba banna ba ba neng ba le mo tekong e e kwa tlase ya thoto, go sa kgathalesege mmala wa bone, ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go tlhopha le go batla go tlhophiwa mo Palamenteng. Tlhatlhobo ya thoto e ne e le tsela e e sa tlhamalalang ya Puso ya Kapa ya Borithane (e e neng ya tsaya marapo go tswa go ya Ba-Dutch ka 1812) go boloka tsamaiso ya puso e e theilweng mo bomorafeng ka gore ka kakaretso ke basweu fela ba ba neng ba na le thoto e e lekaneng go ka fitlhelela tlhatlhobo. Mo polaong ya morafe ya Herero le Nama kwa German South-West Africa, go fopholediwa gore go ne ga bolawa Ba-Nama ba feta 10 000 ka 1904-1908. [[File:Buschmänner_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|San family in Namibia]] Ba-San ba Kalahari ba ne ba tlhalosiwa mo bukeng ya Specimens of Bushman Folklore e e kwadilweng ke Wilhelm H. I. Bleek le Lucy C. Lloyd (1911). Ba ne ba tlisiwa mo lefatsheng le le tletseng lefatshe ka bophara ka bo1950 ke mokwadi wa mo Afrika Borwa e bong Laurens van der Post mo terameng ya thelebišene ya dikarolo di le thataro. Kganetsano ya lefatshe la bagologolwane kwa Botswana e ama Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), e e tlhomilweng ka 1961 ka ntlha ya diphologolo tsa naga, fa Ba-San bone ba ne ba letlelelwa go tswelela ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo wa go tsoma le go kgobokanya. Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, puso ya Botswana e ne ya simolola leano la go "rulaganya" banni ba CKGR kwa ntle ga lefelo leno. Ka 2002, puso e ne ya kgaola ditirelo tsotlhe tsa baagi ba CKGR. Go ne ga simololwa ntwa ya semolao, mme ka 2006 Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Botswana e ne ya ntsha katlholo ya gore banni ba koo ba ne ba tlositswe ka dikgoka e bile e se kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, pholisi ya go fudusa batho e ne ya tswelela, mme ka 2012 batho ba BaSan (Basarwa) ba ne ba ikuela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng go pateletsa puso go amogela ditshwanelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe le metswedi. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele ka 1994, lereo "Khoisan" ka iketlo le ne la simolola go dirisiwa jaaka leina le le itlhophileng ke MaKhoikhoi a Aforika Borwa jaaka baemedi ba "ditšhaba tsa ntlha" tsa Aforika Borwa kgatlhanong le bontsi jwa Banthu ba ba busang. Khonferense ya "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" e ne ya rulaganngwa ke Yunibesiti ya Kapa Bophirima ka 1997, le "Khoisan activism" e begilwe mo metsweding ya dikgang ya Aforika Borwa go simolola ka 2015. Puso ya Aforika Borwa e letleletse malapa a BaKhoisan (go fitlha ka 1998) go tsweletsa ditopo tsa lefatshe tse di neng di le teng pele ga 1913. Motlatsamodulasetilo wa Khomišene ya Ditlhokego tsa Naga ya Aforika Borwa, Thami Mdontswa, o boletse gore go tla tlhokega gore go nne le diphetogo mo molaotheong go kgontsha batho ba Ba-Khoisan go tsweletsa ditlhokego tsa bona tsa lefatshe le bagologolwane ba bone ba neng ba tlositswe mo go lona pele ga 9 Seetebosigo 1913.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Sameul_Daniell_-_Khoisan_besig_om_sprinkane_te_braai_-_1804.jpg|"Bosjemans frying locusts", aquatint by Samuel Daniell (1805). File:In_Search_of_the_San_08.jpg|Basadi ba San kwa Namibia (1984 setshwantsho) File:Bushman_camp.jpg|Bushman camp 2005 </gallery>Ka 2025, baemedi ba morafe wa BaKhoisan ba ne ba batla go amogelwa jaaka morafe wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa, ba buelela go amogelwa ga boeteledipele jwa bone jwa setso le ditshwanelo tsa bone mo lefatsheng la bagologolwane ba bona. Mo ntlheng e, Regent Xami Thomas o lemogilwe jaaka moemedi wa batho ba Khoisan. O gatisitse kamano ya batho ba MaKhoisan le lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, a tshwantsha kamano ya bone le ya Bajuta le lefatshe la Iseraele. Jaaka karolo ya maiteko a bone a go batla ditshwanelo tsa bona tsa selegae le tsa naga, batho ba MaKhoisan ba ne ba isa memorantamo kwa Palamenteng ya Aforika Borwa, ba kopa go amogelwa semmuso ga maemo a bona a a kgethegileng.<ref name=":5" /> === Diphitlhelelo === Ka 2019, borasaense ba Yunibesithi ya Free State ba ne ba ribolola ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng tsa dingwaga di le 8 000 tse di dirilweng ke batho ba BaKhoisan. Ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng di ne di supa phologolo ya noka, pitse le tshukudu mo 'Noga ya Pula' mo thulaganyong ya thulo ya Vredefort, e e ka nnang ya nna le botlhokwa jwa semoya malebana le ditlhamane tsa pula tsa BaKhoisan. == Thubakanyo Kgatlhanong le Ba-Khoisan == Ka nako ya polao ya morafe ya Herero le Nama, go ne ga bolawa BaNama ba ka nna 10 000, setlhopha sa BaKhoekhoe, le palo e e sa itsiweng ya Ba-San mo letsholong la polao le le neng la dirwa ke Puso ya Bokolone ya Jeremane magareng ga 1904 le 1908. === Go fudusiwa ka dikgoka kwa Botswana === Kwa Botswana, batho ba le bantsi ba Ba-San ba ba tlholegileng koo ba ne ba fudusiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bone ba isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go ba dira gore ba fuduge, ba ne ba ganelwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone mme ba ne ba lebanwe ke go tshwarwa fa ba ne ba ka tsoma, e e neng e le motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa dijo. Naga ya bone e mo gare ga lefelo le le humileng thata la taemane mo lefatsheng. Ka semmuso, puso e ganetsa gore go na le kamano epe le meepo mme e bolela gore go fudusiwa ke go boloka diphologolo tsa naga le tikologo, le fa batho ba San ba ntse ba tshela mo lefatsheng ka dingwaga tse di sekete. Mo mafelong a go beetsweng batho mo go one, ba kgaratlhela go bona tiro, mme go nwa bojalwa go aname. [[File:African_language_families_en.svg|thumb|Botala: Go anamisiwa ga dipuo tsa Se-Khoisan tsa segompieno tse di buiwang ke batho ba Ba-Khoi le Ba-San, mmogo le puo ya Se-Sandawe ya batho ba Se-Sandawe le puo ya Se-Hadza sa kwa Tanzania.]] "Dipuo tsa Khoisan" di ne tsa akantshiwa jaaka setlhopha sa dipuo ke Joseph Greenberg ka 1955.[ Kamano ya bone ya dijini e ne ya belaelwa moragonyana mo ngwagakgolong wa bo20, mme lefoko leno jaanong le dirisiwa thata jaaka lefoko la boiketlo ntle le go kaya gore go na le kutlwano ya dijini, fela jaaka "Papua" le "Australia". Karolo e e di kopanyang e e tlhomologileng thata ke ditumammogo tsa tsone tse di gatelelang.<ref name=":4" /> Di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha di le pedi, le palo ya dipuo tse di farologaneng tse di ka nnang teng. Tswana Lelapa la Kxʼa le ne la akantshiwa ka 2010, le kopanya puo ya ʼAmkoe ( ⁇ Hoan) le setlhopha sa dipuo tsa Kung (Juu). Kung e akaretsa dipuo di ka nna lesome le bobedi, mme ga go na pharologano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga tsone. Sands et al. (2010) ba tshitshinya karoganyo mo ditlhopheng di le nne: Northern-Kung (Sekele), e buiwa kwa Angola go dikologa dinoka tsa Cunene, Cubango, Cuito, le Cuando (mme gone jaanong go na le batshabi ba le bantsi kwa Namibia), Northern-Central-Kung (Ekoka), e buiwa kwa Namibia fa gare ga Noka ya Ovambo le molelwane wa Angola, Central- Kung, e buiwa gaufi le Grootfontein, Namibia, kwa bophirima jwa Noka ya Omatako le kwa borwa jwa Noka ya Ovambo South-eastern-Kung (Ju-ʼhoan), e buiwa kwa Botswana kwa botlhaba jwa Okavango Delta, le kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Namibia go tswa gaufi le Windhoek go ya Rundu, Gobabis, le Caprivi Strip.<ref name=":3" /> Lelapa la Khoi (Khoe) le kgaogantswe ka Khoikhoi (Khoekhoe le dipuo tsa Khoemana) le lekala la Kalahari (Tshu-Khwe). Lekala la Kalahari la Khoe le akaretsa Shua le Tsoa (ka dipuo), le Kxoe, Naro, G ⁇ ana le ⁇ Haba (ka dipuo). Khoe gape e ile ya amanngwa le Kwadi ("Kwadi-Khoe"), le puo ya Sandawe ya kwa Tanzania ("Khoe-Sandawe"). Puo ya SeHadza ya kwa Tanzania e ile ya amanngwa le setlhopha sa SeKhoisan ka ntlha ya go nna gone ga ditumammogo tse di tsenang. BaKhoisan ke bangwe ba batho ba le mmalwa ba ba nang le dipopego tse di nang le dipopego tse di tshwanang le tsa batho ba bangwe kwa ntle ga Asia Botlhaba. Gantsi di na le moriri o o bopegileng jaaka e kete o dikologilwe ka tsela e e gagametseng thata, mofuta wa moriri o o sokameng o ka dinako tse dingwe o bidiwang "peppercorn" ka gonne o kgona go dikologa ka tsela e e farologaneng mo tlhogong. Charles Darwin o kwadile ka ga BaKhoisan le tlhopho ya bong mo go The Descent of Man ka 1882, a tlhalosa gore steatopygia ya bone, e e bonwang thata mo basading, e nnile teng ka ntlha ya tlhopho ya bong mo thutong ya motho, le gore "karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele e tlhagelela ka tsela e e gakgamatsang". Go ya ka hisetori, bomme bangwe ba ne ba bonwa ke baithutadiphologolo ba na le dipounama tse dinnye tse di telele, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di neng di tlhagelela go fitlha go disentimetara tse 10 (3.9 in) ka fa tlase ga kgeleswa fa ba eme. Le fa e kwadilwe sentle, maitlhomo a tiro eno le mantswe a basadi ba ba e dirang ga se gantsi a sekasekiwang mo patlisisong.<ref name=":2" /> Mo dingwageng tsa bo1990, dipatlisiso tsa genomic tsa batho ba lefatshe di fitlhetse gore chromosome Y ya banna ba San e na le dipopego tse di rileng tsa polymorphisms tse di farologaneng le tsa batho ba bangwe botlhe. Ka ntlha ya gore Y chromosome e sireleditswe thata fa gare ga dikokomana, mofuta ono wa DNA test o dirisiwa go bona gore a ditlhopha tse di farologaneng di ne tsa kgaogana leng, mme ka jalo e le losika lwa bone lwa bofelo lo lo tshwanang. Bakwadi ba dipatlisiso tse ba akantsha gore BaSan e ka nna ya bo e le bangwe ba batho ba ntlha go farologana le bagologolwane ba ga jaana ba batho botlhe ba ba leng teng. Dipatlisiso tse di farologaneng tsa Y-chromosome di netefaditse gore Ba-Khoisan ba na le dingwe tsa di-haplogroups tsa Y-chromosome tse di farologaneng (tsa bogologolo). Di haplogroup tse ke di sub-group tse di rileng tsa di haplogroup A le B, dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo setlhareng sa Y-chromosome ya motho. Go tshwana le se se bonweng mo dipatlisisong tsa Y-chromosome, dipatlisiso tsa mitochondrial DNA gape di bontshitse bosupi jwa gore batho ba BaKhoisan ba na le makgolokgolo a makgolokgolo a makala a pele a haplogroup mo setlhareng sa mitochondrial DNA ya motho. Mitochondrial haplogroup e e farologaneng thata (kgologolo) Lod, e lemogilwe ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Khoi le San tsa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":1" /> Diphuputso tse ding tsa genomic di senotse hape hore dihlopha tsa Khoisan di ile tsa susumetswa ke 9 ho isa ho 30% ya metsoako ya dijini dilemong tse dikete tse mmalwa tse fetileng ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Botjhabela ba neng ba jara karolo ya motsoako wa Eurasia. Mo godimo ga moo, ba baya tshimologo ya Afrika Botlhaba ya paterone haplogroup E1b1b e e fitlhelwang mo dipopolong tse tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mmogo le go tsenngwa ga bodisa mo kgaolong.[ 58] Pampiri e e lemogile gape gore katoloso ya Banthu e nnile le thotloetso e e bonalang ya dijini mo ditlhopheng di le mmalwa tsa BaKhoisan. Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa PCA, losika lwa Aforika Botlhaba bo lo lemogilweng mo dijining tsa batho ba ba buang Khoe-Kwadi le ba bangwe ba borwa jwa Afrika lo amana le motho wa kwa Tanzania Luxmanda. Baitseanape ba dijini ka 2024 ba ne ba tsaya dikai tsa masalela a bogologolo a dingwaga di le 10 000 a Aforika Borwa kwa Oakhurst Rockshelter. Batho ba ba neng ba tlhatlhobiwa ba ne ba na le kamano e e nonofileng ya dijini le Ba-San le Ba-Khoe. Go tla morago ga ditlhopha tsa badisa le temothuo mo dingwageng tse di fetileng di le 2,000 go tla fetola genepool ya dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mme bontsi jwa Ba-Khoisan ba a boloka, mme ba tshwana le letshwao la dijini tsa batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba bagolo.<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/12/22/371672272/the-khoisan-once-were-kings-of-the-planet-what-happened</ref> == Bogare == Ka 21 Lwetse 2020, Yunibesiti ya Cape Town e ne ya simolola Khoi le San Centre ya yona e ntšhwa, ka lenaneo la dikirii ya digraduate le le rulaganyeditsweng go simololwa mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefelo leno le tla tshegetsa le go nonotsha tirisanommogo eno mo dikomiting tsa patlisiso ya puo (go akaretsa Khoekhoegowab), masalela a a boitshepo a batho, lefatshe le bong. Ditlogolwana di le dintsi tsa batho ba Khoisan ba santse ba nna mo Cape Flats. == Dintlha == == Bona gape == == Metswedi == == Buka ya tshedimosetso == [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Sekhoisan]] [[Karolo:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa]] onqr7ya5ezn46lkl5uifjcce5pio7df 0 15037 55533 55205 2026-09-24T10:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260924sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 55533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Divaerase tsa tlhaelo ya masole a mmele''' ('''HIVs''') ke mefuta e mebedi ya ''Lentivirus'' ( setlhophannye sa retrovirus ) e e tshwaetsang batho. Fa nako ntse e tsamaya, di baka [[HIV/AIDS|bolwetse jwa go tlhaela masole a mmele]] (AIDS), <ref name="pmid8493571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RA |date=May 1993 |title=How does HIV cause AIDS? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273 |journal=Science |volume=260 |issue=5112 |pages=1273–9 |bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W |doi=10.1126/science.8493571 |pmid=8493571}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18947296">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA |year=2009 |title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=60 |pages=471–84 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549 |pmc=2716400 |pmid=18947296}}</ref> boemo jo mo go bone go palelwa ga masole a mmele go go yang kwa pele go dumelang gore ditshwaetsego tse di ka lokelang bophelo mo kotsing le dikankere di tswelele pele. <ref name="pmid27611681">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P |year=2016 |title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704 |pmc=5017746 |pmid=27611681 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0162704}}</ref> Ntle le kalafii, bogare ba palo ya nako ya go phela morago ga go tshwaediwa ke HIV e fopholediwa go nna dijara di le 9 go ya go di le 11, go ikaegile ka mofuta ole monnye wa HIV . <ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web |last=UNAIDS |last2=WHO |date=December 2007 |title=2007 AIDS epidemic update |url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16 |page=16}}</ref> Mo mabakeng mantsi, HIV e tshelanwang ka thobalano mme [[HIV/AIDS|e tshelanwa]] ka go ama kana go fetisiwa ga madi, pele ga go rota, peo ya senna, le diedi tsa sesadi . <ref name="PARTNER2-2019">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J |date=June 2019 |title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study |journal=Lancet |volume=393 |issue=10189 |pages=2428–2438 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0 |pmc=6584382 |pmid=31056293 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA">{{Cite journal |author-link3=Anthony S. Fauci |vauthors=Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS |date=February 2019 |title=HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable |url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2019-02-05_321_5/page/451 |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=5 |pages=451–452 |doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167 |pmid=30629090 |s2cid=58599661}}</ref> Phetiso e e sa kopaneleng dikobo e ka etsagala go tswa go mme yo o tshwaetsegileng go ya kwa leseeng la gagwe ka nako ya [[boimana]], ka nako ya pelegi ka go tlhakana le madi a gagwe kgotsa seedi sa sesadi, le ka [[Mashi a lebele|maswi a letswele]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J |year=2012 |title=HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739 |pmc=3375288 |pmid=22719248 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1002739}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2009 |title=Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society |url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-537464-3 |veditors=Hahn RA, Inhorn MC |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anthropologypubl0000unse_v3c8/page/449 449] |oclc=192042314}}</ref> <ref name="Mead">{{Cite journal |last=Mead MN |year=2008 |title=Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html |url-status=dead |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=A426–34 |bibcode=2008EnvHP.116.a426M |doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a426 |pmc=2569122 |pmid=18941560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106182431/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html |archive-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> Mo dieding tse tsa mmele, HIV e teng jaaka dikarolonnye tsa mogare tse di gololesegileng le mogare mo diseleng tsa masole a mmele tse di sa amegang. Dipatlisiso di tlhagisitse ( mo barataning ba bong jo bo tshwanang le ba bong jo bo sa tshwaneng ) gore HIV ga e tshelanwe ka nako ya thobalano kwa ntle ga kgotlhopo fa mokapelo wa gago yo o nang le HIV a na le megare e e sa itsegeng . <ref name="PARTNER2-2019" /> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA" /> == Ditshupiso == {{reflist}} [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] 6ippwvk2uhcho4doraqccgq8wmbb11q 0 15039 55449 54839 2026-09-23T18:31:40Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sepinatšhe''' (Spinacia oleracea) ke semela se se nang le matlhare a matala se se tlholegang kwa Asia Bogare le Bophirima. Ke wa setlhopha sa Caryophyllales, lelapa la Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Matlhare a yone ke merogo e e tlwaelegileng e e jewang e le foreshe, e apeilwe kgotsa e bolokilwe (go dirisiwa mekgwa ya go e boloka jaaka go e tsenya mo dithineng, go e gatsetsa kgotsa go e ntsha metsi mo mmeleng). Tatso ya yone e farologana thata fa e apeilwe le fa e sa apewa: selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa oxalate se ka fokodiwa ka go tshasa.<ref>https://a-z-animals.com/blog/missing-since-1985-the-spinach-pipefish-is-back-on-record/</ref> Ke semela sa ngwaga le ngwaga (ga se gantsi se jalwa gabedi), se gola go fitlha go 30 cm (1 ft). Sepinatšhe se ka nna sa fetsa mariga mo mafelong a a nang le tlelaemete e e tsididi. Matlhare a a farologana, a a bonolo, a a nang le mae go ya go a a khutlotharo, mme a farologana thata ka bogolo: 2-30 cm (1-12 in) ka boleele le 1-15 cm (1⁄2 ⁇ 6 in) ka bophara, ka matlhare a magolo kwa tlase ga semela le matlhare a mannye kwa godimo mo setlhareng se se thunyang. Dithunya tsa sone ga di bonale, di mmala o o serolwana, di bophara jwa 3-4 mm, mme di gola go nna setlhotswana sa maungo a a thata, a a omeletseng, a a nang le dithunya tse di bophara jwa 5-10 mm tse di nang le dipeo di le mmalwa.<ref name=":1">https://nltimes.nl/2026/08/29/spinach-now-ranks-pesticide-contaminated-vegetable-dutch-guide</ref> Ka 2024, ntshokuno ya lefatshe ya sepinatšhe e ne e le ditone di le dimilione di le 31, mme China e le nosi e ne e le 92% ya palogotlhe. == Tlhamane == Lefoko la Seesemane "spinach" le simologile kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 14 go tswa mo lefokong la Sefora sa bogologolo la espinache. Leina le le tsene mo dipuong tsa kwa Yuropa go tswa mo Selatineng sa bogare spinagium, le le tserweng mo Searabieng sa Andalusian, isbinakh, le le tswang mo Sepereseng aspānā.<ref>https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9868227/south-african-spinach-grower-loses-90-of-crop-to-drought-and-disease/</ref> == Thulaganyo ya go kgaoganya == Sepinatšhe se se tlwaelegileng (S. oleracea) se ne se tsewa e le sa lelapa la Chenopodiaceae, fela ka 2003 lelapa leo le ne la kopanngwa le la Amaranthaceae ka tatelano ya Caryophyllales. Mo lelapeng la Amaranthaceae sensu lato, Sepinatšhe ke sa leloko la Chenopodioideae.<ref>https://www.seriouseats.com/why-baby-spinach-took-over-12110171</ref> == Tlhaloso == Go farologana le dimela tse dingwe tse di thunyang tse di dirisiwang jaaka merogo, sejenakisi ke semela sa dioecious, se se rayang gore dimela tse di farologaneng di ka nna le dithunya tsa sesadi kgotsa tsa tonanyana.<ref name=":2">https://www.eatingwell.com/store-spinach-oxo-glass-container-amazon-12009197</ref><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200"> File:Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers,_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach male flowers File:Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers,_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg|Spinach female flowers File:Spinach_seeds_round.jpg|Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar File:Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg|Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar </gallery> == Hisetori == Sepinatšhe go akanngwa gore se simolotse dingwaga di ka nna 2000 tse di fetileng kwa Persia wa bogologolo koo se neng sa tsenngwa kwa India mme morago kwa China wa bogologolo ka Nepal ka 647 CE jaaka "sejalo sa Persian". Ka 827 CE, Maarabia a ne a tsenya sepinatšhe kwa Sicily. Bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo kwadilweng jwa sepinatšhe kwa Mediterranean bo ne jwa kwalwa mo mekwalong e le meraro ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga: buka ya kalafi ya ga al-Rāzī (e e itsegeng e le Rhazes kwa Bophirima) le mo dibukeng tse pedi tsa temothuo, e nngwe e kwadilwe ke Ibn Waḥshīyah mme e nngwe ke Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Sepinatšhe e ne ya nna sejalo se se tumileng thata kwa Mediterranean ya Arabia mme ya fitlha kwa Pheninsuleng ya Iberia mo karolong ya bofelo ya lekgolo la bo 12 la dingwaga, kwa Ibn al-Awwām a neng a se bitsa raʼīs al-buqūl, 'kgosi ya merogo ya matlhare a matala'.[ Sepinatšhe e ne e le setlhogo sa thutapuo ya lekgolo la bo 11 la dingwaga ya ga Ibn Ḥajjāj. [tswedi e e botoka e a tlhokega].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realsimple.com/kale-vs-spinach-8773614 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-date=2026-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260423025525/https://www.realsimple.com/kale-vs-spinach-8773614 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sepinatšhe se ne sa tlhagelela la ntlha kwa Engelane le kwa Fora ka lekgolo la bo 14 la dingwaga, gongwe ka Iberia, mme se ne sa dirisiwa thata ka gonne se ne se tlhagelela kwa tshimologong ya dikgakologo fa merogo e e foreshe ya mo lefelong leo e ne e sa bonwe. Sepinatšhe se umakiwa mo bukeng ya ntlha e e itsegeng ya Seesemane ya go apaya, Forme of Cury (1390), koo e bidiwang 'spinnedge' le 'spynoches'. Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, beine e e neng e nonotshitswe ka matute a sepinatšhe e ne e fiwa masole a Mafora a a gobetseng ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa go dutla ga bone madi.<ref>https://www.simplyrecipes.com/do-you-need-to-wash-bagged-spinach-experts-11946438</ref> == Tiriso ka go apaya ==   Sepinatšhe se se sa apewang se na le 91% ya metsi, 4% ya dikhabohaetereite, 3% ya poroteine, e bile se na le mafura a mannye (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le dikilojoule di le 97 tsa dikilojoule di le 23 tsa dikilojoule tsa maatla a dijo, segolobogolo fa se le sesha, se tsidifaditswe, se bedisitswe kgotsa se bedisitswe ka bonako. Ke motswedi o o nonneng (20% kgotsa go feta wa Daily Value, DV) wa vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, le folate (31-52% DV), e e nang le vitamin K e e kwa godimo thata (403% DV) (tafole). Sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o lekaneng (10-19% ya DV) wa dibitamine tsa B, riboflavin le vitamin B6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, le dietary fiber (tafole). Sepinatšhe se na le di-oxalate, tse di ka kgoreletsang go monwa ga calcium le aene mo maleng le mo maleng a mannye. Sepinatšhe se se apeilweng, se se jaaka se se tsentsweng metsi, se na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa di-oxalate, se se letlang gore di-micronutrient dingwe di monngwe ka botlalo.<ref name=":2" /> Go apaya sepinatšhe go fokotsa selekanyo sa bitamine C thata, ka gonne fa se gotediwa se a senyega. Maemo a folate le ona a ka fokotsega, ka gore folate e na le go tshologela mo seeding sa go apaya. Sepinatšhe se humile ka dinitrate le di-nitrite, tse di ka fetang selekanyo se se babalesegileng fa se ka jewa thata. 1] Sepinatšhe se jewa se sa apewa, se tsenngwa mo disalateng, e bile se apewa mo disupong, mo di-curry kgotsa mo di-casserole. Dijo tse di nang le sepinatšhe jaaka motswako wa konokono di akaretsa salate ya sepinatšhe, sopo ya sepinatšhe, dipinatšhe, saag paneer, pkhali, ispanakhi matsvnit, le spanakopita. Mo dijong tsa setso tsa Sefora, sejo se se dirilweng ka sepinatšhe se ka tlhalosiwa jaaka à la Florentine.<gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Home_cooked_Chicken_Florentine_in_2021.jpg|Chicken Florentine, meaning with spinach File:Spanakopita.jpg|Spanakopita, a Greek spinach pastry File:Mutton_saag.jpg|Saag gosht, an Indian dish </gallery> {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:12em; text-align:center;" |+Spinach production <br /><br />2024, millions of tonnes<br /><br /> | China |28.3 |- | United States |0.3 |- | Japan |0.2 |- | Turkey |0.2 |- |'''World''' |'''30.7''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web |year=2026 |title=Spinach production in 2024; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=24 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> |} Ka 2024, lefatshe le ne la ntsha diperesente di le 31 tsa dimilione tsa ditone tsa sepinatšhe, mme China e le yone fela e neng e ntsha diperesente di le 92 tsa palogotlhe eo (tafole).<ref name=":1" /> Sepinatšhe se se sa tswang go apewa se rekisiwa se le sephaphathi, se kopantswe kgotsa se phuthetswe mo dikgetsaneng. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa boleng jwa sona jwa dikotla fa se bolokilwe go feta malatsi a le mmalwa. Sepinatšhe se se foreshe se pakelwa mo moyeng kgotsa mo gase ya naeterojene go dira gore se nne lobaka lo loleele se sa senyege. Le fa gone go tsidifatsa go fokotsa matswela ano go nna malatsi a ka nna robedi, sejenakisi se se sa tswang go apewa se latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa se se mo go sone sa folate le carotenoid mo nakong eno. Gore e bolokwe nako e telele, e ka tsenngwa mo thining, kgotsa ya omisiwa kgotsa ya apewa le go tsidifadiwa.<ref>https://www.eatingwell.com/vegetables-to-reduce-visceral-fat-11800068</ref> Sepinatšhe sengwe se se phuthetsweng se tsenngwa marang gore se bolaye dibakateria dipe fela tse di kotsi. The Food and Drug Administration e dumela gore matlhare a sepinatšhe a tshubiwe ka marang go fitlha ka selekanyo sa dikilogerama di le 4,0, se se se nang le seabe kgotsa se se nang le seabe se se potlana mo dikoteng tsa dikotla. Sepinatšhe se ka nna le kgotlelo e e kwa godimo ya cadmium go ikaegile ka mmu le lefelo le se jalwang mo go lone. Ka ntlha ya gore sepinatšhe se na le vitamin K e ntsi, batho ba ba dirisang warfarin e e thibelang go dutla ga madi, e e dirang ka go thibela vitamin K, ba laelwa go fokotsa go ja sepinatšhe (le merogo e mengwe e e nang le matlhare a matala).<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1636651/full</ref> [[File:ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg|alt=A cartoon depicting a mother telling her daughter "It's broccoli, dear" over a dish at a dining table. The child answers: "I say it's spinach, and I say the hell with it.". It is signed by Carl Rose.|thumb|The American phrase "I say it's spinach" meaning "nonsense" comes from a 1928 cartoon in ''The New Yorker''.<ref name="harper">{{Cite web |last=Douglas Harper |title=spinach (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=spinach&searchmode=term |access-date=February 2, 2014 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>]] Moanelwa wa dikhomiki Popeye the Sailor Man o tshwantshiwa a ntse a nonofa ka go ja sepinatšhe se se mo thining. Mafoko a pina e e tsamaelanang le yone ke: "Ke nonofile go fitlha kwa bokhutlong [sic], 'cuz I eats me spinach". Se gantsi se bakwa ke iron e e mo sepinatšheng, mme ka 1932 Popeye o ne a re "sepinatšhe se tletse ka vitamin A" mme ke sone se se dirang gore batho ba nonofe ba bo ba nne le botsogo jo bo siameng.<ref>https://www.health.com/eating-spinach-regularly-11923353</ref> Se se diragalang ke gore, sejenakisi ga se motswedi o o botoka wa aene go na le merogo e mengwe e mentsi. Kgopolo e e fosagetseng ya gore sepinatšhe ke motswedi o o siameng thata wa aene mo dijong ke tlhamane ya selegae ya borutegi.<ref>https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/garden/plants/a65821258/vegetables-to-plant-august-autumn-harvest/</ref> == Bona gape == == Dintlha == == Metswedi == 3nlsjmcdm0wiqu2psz6i06v811yoxpe 0 15069 55439 54927 2026-09-23T17:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Precious O. Mustapha''' (o tshotswe ka di 13 Moranang 1997) ke motshameki wa kwa [[Britain]]. O itsege ka seabe sa gagwe mo motseletseleng wa [[Netflix]] wa [[Fate: The Winx Saga]] (2021- 2022).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231124081640/https://www.themediaeye.com/News/48476265-6d44-452d-be5e-b0120097eb04 "Rising Stars: Precious Mustapha"]. The Media Eye. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Mustapha o belegetswe kwa [[Hackney]], East London mme a godisiwa ke mmaagwe le bokgaitsadie ba babedi.<ref>Mamona, Sheilla (11 October 2021). [https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/precious-mustapha-winx-saga-interview-2021 "Precious Mustapha from Winx Saga on modelling for H&M, being an advocate for Black women, and how she navigates anxiety"]. Glamour. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> O tswa kwa Nigeria, o bua Seesimane le Se-Yoruba. Mustapha o ne a tsena sekolo sa [[Mossbourne Community Academy]]. Ka dikgakololo tsa morutabana wa gagwe wa terama,<ref>Holmes, Celestial (24 September 2022). [https://blackgirlnerds.com/fate-led-precious-mustapha-to-acting/ "'Fate' Led Precious Mustapha to Acting"]. Black Girl Nerds. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref>o ne a ya go katisiwa kwa [[East 15 Acting School]], a feleletsa [[Bachelor of Arts]] e a e abetsweng ke [[Yunibesiti ya Essex]] ka 2018.<ref>[https://east15encore.com/graduates/ "BA Acting Graduates 2018"]. East 15 ENCORE. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref><ref>Oladele, Bashirat (3 December 2021). "[https://meetingofmindsuk.uk/grad-zine/precious-mustapha-on-fate-the-winx-saga-and-complex-black-characters/ Precious Mustapha on Fate: The Winx Saga and Complex Black Characters]". Meeting of Minds. Retrieved 20 September 2023</ref> == Tiro == Mustapha o ne a simolola go tlhagelela mo thelebišeneng ka go tlhagelela jaaka moeng mo karolong ya 2019 ya terama ya sephiri ya [[ITV]] ya [[Endeavour]]. O ne a bona karolo ya gagwe ya ntlha mo thelebišeneng mo motseletseleng wa [[Netflix]] wa Fate: The Winx Saga, e e neng e dirilwe go tswa mo motseletseleng wa metshameko wa Winx Club, jaaka Aisha.<ref>Williams, Amanda; Ray, Alyssa (16 February 2021). [https://www.eonline.com/news/1238702/precious-mustapha-reveals-the-moment-she-realized-fate-the-winx-saga-would-be-a-hit "Precious Mustapha Reveals the Moment She Realized Fate: The Winx Saga Would Be a Hit"]. E!. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref> <ref>Pentelow, Orla (11 February 2021). "[https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/fate-the-winx-sagas-precious-mustapha-takes-on-the-bustle-booth Precious Mustapha On Lockdown Boredom, Bridgerton, & Her Acting Heroes"]. Bustle. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref> The series premiered in 2021<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19075607.tv-preview-rising-stars-abigail-cowen-danny-griffin-eliot-salt-precious-mustapha-netflixs-new-fairy-series/ "TV preview: Rising stars Abigail Cowen, Danny Griffin, Eliot Salt, and Precious Mustapha on Netflix's new fairy series"]. The Herald. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> and ran for two seasons.<ref>Williams, Lexi (26 September 2022). [https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/precious-mustapha-fate-winx-saga-season-2-fan-theories-interview "Yes, Precious Mustapha is reading all your Fate: The Winx Saga fan theories"]. Elite Daily. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref>Gape ka 2021, Mustapha o ne a tshameka Roxy Millikan mo motseletseleng wa bobedi wa Sky Comedy wa sepodisi wa thulaganyo ya [[Code 404]].<ref>[https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/precious-mustapha/ "Precious Mustapha"]. British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</ref> mme a direla H&M jaaka mmotlelara mo letsholong le le neng le na le [[Lily Newmark]].<ref>[https://about.hm.com/news/general-news-2021/h-m-s-autumn-winter-2021-collection-puts-a-contemporary-twist-on.html "H&M's autumn/winter 2021 collection puts a contemporary twist on gorpcore practicality"]. H&M. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> Ka 2023, Mustapha o ne a na le seabe sa go boeletsa jaaka Simi mo setlheng sa bofelo sa Apple TV+ metlae ya metshameko Ted Lasso [1] mme a dira ponalo ya moeng mo karolong ya Amazon Prime series The Power. [[Category:Batho ba ba tshelang]] == Metswedi == kvoukydwdatzt7sksnq1nommmiazgzt 0 15075 55419 54952 2026-09-23T13:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nell Carter''' (o tshotswe e le '''Nell Ruth Hardy''' ; <ref>{{Cite book |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Contemporary theatre, film, and television |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJkAAAAMAAJ&q=Nell+Ruth+Hardy |publisher=Gale Research Co. |isbn=978-0-7876-5109-1 |editor-last=Riggs |editor-first=Thomas |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C&q=Nell+Ruth+Hardy&pg=PA96 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5763-2 |edition=5th |via=Google Books}}</ref> ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1948 go fitlha kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2003) e ne e le modiragatsi le seopedi sa lefatshe la Amerika. Carter o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1970, a opela mo bobogelong, mme moragonyana a simolola go bereka mo setshwantshong sa motshikinyego. O ne a itsege thata ka seabe sa gagwe sa go nna Nell Harper mo polelong ya metlae ''ya [[:en:Gimme_a_Break!|Gimme a Break!]]'' [[:en:Gimme_a_Break!|,]] e e neng ya gasiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1981 go ya go kwa ngwageng wa 1987. Carter o amogetse ditlhopo tse pedi tsa dikabelo tsa [[:en:Emmy_Awards|Emmy]] le tse digwe tse pedi tsa [[:en:Golden_Globe|Golden Globe]] ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe mo motseletseleng o. Pele ga ''Gimme a Breakǃ'' Carter o ne a gapa kabelo ya Tony e le modiragatsi yo duleng diatla ya Modiragatsi yo o Tlhagisiwang mo Mminong ka ngwaga wa 1978 ka ntlha ya tiragatso ya gagwe mo mminong wa [[:en:Broadway_theatre|Broadway]] wa [[:en:Ain't_Misbehavin'_(musical)|Ain't Misbehavin']] mmogo le kabelo ya Primetime [[:en:Emmy_Award|Emmy]] ka ntlha ya go boeletsa seabe sa gagwe mo setshwantshong sa motshikinyego ka ngwaga wa 1982. <ref>Holden, Stephen (January 24, 2003). [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/24/arts/nell-carter-is-dead-at-54-star-of-ain-t-misbehavin.html "Nell Carter Is Dead at 54; Star of 'Ain't Misbehavin'"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved February 4, 2020.</ref> == Botshelo jwa bogologolo == Nell Ruth Hardy <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Venus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HwiAQAAMAAJ&q=Nell+Ruth+Hardy |journal=Venus Magazine |via=Google Books}}</ref> o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro, ka ngwaga wa 1948 kwa Birmingham, Alabama, <ref name="alabama">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Claire M. |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Nell Carter |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2171 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]]}}</ref> e le mongwe wa bana ba le borobabongwe ba ba tshotsweng ke Edna Mae le Horace Hardy. O tsholetswe mo lelwapeng la Katoliki mme a godisediwa mo kerekeng ya Presbyterian . <ref name="jweekly">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/19245/-pop-soul-belter-nell-carter-54-devoted-convert-to-judaism-dies/|title='Pop-soul belter' Nell Carter, 54, devoted convert to Judaism, dies|last=Pfefferman|first=Naomi|date=January 31, 2003}}</ref> <ref name="diesat54">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76413,00.html|title=Actress Nell Carter Dies at 54|date=January 23, 2003|access-date=September 16, 2026|archivedate=June 27, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627073350/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76413,00.html}}</ref> Moragonyana Carter o ne a itlhalosa e le Mopentekosete <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ralph |first=Sheryl Lee |date=March 13, 2012 |title=Redefining Diva: Life Lessons from the Original Dreamgirl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHky6CGQhgQC&q=pentecostal |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-0842-7 |page=87}}</ref> le gore ke Mojuda. <ref name="jweekly" /> Fa a le dingwaga di le pedi, Hardy o ne a bona rraagwe a itewa ke motlakase fa a ne a gata mogala wa motlakase o o tshelang.<ref>McCann, Bob (2010). ''Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television''. McFarland. p.&#x20;74. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-786-43790-0|978-0-786-43790-0]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Crowther, Linnea (January 23, 2012). [http://www.legacy.com/ns/news-story.aspx?t=the-highs-and-lows-of-nell-carter&id=690 "The Highs and Lows of Nell Carter"]. ''legacy.com''. Retrieved December 12, 2012.</ref> Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a simolola go opela mo thulaganyong ya radio ya [[:en:Gospel_music|efangele]] ya lefelo leo mme gape e ne e le leloko la khwaere ya kereke. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, o ne a simolola go diragatsa kwa matlong a kofi a lefelo leo, mme moragonyana a tsenela setlhopa sa moopelo sa Renaissance se se neng se tshameka kwa matlong a kofi le kwa [[:en:Gay_bar|dibara tsa batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang]].<ref>[https://alafricanamerican.com/nell-carter/ "Nell Carter - The Book and Beyond]". November 1, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le malatsi a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1965 fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, Hardy o ne a betelelwa ke monna mongwe yo a neng a mo itse a mo supile ka tlhobolo. O ne a ima ka ntlha ya petelelo mme a tshola morwadie e bong Tracey ngwaga o o latelang. E re ka a ne a fitlhela go le thata go godisa ngwana a le esi, o ne a romela ngwana wa gagwe go ya go nna le mogolowe e bong Willie. Moragonyana o ne a bolela gore Tracey e ne e le setlhagiswa sa lenyalo le lekhutshwane, mme o ne a senola boammaaruri mo potsolotsong ya ngwaga wa 1994.<ref name=":3">Gold, Todd (February 28, 1994). "[http://people.com/archive/oh-the-troubles-shes-seen-vol-41-no-8/ Oh, the Troubles She's Seen"]. ''[[:en:People_(magazine)|People]]''. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref><ref>Vallance, Tom (February 7, 2003). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nell-carter-36241.html "Nell Carter, Actress of startling contradictions".] ''[[:en:The_Independent|The Independent]]''. London. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nell-carter-36241.html Archived] from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</ref> == Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele == === Tiro ya Broadway === Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, Hardy o ne a fetola sefane sa gagwe go nna Carter mme a tswa kwa Birmingham, Alabama, a fudugela kwa New York City le Setlhopha sa moopelo sa Renaissance, kwa a neng a opela gone mo mabetleleng a kofi, mo madirelong a maitiso a bosigo le mo matlong a go tlhapa pele ga a nna le seabe sa gagwe sa ntlha kwa Broadway ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7r0DAAAAMBAJ&q=nell+carter+birmingham&pg=PA48 "Stage, Television Star Nell Carter Dies at 54"]. ''Jet''. '''103''' (7): 49. February 10, 2003. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996].</ref> Carter o ne a simolola go tlhagelela kwa Broadway ka 1971 mo terameng ya mmino ya rock e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Soon_(musical)|Soon]]'', e e neng ya tswalwa morago ga ditaragtso di le tharo fela.<ref>[https://playbill.com/production/soon-ritz-theatre-vault-0000010070 "Soon"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> O ne a nna mokaedi wa mmino mo tlhagisong ya ngwaga wa 1974 ya ''What Time of Night It Is'' ''( tshenolo ya Ke Nako Efe Ya Bosigo.)'' , e e neng e dirwa ke [[:en:Westbeth_Playwrights_Feminist_Collective|Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective]]. Carter o ne a tlhagelela le [[:en:Bette_Davis|Bette Davis]] mo mminong wa serala ya ngwaga wa 1974 e e bidiwang ''Miss Moffat'', e e neng e theilwe mo motshamekong wa Davis wa pele o o bidiwang [[:en:The_Corn_Is_Green_(1945_film)|''The Corn Is Green'']] mme le fa go ntse jalo, tlhagiso e e ne ya tswalwa pele e fitlha kwa Broadway.<ref>"[https://ovrtur.com/public/production/2881215 Miss Moffat (Closed on the road, 1974) | Ovrtur]". ovrtur.com. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> Carter o ne a nna naledi ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe mo mminong wa [[:en:Ain't_Misbehavin'_(Broadway_show)|''Ain't Misbehavin'']], o a neng a o gapa [[:en:Tony_Award|Sekgele sa Tony]] ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref>Jr, Robert Mcg Thomas (June 5, 1978). ""[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/05/archives/new-jersey-pages-aint-misbehavin-and-da-win-tonys-three-special.html Ain't Misbehavin]"". ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> Moragonyana o ne a gapa Emmy ka ntlha ya seabe se se tshwanang mo tiragalong ya thelebišene ka 1982.<ref>Haylock, Zoe (June 10, 2018). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/black-tony-awards-acting-winner-1098725/ "Tonys: A Look Back at Black Actors Who Have Won".] ''The Hollywood Reporter''. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Carter o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka Effie White mo mminong wa thutokatiso wa Broadway wa ''Lenaneo #9'' (e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa [[:en:Dreamgirls_(musical)|''Dreamgirls'']]) mme o ne a tlogela tlhagiso ka nako ya tlhabololo go tsaya karolo ya setshwantso sa motshikinyego mo [[:en:Ryan's_Hope|Ryan's Hope]].<ref>Shaw, Helen (April 13, 2023). "[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/24/regretfully-so-the-birds-are-theatre-review-white-girl-in-danger Soap Operas as Guiding Light]". ''The New Yorker''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X 0028-792X]. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> Metshameko e megwe ya ga Carter ya Broadway e akaretsa [[:en:Dude_(musical)|''Dude'']] le tlhagiso ya ngwaga wa masome a mabedi wa [[:en:Annie_(musical)|''Annie'']], e mo go yone a neng a tshameka karolo ya ga Mohumagatsana Hannigan.<ref name=":1">Jones, Kenneth (January 23, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090126061512/http://playbill.com/news/article/77475.html "Nell Carter, Ain't Misbehavin' Star, Dead at 54".] ''[[:en:Playbill|Playbill]]''. Archived from [https://www.playbill.com/article/nell-carter-aint-misbehavin-star-dead-at-54-com-111157 the original] on January 26, 2009.</ref><ref name=":2">Viagas, Robert; Lefkowitz, David (January 5, 1998). [https://playbill.com/article/sally-struthers-takes-over-as-miss-hannigan-in-annie-tour-jan-5-com-72717 "Sally Struthers Takes Over as Miss Hannigan in Annie Tour Jan. 5"]. Playbill. Retrieved July 21, 2024.</ref> === Metshameko le setshwantso sa motshikinyego === [[Setshwantsho:Blues is a woman Reitz.jpg|center|thumb|Carter (moleng o o kwa tlase o ntse fa fatshe, kwa mojeng thata) ka ngwaga wa 1980]]Ka ngwaga wa 1979, Carter o ne a nna le seabe mo phetolelong ya mmino e e neng e kaelwa ke [[:en:Miloš_Forman|Miloš Forman]] ya [[:en:Hair_(film)|''Hair'']] mme lentswe la gagwe le utlwiwa mo pineng ya setshwantso sa metshameko.<ref>Hischak, Thomas S. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XbBz3C4Gr0EC&q=nell%20carter%20hair%20soundtrack&pg=PA871 ''The Oxford Companion to the American Musical''.] Oxford University Press. p.&#x20;871. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533533-0|<bdi>978-0-19-533533-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1981, o ne a tsaya karolo mo motseletseleng wa sesupaditshwantso wa [[:en:Action_fiction|metlae ya NBC]] ya [[:en:The_Misadventures_of_Sheriff_Lobo|''Ditiragalo tse di sa Siamang tsa ga Sheriff Lobo'']]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tbYDAAAAMBAJ&q=Nell+Carter&pg=PA54 "Nell Carter Joins 'Lobo' Series, And Ratings Go Up"]. ''Jet''. '''60''' (10): 54. May 21, 1981. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> pele ga a nna le seabe sa go etelela pele sa ga Nell Harper mo metlaeng ya metlae ya Gimme a Break!. === Gimme a Break! ( thanolo ke Mphe Boikhutso!)̩ === Carter o ne a itsege thata mo bareetsing ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe sa go etelela pele mo motseletseleng wa setshwantsho sa motshikimyego wa NBC ''Gimme a Break!,'' o mo go one a neng a tshameka karolo ya motlhokomedi wa ntlo ya mookamedi wa mapodise yo o neng a le motlholagadi ([[:en:Dolph_Sweet|Dolph Sweet]]) le barwadie ba bararo. Pontsho e ne ya dira gore Carter a tlhophiwe go bona Sekgele sa [[:en:Golden_Globe|Golden Globe]] le sa [[:en:Emmy_Award|Emmy]]. Palo yotlhe ya dikarolo di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa tsa ''Gimme a Break!'' ( thanolo ke ''Mphe Boikhutso!)'' di ne tsa tlhagisiwa mo dipakeng di le thataro, di gasiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1981 go ya ko gwageng wa 1987. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 1987 morago ga go phimolwa ga ''Gimme a Break!,'' Carter o ne a boela kwa potologong ya marekisetso go itiisa a bosigo ka loeto lwa bosetšhaba lwa dikgwedi di le tlhano le motshameki wa metlae [[:en:Joan_Rivers|Joan Rivers]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lLEDAAAAMBAJ&q=Nell+Carter+gimme+a+break&pg=PA29 "Nell Carter Returns To Nightclubs After TV Show"]. ''Jet''. '''72''' (21): 29. August 17, 1987. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996 0021-5996]. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> === Ditiro tse dingwe tsa setshwantsho sa motshikinyego le setshwantsho se se tshamekiwang === Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Carter o ne a tshameka karolo ya mothusi wa mong wa lohalahala lwa meletlo mo tekong ya ntlha ya [[:en:Television_pilot|lenaneo la]] [[:en:Television_pilot|setshwantsho sa motshikinyego]] sa NBC le le bidiwang ''Morton's by the Bay'', le le neng la se ka la atlega. Le ne la bontshiwa gangwe fela jaaka lenaneo le le kgethegileng ka Motsheganong wa ngwaga oo. Ka kgwedi ya Phalane, o ne a opela “[[:en:The_Star-Spangled_Banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]” pele ga motshameko wa bone wa [[:en:1989_World_Series|1989 World Series]] kwa San Francisco.<ref>"[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-13-vw-24-story.html Baseball Season: Rite of Spring on Our Field of Dreams".] [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|''Los Angeles Times''.]] April 13, 1992. Retrieved February 4, 2020.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Carter o ne a nna moanelwa yo mogolo mo metlaeng ya CBS e e bidiwang [[:en:You_Take_the_Kids|''You Take the Kids'']]. Lenaneo leo, le le neng le tsewa e le karabo ya batho bantsho mo lenaneong la [[:en:Roseanne_(TV_series)|''Roseanne'']] ka ntlha ya tsela e le neng le bontsha lelapa la batho bantsho ba maemo a badiri ka yone, le ne le bontsha Carter e le mmè le mosadi yo o buang ka tlhamalalo e bile a sa itshokele dilo tse di sa siamang.<ref>Tucker, Ken (December 14, 1990). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114702/http://www.ew.com/article/1990/12/14/you-take-kids "You Take The Kids".] [[:en:Entertainment_Weekly|''Entertainment Weekly''.]] Archived from [http://ew.com/article/1990/12/14/you-take-kids/ the original] on November 18, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> ''You Take the Kids'' e ne ya nna le palo e e kwa tlase ya batho ba ba lebeletseng lenaneo leo mme ya amogela ditshwaelo tse di seng monate mme e ne ya tsamaya fela go tloga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 1990 go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 1991. Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa 1990, Carter o ne a tlhagelela mo setshwatsong se se tshamekiwang tse di dirilweng ka madi a mannye, mo mananeong a a kgethegileng a setshwantsho sa motshikinyego le mo mananeong a dipotso le metshameko, go akaretsa [[:en:Match_Game#1990%E2%80%9391,_ABC|''Match Game '90'']] le [[:en:To_Tell_the_Truth|''To Tell the Truth.'']] O ne a tshameka mmogo le batshameki ba bangwe mo [[:en:Hangin'_with_Mr._Cooper|Hangin' with Mr. Cooper]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1993 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":4">[[imdbname:0141846|Nell Carter]] at [[:en:IMDb_(identifier)|IMDb]]</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990, Carter o ne a tlhagelela kwa Broadway mo tlhagisong e ntšhafaditsweng ya [[:en:Annie_(musical)|Annie]], a tshameka karolo ya Miss Hannigan. O ne a hutsafala fa dipapatso tse di neng di rotloetsa tlhagiso eo di ne di dirisa motshameki wa mosadi wa lekgoa, [[:en:Marcia_Lewis|Marcia Lewis]], e le Miss Hannigan. Batlhagisi ba ne ba re dipapatso tseo tse di ne di dirilwe ka nako ya tlhagiso ya pele di ne di tla ja madi a mantsi go di dira sesha. Le fa go ntse jalo, Carter o ne a dumela gore kgethololo ya lotso e ne e na le seabe mo tshwetsong eo. O ne a bolelela [[:en:New_York_Post|New York Post]]: “Gongwe ga ba batle bareetsi ba itse gore Nell Carter ke motho montsho. ... Go nkutlwisa botlhoko thata. Ke ba kopile sentle gore ba emise seo, ka gonne se a nkgoba jaaka mosadi yo montsho.”<ref name=":1" /><ref>[http://www.playbill.com/article/nell-carter-speaks-out-on-annie-commercials-com-70455 "Nell Carter Speaks Out on Annie Commercials"]. ''Playbill''. May 22, 1997. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> Morago Carter o ne a emisetswa ke [[:en:Sally_Struthers|Sally Struthers]].<ref name=":2" /> Carter o ne a tlhagelela gape e le mokgweetsi wa sepalamo sa setshaba se se tsamayang magareng ga mafelo, yo o buang thata, mo setshwantsong sa motshameko sa bogare jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 se se bidiwang ''Follow Your Heart''. Setshwantso sa motshameko se ga sa ka sa gololwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1998.<ref>IMDb. "[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0157655/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_8_nm_0_in_0_q_follow%2520your%2520hea Follow Your Heart"]. [[:en:IMDb|IMDb]]. Retrieved October 1, 2025.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa bofelo === Ka ngwaga wa 2001, Carter o ne a tlhagelela e le moeng yo o kgethegileng mo karolong ya ntlha ya [[:en:Reba_(TV_series)|Reba]], mme a tswelela a tlhagelela mo lenaneong leo, a tlhagelela gararo mo setlheng sa ntlha. Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Carter o ne a tlhagelela gabedi mo [[:en:Ally_McBeal|Ally McBeal]] le gangwe e le moeng mo [[:en:Blue's_Clues|Blue's Clues]].<ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2002, o ne a ikatisa pele ga tlhagiso ya [[:en:Raisin_(musical)|Raisin]], e leng motshameko wa mmino o o dirilweng go tswa mo [[:en:A_Raisin_in_the_Sun|A Raisin in the Sun,]] kwa lefelong la Long Beach, kwa California. O ne a tlhagelela mo setshwantsong sa motshameko sa ngwaga wa 2003 se se bidiwang [[:en:Swing_(2003_film)|Swing]]. Lekgetlo la gagwe la bofelo a tlhagelela mo sefatlhegong sa ditshwantso e ne e le mo setshwantsong sa motshameko sa metlae ''Back by Midnight'', e e golotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2005, dingwaga tse pedi morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> Tiro ya gagwe ya bofelo ya go gatisiwa e ne e le pina e a neng a e opela mmogo le Jay Levy, e e neng e tlhagisiwa ke Jay Levy mme ya tsenngwa mo sekgobokanying sa dipina sa Warner/Rhino sa ngwaga wa 1998 e e bidiwang ''To Life!: Songs of Chanukah and Other Jewish Celebrations''.<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/to-life%21-songs-of-chanukah-and-other-jewish-celebrations-mw0000043504 "To Life!: Songs of Chanukah and Other Jewish C... &#x7C; AllMusic".] ''[[:en:AllMusic|AllMusic]]''.</ref> == Leso == Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2003, a le dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone, Carter o ne a wa mme a tlhokafala kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa Beverly Hills.<ref>Dartis, Michelle (March 6, 2015). "[https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carter-hardy-nell-1948-2003/ Nell Hardy Carter (1948-2003)"]. ''BlackPast''.</ref><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/01/23/nell.carter.obit/ "Actress-singer Nell Carter dies".] ''CNN''. January 23, 2003.</ref> Morwagwe Joshua o ne a bona mmele wa gagwe bosigo joo.<ref name="jweekly" /><ref>Holden, Stephen (January 23, 2003). [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Sitcom-star-collapses-at-home-dies-at-54-2638262.php "Sitcom star collapses at home, dies at 54 – Gimme a Break!, Ain't Misbehavin – brought her fame".] [[:en:San_Francisco_Chronicle|San Francisco Chronicle]]. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> Go ya ka thulaganyo e e mo thatong ya gagwe ya ga Carter, ga go a ka ga dirwa tlhatlhobo ya setopo. Ka go dirisa diteko tsa madi, setshwantsho sa marapo le tlhatlhobo ya mmele e e bonako, ofisi ya coroner ya Los Angeles County e ne ya atlhola gore loso lwa ga Carter e ka tswa e le ditlamorago tsa "bolwetse jwa pelo jo bo ka nnang teng jwa go koafala ga ditshika, mme bolwetse jwa sukiri e ne e le jone jo bo neng bo dira gore a nne le bolwetse jono."<ref>Boehm, Mike (March 5, 2003). "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-05-et-quick5.1-story.html Ruling In Nell Carter's Death]". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref> Mokapelo wa ga Carter Ann Kaser o ne a rua dithoto tsa gagwe le tlhokomelo ya barwa ba gagwe ba babedi.<ref name="jweekly" /><ref>"[https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Actress-Nell-Carter-Died-Naturally-10490461.php Actress Nell Carter Died Naturally"]. [[:en:Seattle_Post-Intelligencer|''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''.]] May 5, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2023.</ref>Carter o fitlhilwe kwa [[:en:Hillside_Memorial_Park_Cemetery|Mabitleng a]] [[:en:Hillside_Memorial_Park_Cemetery|lefelo la Segopotso la Hillside]] kwa Los Angeles.<ref>Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory William (2016). ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'' (3rd&#x20;ed.). McFarland. p.&#x20;122. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-476-62599-7|&#x20;<bdi>978-1-476-62599-7</bdi>]].</ref><ref>Roman, James (March 1, 2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rwZ_BwAAQBAJ&q=Nell+carter+hillside+memorial+park&pg=PA218 Chronicles of Old Los Angeles: Exploring the Devilish History of the City of the Angels]''. Museyon. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-9408-4200-4|978-1-9408-4200-4]]</bdi> &#x2013; via Google Books.</ref><ref>Fleming, E. J. (September 18, 2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vTWSCgAAQBAJ&q=Nell+carter+hillside+memorial+park&pg=PA307 Hollywood Death and Scandal Sites: Seventeen Driving Tours with Directions and the Full Story]'' (2d&#x20;ed.). McFarland. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1850-0|978-1-4766-1850-0]]</bdi> &#x2013; via Google Books.</ref> === Botshelo jwa gagwe === Carter o ne a leka go ipolaya mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo1980, mme mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa 1985 o ne a tsena kwa lefelong la kalafi la go tlogela diritibatsi, go fedisa bokgoba jwa gagwe jwa nako e telele jwa seritibatsi sa khokaeine. Kgaitsadie e bong Bernard o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1989 ka ntlha ya mathata a a neng a bakilwe ke AIDS.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a nyalana le George Krynicki, yo e neng e le moitseanape wa dipalo le motsamaisi wa kgwebo ya dikgong, mme a fetogela mo bodumeding jwa Sejuta ka ngwaga wa 1982.<ref name="jweekly" /><ref name="diesat54" /> O ne a kopa tlhalo mo go Krynicki ka ngwaga wa 1989 mme tlhalo ya bone ya felelediwa ka ngwaga wa 1992. Carter o ne a na le bana ba le bararo: morwadie e bong Tracey le barwaagwe e bong Joshua le Daniel. O ne a tsaya Joshua le Daniel ka molao e sa ntse e le masea mo nakong ya dikgwedi di le nne. O ne a leka gape go tsaya bana ba bangwe ba le babedi ka molao, mme maiteko ao ka bobedi a se ka a atlega. Mo tekong ya gagwe ya ntlha, o ne a letla mosadi yo mosha yo o neng a imile go nna kwa ga gagwe ka maikaelelo a go tsaya ngwana wa gagwe ka molao, mme mmaagwe ngwana a tsaya tshwetso ya go nna le ngwana. Carter gape o ne a senyegelwa ke mpa gararo.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1992, Carter o ne a ariwa go baakanya ditshika tse pedi tsa madi tse di neng di rurugile mo mmeleng. O ne a nyalana le Roger Larocque ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 1992, mme a mo tlhala mo ngwageng o o latelang.<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=g7kDAAAAMBAJ&q=Nell+Carter+George+Krynicki&pg=PA34 Nell Carter's Wedding"]. ''Jet''. '''82''' (9): 34. June 22, 1992 &#x2013; via Google Books.</ref> Carter o ne a itsise gore o ne a se na madi a a lekaneng go duela dikoloto ka gwaga wa 1995, mme ga nna jalo gape ka ngwaga wa 2002.<ref name=":3" /> == Ditiro tsa gagwe mo seraleng == * [[:en:Soon_(musical)|''Soon'']] (1971), Broadway * [[:en:Iphigenia|''The Wedding of Iphigenia'']] (1971), off-Broadway * [[:en:Dude_(musical)|''Dude'']] (1972), Broadway * [[:en:The_Corn_Is_Green|''Miss Moffat'']] (1974), closed on the road * Be Kind to People Week (1975), off-Broadway * Tom Eyen's Dirtiest Musical (1975), off-Broadway * [[:en:Don't_Bother_Me,_I_Can't_Cope|''Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope'']] (1976), San Francisco * [[:en:Ain't_Misbehavin'_(musical)|''Ain't Misbehavin''']] (1978), Manhattan Theatre Club, Broadway and U.S. national tour * [[:en:Dreamgirls|''One Night Only'']] (1979), workshop * Black Broadway (1979), [[:en:David_Geffen_Hall|''Avery Fisher Hall'']] * Black Broadway (1980), The Town Hall * [[:en:Ain't_Misbehavin'_(musical)|''Ain't Misbehavin''']] (1988), Broadway * [[:en:Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)|''Hello, Dolly!'']] (1991), Long Beach Civic Light Opera * [[:en:Annie_(musical)|''Annie'']] (1997), Broadway and U.S. national tour * [[:en:South_Pacific_(musical)|''South Pacific'']] (2001), [[:en:Pittsburgh_Civic_Light_Opera|''Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera'']] * [[:en:The_Vagina_Monologues|''The Vagina Monologues'']] (2001), [[:en:Madison_Square_Garden|''Madison Square Garden'']] == Lenaneo la ditshwantso tsa metshameko tse a tlhageletseng mo go tsone == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dintlha |- !1979 !''Hair (Moriri)'' !Moopedi wa lefelo la boitapoloso la Central ! |- !1981 !''Back roads'' (''Ditsela tsa kwa Morago'') !Motlhokomedi wa dijo ! |- !1981 !''Modern problems'' (''Mathata a Segompieno)'' !Dorita ! |- !1982 !''Tex'' !Mme Peter ! |- !1992 !''Bebe's Kids (Bana ba ga Bebe)'' !Vivian !Lentswe |- !1995 !''The Crazysitter (Motlhokomedi wa setseno)'' !Motlhokomedi ! |- !1995 !''The Grass Harp (Molotswana wa Harepa)'' !Catherine Creek ! |- !1995 !''The Misery Brothers (Bakaulengwe ba matlhotlhapelo)'' !Seopedi sa Kgotlatshekelo ! |- !1996 !''The Proprietor (Mong)'' !Millie Jackson ! |- |1997 |''Fakin'da Funk'' |Claire | |- |1999 |''Follow your heart (Sela Pelo ya gago morago)'' |Mokgweetsi wa koloi ya setshaba | |- |1999 |''Special Delivery (Thomelo e e kgethegileng)'' | | |- |2001 |''Perfect Fit (Go lekana sentle)'' |Mme Gordy | |- |2003 |''Swing'' |Grace |e ne ya gololwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe |- |2005 |''Back by Midnight'' |Motlhokomedi wa dijo |seabe sa bofelo sa setshwantso sa motshameko ; e golotswe morago ga loso lwa gagwe |} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] no6kc4bxkq8fhxww8bawmobeqpxdnv0 0 15080 55420 55275 2026-09-23T13:58:11Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Kwame Nkrumah #BLT2026 55420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwame Nkrumah''' (o o tshotsweng ka leina la '''Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma'''; ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe a tlhokafala ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi) e ne e le mopolotiki wa kwa [[Ghana]]. O berekile e le tonakgolo wa [[Gold Coast]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, fa lefatshe leo le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo go la [[United Kingdom]].<ref>o'Hara, Glen (11 April 2012), "President Kennedy, Prime Minister Macmillan and the Gold Market, 1960–63", ''Governing Post-War Britain'', Palgrave Macmillan, pp.&nbsp;53–72, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230361270_4 10.1057/9780230361270_4], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36127-0|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-230-36127-0</bdi>]]</ref> E ne e le tonakgolo wa ntlha wa nako eo, le tautona wa lefatshe la Ghana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. E ne e le mmueledi wa [[Aferika|Aforika]] o o kopaneng, Nkrumah e ne e le leloko le le tlhamileng lekgotla la Organisation of African Unity (OAU) le mofenyi wa seetsele sa Lenin Peace go tswa kwa [[Soviet Union]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le bobedi.<ref>Rathbone, Richard (23 September 2004). "Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana". ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online&nbsp;ed.). Oxford University Press [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31504 10.1093/ref:odnb/31504.]</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a le kwa mafatsheng a sele a dira dithuto tse dikgolwane, a tlhabolola kitso ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, gape a rulaganya le ba bangwe ba ba eletsang Aforika o o kopaneng, Nkrumah o ne a boela kwa Gold Coast go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki e le mmueledi wa boipuso jwa lefatshe leo.<ref>Hsü, Leonard Shihlien (5 November 2013), "[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315018775-12/political-progress-leonard-shihlien-hs%C3%BC Political Progress]", ''The Political Philosophy of Confucianism'', Routledge, pp.&nbsp;258–273, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315018775/political-philosophy-confucianism-leonard-shihlien-hs%C3%BC 10.4324/9781315018775], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-01877-5|&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-315-01877-5</bdi>]]</ref> O ne a tlhama phathi ya Convention People's Party, e e neng ya atlega ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo ka e ne e kgatlhisa leitlho la motlhophi.<ref>''Proceedings of the convention at which the American federation of arts was formed''. B. S. Adams. 1909. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/proceedingso00amer 10.5479/sil.380651.39088006011662.]</ref> O ne a nna tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi, a tswelela ka go nna mo maemong ao fa a etelela Ghana pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, e le lone lantlha mo Aforika o o mo borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ka nako eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, batho ba Ghana ba ne ba amogela ba bo ba tlhomamisa molaomotheo o moha ba tlhopha Nkruma e le tautona wa bone.<ref>"Prime Minister 1957–60", ''Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy'', Sub-Saharan Publishers, 15 November 2007, pp.&nbsp;192–214, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17 10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9988-647-81-0|978-9988-647-81-0]]</bdi></ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne e le ya ngwao mme gape e le ya go baya Aforika kwa pele. E ne ya ntshetsa diporojeke tsa lefatshe tsa madirelo le kgothetso madi, ya tlhabolola tsamaiso e e itshetletseng ya thuto le go rotloetsa gwao ya Aforika o mongwe fela.<ref>Stanek, Łukasz (2020). ''Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4|978-0-691-19455-4]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1134854794 1134854794.]</ref> Nkrumah o ne a na le ponelopele ya go kopanya mafatshe a Aforika go etelelwa pele ke moeteledipele a le mongwe, e le ene tautona wa bokopano jo.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6"]. ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 &nbsp;0021-8537.]</ref> Ka fa tlase ga ga Nkrumah, lefatshe la Ghana le ne la etelela pele botsalano jwa mafatshe a Aforika le maaftshe ka bophara le letsholo la Aforika a le mongwe ka nako ya go tswa mo bokoloeng ga Aforika, a eme nokeng kgololesego ya mafatshe ka bontsi.<ref>Nkrumah, Kwame (1953). ''[https://collections.library.yale.edu/ &#x5B;Letter: Kwamé Nkrumah to Richard Wrig]ht&#x5D;''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803062728/https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Author?author=Nkrumah,+Kwame,+1909-1972 Archived] from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2026</ref> Mafatshe a a neng a le kgatlhanong le bokopano jo a kwa bophirima a ne a bona Nkrumah Ideological Institute (KNII) e le lefelo la boutlwelobotlhoko la kemo nokeng ya sesole mo mafatsheng a Aforika ka jalo a bona e le matshosetsi mo go bone.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6]". ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 0021-8537.]</ref> Morago ga dikgang tsa go loga maano a go mmolaya,<ref>Ninsin, Kwame A. (4 February 2016), "The Nkrumah Government and Its Opposition", ''The Ghana Reader'', Duke University Press, pp.&nbsp;303–306, doi:[https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1215%2F9780822374961-062 10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.66], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7496-1|978-0-8223-7496-1]]</bdi></ref> go kopana le go thatafalela pele ga maemo a itsholelo, puso ya ga Nkrumah e ne ya simolola go gatelela ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, ka a ne a le kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso a tshwara ditlhopho tse di sa gololesegang ebile di gatelela.<ref>Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". ''Transition'' (26): 9–17. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934320?origin=crossref 10.2307/2934320.] ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0041-1191 0041-1191]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934320 2934320]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bone, phetolo ya molaomotheo e ne ya dira gore lefatshe la Ghana e nne lefatshe la phathi e le nngwefela, Nkrumah e le tautona wa botshelo jotlhe wa lefatshe leo le phathi e e busang.<ref>Zolberg, Aristide R. (31 December 1964). "VII. The Reluctant Nation". ''One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast''. Princeton: [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]. pp.&nbsp;219–249. doi:[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400876563-012/html 10.1515/9781400876563-012.] ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7656-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-4008-7656-3</bdi>.]]</ref> O ne a dira gore batho ba mo obamele, a dirametheo ya dikgopolo, a bo a dirisa maemo a "Osagyefo."<ref>Yergin, Daniel; Stanislaw, Joseph (15 June 2002). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=uNYzPUhXhJYC&redir_esc=y The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy]''. Simon and Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2963-0|<bdi>978-0-7432-2963-0</bdi>.]]</ref> KNII e ne e phatlhalatsa dikgang tse senang boammaruri le puso ya ga Nkrumah e e neng e bidiwa Nkrumaism.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6".] ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 &nbsp;0021-8537.]</ref> Nkrumah o ne a thankgolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro mo thankgolong puso ke khansele ya kgololesego. Lekgotla la Central Intelligence Agency la United States go bolelwa le ne la raraanya kgang e, le ntswa se se sa tlhomamisiwa.<ref>Dutfield, Graham (27 November 2017), "If we have never been modern, they have never been traditional", ''Routledge Handbook of Biodiversity and the Law'', Routledge, pp.&nbsp;276–290, doi:[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315530840/chapters/10.4324/9781315530857-18 10.4324/9781315530857-18], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-53085-7|978-1-315-53085-7]]</bdi></ref><ref>John Prados, ''Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), p. 329.</ref> Nkrumah o ne a ya go tshelela botshelo jwa gagwe botlhe kwa [[Guinea]], kwa a neng a fiwa tlotla ya tautona o mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabonwge masome a robabongwe le borobabonwge, o ne a tlhophiwa mo Aforika wa sekete sa dingwaga ke BBC.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml "Kwame Nkrumah's Vision of Africa"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725113031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml|date=25 July 2013}}, [[:en:BBC_World_Service|BBC World Service]], 14 September 2000.</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == === Gold Coast === Kwame Nkrumah o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe go le Labobedi<ref>[https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/nonviolence-of-Mahatma-Gandhi-in-Ghana.html "Kwame Nkrumah: Non-Violence of Mahatma Gandhi in Ghana".] ''www.mkgandhi.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803020635/https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/nonviolence-of-Mahatma-Gandhi-in-Ghana.html Archived] from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/10/10/kwame-nkrumah-lse/ "Dr Kwame Nkrumah's History & LSE Application Form"]. [[:en:London_School_of_Economics|London School of Economics]]. 10 October 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191122230822/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/10/10/kwame-nkrumah-lse/ Archived] from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> kwa Nkroful, botlhaba jwa Nzema (kwa e leng Ellembele gompieno), kwa Gold Coast (Ghana wa gompieno). Nkroful e ne e le motsana o mmotlana kwa kgaolong ya Nzema, kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Gold Coast, gaufi le molelwane le kolone ya France ya Ivory Coast. Kwame o ne a tshotswe a le esi. Rraagwe o ne a sa nne le lolwapa loo, mme o ne a berekela kwa Half Assini kwa a neng a dira kgwebo ya gagwe ya go thula gouta go fitlhelela a tlhokafala. Fa le dingwaga di le tharo, Nkrumah le mmaagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Half Assini kwa go rraagwe. Ba ne ba mo tsenya sekolo se sepotlana sa borongwa jwa kereke ya katoliki kwa Half Assini, kwa a neng a itshupa e le moithuti wa tlhwatlhwa. Mo dingwageng tsa fa a le moithuti kwa United States, o ne a itsege ka leina la Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi e le leina la puo ya Akan le le neng le neelwa bana ba basimane ba ba tshotsweng go le Labotlhano. Morago o ne a fetola leina la gagwe go nna Kwame Nkrumah ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano kwa UK, a supa fa a rata leina la Kwame. Go ya ka Ebenezer Obiri Addo fa a ithuta ka tautona wa mo isagong, leina "Nkrumah", e le leina le le fiwang ngwana wa borobabongwe, le supa gore Kwame o ka tswa a ne a le mo maemong ao kwa ntlong ya ga rraagwe, o a neng a na le basadi ba le bantsi. Rraagwe, ebong Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, o ne a tswa kwa Nkroful e le wa morafe wa Asona wa batho ba Akan. Metswedi e supa fa Ngoloman a nnile kwa Tarkwa-Nsuaem a le mo kgwebong ya go thula gouta. Ngoloman o ne a tlotlelwa go nna botlhale mo go gakololeng ke ba ba neng ba kopa dikgakololo tsa gagwe ka dikgang tsa ngwao le selegae. O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le bosupa. Le ntswa maagwe, o leina la gagwe e neng e le Elizabeth Nyanibah (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a supa le bosupa a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe), morago a neng a supa fa matsalo a gagwe e le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bobedi, Nkrumah o kwadile gore o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le borobabbonwge. Mmaagwe o ne a tlholega kwa Nsuaem e le wa lolwapa lwa Agona. Ene e le morekisi wa ditlhaphi le mogwebi fa a nyala raagwe. Malatsi a robabobedi morago ga a sena go tsholwa, rraagwe o ne a mo fa leina la Francis Nwia-Kofi a reeletswe ka mongwe wa losika, me morago ba lolwapa ba ne ba mo fa leina la Francis Kwame Ngolomah. O ne a tswelela mo thutong ya dingwaga di le lesome dingwag di robabobedi fela. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano, e ne e le morutabana wa moithuti kwa sekolong seo a kolobediwa mo tumelong ya katoliki. O gakologelwa ka lorato fa a ne a tshwanelwa ke go ema mo godimo ga lebokoso go ruta balekane ba gagwe. Fa a le kwa sekolong, o ne a lemogiwa ke morutuii Alec Garden Fraser, mogokgo wa Government Training College (e e neng ya fetoga go nna Achimota School) kwa toropokgolo ya Gold Coast ebong Accra. Fraser o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Nkrumah a ithute go nna morutabama kwa sekolong sa gagwe. Koo, mothusa mogokgo o a neng a ithutile kwa Columbia University Kwegyir Aggrey o ne a mmontsha dikakanyo tsa ga Marcus Garvey le W.E.B Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser le ba bangwe kwa Achimota ba en ba akanya gore go tshwanetse go nna le tirisanommogo gareng ga ditso tse di farologaneng mo go buseng Gold Coast, mme Nkrumah, a bua mafoko a ga Garvey, o ne a dumela gore fa batho bantsho ba ipusa ke gone go ka nnang le kagiso gareng ga ditso. Morago ga go aloga ka setlankana sa borutabana go tswa kwa Prince of Wales' College kwa Achimota ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo, Nkrumah o ne a neelwa tiro ya go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana sa katoliki kwa Elmina ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabaongwe masome a mararo le motso. Ka dinwgaga tsa a le kwa Achimota, Nkrumah o ne a akgolelwa kitso ya gagwe ya go ngangisana le go etelela pele, e le mekgwa e morago e neng ya bop seabe sa gagwe e le moeteledipele wa lefatshe. Morago ga ngwaga a le koo, o ne a tlhomiwa mogokgo wa sekolo sa Axim. Kwa Axim, o ne a simolola go tsenelela sepolotiki a tlhama lekgotla la Nzema Literary Society. Ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a thapiwa go na morutabana kwa sekolong sa Amisanno sa katoliki. Le ntswa koo bosthelo bo ne bo gaagmetse, o ne a go rata, ebile a akanya ka go nna moruti. Nkrumah o ne a utlwile mmega dikgang o o tlaa nnang tautona wa Nigeria mo isagong ebong Nnamdi Azikiwe a bua fa a santse a le moithuti kwa Achimota; banna ba babedi ba, ba ne ba kopana, thotloetso ya ga Azikiwe ya oketsa kgatlhego ya ga Nkrumah ka go etelelwa pele ke batho bantsho. Morutabana wa monana o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya go oketsa thuto ya gagwe. Azikiwe o ne a tsene sekolo kwa Lincoln University, sekolo se mo ditsong e neng e le sa batho banstho kwa Chester County, kwa Pennsylvania, kwa bophirima jwa Philadelphia, a gakolola Nkrumah go ikwadisa kwa go sone. Nkrumah o a neng a reteletswe ke go pasa tlhatlhobo ya go tsena kwa London University, o ne a bona madi a mosepele le thuto ya gagwe go tswa mo go ba losika. O ne a tsaya loeto go ralala Britain, kwa a neng a utlwalela ka go tlhasela Ethiopia (le e neng e le lengwe la mafatshe a le palo potlana fela a Aforika a a ipusang) ga lefatshe la Italy, mme selo se sa mo shakgatsa. O gorogile kwa United States ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano. === United States === Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso John Henrik Clarke mo tsebeng ya loeto lwa ga Nkrumah go ya Amerika, "thotloetso ya dingwaga di le lesome tse a di ntseng kwa United States e nnile le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa gagwe botlhe." Nkrumah o ne a ikopetse phatlha kwa Lincoln University pele ga a simolola sekolo koo. Ka Labotlhano, kgwedi ya Mopitlo e rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a romelela sekolo lokwalo lo lo supang gore ikopelo ya gagwe e na le sebaka sa go feta ngwaga a sa ntse a e letile e ise e arabiwe. Sekolo se ne sa fetola ka go mo kopa go kwala mokwalo o mokhutshwane ka polelo ya botshelo jwa gagwe le maikaelelo a gagwe. O ne a kwala ka ditoro tsa gagwe are "mo dilong tsotlhe, ke ikakatletse ka maikaelelo a le mangwe fela a e leng go dira dithulaganyo tsotlhe tse di tlhokafalang go tsweledisa thuto ya me...gore ke nne mo seemong se ke ka direlang batho ka nna." Fa a goroga kwa New York ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa Pennyslvania, kwa a neng a ikwadisa le ntswa a ne a tlhaelelwa ke madi a sebaka se se tletseng sa ntlha. O ne a fenya kgaisano ya dithuso tsa madi go tsena sekolo kwa Lincon University. O ne a tswelela ka go tlhaelwa mo nakong yotlhe e a neng a le kwa US. O ne a bereka ditiro tse dipotlana jaaka thekiso ya tlhapi le mae, go kolomaka, go tlhwatswa dijana le tse dingwe. Ka malatsi a Tshipi, o ne a etela dikete tsa batho banstho kwa Philadelphia le New York. == Metswedi == hiy68q0zms7woey8pgkz1jwa1itkd5i 0 15093 55422 55168 2026-09-23T14:15:59Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga David Koloane #BLT2026 55422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=David Nthubu Koloane|image=David Koloane ACT Lifetime.jpg|image caption=Koloane kwa moletlong wa dietsele wa ACT Lifetime Achievement|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 1938|birth_place=Alexandra, [[Aforika Borwa]]|death_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le masome mararo ngwaga wa 2019|death_place=[[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa|education=Johannesburg Art Foundation (kwa pele e neng e le Bill Ainslie Studios)|known for=Go tshwantsha, go taka|awards=PhD ya botaki, kwa Rhodes University}} '''David Nthubu Koloane''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabobedi - a tlhokafala ka Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete lesome le borobabongwe) e ne e le motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Mo ditshwantshong tsa gagwe, botaki le kgobokanyo o ne a sekaseka dipotso tsa tshiamiso ya sepoloki le ditshwanelo tsa setho. Koloane o tsewa e le mongwe wa bataki le bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le thotloetso e kgolo ba dingwaga tsa puso ya tlhaolele kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref>Cotter, Holland (24 September 1999). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/24/arts/art-review-south-africans-isolated-no-more.html "South Africans, Isolated No More".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == David Koloane o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabobedi, kwa motsaneng wa [[Alexandria, Kapa Botlhaba|Alexandra]], toropo ya [[Johannesburg]] kwa Aforika Borwa. Lorato lwa gagwe mo go tsa botaki lo simologil ka dingwaga tsa a santse a tsena sekolo se segolwane kwa [[Soweto]], kwa a neng a kopana le motaki wa leina la Louis Maqhubela.<ref>Rheeder, Stephan (5 May 2022). [https://artafricamagazine.org/a-resilient-visionary-new-catalogue-on-david-koloane-is-a-beautiful-tribute-to-his-life-and-work/ "A resilient visionary: New catalogue on David Koloane is a beautiful tribute to his life and work - ART AFRICA Magazine".] Retrieved 17 September 2026</ref> Louis o ne a ruta Koloane dithuto tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tsa botaki, mo go neng ga mo kgatlha. Ka nako eo rraagwe Koloane o ne a lwala bolwetsi jwa go swa mohama, a sala a retelelwa ke go bereka. Ka jalo, Koloane o ne a tswa mo sekolong go tlhokomela ba lolwapa lwa gagwe. Go tswa foo Koloane o ne a fetsa nako ya gagwe ya go itlosa bodutu a dira botaki. Ditiragalo tse di simolola tiro ya ga Koloane ya botaki, e e nnileng dingwaga di le masome a marataro. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabonwge amsome a supa le bone go stena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bosupa, Koloane o ne a tsenelela dithuto tsa botaki kwa Bill Ainslie Studios, kwa morago go neng ga fetolwa leina go nna Johannesburg Art Foundation. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabonwge masome a supa le bosupa, Koloane e ne e le mongwe wa batlhami ba ditshupo tsa ntlha tsa botaki kwa Aforika Borwa, kwa Johannesburg. Maikaelelo a gagwe mo botaking a ne a mo letla go simolola go ruta kwa sekolong se segolwane kwa motsaneng, mo go neng ga felela go baka gore a rute ka dinako tsotlhe. Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, Koloane o ne a tswelela ka go diragatsa botaki. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaobedi le bobedi, o ne a rulaganya moletlo wa ngwao le botaki kwa [[Botswana]]. Koloane o tsene sekolo kwa University of London go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabobedi le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano, a aloga ka diploma tsa museology. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi, o ne a bereka e le morulaganyi wa ntlha wa ditshupo tsa Federated Union of Black Artists (FUBA) kwa Johannesburg. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, puso ya [[The Netherlands]] e ne ya fa David tlotla ya seetsele sa Prince Claus ka ntlha ya go nna boitshoko mo go thuseng tlhabologo ya bataki ba Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana ga ditiragalo tse, o ne a rulaganya meletlo ya Zabalaza kwa Lontone, England ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe. Koloane gape o tlhamile thutintsho ya botaki e e bidiwang Bag Factory ene le Robert Loder kwa lefelong le le seng la batho bantsho fela kgotsa batho basweu fela ka nako ya tlhaolele ya puso ya tlhaolele ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le motso. Bataki Sam Nhlengethwa le Kagiso Patric Mautloa ene e le bone bataki ba ntlha go tsenelela ithutintsho eo, morago e tlaa tsenelelwa ke William Kentridge, Helen Sebidi, Penny Siopsis, Wayne Barker, Benon Lutaaya le Deborah Bell mo go ba le bansti.<ref>Simbao, Ruth (2020)[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/756223 . "David Nthubu Koloane (1938-2019)".] ''African Arts''. '''53''' (2): 6–9. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1937-2108 1937-2108.]</ref> O tsere karolo mo thutong ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe ya Pachipamwe II e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Cyreme mission kwa ntle ga Bulawayo, [[Zimbabwe]] a na le bataki ba tlhwatlhwa ba akaretsa Joram Mariga, Bernard Matemera, Bill Ainslie, Voti Thebe, Sokari Douglass Camp le Adam Madebe.<ref>Elsbeth, Court. [https://www.academia.edu/14144483 "Pachipamwe II: The Avant Garde in Africa?".] ''African Arts''. '''25''' (1). [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]][https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0001-9933 &nbsp;0001-9933.]</ref> Ditiro tsa ga David Koloane ke botlha jwa dikokoanyo di le dintsi mo lefatsheng ka bophara, di akaretsa dikokoanyo tsa Johannesburg Art Gallery, Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) ya ga Jean Pigozzi, South African Gallery kwa Kapa le [[mabolokelo a ditso a lefatshe la Botswana]]. Seetsele sa David Koloane se simolodisitswe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome go ipelela botshelo le tiro ya ga Dr. David Koloane e le motaki o o tlotliwang, morulaganyi wa meletlo, mokwadi le motlhami wa Bag Factory Artists'Studios. Seetsele se fa seabe sa ga Dr. Koloane tlotla mo mohameng wa botaki le go ema nokeng bataki ba ba nang le kgatlhego le boitshoko jwa gagwe. Baamogedi ba seetsele ba fiwa dikgwedi di le tharo go ithutuntsha kwa Bag Factory Artists'studios, ko go akaretsang lefelo le ba berekelang mo go lone, tuelo ya didirisiwa, thutuntsho go tsw mo bataking ba B ag Factory ba bagolwane, go bo go fela ka ditshupo sa tiro e ntsha kwa Bag Factory Studios. Seetsele se, se file bataki tshono ya go atolosa kitso ya bone go supa tiro ya bone gape go tlhagoletse bataki ba le bantsi tsela mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. == Botlhale jwa go bereka == Koloane o ne a bereka ka ditsela tse di farologaneng: fa a le motaki, o ne a amanya tiro ya gagwe le dingangisano tsa mo gae; fa godimo ga foo, o ne a tsaya karolo mo ditshupong le dikokoanyo tse di farologaneng, e ne e le bontlha jwa baokamedi ba makgotla a le mantsi - mo go one go na le lekgotla le le gakololang khansele ya botaki ya lefatshe, a gatisa dikwalo di le dintsi kwa Aforika Borwa le mo mafatsheng ka bophara. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, Koloane o ne a fiwa tlotla ka seetsele sa Price Claus ka go nna le seabe mo tlhabololong ya botaki jwa Aforika Borwa. O bua se ka tiro ya gagwe: "kgatlhego ya me mo go tsa sepolotiki le go tsaya karolo mo go atoloseng bataki ba Aforika Borwa ba bantsho ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele le morago kwa Aforika Borwa go a bonala. Tiro yame e supa sepolotiki mo Aforika Borwa gompieno le pele. Maemo a sepolotiki a a tlhamilweng ke puso ya tlhaolele a dirile gore tiro yame e remelele thata mo sethong. Motho o nnile tsela e ke supang bokgoni jwa me ka yone".<ref>[https://www.artprintsa.com/davidkoloane.html "David Koloane".] ''The Artists' Press''.</ref> == Ditshupo == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa Nedbank Gallery Killarney, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa The Gallery, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi Black Expo '78, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe Gallery 101, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe Bill Ainslie Studios, Gallery, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi botaki mo tlhabololong ya selegae, [[Mabolokelo a ditso a lefatshe la Botswana|Mabolokelo a ditso lefatshe la Botswana]], Gaborone, Botswana * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone ditshupo tsa Stockwell Studio, kwa London, UK * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano Gallery 198, kwa London, UK * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano Fuba Gallery, kwa Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro bokopano jwa bataki ba Aforika Borwa ba bantsho ka ditso, Pretoria, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa Dinepe: kwa UNISA, Pretoria, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa, lefelo la botaki la bataki ba bantsho ba gompieno, Paris, France == Dietsele == * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano - Doctor of Fine Art (honoris causa), Rhodes University<ref>[https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/registrar/documents/graduationforms/Programme%20Fri%2018h00%20.pdf "Order of Proceedings",] Rhodes University, 10 April 2015</ref> == Metswedi == bmrr4edx0zi0lamrnf8k25v89lf50i3 0 15116 55423 55174 2026-09-23T14:31:40Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Lemogang Tsipa #BLT2026 55423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Lemogang Tsipa|birth_date=Motsheganong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 1991|birth_place=Empangeni [[KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Aforika Borwa]]|education=AFDA|occupation=Modiragatsi|years active=2014 - go tsena gompieno|notable works=Shaka iLembe Blood Psalms Alien Outpost}} '''Lemogang Peter Phetolo Tsipa''' (o o tshotsweng ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le motso) ke modiragatsi gape e le seopedi sa pele sa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. O itsege ka go diragatsa e le Shaka Zulu mo motshamekong wa ditso wa Shaka iLembe mo Mzansi Magic (go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano), le mo motshamekong wa Isithembiso a tshameka e le moanelwa Bambatha go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano. O tlhageletse mo metshamekong e e gatisitsweng mo gae le kwa mafatshefatsheng e akaretsa wa Alien Outpost, Eye in the Sky, Blood Psalms le wa Front Page. == Fa santse a le mmotlana == Tsipa o tshotswe ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le motso kwa Empangeni, KwaZulu-Natal, a tsalwa ke Alfred le Sally Tsipa. Morago ga go lemogiwa fa a na le bokoa jwa go sa kgone go tlhwaya tsebe ka ntlha ya go nna matlhagatlhaga mo go feteletseng fa a le dingwaga di robabongwe, o ne a isa matlhagatlhaga a gagwe mo go tsa metshameko le bodiragatsi. O alogile ka matric go tswa kwa Grantleigh College kwa Richards Bay pele ga a ya go rutuntshiwa kwa South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live Performance (AFDA), a aloga ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi a itebagantse le go diragatsa le go berekisa sekapa ditshwantsho. == Tsa pereko == === Ngwaga wa 2014-2021: tshimologo ya tiro le go tshameka baanelwa ba mafatshefatshe === Moragonyana fela a sena go aloga, Tsipa o ne a tlhagelela e le lantlha e le mongwe wa babereki mo filiming ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone ya Alien Outpost. Ngwaga one oo, o ne a tshameka moanelwa Dini Masilela o e neng e le lepodisi mo motshamekong wa Etv! wa Traffic!. O tlhageletse gape mo setshwantsho motseletseleng wa Forced Love, e le bontlha jwa motshameko wa Shakespeare in mzansi wa SABC 1.<ref name=":1">Maako, Keitumetse. [https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/tv/its-a-massive-role-lemogang-tsipa-opens-up-about-life-changing-shaka-ilembe-20230804-2?utm_source=chatgpt.com "'It's a massive role': Lemogang Tsipa opens up about 'life-changing' Shaka iLembe".] ''News24''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref><ref>Tabalia, Jedidah (2019-09-02). [https://briefly.co.za/36338-lemogang-tsipa-biography-age-father-troy-profile-movies.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Meet Lemogang Tsipa: what is this South African actor up to in 2024? – Briefly.co.za"]. ''briefly.co.za''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, Tsipa o ne a saya karolo mo motshamekong wa Eye in the Sky le The Dark Tower.<ref>[https://www.heartlines.org.za/articles/beyond-the-river-star-lemogang-tsipa-keeps-rising "Beyond The River star Lemogang Tsipa keeps rising – Heartlines".] ''www.heartlines.org.za''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> O lemoga fa tiro ya aggwe ya pele ya go nna seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina go mothusitse go mo fa go kgona go ema mo seraleng.<ref name=":2">Ratshetlha, Mirian (2023-09-30). [https://www.allbusinessza.com/celebrity/lemogang-tsipa-biography-career-childhood-shaka-ilembe-and-more/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Lemogang Tsipa biography: career, childhood, Shaka iLembe and more"]. ''All Business ZA''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> === Ngwaga wa 2022 go tsena gompieno: go sutlhelela ka Shaka iLembe === Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le boraro, Tsipa o ne a diragatsa mo maemong a matona thata a tiro ya gagwe, e le moanelwa Shaka Zulu mo motshamekong wa Mzansi Magic wa Shaka iLembe. Go tshameka e le Kgosi, o ikatisitse mo go tseneletseng ka thuso ya mookamedi wa tsa bodiragatsi go tshwara mmino le tiriso ya dibetsa tsa se Zulu, a itlama go ja sentle le go ikatisa, mme ebile a bereka le batlhokomedi ba diphologolo gore a kgone go tlwaela go nna fa tlase ga dinoga mo dintlheng dingwe tsa motshameko.<ref>Tsewu, Siya. [https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/actor-lemogang-tsipa-on-playing-shaka-keeping-fit-and-his-love-for-snakes-20230808?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Actor Lemogang Tsipa on playing Shaka, keeping fit and his love for snakes".] ''News24''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref><ref name=":2" /> Morago ga Shaka iLembe, o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa Showmax wa Blood Psalms (wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi)<ref>EarleH@afda.co.za (2022-10-06). [https://afda.co.za/afda-alumni-star-in-new-showmax-canal-fantasy-series-blood-psalms/ "AFDA alumni star in new Showmax/Canal+ fantasy series Blood Psalms".] ''AFDA: The No. 1 School for the Creative Economy''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone o simologa o ne a nna moanelwa mogolo Sol mo motshamekong wa SABC 3 wa Killer Front Page, go diragatsa ga gagwe IOL e ne ya go tlhalosa go ne go le botswerere mo go neng go tshosa ka dinako tse dingwe.<ref>Thangevelo, Debashine (2024-02-26). [https://iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/entertainment/2024-02-26-lemogang-tsipa-writes-his-own-success-story-as-the-lead-in-killer-front-page/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Lemogang Tsipa writes his own success story as the lead in 'Killer Front Page'".] ''IOL''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref><ref name=":2" /> Motshameko wa Shaka iLembe o ne wa ipaya mo maemong a a kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone, ka go iponela go tlhophelwa dietsele di le lesome le bosupa le go fenya di le lesome le bobedi di akaretsa ya go nna motshameko o o gaisitseng, se se dira gore e nne motshameko wa motseletsele o o iponetseng dietsele di le dintsi go gaisa mo ditsong tsa moletlo o, moanelwamogolo ebong Tsipa o nnile le seabe se setona mo katlegong e.<ref name=":1" /> News24 e tlhalositse go neelwa karolo ya moanelwamogolo mo shaka iLembe ga ga Tsipa go fetola botshelo, ba lemoga gore karolo eo e bokete mo mmeleng le mo maikutlong.<ref name=":1" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Tsipa o bua diteme tsa seZulu, seXhosa, SeTswana, Sekgoa le Afrikaans, gantsi o dirisa diteme tse tsotlhe go nonotsha karolo e a e tshamekang. Ga go itsewe go le gontsi ka botshelo jwa gagwe le ntswa a sa ipona tsapa go abelana ka fa go tlhokomela bokoa jwa gagwe jwa go nna matlhagatlhaga a a feteletseng go mo thusitseng mo bodiragatsing.<ref>[https://mlasa.com/actors/lemogang-tsipa "Lemogang Tsipa".] ''MLASA''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> == Metshameko == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Kgaso |- | rowspan="4" |Dikete pedi masome lesome le bone |Alien Outpost |Mokgweetsi wa sekepe |Filimi |- |Homeland |Mokgweetsi wa drone |motseletsele |- |The Golden Rule |Thabo |filimi khutswe |- |Traffic! |Lepodisi Dini Masilela | |- | rowspan="5" |Dikete pedi lesome le botlhano |The Book of Negroes |Freddy |motseletsele |- |Lazy Susan |Mr. Beggar |filimi khutswe |- |Eye in the Sky |Lesole |filimi |- |Jamillah and Aladdin |morekisi wa mohumi |motseletsele |- |Wallander |Victor Mabasha |motseletsele |- | rowspan="4" |Dikete pedi lesome le borataro |Cape Town |Hector Ntulu |motseletsele |- |Black Sails |Chidi |motseletsele |- |Jab |Smiley the Zulu |motseletsele |- |Roots |Addo |motseletsele |- | rowspan="5" |Dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |Oasis |Mooki wa monna |filimi |- |Beyond the River |Duma |filimi |- |The Dark Tower |monna wa kwa toropong |filimi |- |The Number |Isaac |filimi |- |Isithembiso |Bambatha |motshameko |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |Troy: Fall of a City |Patroklus |motseletsele |- | rowspan="3" |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind |Mike Kachigunda |filimi |- |Back of the Moon |Sepoko |filimi |- |The Republic |Sizwe |motseletsele |- | rowspan="2" |Dikete pedi masome mabedi le motso |Carrots |Tony |filimi khutswe |- |Pusha Pressa Phanda |Mmereki |filimi |- | rowspan="2" |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |Amandla |Impi |filimi |- |Blood Psalms |Molwantwa wa mo Xhosa |motseletsele (Showmax) |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro - go tsena dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |Shaka iLembe |Shaka Zulu |motshameko (Mzansi Magic) |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone |Reyka |Tokkie |Motseletsele |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |The Mommy Club NBO | |Motseletsele |} == Dietsele le tse a di tlhophetsweng == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Seetsele !Karolo !Tiro !Maduo !Motswedi |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone |Seetsele sa Septimius |Moanelwa o o gaisitseng wa mo Aforika |Shaka iLembe |A tlhophilwe |<ref>Khulu, Ntombi. [https://www.news24.com/truelove/celebrity/shaka-ilembes-international-acclaim-at-the-septimius-awards-in-amsterdam-20240827#:~:text=Lemogang%20Tsipa,%20who%20portrayed%20Shaka,and%20Best%20Makeup%20and%20Hairstyling "Shaka iLembe's international acclaim at the Septimius Awards in Amsterdam".] ''News24''. Retrieved 18 September 2026</ref> |} == Metswedi == g5rg7ob4xyut2619nfmqsbxevtrqm4o 0 15135 55421 55126 2026-09-23T14:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55421 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Peleka Lwana''' (o tshotswe ka 25 Sedimonthole 1990), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NIA SAYS WOMEN MUST SEIZE THE MOMENT! |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/nia-says-women-must-seize-the-moment-20170926 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Daily Sun}}</ref> yo o itsege e le '''Nia Pearl''', ke seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina kwa Aforika Borwa. O ne a itsege ka ntlha ya tirisanommogo ya gagwe le batlhagisi ba [[Amapiano]] ba Aforika Borwa jaaka [[DJ Maphorisa]] le Kabza De Small. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nia Pearl on how singing for DJ Maphorisa at a shopping centre kickstarted her career |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/nia-pearl-on-her-journey-to-the-top-20201020 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=News24}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le dithutego == Nia Pearl o belegetswe le go golela kwa [[Mthatha]], kwa [[Eastern Cape|Eastern cape]], <ref name=":1" /> kwa a goletseng teng mo lelapeng la bokgaitsadi ba le barataro mme a godisiwa ke rre mo lelapeng le le kitlaneng. O ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke bokgaitsadie go simolola go kwala dipina tsa gagwe. O ne a aloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 morago ga go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa kopelo. Fa a sena go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe, o ne a simolola go tsena mo kgwebong ya kopelo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearls of rhythm embraced by DJ Kabza De Small |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/pearls-of-rhythm-embraced-by-dj-kabza-de-small-20200712 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=News24}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nia Pearl brings a fresh, soulful yet eccentric style to her look and sound. |url=https://previdar.com/5967-2/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Previdar Pop Magazine |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201182418/https://previdar.com/5967-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Ka 2014, o ne a tshameka kwa The Standard Bank Joy of Jazz festival kwa [[Johannesburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Don’t Miss This: August 22 – 24 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-08-21-dont-miss-this-august-22-24/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> O ne a tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya kopelo ya Castle Milk Stout e e rulagantsweng ke [[Metro FM]]. Ka 2015, o ne a digaratsa kwa The Nescafe Red Mugg sessions <ref name=":2" /> Ka Moranang 2017, o ne a golola pina ya gagwe ya ntlha ''ya Liberty'' e e neng e akaretsa moopedi [[Kabomo]], wa go fenya seetsele sa [[SAMA award .]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting to know Nia Pearl |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/getting-to-know-nia-pearl-20170728 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=News24}}</ref> Moragonyana mo go one ngwaga oo, o ne a golola pina ya gagwe ya, "Yiza", e e neng e dirwa ke motlhami yo o itsegeng wa kopelo ya soul le jazz e bong Luyanda Madope. Go gololwa ga pina go golagane le bidio ya ana le moopedi Mapele. Nia Pearl o ne gape a tlhagelela mo pineng ya ga [[Sho Madjozi]] ya "User Busy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pop Star, Nia Pearl Releases Love Song, Yiza |url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/pop-star-nia-pearl-releases-love-song-yiza/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Zkhiphani}}</ref> Ka 2020, o ne a dirisana le Kabza De Small mo alebamong, ''I Am the King of Amapiano'', e mo go yone a neng a tlhagelela mo dipineng di le tlhano. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabza De Small releases Nia Lo music video, featuring Nia Pearl |url=https://justnje.com/kabza-de-small-releases-nia-lo-music-video-featuring-nia-pearl/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Just Nje |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129052838/https://justnje.com/kabza-de-small-releases-nia-lo-music-video-featuring-nia-pearl/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 9shu1e29h2h9hi3oej6akxu22pkw1ht 0 15143 55405 55120 2026-09-23T12:01:45Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbwana Yusuf Kilungi''' ( o tshotswe ka 3 Phalane 1995 <ref name="osoro" />  ), yo o itsegeng ka leina la gagwe la seema '''Mbosso Khan''', ke moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa kwa [[Tanzania]] yo o belegweng kwa Kibiti, [[Pwani Region]]. Ga jaana o nna kwa [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="osoro">{{Cite web |last=Osoro |first=Yul Vincent |date=2021-03-01 |title=Mbosso bio: real name, wife, parents, house, cars, latest songs |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/404166-mbosso-bio-real-wife-parents-house-cars-latest-songs.html |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en}}</ref>O itsege thata ka dipina tsa gagwe tsa "Nadekezwa" le "Hodari", tse di ileng tsa fenya Video of the Year kwa HiPipo Awards 2019.[ <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-17 |title=Mbosso wins 'Tanzania Video of the Year' award with 'Hodari' song |url=https://dailyactive.info/2019/03/17/mbosso-wins-tanzania-video-of-the-year-award-with-hodari-song/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=Daily Active |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422090414/https://dailyactive.info/2019/03/17/mbosso-wins-tanzania-video-of-the-year-award-with-hodari-song/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Serem |first=Queen |date=2019-01-02 |title=Katoto hodari! Mbosso exclusively reveals secret to making hitsongs |url=https://mpasho.co.ke/katoto-hodari-mbosso-exclusively-reveals-secret-to-making-hit-songs/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Mpasho News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mbosso o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya studio, Definition of Love, ka Mopitlo 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jasper |first=Kevin |title=Mbosso – Definition of Love Album DOWNLOAD {{!}} NaijaVibes |url=https://www.naijavibes.com/album-ep/mbosso-definition-of-love-album/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417101707/https://www.naijavibes.com/album-ep/mbosso-definition-of-love-album/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbosso Announces New Album Release Date - News {{!}} Mdundo.com |url=https://mdundo.com/news/26683 |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=mdundo.com |language=en}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Mbosso o belegwe le go golela kwa Masai Boya, torotswana ya kwa Tanzania ka 3 Phalane 1995. Mmaagwe ke Hadija Salom Kikaali, mme rraagwe ke Yusufu Mbwana Kilungi.. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=Mbossoo Biography, Girlfriend, Son, WCB, Car and Age |url=https://ralingo.com/mbosso-biography-girlfriend-son-wcb-car-and-age/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=RALINGO |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Mbosso o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya kopelo e le mongwe wa leloko la Yamoto Band fa gare ga 2013 le 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=WCB's Mbosso reveals why Yamoto Band was scraped off |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/mbosso-wcbs-mbosso-reveals-why-yamoto-band-was-scraped-off/p12tzvf |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Pulse Kenya |language=en}}</ref> Ka nako eo leina la gagwe e ne e le "Maromboso". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwach |first=Julie |date=2017-12-19 |title=Yamoto Band Members and Their Names |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/260876-yamoto-band-members-their-names.html |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en}}</ref> Setlhopha se ne sa bidiwa setlhopha se se gaisitseng dingwe ka 2015 kwa Kilimanjaro Music Awards. Setlhopha seo se ne sa phatlalala ka 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwangesha |first=Mkala |title=Yamoto band splits up! Here are the issues behind the cold break-up |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/showbiz/2001247462/yamoto-band-splits-up-here-are-the-issues-behind-the-cold-break-up |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=Standard Entertainment and Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> Ka 2018 Mbosso o ne a ikgolaganya le [[WCB Wasaf]]<nowiki/>i, <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Yamoto band to WCB: Mbosso |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/the-beat/from-yamoto-band-to-wcb-mbosso-2621904 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417102605/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/the-beat/from-yamoto-band-to-wcb-mbosso-2621904 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> kompone ya dikopelo e e e tlhamilweng ke [[Diamond Platnumz]] koo a neng a simolola gape tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi e le mo ema nosi. A golola dipina a akaretsang "Maajabu", "Picha Yake", "Tamu" le "Tamba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-30 |title=Mbosso releases new amorous single 'Tamba' {{!}} SoundcityTV Africa |url=https://soundcity.tv/music/mbosso-releases-new-amorous-single-tamba/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=SoundcityTV Africa {{!}} Powered by Music from South Africa, Bongo, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, UK, USA and across Soundcity Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbosso Is The Real Comeback Story! |url=https://lit360.africa/mbosso-is-the-real-comeback-story/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Lit360 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417104338/https://lit360.africa/mbosso-is-the-real-comeback-story/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka 2020, Mbosso o ne a fitlhelela babeeletsi ba le milione mo [[YouTube]], a nna mongwe wa baopedi ba bane ba Tanzania ba ba nang le babeeletsi ba feta milione. O ne a newa Sekgele sa Gauta sa YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbosso hits 1 million subscribers on YouTube, awarded golden plaque |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/news/2001384173/mbosso-hits-1-million-subscribers-on-youtube-awarded-golden-plaque?amp=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=WCB's Mbosso joins the millionaires club, receives the Golden Plaque (Photos) |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/mbosso-joins-list-of-4-tanzanian-artistes-with-over-1-million-subscribers-photos/w8c1hvk |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=Pulse Kenya |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417103915/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/mbosso-joins-list-of-4-tanzanian-artistes-with-over-1-million-subscribers-photos/w8c1hvk |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka 2021, Mbosso o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya studio, Definition of Love. <ref name=":0" /> E ne ya gololwa ka 9 Mopitlwe mme e ne e na le baopedi ba ba jaaka Diamond Platnumz, Njenje Band, Mr Flavour, Rayvanny, Liya, Darassa, Spice Diana le Baba Levo. . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=MUSIC: Mbosso - Definition Of Love (ALBUM) |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/music-mbosso-definition-of-love-album/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=GhGossip |language=en-AU}}</ref> Mbosso o ne a ntsha EP ya gagwe ya ntlha ka Ngwanatsele 2022, e e bidiwang Khan, e e neng ya tlhalosiwa ke Peter Choge go tswa kwa Music In Africa jaaka kgobokanyo e ntle ya dipina tsa lorato tsa marato. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=Tanzania's Mbosso releases Khan EP |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tanzanias-mbosso-releases-khan-ep |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> EP eno gape ke nngwe ya di-EP tsa kwa Tanzania tse di neng di tsamaisiwa thata mo [[Boomplay]], e na le go feta dimilione di le 50 tsa di-streams mo seraleng seno. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Khan EP By Mbosso Makes A New Record On Boomplay {{!}} East Africa |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/news/khan-ep-boomplay-streams/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka 2023, Mbosso o ne a nna mongwe wa bataki ba le mmalwa ba Tanzania ba ba neng ba tshwara melatswana e le dimilione di le 200 mo Boomplay. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Mbosso Collects 200 Million Streams On Boomplay {{!}} Notjustok East Africa |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/news/mbosso-200-million-streams-boomplay/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] rk15coosba15p6z2ae2kxslecxk7pxx 0 15158 55424 55278 2026-09-23T14:46:01Z Atsile Edith 11759 55424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''August Wilson''' (ka '''Frederick August Kittel Jr.''' ; kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1945 – kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi , ka ngwaga wa 2005) e ne e le mokwadi wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo wa Moamerika. O bidiwa "mmoki wa bobogelo wa Amerika e Ntsho". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Isherwood|first=Charles|date=October 3, 2005|title=August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html|access-date=October 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O itsege thata ka motseletsele wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo di le lesome , tse di bidiwang mmogo [[:en:August_Wilson#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|The Pittsburgh Cycle]] (kgotsa ''The Century Cycle'' ) '','' tse di kwalang ka maitemogelo le boswa jwa setšhaba sa Maaforika-Amerika mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Metshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo mo motseletseleng o di akaretsa ''[[:en:Fences_(play)|Fences (Diterata)]]'' (ka ngwaga wa1987) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 1990), tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e neng ya gapa Wilson [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Mokgele wa Pulitzer wa Terama]], mmogo le ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey]]'' ( ka ngwaga wa1984) le ''[[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|ya ga Joe Turner ya Tla le go Tsamaya]]'' (1988). Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wilson o ne a tsenngwa mo lefelong la Botumo jwa Bobogelo jwa Amerika . Ditlhogo tse dingwe di simolola ka tirisobotlhaswa ya thulaganyo le ya ditso ya Maaforika a Amerika, [[:en:Race_relations|dikamano tsa merafe]], boitshupo, go fuduga, le go tlhaolwa ka lotso. [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]] o rile mokwalo wa ga Wilson "o tshwara metlae ya rona, makoa a rona, masetlapelo a rona, kgobalo ya rona. Mme o re dira batho. Mme o re letla go bua." <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Fa e sa le Wilson a tlhokafala, metshameko ya go diragatsa ditiragalo ya gagwe e le tharo e ile ya fetolwa kgotsa a fetolwa gape go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang: ''[[:en:Fences_(film)|Diterata]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2016), ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom_(film)|Bontsho jo bo kotlase jwa ga Ma Rainey]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2020) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2024). [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] o disitse ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang mme o ikanne go tsweletsa boswa jwa ga Wilson ka go fetola metshameko e e supang ditiragalo tse dingwe tsotlhe tsa gagwe go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang tsa bareetsi ba bantsi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gratzinger|first=Ollie|date=August 14, 2022|title=Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html|access-date=August 15, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Washington o rile, "karolo e kgolo ya se se setseng sa tiro ya me ke go netefatsa gore Phatwe o a tlhokomelwa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lindsey |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=Playbill}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa tshimologong == Wilson o ne a tsholwa a bidiwa Frederick August Kittel Jr. kwa [[:en:Hill_District|Hill District]] kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania. E ne e le ngwana wa bone mo baneng ba le barataro. Rraagwe, Frederick August Kittel Sr., e ne e le mojaki wa kwa [[:en:Sudeten_Germans|Sudeten Germany]] yo o neng a dira tiro ya go apaya borotho le dikuku. Mmaagwe, Daisy Wilson, e ne e le mosadi wa Moamerika le Moafrika yo o neng a tswa kwa North Carolina mme a dira tiro ya go phepafatsa matlo gore a bone madi a go itshedisa.<ref name=":2">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html "August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Go ya ka ditiragalo tse di neng di anelwa mo lelapeng, nkokoagwe Wilson ka fa mmaagweng o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa North Carolina go ya kwa Pennsylvania a batla botshelo jo bo botoka. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a godisa bana a le nosi go fitlha Wilson a nna le dingwaga di le tlhano mo ntlung ya matlhatlhagane e e nang le dikamore di le pedi kwa morago ga lebentlele la dijo kwa tseleng ya 1727 Bedford . Rraagwe o ne a sa bonale thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa bongwana. Moragonyana, Wilson o ne a simolola go dirisa sefane sa ga mmaagwe mo dikwalong tsa gagwe. Baagisanyi ba ba neng e humanegile mo itsholelong kwa a neng a godisetswa teng e ne e na le batswakwa ba batho ba bantsho ba Amerika ba le bantsi, ba Bajuta le Ba-Italiana. Botshelo bo ne bo le bokete mo baneng ba ga Kittel ka gonne ba ne ba na le batsadi ba ditso tse di farologaneng. August o ne a thatafalelwa ke go itse gore o amana le setso sefe, mme ka lobaka lo loleele o ne a sa ikutlwe a amogelesegile ka botlalo mo setsong sa batho ba bantsho ba Amerika kgotsa mo setsong sa batho ba basweu go fitlhela nako ntse e tsamaa. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a tlhalana le rraagwe mme a nyalwa ke David Bedford mo dingwageng tsa bo1950. Lelapa le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Hill District go ya kwa [[:en:Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)|Hazelwood]], e ka nako eo e neng e tletse batho ba basweu ba badiri. Kwa legaeng la bone le lesha, ba ne ba kopana le kgethololo ya semorafe. Batho ba ne ba latlhela maje a ditena mo fensetereng ya ntlo ya bone. Moragonyana ba ne ba patelediwa go tswa mo ntlong eo mme ba fudugela kwa legaeng le lengwe.<ref name=":3">Little, Johnathan (2000). [[iarchive:twentiethcentury228whea_0|''Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series''.]] [[:en:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Gale. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6|978-0-7876-3137-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Hill District moragonyana e ne ya nna lefelo le ditiragalo tsa bontsi jwa metshameko ya ''Pittsburgh Cycle'' di neng tsa diragalela kwa go lone. Maitemogelo a Wilson a go gola koo, mmogo le seabe se segolo sa mmaagwe mo lelapeng, di ne tsa ama tsela e a neng a kwala metshameko ya gagwe ka yone.<ref>Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 "The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women".] ''Obsidian II''. '''6''' (2): 1–17. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412 0888-4412]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 44485235].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - IMG 0789.jpg|thumb|letshwao la ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego la [https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ Beng ba Amerika, August Wilson: Lefatshe le ke emeng mo go lone, PBS], 1:24:39 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ "American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"]. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. February 20, 2012. Archived from [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ the original] on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</ref>]] A godiseditswe mo tumelong ya Kereke ya Katoliki, ka ngwaga wa 1959, Wilson e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le lesome le bonè ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa [[:en:Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)|sekolong se segolwane sa Central Catholic]] ,mme o ne a tlogela sekolo morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Hartigan, Patti (August 3, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/theater/august-wilson-biography-patti-hartigan.html "The Playwright Who Changed the Face of American Theater"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tsena kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Connelley Vocational , mme a fitlhela gore dithuto tsa teng di ne di se boima mo go ene. Ka ngwaga wa 1960, fa a ne a le mo mophatong wa bolesome, o ne a tlogela sekolo se segolwane sa Gladstone morago ga gore morutabana wa gagwe a mo latofatse ka gore o ne a [[:en:Plagiarism|dirisitse tiro ya motho yo mongwe jaaka ya gagwe]] e e neng e le pampiri ya ditsebe di le masome a mabedi e a neng a e kwadile ka [[:en:Napoleon_I_of_France|Napoleon wa Ntlha wa France]]. Wilson o ne a fitlha tshwetso ya gagwe mo go mmaagwe ka gonne o ne a sa batle go mo swabisa. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a simolola go dira ditiro tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng kwa a ne a kopana le batho ba le bantsi ba ba farologaneng, mme bangwe ba bone ba ne ba nna sekao sa baanelwa bangwe ba a neng a ba tlhama moragonyana, jaaka Sam mo go ''The Janitor'' ka ngwaga wa 1985.<ref name=":3" /> Wilson o ne a dirisa [[:en:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh|lefelo la dibuka le go bala la Carnegie la Pittsburgh]] thata, mme moragonyana lefelo leo a dibuka ya mo fa setlankana sa tlotlo sa go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane. Wilson, yo o neng a re o ithutile go bala fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne, o ne a simolola go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa lefelong la dibuka fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a bo a fetsa dingwaga tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latela tsa bolesome a itshedisa ka kitso ka go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba ba jaaka [[:en:Ralph_Ellison|Ralph Ellison]], [[:en:Richard_Wright_(author)|Richard Wright]], [[:en:Langston_Hughes|Langston Hughes]], [[:en:Arna_Bontemps|Arna Bontemps]] le ba bangwe.<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo1960 === Wilson o ne a itse gore o batla go nna mokwadi, mme se se ne sa baka go sa utlwane magareng ga gagwe le mmaagwe, yo o neng a batla gore e nne mmueledi. Mmaagwe o ne a mo pateletsa go tswa mo ntlong ya lelapa, mme ka ngwaga wa 1962 o ne a tsenela Sesole sa United States dingwaga di le tharo mme o ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe,<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson "August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com".] ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> mme a boela go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng, jaaka go rwala merwalo, go apaya dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, go dira mo tshingwaneng le go tlhatswa dijana. Frederick August Kittel Jr. o ne a fetola leina la gagwe a nna August Wilson go tlotla mmaagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe ka ngwaga wa 1965. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a lemoga pina a blues e e neng e opelwa ke [[:en:Bessie_Smith|Bessie Smith]], mme a reka motšhene wa go kwala ditlhaka o o utswilweng ka didolara di le lesome o gantsi a ne a o isa kwa bathong ba ba adimang madi ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa fa a tlhoka madi.<ref name=":4">Lyons, Bonnie; George Plimpton (Winter 1999). [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson "August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14".] ''The Paris Review''. Winter 1999 (153).</ref> Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o batla go nna mmoki mme a romela mekwalo ya gagwe kwa dimakasineng tse di jaaka ''[[:en:Harper's_Magazine|Harper's]].'' O ne a simolola go kwala mo mabakeng, kwa lebentleleng la disikara la mo lefelong la gae le kwa mafelong a go nwang kofi. O ne a kwala ka seatla mo disalafaneng tsa mo tafoleng le mo dibukeng tse dinnye tsa pampiri e serolwana, a reetsa ka kelotlhoko tsela e batho ba ba mo dikologileng ba neng ba bua ka yone le go ithuta ka baanelwa ba bone. O ne a rata go kwala mo disalafaneng tsa mafelo a go nwang kofi ka gonne, jaaka a ne a tlhalosa, go ne go mo golola mme go mo thusa gore a se ka a ikgathatsa thata ka gore o kwala jang. Morago ga moo, o ne a phutha dintlha tse a neng a di kwadile mme a di kwala kwa gae.<ref name=":2" /> Wilson o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go lemoga le go tshwara dipuo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa e batho ba buang ka yone. O ne a na le kgopolo e e gakgamatsang, mme a e dirisa thata mo tirong ya gagwe. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, o ne a ithuta go se tlhakanye puo e a neng a e utlwa ka go e fetola kgotsa go e phimola fa a e tsenya mo mekwalong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:August_Wilson_House|Legae la ga Wilson la bongwana]] kwa Mmileng wa Bedford kwa Pittsburgh]] Lentswe la ga [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo botshelong le mo tirong ya Wilson, jaaka mo go The ''Ground on Which I Stand'' ya ngwaga wa 1996. [[:en:Nation_of_Islam|Setshaba sa Islam]], e khutshwafaditswe go nna NOI, le mokgatlho wa [[:en:Black_Power|Black Power]], tsotlhe di ne di bua le ene ka dilo tse di neng di le botlhokwa, jaaka go kgona go itshetsa, go itshireletsa le go [[:en:Self-determination|ikemisetsa]]. Gape o ne a rata dipolelo tsa kwa tshimologong ya batho le ditso tse [[:en:Elijah_Muhammad|Elijah Muhammad]] a neng a di ema nokeng. Ka ngwaga wa 1969, Wilson o ne a nyala Brenda Burton, yo e neng e le motho wa tumelo ya bo Muslim, mme a simolola go itsalanya le Setshaba sa Islam, le fa go begwa gore ga a ka a fetogela mo tumelong ya yone.<ref>[https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/ "From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam".] ''A Journey through NYC religions''. December 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</ref> Ene Wilson le Brenda ba ne ba nna le morwadi a le mongwe, Sakina Ansari Wilson. Ba ne ba tlhalana ka ngwaga wa 1972.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1968, Wilson o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Black_Horizon_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon]] mmogo le tsala ya gagwe [[:en:Rob_Penny|Rob Penny]], kwa [[:en:Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)|Kgaolo ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh]].<ref name=":2" /> Tshameko ya ntlha ya Wilson, ''Recycling'' ''(Tiriso gape)'', e ne ya tshamekiwa fa pele ga batho kwa mafelong a mannye a ditshameko, dikolong le kwa mafelong a baagi ba nnang mo matlong a puso, mme motho o ne a duela disente di le masome a matlhano go tsena. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe tsa ntlha e ne e bidiwa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']], e a neng a e baakanya gape morago ga dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, e le karolo ya tatelano ya ditshameko e le lesome e e buang ka Pittsburgh mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a se na maitemogelo a go tsamaisa tshameko.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a gakologelwa a re: “Mongwe o ne a leba kwa le kwa mme a botsa a re, ‘Ke mang yo o tla tsamaisang tshameko?’ Ka fa are, ‘Ke tla o tsamaisa.’ Ke ne ka rialo ka gonne ke ne ke itse go dirisa lefelo la dibuka. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ya go batla buka e e buang ka tsela ya go tsamaisa tshameko. Ke ne ka bona nngwe e e neng e bidiwa ''The Fundamentals of Play Directing'' ''(Dilo tsa Motheo tsa go Kaela Motshameko)''<ref>Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ Fundamentals of Play Directing]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6|<bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka e adima.”<ref name=":4" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1970 === Ka ngwaga wa 1976, Vernell Lillie, yo o neng a tlhomile [[:en:Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Kuntu]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Pittsburgh|Mmadikolo wa Pittsburgh]] dingwaga di le pedi pele ga moo, o ne a tsamaisa tshameko ya Wilson e e bidiwang ''The Homecoming'' ''(Go Boela Gae)''. Mo ngwageng oo gape, Wilson o ne a bona tshameko ya [[:en:Athol_Fugard|Athol Fugard]] e e bidiwang [[:en:Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead|Sizwe Banzi is Dead]], e e neng e tshamekiwa kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]]. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha Wilson a tsena mo tshamekong e e neng e dirilwe ke batshameki ba ba tlhalihileng. Morago ga moo, Wilson, Penny le mmoki Maisha Baton ba ne ba tlhoma Kokoano ya go tlhabana botlhale ya Bakwadi ba Se-Kuntu, e e neng e kopanya bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika le go ba thusa gore mekwalo ya bone e gatisiwe le gore ditiro tsa bone di tlhagisiwe. Mekgatlho ka bobedi e sa ntse e dira le gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Saint_Paul,_Minnesota|Saint Paul, Minnesota]], ka kgakololo ya tsala ya gagwe, Claude Purdy, yo e neng e le motsamaisi wa ditshameko yo ne a mo thusa go bona tiro ya go kwala mekwalo ya dithuto kwa [[:en:Science_Museum_of_Minnesota|lefelong la polokelo ya tsa maranyane a science wa Minnesota]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1980, Wilson o ne a fiwa thuso ya madi ya go tsweletsa tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:The_Playwrights'_Center|Lefelong la Bakwadi ba Ditshameko]] kwa Minneapolis. O ne a tlogela tiro ya kwa lefelong la polokelo ka ngwaga wa 1981, mme a tswelela go kwala ditshameko. Mo dingwageng di le tharo, o ne a dira ka nakwana e le moapei kwa [[:en:Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor|Little Brothers of the Poor]]. Wilson o ne a nna le botsalano jo boleele le [[:en:Penumbra_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya bodiragatsi ya Penumbra]] kwa St. Paul, se kwa tshimologong se neng se tshegediwa ka [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|madi a thuso a puso go tswa mo lenaneong la puso la go tlhama ditiro le go thapisa batho]] [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant]]) se se ne sa tlhagisa dingwe tsa ditshameko tsa gagwe la ntlha. O ne a kwala ''Fullerton Street'', e e iseng e tshamekiwe kgotsa e gatisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1980. Tshameko e ne e bua ka ntwa ya mabole magareng ga [[:en:Joe_Louis_vs._Billy_Conn|Joe Louis le Billy Conn]] ka ngwaga wa 1941, mmogo le go latlhegelwa ke mekgwa le ditekanyetso tse di neng di le teng mo bathong morago ga [[:en:Great_Migration_(African_American)|Motsamao o Mogolo]] wa Maaforika a Amerika go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa ditoropong tsa bokone jwa United States.<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1980 === Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo1980, Wilson o ne a kwala bontsi jwa ditiro tsa gagwe, go akaretsa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']] ka ngwaga wa 1982, [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'']] ka ngwaga wa 1984, [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] ka ngwaga wa 1985, [[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'']] ka ngwaga wa 1986, le [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|''The Piano Lesson'']] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ka ngwaga wa 1987, ramotse wa St. Paul, [[:en:George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)|George Latimer,]] o ne a bitsa letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosupa la Motsheganong “Letsatsi la August Wilson”. O ne a tlotliwa ka gonne e ne e le ene fela motho yo o tswang kwa Minnesota yo o kileng a fenya [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Sekgele sa Pulitzer sa Ditshameko]].<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1990 === Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Wilson o ne a tlogela St. Paul morago ga go tlhalana mme a fudugela kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]]. O ne a nna le botsalano le [[:en:Seattle_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Bodiragatsi tsa Seattle]], se se neng sa tlhagisa tikologo yotlhe ya gagwe ya ditshameko di le lesome, mmogo le tshameko ya gagwe ya motho a le mongwe e e bidiwang ''How I Learned What I Learned''.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa Wilson e ne e le mokwadi yo o neng a ineetse mo go kwaleleng ditshameko tsa serala, kompone ya Hollywood e ne ya akantsha go dira setshwantsho se se tsamayang sa tshameko ya gagwe ''Fences''. O ne a gatelela gore motsamaisi wa Moafrika wa Amerika a thapiwe go tsamaisa setshwantsho seo, a re: “Ke ne ka gana motsamaisi yo o mosweu, e seng ka ntlha ya lotso, mme ka ntlha ya ngwao. Batsamaisi ba basweu ga ba na kitso e e tlhokegang go dira tiro e. Tiro e tlhoka motho yo o itseng ngwao ya Maaforika a Amerika ka botlalo.” Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se ne sa se ka sa dirwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016, fa [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] a ne tsamaisa sa [[:en:Fences_(film)|''Fences'']], e e tshamekiwang ke Washington le [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]]. E ne ya dira gore Wilson a tlhophiwe go bona Oscar morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). [http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902 "Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved April 25, 2016.</ref> Wilson o ne a fiwa dikwalo di le dintsi tsa tlotlo tsa go aloga, go akaretsa lokwalo la tlotlo la bongaka mo dithutong tsa botho le a neng a le fiwa ke Mmadikolo kwa Pittsburgh. O ne a le leloko la boto ya batsamaisi ya mmadikolo eo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref>Steele, Bruce (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902071459/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html "Remembering August Wilson 1945–2005"]. ''The Pitt Chronicle''. The University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html the original] on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</ref> Wilson o ne a nna le lentswe le le nonofileng mo kgatelopeleng le mo tsweletsong ya ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika tsa nako eo go sena pelaelo gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke dilo tse a neng a di bona fa a sa ntse a gola, go akaretsa tse di neng tsa bontshiwa mo [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlhong wa]] [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho]]. Sekai se sengwe se se botlhokwa sa megopolo le ditshwayotshwayo tsa Wilson ka seemo sa ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 e ne e le puisano e e neng e bidiwa “On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion”. mo Wilson o ne a ganetsa gore go nne le lefelo la ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika le le dirwang ka botlalo ke batho ba bantsho, mme maemo otlhe mo ditshamekong tseo a tserwe ke bone. Gape o ne a re batshameki ba batho bantsho ga ba a tshwanela go tshameka baanelwa ba ba sa kwalelwang batho ba bantsho, jaaka Hamlet. Robert Brustein ene o ne a ganetsa pono ya Wilson ka thata. === Dingwaga tsa bo2000 === [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] f4hexxpu2r3qmqggvc7ubhi5g0s21b0 55426 55424 2026-09-23T15:18:24Z Atsile Edith 11759 55426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''August Wilson''' (ka '''Frederick August Kittel Jr.''' ; kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1945 – kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi , ka ngwaga wa 2005) e ne e le mokwadi wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo wa Moamerika. O bidiwa "mmoki wa bobogelo wa Amerika e Ntsho". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Isherwood|first=Charles|date=October 3, 2005|title=August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html|access-date=October 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O itsege thata ka motseletsele wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo di le lesome , tse di bidiwang mmogo [[:en:August_Wilson#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|The Pittsburgh Cycle]] (kgotsa ''The Century Cycle'' ) '','' tse di kwalang ka maitemogelo le boswa jwa setšhaba sa Maaforika-Amerika mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Metshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo mo motseletseleng o di akaretsa ''[[:en:Fences_(play)|Fences (Diterata)]]'' (ka ngwaga wa1987) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 1990), tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e neng ya gapa Wilson [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Mokgele wa Pulitzer wa Terama]], mmogo le ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey]]'' ( ka ngwaga wa1984) le ''[[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|ya ga Joe Turner ya Tla le go Tsamaya]]'' (1988). Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wilson o ne a tsenngwa mo lefelong la Botumo jwa Bobogelo jwa Amerika . Ditlhogo tse dingwe di simolola ka tirisobotlhaswa ya thulaganyo le ya ditso ya Maaforika a Amerika, [[:en:Race_relations|dikamano tsa merafe]], boitshupo, go fuduga, le go tlhaolwa ka lotso. [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]] o rile mokwalo wa ga Wilson "o tshwara metlae ya rona, makoa a rona, masetlapelo a rona, kgobalo ya rona. Mme o re dira batho. Mme o re letla go bua." <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Fa e sa le Wilson a tlhokafala, metshameko ya go diragatsa ditiragalo ya gagwe e le tharo e ile ya fetolwa kgotsa a fetolwa gape go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang: ''[[:en:Fences_(film)|Diterata]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2016), ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom_(film)|Bontsho jo bo kotlase jwa ga Ma Rainey]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2020) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2024). [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] o disitse ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang mme o ikanne go tsweletsa boswa jwa ga Wilson ka go fetola metshameko e e supang ditiragalo tse dingwe tsotlhe tsa gagwe go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang tsa bareetsi ba bantsi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gratzinger|first=Ollie|date=August 14, 2022|title=Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html|access-date=August 15, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Washington o rile, "karolo e kgolo ya se se setseng sa tiro ya me ke go netefatsa gore Phatwe o a tlhokomelwa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lindsey |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=Playbill}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa tshimologong == Wilson o ne a tsholwa a bidiwa Frederick August Kittel Jr. kwa [[:en:Hill_District|Hill District]] kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania. E ne e le ngwana wa bone mo baneng ba le barataro. Rraagwe, Frederick August Kittel Sr., e ne e le mojaki wa kwa [[:en:Sudeten_Germans|Sudeten Germany]] yo o neng a dira tiro ya go apaya borotho le dikuku. Mmaagwe, Daisy Wilson, e ne e le mosadi wa Moamerika le Moafrika yo o neng a tswa kwa North Carolina mme a dira tiro ya go phepafatsa matlo gore a bone madi a go itshedisa.<ref name=":2">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html "August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Go ya ka ditiragalo tse di neng di anelwa mo lelapeng, nkokoagwe Wilson ka fa mmaagweng o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa North Carolina go ya kwa Pennsylvania a batla botshelo jo bo botoka. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a godisa bana a le nosi go fitlha Wilson a nna le dingwaga di le tlhano mo ntlung ya matlhatlhagane e e nang le dikamore di le pedi kwa morago ga lebentlele la dijo kwa tseleng ya 1727 Bedford . Rraagwe o ne a sa bonale thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa bongwana. Moragonyana, Wilson o ne a simolola go dirisa sefane sa ga mmaagwe mo dikwalong tsa gagwe. Baagisanyi ba ba neng e humanegile mo itsholelong kwa a neng a godisetswa teng e ne e na le batswakwa ba batho ba bantsho ba Amerika ba le bantsi, ba Bajuta le Ba-Italiana. Botshelo bo ne bo le bokete mo baneng ba ga Kittel ka gonne ba ne ba na le batsadi ba ditso tse di farologaneng. August o ne a thatafalelwa ke go itse gore o amana le setso sefe, mme ka lobaka lo loleele o ne a sa ikutlwe a amogelesegile ka botlalo mo setsong sa batho ba bantsho ba Amerika kgotsa mo setsong sa batho ba basweu go fitlhela nako ntse e tsamaa. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a tlhalana le rraagwe mme a nyalwa ke David Bedford mo dingwageng tsa bo1950. Lelapa le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Hill District go ya kwa [[:en:Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)|Hazelwood]], e ka nako eo e neng e tletse batho ba basweu ba badiri. Kwa legaeng la bone le lesha, ba ne ba kopana le kgethololo ya semorafe. Batho ba ne ba latlhela maje a ditena mo fensetereng ya ntlo ya bone. Moragonyana ba ne ba patelediwa go tswa mo ntlong eo mme ba fudugela kwa legaeng le lengwe.<ref name=":3">Little, Johnathan (2000). [[iarchive:twentiethcentury228whea_0|''Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series''.]] [[:en:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Gale. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6|978-0-7876-3137-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Hill District moragonyana e ne ya nna lefelo le ditiragalo tsa bontsi jwa metshameko ya ''Pittsburgh Cycle'' di neng tsa diragalela kwa go lone. Maitemogelo a Wilson a go gola koo, mmogo le seabe se segolo sa mmaagwe mo lelapeng, di ne tsa ama tsela e a neng a kwala metshameko ya gagwe ka yone.<ref>Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 "The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women".] ''Obsidian II''. '''6''' (2): 1–17. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412 0888-4412]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 44485235].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - IMG 0789.jpg|thumb|letshwao la ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego la [https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ Beng ba Amerika, August Wilson: Lefatshe le ke emeng mo go lone, PBS], 1:24:39 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ "American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"]. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. February 20, 2012. Archived from [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ the original] on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</ref>]] A godiseditswe mo tumelong ya Kereke ya Katoliki, ka ngwaga wa 1959, Wilson e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le lesome le bonè ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa [[:en:Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)|sekolong se segolwane sa Central Catholic]] ,mme o ne a tlogela sekolo morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Hartigan, Patti (August 3, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/theater/august-wilson-biography-patti-hartigan.html "The Playwright Who Changed the Face of American Theater"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tsena kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Connelley Vocational , mme a fitlhela gore dithuto tsa teng di ne di se boima mo go ene. Ka ngwaga wa 1960, fa a ne a le mo mophatong wa bolesome, o ne a tlogela sekolo se segolwane sa Gladstone morago ga gore morutabana wa gagwe a mo latofatse ka gore o ne a [[:en:Plagiarism|dirisitse tiro ya motho yo mongwe jaaka ya gagwe]] e e neng e le pampiri ya ditsebe di le masome a mabedi e a neng a e kwadile ka [[:en:Napoleon_I_of_France|Napoleon wa Ntlha wa France]]. Wilson o ne a fitlha tshwetso ya gagwe mo go mmaagwe ka gonne o ne a sa batle go mo swabisa. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a simolola go dira ditiro tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng kwa a ne a kopana le batho ba le bantsi ba ba farologaneng, mme bangwe ba bone ba ne ba nna sekao sa baanelwa bangwe ba a neng a ba tlhama moragonyana, jaaka Sam mo go ''The Janitor'' ka ngwaga wa 1985.<ref name=":3" /> Wilson o ne a dirisa [[:en:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh|lefelo la dibuka le go bala la Carnegie la Pittsburgh]] thata, mme moragonyana lefelo leo a dibuka ya mo fa setlankana sa tlotlo sa go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane. Wilson, yo o neng a re o ithutile go bala fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne, o ne a simolola go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa lefelong la dibuka fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a bo a fetsa dingwaga tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latela tsa bolesome a itshedisa ka kitso ka go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba ba jaaka [[:en:Ralph_Ellison|Ralph Ellison]], [[:en:Richard_Wright_(author)|Richard Wright]], [[:en:Langston_Hughes|Langston Hughes]], [[:en:Arna_Bontemps|Arna Bontemps]] le ba bangwe.<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo1960 === Wilson o ne a itse gore o batla go nna mokwadi, mme se se ne sa baka go sa utlwane magareng ga gagwe le mmaagwe, yo o neng a batla gore e nne mmueledi. Mmaagwe o ne a mo pateletsa go tswa mo ntlong ya lelapa, mme ka ngwaga wa 1962 o ne a tsenela Sesole sa United States dingwaga di le tharo mme o ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe,<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson "August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com".] ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> mme a boela go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng, jaaka go rwala merwalo, go apaya dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, go dira mo tshingwaneng le go tlhatswa dijana. Frederick August Kittel Jr. o ne a fetola leina la gagwe a nna August Wilson go tlotla mmaagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe ka ngwaga wa 1965. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a lemoga pina a blues e e neng e opelwa ke [[:en:Bessie_Smith|Bessie Smith]], mme a reka motšhene wa go kwala ditlhaka o o utswilweng ka didolara di le lesome o gantsi a ne a o isa kwa bathong ba ba adimang madi ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa fa a tlhoka madi.<ref name=":4">Lyons, Bonnie; George Plimpton (Winter 1999). [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson "August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14".] ''The Paris Review''. Winter 1999 (153).</ref> Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o batla go nna mmoki mme a romela mekwalo ya gagwe kwa dimakasineng tse di jaaka ''[[:en:Harper's_Magazine|Harper's]].'' O ne a simolola go kwala mo mabakeng, kwa lebentleleng la disikara la mo lefelong la gae le kwa mafelong a go nwang kofi. O ne a kwala ka seatla mo disalafaneng tsa mo tafoleng le mo dibukeng tse dinnye tsa pampiri e serolwana, a reetsa ka kelotlhoko tsela e batho ba ba mo dikologileng ba neng ba bua ka yone le go ithuta ka baanelwa ba bone. O ne a rata go kwala mo disalafaneng tsa mafelo a go nwang kofi ka gonne, jaaka a ne a tlhalosa, go ne go mo golola mme go mo thusa gore a se ka a ikgathatsa thata ka gore o kwala jang. Morago ga moo, o ne a phutha dintlha tse a neng a di kwadile mme a di kwala kwa gae.<ref name=":2" /> Wilson o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go lemoga le go tshwara dipuo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa e batho ba buang ka yone. O ne a na le kgopolo e e gakgamatsang, mme a e dirisa thata mo tirong ya gagwe. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, o ne a ithuta go se tlhakanye puo e a neng a e utlwa ka go e fetola kgotsa go e phimola fa a e tsenya mo mekwalong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:August_Wilson_House|Legae la ga Wilson la bongwana]] kwa Mmileng wa Bedford kwa Pittsburgh]] Lentswe la ga [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo botshelong le mo tirong ya Wilson, jaaka mo go The ''Ground on Which I Stand'' ya ngwaga wa 1996. [[:en:Nation_of_Islam|Setshaba sa Islam]], e khutshwafaditswe go nna NOI, le mokgatlho wa [[:en:Black_Power|Black Power]], tsotlhe di ne di bua le ene ka dilo tse di neng di le botlhokwa, jaaka go kgona go itshetsa, go itshireletsa le go [[:en:Self-determination|ikemisetsa]]. Gape o ne a rata dipolelo tsa kwa tshimologong ya batho le ditso tse [[:en:Elijah_Muhammad|Elijah Muhammad]] a neng a di ema nokeng. Ka ngwaga wa 1969, Wilson o ne a nyala Brenda Burton, yo e neng e le motho wa tumelo ya bo Muslim, mme a simolola go itsalanya le Setshaba sa Islam, le fa go begwa gore ga a ka a fetogela mo tumelong ya yone.<ref>[https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/ "From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam".] ''A Journey through NYC religions''. December 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</ref> Ene Wilson le Brenda ba ne ba nna le morwadi a le mongwe, Sakina Ansari Wilson. Ba ne ba tlhalana ka ngwaga wa 1972.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1968, Wilson o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Black_Horizon_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon]] mmogo le tsala ya gagwe [[:en:Rob_Penny|Rob Penny]], kwa [[:en:Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)|Kgaolo ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh]].<ref name=":2" /> Tshameko ya ntlha ya Wilson, ''Recycling'' ''(Tiriso gape)'', e ne ya tshamekiwa fa pele ga batho kwa mafelong a mannye a ditshameko, dikolong le kwa mafelong a baagi ba nnang mo matlong a puso, mme motho o ne a duela disente di le masome a matlhano go tsena. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe tsa ntlha e ne e bidiwa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']], e a neng a e baakanya gape morago ga dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, e le karolo ya tatelano ya ditshameko e le lesome e e buang ka Pittsburgh mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a se na maitemogelo a go tsamaisa tshameko.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a gakologelwa a re: “Mongwe o ne a leba kwa le kwa mme a botsa a re, ‘Ke mang yo o tla tsamaisang tshameko?’ Ka fa are, ‘Ke tla o tsamaisa.’ Ke ne ka rialo ka gonne ke ne ke itse go dirisa lefelo la dibuka. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ya go batla buka e e buang ka tsela ya go tsamaisa tshameko. Ke ne ka bona nngwe e e neng e bidiwa ''The Fundamentals of Play Directing'' ''(Dilo tsa Motheo tsa go Kaela Motshameko)''<ref>Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ Fundamentals of Play Directing]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6|<bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka e adima.”<ref name=":4" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1970 === Ka ngwaga wa 1976, Vernell Lillie, yo o neng a tlhomile [[:en:Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Kuntu]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Pittsburgh|Mmadikolo wa Pittsburgh]] dingwaga di le pedi pele ga moo, o ne a tsamaisa tshameko ya Wilson e e bidiwang ''The Homecoming'' ''(Go Boela Gae)''. Mo ngwageng oo gape, Wilson o ne a bona tshameko ya [[:en:Athol_Fugard|Athol Fugard]] e e bidiwang [[:en:Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead|Sizwe Banzi is Dead]], e e neng e tshamekiwa kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]]. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha Wilson a tsena mo tshamekong e e neng e dirilwe ke batshameki ba ba tlhalihileng. Morago ga moo, Wilson, Penny le mmoki Maisha Baton ba ne ba tlhoma Kokoano ya go tlhabana botlhale ya Bakwadi ba Se-Kuntu, e e neng e kopanya bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika le go ba thusa gore mekwalo ya bone e gatisiwe le gore ditiro tsa bone di tlhagisiwe. Mekgatlho ka bobedi e sa ntse e dira le gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Saint_Paul,_Minnesota|Saint Paul, Minnesota]], ka kgakololo ya tsala ya gagwe, Claude Purdy, yo e neng e le motsamaisi wa ditshameko yo ne a mo thusa go bona tiro ya go kwala mekwalo ya dithuto kwa [[:en:Science_Museum_of_Minnesota|lefelong la polokelo ya tsa maranyane a science wa Minnesota]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1980, Wilson o ne a fiwa thuso ya madi ya go tsweletsa tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:The_Playwrights'_Center|Lefelong la Bakwadi ba Ditshameko]] kwa Minneapolis. O ne a tlogela tiro ya kwa lefelong la polokelo ka ngwaga wa 1981, mme a tswelela go kwala ditshameko. Mo dingwageng di le tharo, o ne a dira ka nakwana e le moapei kwa [[:en:Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor|Little Brothers of the Poor]]. Wilson o ne a nna le botsalano jo boleele le [[:en:Penumbra_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya bodiragatsi ya Penumbra]] kwa St. Paul, se kwa tshimologong se neng se tshegediwa ka [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|madi a thuso a puso go tswa mo lenaneong la puso la go tlhama ditiro le go thapisa batho]] [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant]]) se se ne sa tlhagisa dingwe tsa ditshameko tsa gagwe la ntlha. O ne a kwala ''Fullerton Street'', e e iseng e tshamekiwe kgotsa e gatisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1980. Tshameko e ne e bua ka ntwa ya mabole magareng ga [[:en:Joe_Louis_vs._Billy_Conn|Joe Louis le Billy Conn]] ka ngwaga wa 1941, mmogo le go latlhegelwa ke mekgwa le ditekanyetso tse di neng di le teng mo bathong morago ga [[:en:Great_Migration_(African_American)|Motsamao o Mogolo]] wa Maaforika a Amerika go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa ditoropong tsa bokone jwa United States.<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1980 === Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo1980, Wilson o ne a kwala bontsi jwa ditiro tsa gagwe, go akaretsa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']] ka ngwaga wa 1982, [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'']] ka ngwaga wa 1984, [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] ka ngwaga wa 1985, [[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'']] ka ngwaga wa 1986, le [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|''The Piano Lesson'']] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ka ngwaga wa 1987, ramotse wa St. Paul, [[:en:George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)|George Latimer,]] o ne a bitsa letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosupa la Motsheganong “Letsatsi la August Wilson”. O ne a tlotliwa ka gonne e ne e le ene fela motho yo o tswang kwa Minnesota yo o kileng a fenya [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Sekgele sa Pulitzer sa Ditshameko]].<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1990 === Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Wilson o ne a tlogela St. Paul morago ga go tlhalana mme a fudugela kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]]. O ne a nna le botsalano le [[:en:Seattle_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Bodiragatsi tsa Seattle]], se se neng sa tlhagisa tikologo yotlhe ya gagwe ya ditshameko di le lesome, mmogo le tshameko ya gagwe ya motho a le mongwe e e bidiwang ''How I Learned What I Learned''.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa Wilson e ne e le mokwadi yo o neng a ineetse mo go kwaleleng ditshameko tsa serala, kompone ya Hollywood e ne ya akantsha go dira setshwantsho se se tsamayang sa tshameko ya gagwe ''Fences''. O ne a gatelela gore motsamaisi wa Moafrika wa Amerika a thapiwe go tsamaisa setshwantsho seo, a re: “Ke ne ka gana motsamaisi yo o mosweu, e seng ka ntlha ya lotso, mme ka ntlha ya ngwao. Batsamaisi ba basweu ga ba na kitso e e tlhokegang go dira tiro e. Tiro e tlhoka motho yo o itseng ngwao ya Maaforika a Amerika ka botlalo.” Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se ne sa se ka sa dirwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016, fa [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] a ne tsamaisa sa [[:en:Fences_(film)|''Fences'']], e e tshamekiwang ke Washington le [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]]. E ne ya dira gore Wilson a tlhophiwe go bona Oscar morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). [http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902 "Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved April 25, 2016.</ref> Wilson o ne a fiwa dikwalo di le dintsi tsa tlotlo tsa go aloga, go akaretsa lokwalo la tlotlo la bongaka mo dithutong tsa botho le a neng a le fiwa ke Mmadikolo kwa Pittsburgh. O ne a le leloko la boto ya batsamaisi ya mmadikolo eo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref>Steele, Bruce (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902071459/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html "Remembering August Wilson 1945–2005"]. ''The Pitt Chronicle''. The University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html the original] on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</ref> Wilson o ne a nna le lentswe le le nonofileng mo kgatelopeleng le mo tsweletsong ya ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika tsa nako eo go sena pelaelo gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke dilo tse a neng a di bona fa a sa ntse a gola, go akaretsa tse di neng tsa bontshiwa mo [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlhong wa]] [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho]]. Sekai se sengwe se se botlhokwa sa megopolo le ditshwayotshwayo tsa Wilson ka seemo sa ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 e ne e le puisano e e neng e bidiwa “On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion”. mo Wilson o ne a ganetsa gore go nne le lefelo la ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika le le dirwang ka botlalo ke batho ba bantsho, mme maemo otlhe mo ditshamekong tseo a tserwe ke bone. Gape o ne a re batshameki ba batho bantsho ga ba a tshwanela go tshameka baanelwa ba ba sa kwalelwang batho ba bantsho, jaaka Hamlet. Robert Brustein ene o ne a ganetsa pono ya Wilson ka thata. === Dingwaga tsa bo2000 === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, karolo ya bofelo ya ga Wilson mo motseletseleng wa gagwe wa dikarolo di le lesome ya ''The Century Cycle'', e e bidiwang ''Radio Golf'', e ne ya bulwa. E ne ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga 2005 ke [[:en:Yale_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Yale]] kwa [[:en:New_Haven,_Connecticut|New Haven, kwa Connecticut]] mme e ne ya bontshiwa lekgetlo la ntlha kwa [[:en:Broadway_theatre|Broadway]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 kwa [[:en:James_Earl_Jones_Theatre|Bobogelong jwa Cort]]. E ne e tla itsege jaaka tiro ya bofelo ya ga Wilson.<ref>Brantley, Ben (May 9, 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/theater/reviews/09radio.html "In the Rush to Progress, the Past Is Never Too Far Behind".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</ref> == Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho == Le fa tiro ya ga Wilson e sa amogelwe semmuso mo teng ga lenaane la dikwalo tsa [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho,]] ruri e ne e le setlhagiswa sa thomo ya one, a simolola mmogo le Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon kwa toropong ya gaabo ya Pittsburgh ka ngwaga 1968. E le mo Sedikeng sa Hill sa Pittsburgh, e leng lefelo le le nang le ditso e bile le le nang le Bantsho thata, Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon e ne ya nna lefelo la setso la boitlhamedi jwa Bantsho le go aga setšhaba.<ref>Greenwood, Jill King (March 16, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330065955/https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre "August Wilson and Black Horizon Theatre"]. ''Pitt Chronicle''. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre the original] on March 30, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2026.</ref> Jaaka mokwadi wa metshameko wa se se tsewang jaaka Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho, Wilson o ne a amoga mowa wa BAM, a tlhagisa metshameko e e neng di keteka ditso le maikutlo a poko a batho ba Bantsho. Modikologo wa gagwe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga o o tumileng o ne wa latedisa le go kopanya ka katlego maitemogelo a Bantsho ba Amerika mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, a dirisa ngwagasome mongwe le mongwe wa ditso, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1904 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1997, go kwala maiteko a mmele, maikutlo, tlhaloganyo, le a sepolotiki a botshelo jwa Bantsho morago ga kgololesego.<ref>[http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com/plays.php "August Wilson, Pulitzer winning playwright: Plays"]. ''www.august-wilson-theatre.com''. Retrieved March 23, 2019.</ref> Metshameko e itsegeng thata tsa ga Wilson ke [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1985) (e e neng ya gapa [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize|Kabelo ya Pulitzer]] le [[:en:Tony_Award|Sekgele sa Tony]]), [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|(''The Piano Lesson) Thuto ya Piano'']] ( ka ngwaga wa 1990) (Mokgele wa Pulitzer le Sekgele sa Sediko sa Batshwayadiphoso ba Terama ya New York), [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|(''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom)''Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey,]] le ([[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone)'' Tla le Tsamaya ya ga Joe Turner]]. Wilson o boletse gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa thata ke "di-B tse nne": mmino wa blues, mokwadi le [[:en:Argentine|Argentina]] le mmoki wa [[:en:Jorge_Luis_Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]], mokwadi wa metshameko [[:en:Amiri_Baraka|Amiri Baraka]] le motaki [[:en:Romare_Bearden|Romare Bearden]].<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tswelela ka go oketsa bakwadi [[:en:Ed_Bullins|Ed Bullins]] le [[:en:James_Baldwin|James Baldwin]] mo lenaneong leo. O ne a lemotsha jaana: Go tswa go Borges, dikgang tseo tse di gakgamatsang tsa gaucho tse ke ithutileng mo go tsone gore o ka tlhamalatsa nako le lefelo le setso mme o sa ntse o na le tiro e e utlwalang le ditlhogo tsa lobopo lotlhe tsa lorato, tlotlo, tiro, go oka, jj. Go tswa go Amiri Baraka, ke ithutile gore botaki jotlhe ke jwa sepolotiki, le fa ke sa kwale metshameko ya sepolotiki. Go tswa go Romare Bearden ke ne ka ithuta gore botlalo le khumo ya botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi bo ka ranolwa kwantle ga go ineela kgotsa go nna le maikutlo.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tsaya Bullins le Baldwin ba le botlhokwa ka ntlha ya dipontsho tsa bone tse di ikanyegang tsa botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref name=":4" /> Fela jaaka Bearden, Wilson o ne a dira ka mekgwa ya go kwala: "Ke leka go dira gore metshameko yame e lekane le dikanvas tsa gagwe. Fa ke tlhama metshameko gantsi ke dirisa setshwantsho sa pitsa ya go apaya e mo go yone ke latlhelang dilo tse di farologaneng tse ke tlileng go di dirisa—katse e ntsho, tshingwana, sethunya sa baesekele, monna yo o nang le lebadi mo sefatlhegong sa gagwe se se nang le ,." Moanelwamogolo wa monna mo ''Kgamelong ya Dijo tsa Motshegare'' ya ga Bearden’s Mill Hand o ne a tlhotlheletsa moanelwa wa ga Herald Loomis mo go Come and Gone ya ga Joe Turner.<ref>Phillips, Maya (July 24, 2026). [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/24/theater/romare-bearden-august-wilson-joe-turners-come-gone.html "The Piece of Art That Inspired One of Theater's Greatest Works".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved August 4, 2026.</ref> Mo bokaong jwa tiro ya gagwe, Wilson o ne a bolela jaana: Ke kile ka kwala kgangkhutshwe e e bidiwang "Seopedi se se Gaisang sa Blues mo Lefatsheng", mme e ne ya tsamaya jaana—"Mebila e Balboa a neng a tsamaya mo go yone e ne e le lewatle la gagwe la sephiri, mme Balboa o ne a nwela." Bokhutlo jwa kgang. Seo se bua tsotlhe. Ga gona sepe se sengwe se nka se buang. Ke ntse ke kwala kgang eo gape gangwe le gape. Metshameko yotlhe yame e kwala gape yone kgang eo.<ref name=":4" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 766q03tbc42qbjhnt7e7z171janshjo 55429 55426 2026-09-23T15:46:14Z Atsile Edith 11759 55429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''August Wilson''' (ka '''Frederick August Kittel Jr.''' ; kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1945 – kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi , ka ngwaga wa 2005) e ne e le mokwadi wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo wa Moamerika. O bidiwa "mmoki wa bobogelo wa Amerika e Ntsho". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Isherwood|first=Charles|date=October 3, 2005|title=August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html|access-date=October 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O itsege thata ka motseletsele wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo di le lesome , tse di bidiwang mmogo [[:en:August_Wilson#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|The Pittsburgh Cycle]] (kgotsa ''The Century Cycle'' ) '','' tse di kwalang ka maitemogelo le boswa jwa setšhaba sa Maaforika-Amerika mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Metshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo mo motseletseleng o di akaretsa ''[[:en:Fences_(play)|Fences (Diterata)]]'' (ka ngwaga wa1987) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 1990), tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e neng ya gapa Wilson [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Mokgele wa Pulitzer wa Terama]], mmogo le ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey]]'' ( ka ngwaga wa1984) le ''[[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|ya ga Joe Turner ya Tla le go Tsamaya]]'' (1988). Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wilson o ne a tsenngwa mo lefelong la Botumo jwa Bobogelo jwa Amerika . Ditlhogo tse dingwe di simolola ka tirisobotlhaswa ya thulaganyo le ya ditso ya Maaforika a Amerika, [[:en:Race_relations|dikamano tsa merafe]], boitshupo, go fuduga, le go tlhaolwa ka lotso. [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]] o rile mokwalo wa ga Wilson "o tshwara metlae ya rona, makoa a rona, masetlapelo a rona, kgobalo ya rona. Mme o re dira batho. Mme o re letla go bua." <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Fa e sa le Wilson a tlhokafala, metshameko ya go diragatsa ditiragalo ya gagwe e le tharo e ile ya fetolwa kgotsa a fetolwa gape go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang: ''[[:en:Fences_(film)|Diterata]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2016), ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom_(film)|Bontsho jo bo kotlase jwa ga Ma Rainey]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2020) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2024). [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] o disitse ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang mme o ikanne go tsweletsa boswa jwa ga Wilson ka go fetola metshameko e e supang ditiragalo tse dingwe tsotlhe tsa gagwe go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang tsa bareetsi ba bantsi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gratzinger|first=Ollie|date=August 14, 2022|title=Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html|access-date=August 15, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Washington o rile, "karolo e kgolo ya se se setseng sa tiro ya me ke go netefatsa gore Phatwe o a tlhokomelwa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lindsey |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=Playbill}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa tshimologong == Wilson o ne a tsholwa a bidiwa Frederick August Kittel Jr. kwa [[:en:Hill_District|Hill District]] kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania. E ne e le ngwana wa bone mo baneng ba le barataro. Rraagwe, Frederick August Kittel Sr., e ne e le mojaki wa kwa [[:en:Sudeten_Germans|Sudeten Germany]] yo o neng a dira tiro ya go apaya borotho le dikuku. Mmaagwe, Daisy Wilson, e ne e le mosadi wa Moamerika le Moafrika yo o neng a tswa kwa North Carolina mme a dira tiro ya go phepafatsa matlo gore a bone madi a go itshedisa.<ref name=":2">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html "August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Go ya ka ditiragalo tse di neng di anelwa mo lelapeng, nkokoagwe Wilson ka fa mmaagweng o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa North Carolina go ya kwa Pennsylvania a batla botshelo jo bo botoka. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a godisa bana a le nosi go fitlha Wilson a nna le dingwaga di le tlhano mo ntlung ya matlhatlhagane e e nang le dikamore di le pedi kwa morago ga lebentlele la dijo kwa tseleng ya 1727 Bedford . Rraagwe o ne a sa bonale thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa bongwana. Moragonyana, Wilson o ne a simolola go dirisa sefane sa ga mmaagwe mo dikwalong tsa gagwe. Baagisanyi ba ba neng e humanegile mo itsholelong kwa a neng a godisetswa teng e ne e na le batswakwa ba batho ba bantsho ba Amerika ba le bantsi, ba Bajuta le Ba-Italiana. Botshelo bo ne bo le bokete mo baneng ba ga Kittel ka gonne ba ne ba na le batsadi ba ditso tse di farologaneng. August o ne a thatafalelwa ke go itse gore o amana le setso sefe, mme ka lobaka lo loleele o ne a sa ikutlwe a amogelesegile ka botlalo mo setsong sa batho ba bantsho ba Amerika kgotsa mo setsong sa batho ba basweu go fitlhela nako ntse e tsamaa. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a tlhalana le rraagwe mme a nyalwa ke David Bedford mo dingwageng tsa bo1950. Lelapa le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Hill District go ya kwa [[:en:Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)|Hazelwood]], e ka nako eo e neng e tletse batho ba basweu ba badiri. Kwa legaeng la bone le lesha, ba ne ba kopana le kgethololo ya semorafe. Batho ba ne ba latlhela maje a ditena mo fensetereng ya ntlo ya bone. Moragonyana ba ne ba patelediwa go tswa mo ntlong eo mme ba fudugela kwa legaeng le lengwe.<ref name=":3">Little, Johnathan (2000). [[iarchive:twentiethcentury228whea_0|''Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series''.]] [[:en:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Gale. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6|978-0-7876-3137-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Hill District moragonyana e ne ya nna lefelo le ditiragalo tsa bontsi jwa metshameko ya ''Pittsburgh Cycle'' di neng tsa diragalela kwa go lone. Maitemogelo a Wilson a go gola koo, mmogo le seabe se segolo sa mmaagwe mo lelapeng, di ne tsa ama tsela e a neng a kwala metshameko ya gagwe ka yone.<ref>Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 "The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women".] ''Obsidian II''. '''6''' (2): 1–17. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412 0888-4412]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 44485235].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - IMG 0789.jpg|thumb|letshwao la ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego la [https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ Beng ba Amerika, August Wilson: Lefatshe le ke emeng mo go lone, PBS], 1:24:39 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ "American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"]. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. February 20, 2012. Archived from [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ the original] on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</ref>]] A godiseditswe mo tumelong ya Kereke ya Katoliki, ka ngwaga wa 1959, Wilson e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le lesome le bonè ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa [[:en:Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)|sekolong se segolwane sa Central Catholic]] ,mme o ne a tlogela sekolo morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Hartigan, Patti (August 3, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/theater/august-wilson-biography-patti-hartigan.html "The Playwright Who Changed the Face of American Theater"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tsena kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Connelley Vocational , mme a fitlhela gore dithuto tsa teng di ne di se boima mo go ene. Ka ngwaga wa 1960, fa a ne a le mo mophatong wa bolesome, o ne a tlogela sekolo se segolwane sa Gladstone morago ga gore morutabana wa gagwe a mo latofatse ka gore o ne a [[:en:Plagiarism|dirisitse tiro ya motho yo mongwe jaaka ya gagwe]] e e neng e le pampiri ya ditsebe di le masome a mabedi e a neng a e kwadile ka [[:en:Napoleon_I_of_France|Napoleon wa Ntlha wa France]]. Wilson o ne a fitlha tshwetso ya gagwe mo go mmaagwe ka gonne o ne a sa batle go mo swabisa. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a simolola go dira ditiro tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng kwa a ne a kopana le batho ba le bantsi ba ba farologaneng, mme bangwe ba bone ba ne ba nna sekao sa baanelwa bangwe ba a neng a ba tlhama moragonyana, jaaka Sam mo go ''The Janitor'' ka ngwaga wa 1985.<ref name=":3" /> Wilson o ne a dirisa [[:en:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh|lefelo la dibuka le go bala la Carnegie la Pittsburgh]] thata, mme moragonyana lefelo leo a dibuka ya mo fa setlankana sa tlotlo sa go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane. Wilson, yo o neng a re o ithutile go bala fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne, o ne a simolola go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa lefelong la dibuka fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a bo a fetsa dingwaga tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latela tsa bolesome a itshedisa ka kitso ka go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba ba jaaka [[:en:Ralph_Ellison|Ralph Ellison]], [[:en:Richard_Wright_(author)|Richard Wright]], [[:en:Langston_Hughes|Langston Hughes]], [[:en:Arna_Bontemps|Arna Bontemps]] le ba bangwe.<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo1960 === Wilson o ne a itse gore o batla go nna mokwadi, mme se se ne sa baka go sa utlwane magareng ga gagwe le mmaagwe, yo o neng a batla gore e nne mmueledi. Mmaagwe o ne a mo pateletsa go tswa mo ntlong ya lelapa, mme ka ngwaga wa 1962 o ne a tsenela Sesole sa United States dingwaga di le tharo mme o ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe,<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson "August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com".] ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> mme a boela go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng, jaaka go rwala merwalo, go apaya dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, go dira mo tshingwaneng le go tlhatswa dijana. Frederick August Kittel Jr. o ne a fetola leina la gagwe a nna August Wilson go tlotla mmaagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe ka ngwaga wa 1965. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a lemoga pina a blues e e neng e opelwa ke [[:en:Bessie_Smith|Bessie Smith]], mme a reka motšhene wa go kwala ditlhaka o o utswilweng ka didolara di le lesome o gantsi a ne a o isa kwa bathong ba ba adimang madi ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa fa a tlhoka madi.<ref name=":4">Lyons, Bonnie; George Plimpton (Winter 1999). [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson "August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14".] ''The Paris Review''. Winter 1999 (153).</ref> Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o batla go nna mmoki mme a romela mekwalo ya gagwe kwa dimakasineng tse di jaaka ''[[:en:Harper's_Magazine|Harper's]].'' O ne a simolola go kwala mo mabakeng, kwa lebentleleng la disikara la mo lefelong la gae le kwa mafelong a go nwang kofi. O ne a kwala ka seatla mo disalafaneng tsa mo tafoleng le mo dibukeng tse dinnye tsa pampiri e serolwana, a reetsa ka kelotlhoko tsela e batho ba ba mo dikologileng ba neng ba bua ka yone le go ithuta ka baanelwa ba bone. O ne a rata go kwala mo disalafaneng tsa mafelo a go nwang kofi ka gonne, jaaka a ne a tlhalosa, go ne go mo golola mme go mo thusa gore a se ka a ikgathatsa thata ka gore o kwala jang. Morago ga moo, o ne a phutha dintlha tse a neng a di kwadile mme a di kwala kwa gae.<ref name=":2" /> Wilson o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go lemoga le go tshwara dipuo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa e batho ba buang ka yone. O ne a na le kgopolo e e gakgamatsang, mme a e dirisa thata mo tirong ya gagwe. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, o ne a ithuta go se tlhakanye puo e a neng a e utlwa ka go e fetola kgotsa go e phimola fa a e tsenya mo mekwalong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:August_Wilson_House|Legae la ga Wilson la bongwana]] kwa Mmileng wa Bedford kwa Pittsburgh]] Lentswe la ga [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo botshelong le mo tirong ya Wilson, jaaka mo go The ''Ground on Which I Stand'' ya ngwaga wa 1996. [[:en:Nation_of_Islam|Setshaba sa Islam]], e khutshwafaditswe go nna NOI, le mokgatlho wa [[:en:Black_Power|Black Power]], tsotlhe di ne di bua le ene ka dilo tse di neng di le botlhokwa, jaaka go kgona go itshetsa, go itshireletsa le go [[:en:Self-determination|ikemisetsa]]. Gape o ne a rata dipolelo tsa kwa tshimologong ya batho le ditso tse [[:en:Elijah_Muhammad|Elijah Muhammad]] a neng a di ema nokeng. Ka ngwaga wa 1969, Wilson o ne a nyala Brenda Burton, yo e neng e le motho wa tumelo ya bo Muslim, mme a simolola go itsalanya le Setshaba sa Islam, le fa go begwa gore ga a ka a fetogela mo tumelong ya yone.<ref>[https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/ "From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam".] ''A Journey through NYC religions''. December 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</ref> Ene Wilson le Brenda ba ne ba nna le morwadi a le mongwe, Sakina Ansari Wilson. Ba ne ba tlhalana ka ngwaga wa 1972.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1968, Wilson o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Black_Horizon_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon]] mmogo le tsala ya gagwe [[:en:Rob_Penny|Rob Penny]], kwa [[:en:Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)|Kgaolo ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh]].<ref name=":2" /> Tshameko ya ntlha ya Wilson, ''Recycling'' ''(Tiriso gape)'', e ne ya tshamekiwa fa pele ga batho kwa mafelong a mannye a ditshameko, dikolong le kwa mafelong a baagi ba nnang mo matlong a puso, mme motho o ne a duela disente di le masome a matlhano go tsena. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe tsa ntlha e ne e bidiwa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']], e a neng a e baakanya gape morago ga dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, e le karolo ya tatelano ya ditshameko e le lesome e e buang ka Pittsburgh mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a se na maitemogelo a go tsamaisa tshameko.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a gakologelwa a re: “Mongwe o ne a leba kwa le kwa mme a botsa a re, ‘Ke mang yo o tla tsamaisang tshameko?’ Ka fa are, ‘Ke tla o tsamaisa.’ Ke ne ka rialo ka gonne ke ne ke itse go dirisa lefelo la dibuka. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ya go batla buka e e buang ka tsela ya go tsamaisa tshameko. Ke ne ka bona nngwe e e neng e bidiwa ''The Fundamentals of Play Directing'' ''(Dilo tsa Motheo tsa go Kaela Motshameko)''<ref>Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ Fundamentals of Play Directing]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6|<bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka e adima.”<ref name=":4" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1970 === Ka ngwaga wa 1976, Vernell Lillie, yo o neng a tlhomile [[:en:Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Kuntu]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Pittsburgh|Mmadikolo wa Pittsburgh]] dingwaga di le pedi pele ga moo, o ne a tsamaisa tshameko ya Wilson e e bidiwang ''The Homecoming'' ''(Go Boela Gae)''. Mo ngwageng oo gape, Wilson o ne a bona tshameko ya [[:en:Athol_Fugard|Athol Fugard]] e e bidiwang [[:en:Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead|Sizwe Banzi is Dead]], e e neng e tshamekiwa kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]]. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha Wilson a tsena mo tshamekong e e neng e dirilwe ke batshameki ba ba tlhalihileng. Morago ga moo, Wilson, Penny le mmoki Maisha Baton ba ne ba tlhoma Kokoano ya go tlhabana botlhale ya Bakwadi ba Se-Kuntu, e e neng e kopanya bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika le go ba thusa gore mekwalo ya bone e gatisiwe le gore ditiro tsa bone di tlhagisiwe. Mekgatlho ka bobedi e sa ntse e dira le gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Saint_Paul,_Minnesota|Saint Paul, Minnesota]], ka kgakololo ya tsala ya gagwe, Claude Purdy, yo e neng e le motsamaisi wa ditshameko yo ne a mo thusa go bona tiro ya go kwala mekwalo ya dithuto kwa [[:en:Science_Museum_of_Minnesota|lefelong la polokelo ya tsa maranyane a science wa Minnesota]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1980, Wilson o ne a fiwa thuso ya madi ya go tsweletsa tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:The_Playwrights'_Center|Lefelong la Bakwadi ba Ditshameko]] kwa Minneapolis. O ne a tlogela tiro ya kwa lefelong la polokelo ka ngwaga wa 1981, mme a tswelela go kwala ditshameko. Mo dingwageng di le tharo, o ne a dira ka nakwana e le moapei kwa [[:en:Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor|Little Brothers of the Poor]]. Wilson o ne a nna le botsalano jo boleele le [[:en:Penumbra_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya bodiragatsi ya Penumbra]] kwa St. Paul, se kwa tshimologong se neng se tshegediwa ka [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|madi a thuso a puso go tswa mo lenaneong la puso la go tlhama ditiro le go thapisa batho]] [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant]]) se se ne sa tlhagisa dingwe tsa ditshameko tsa gagwe la ntlha. O ne a kwala ''Fullerton Street'', e e iseng e tshamekiwe kgotsa e gatisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1980. Tshameko e ne e bua ka ntwa ya mabole magareng ga [[:en:Joe_Louis_vs._Billy_Conn|Joe Louis le Billy Conn]] ka ngwaga wa 1941, mmogo le go latlhegelwa ke mekgwa le ditekanyetso tse di neng di le teng mo bathong morago ga [[:en:Great_Migration_(African_American)|Motsamao o Mogolo]] wa Maaforika a Amerika go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa ditoropong tsa bokone jwa United States.<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1980 === Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo1980, Wilson o ne a kwala bontsi jwa ditiro tsa gagwe, go akaretsa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']] ka ngwaga wa 1982, [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'']] ka ngwaga wa 1984, [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] ka ngwaga wa 1985, [[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'']] ka ngwaga wa 1986, le [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|''The Piano Lesson'']] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ka ngwaga wa 1987, ramotse wa St. Paul, [[:en:George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)|George Latimer,]] o ne a bitsa letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosupa la Motsheganong “Letsatsi la August Wilson”. O ne a tlotliwa ka gonne e ne e le ene fela motho yo o tswang kwa Minnesota yo o kileng a fenya [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Sekgele sa Pulitzer sa Ditshameko]].<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1990 === Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Wilson o ne a tlogela St. Paul morago ga go tlhalana mme a fudugela kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]]. O ne a nna le botsalano le [[:en:Seattle_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Bodiragatsi tsa Seattle]], se se neng sa tlhagisa tikologo yotlhe ya gagwe ya ditshameko di le lesome, mmogo le tshameko ya gagwe ya motho a le mongwe e e bidiwang ''How I Learned What I Learned''.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa Wilson e ne e le mokwadi yo o neng a ineetse mo go kwaleleng ditshameko tsa serala, kompone ya Hollywood e ne ya akantsha go dira setshwantsho se se tsamayang sa tshameko ya gagwe ''Fences''. O ne a gatelela gore motsamaisi wa Moafrika wa Amerika a thapiwe go tsamaisa setshwantsho seo, a re: “Ke ne ka gana motsamaisi yo o mosweu, e seng ka ntlha ya lotso, mme ka ntlha ya ngwao. Batsamaisi ba basweu ga ba na kitso e e tlhokegang go dira tiro e. Tiro e tlhoka motho yo o itseng ngwao ya Maaforika a Amerika ka botlalo.” Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se ne sa se ka sa dirwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016, fa [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] a ne tsamaisa sa [[:en:Fences_(film)|''Fences'']], e e tshamekiwang ke Washington le [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]]. E ne ya dira gore Wilson a tlhophiwe go bona Oscar morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). [http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902 "Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved April 25, 2016.</ref> Wilson o ne a fiwa dikwalo di le dintsi tsa tlotlo tsa go aloga, go akaretsa lokwalo la tlotlo la bongaka mo dithutong tsa botho le a neng a le fiwa ke Mmadikolo kwa Pittsburgh. O ne a le leloko la boto ya batsamaisi ya mmadikolo eo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref>Steele, Bruce (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902071459/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html "Remembering August Wilson 1945–2005"]. ''The Pitt Chronicle''. The University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html the original] on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</ref> Wilson o ne a nna le lentswe le le nonofileng mo kgatelopeleng le mo tsweletsong ya ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika tsa nako eo go sena pelaelo gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke dilo tse a neng a di bona fa a sa ntse a gola, go akaretsa tse di neng tsa bontshiwa mo [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlhong wa]] [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho]]. Sekai se sengwe se se botlhokwa sa megopolo le ditshwayotshwayo tsa Wilson ka seemo sa ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 e ne e le puisano e e neng e bidiwa “On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion”. mo Wilson o ne a ganetsa gore go nne le lefelo la ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika le le dirwang ka botlalo ke batho ba bantsho, mme maemo otlhe mo ditshamekong tseo a tserwe ke bone. Gape o ne a re batshameki ba batho bantsho ga ba a tshwanela go tshameka baanelwa ba ba sa kwalelwang batho ba bantsho, jaaka Hamlet. Robert Brustein ene o ne a ganetsa pono ya Wilson ka thata. === Dingwaga tsa bo2000 === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, karolo ya bofelo ya ga Wilson mo motseletseleng wa gagwe wa dikarolo di le lesome ya ''The Century Cycle'', e e bidiwang ''Radio Golf'', e ne ya bulwa. E ne ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga 2005 ke [[:en:Yale_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Yale]] kwa [[:en:New_Haven,_Connecticut|New Haven, kwa Connecticut]] mme e ne ya bontshiwa lekgetlo la ntlha kwa [[:en:Broadway_theatre|Broadway]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 kwa [[:en:James_Earl_Jones_Theatre|Bobogelong jwa Cort]]. E ne e tla itsege jaaka tiro ya bofelo ya ga Wilson.<ref>Brantley, Ben (May 9, 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/theater/reviews/09radio.html "In the Rush to Progress, the Past Is Never Too Far Behind".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</ref> == Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho == Le fa tiro ya ga Wilson e sa amogelwe semmuso mo teng ga lenaane la dikwalo tsa [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho,]] ruri e ne e le setlhagiswa sa thomo ya one, a simolola mmogo le Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon kwa toropong ya gaabo ya Pittsburgh ka ngwaga 1968. E le mo Sedikeng sa Hill sa Pittsburgh, e leng lefelo le le nang le ditso e bile le le nang le Bantsho thata, Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon e ne ya nna lefelo la setso la boitlhamedi jwa Bantsho le go aga setšhaba.<ref>Greenwood, Jill King (March 16, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330065955/https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre "August Wilson and Black Horizon Theatre"]. ''Pitt Chronicle''. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre the original] on March 30, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2026.</ref> Jaaka mokwadi wa metshameko wa se se tsewang jaaka Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho, Wilson o ne a amoga mowa wa BAM, a tlhagisa metshameko e e neng di keteka ditso le maikutlo a poko a batho ba Bantsho. Modikologo wa gagwe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga o o tumileng o ne wa latedisa le go kopanya ka katlego maitemogelo a Bantsho ba Amerika mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, a dirisa ngwagasome mongwe le mongwe wa ditso, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1904 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1997, go kwala maiteko a mmele, maikutlo, tlhaloganyo, le a sepolotiki a botshelo jwa Bantsho morago ga kgololesego.<ref>[http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com/plays.php "August Wilson, Pulitzer winning playwright: Plays"]. ''www.august-wilson-theatre.com''. Retrieved March 23, 2019.</ref> Metshameko e itsegeng thata tsa ga Wilson ke [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1985) (e e neng ya gapa [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize|Kabelo ya Pulitzer]] le [[:en:Tony_Award|Sekgele sa Tony]]), [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|(''The Piano Lesson) Thuto ya Piano'']] ( ka ngwaga wa 1990) (Mokgele wa Pulitzer le Sekgele sa Sediko sa Batshwayadiphoso ba Terama ya New York), [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|(''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom)''Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey,]] le ([[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone)'' Tla le Tsamaya ya ga Joe Turner]]. Wilson o boletse gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa thata ke "di-B tse nne": mmino wa blues, mokwadi le [[:en:Argentine|Argentina]] le mmoki wa [[:en:Jorge_Luis_Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]], mokwadi wa metshameko [[:en:Amiri_Baraka|Amiri Baraka]] le motaki [[:en:Romare_Bearden|Romare Bearden]].<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tswelela ka go oketsa bakwadi [[:en:Ed_Bullins|Ed Bullins]] le [[:en:James_Baldwin|James Baldwin]] mo lenaneong leo. O ne a lemotsha jaana: Go tswa go Borges, dikgang tseo tse di gakgamatsang tsa gaucho tse ke ithutileng mo go tsone gore o ka tlhamalatsa nako le lefelo le setso mme o sa ntse o na le tiro e e utlwalang le ditlhogo tsa lobopo lotlhe tsa lorato, tlotlo, tiro, go oka, jj. Go tswa go Amiri Baraka, ke ithutile gore botaki jotlhe ke jwa sepolotiki, le fa ke sa kwale metshameko ya sepolotiki. Go tswa go Romare Bearden ke ne ka ithuta gore botlalo le khumo ya botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi bo ka ranolwa kwantle ga go ineela kgotsa go nna le maikutlo.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tsaya Bullins le Baldwin ba le botlhokwa ka ntlha ya dipontsho tsa bone tse di ikanyegang tsa botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref name=":4" /> Fela jaaka Bearden, Wilson o ne a dira ka mekgwa ya go kwala: "Ke leka go dira gore metshameko yame e lekane le dikanvas tsa gagwe. Fa ke tlhama metshameko gantsi ke dirisa setshwantsho sa pitsa ya go apaya e mo go yone ke latlhelang dilo tse di farologaneng tse ke tlileng go di dirisa—katse e ntsho, tshingwana, sethunya sa baesekele, monna yo o nang le lebadi mo sefatlhegong sa gagwe se se nang le ,." Moanelwamogolo wa monna mo ''Kgamelong ya Dijo tsa Motshegare'' ya ga Bearden’s Mill Hand o ne a tlhotlheletsa moanelwa wa ga Herald Loomis mo go Come and Gone ya ga Joe Turner.<ref>Phillips, Maya (July 24, 2026). [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/24/theater/romare-bearden-august-wilson-joe-turners-come-gone.html "The Piece of Art That Inspired One of Theater's Greatest Works".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved August 4, 2026.</ref> Mo bokaong jwa tiro ya gagwe, Wilson o ne a bolela jaana: Ke kile ka kwala kgangkhutshwe e e bidiwang "Seopedi se se Gaisang sa Blues mo Lefatsheng", mme e ne ya tsamaya jaana—"Mebila e Balboa a neng a tsamaya mo go yone e ne e le lewatle la gagwe la sephiri, mme Balboa o ne a nwela." Bokhutlo jwa kgang. Seo se bua tsotlhe. Ga gona sepe se sengwe se nka se buang. Ke ntse ke kwala kgang eo gape gangwe le gape. Metshameko yotlhe yame e kwala gape yone kgang eo.<ref name=":4" /> === ''Modikologo wa Pittsburgh'' === ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|Modikologo wa Pittsburgh]]'' Modikologo wa Pittsburgh wa ga Wilson,<ref>[https://www.biography.com/news/august-wilson-pittsburgh-cycle-century-cycle-plays-summary "August Wilson's 'Pittsburgh Cycle' Plays".] June 3, 2020.</ref> o gantsi o bidiwang Modikologo wa gagwe wa ''Lekgolo la Dingwaga,''<ref>[http://www.marintheatre.org/productions/fences/fences-august-wilsons-century-cycle "10 Plays, 100 Years – Playwright August Wilson Reveals the History of a Community (From the Playbill)"]</ref> o na le metshameko e le lesome, tse borobabongwe tsa tsone di beilweng kwa Kgaolong ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh (e nngwe e beilwe kwa Chicago), e leng [[:en:African-American_neighborhood|lefelo la Maaforika-Amerika]] le le tsayang bokao jwa dikwalo jwa mainane jaaka jwa ga jaaka [[:en:Thomas_Hardy's_Wessex|Wessex ya ga Thomas Hardy]], [[:en:Yoknapatawpha_County|Kgaolo ya Yoknapatawpha]] ya ga [[:en:William_Faulkner|William Faulkner]] kgotsa [[:en:Ballybeg_(fictional_town)|Ballybeg]] ya ga mokwadi wa diterama wa Mo-Ireland e bong [[:en:Brian_Friel|Brian Friel]]. Metshameko e e beilwe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di farologaneng mme di ikaelela go thala maitemogelo a Bantsho mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 20 le go "tsosa tlhaloganyo ka bobogelo" le go boeletsa "poko ka puo ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya Bantsho ba Amerika".<ref name=":4" /> Mokwalo wa gagwe wa maitemogelo a Bantsho ka metlha o ne o bontsha baanelwa ba ba nonofileng ba basadi mme ka dinako tse dingwe o ne o akaretsa dintlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego. Mo bukeng ya gagwe, o ne a kwala jaana "Mmè ke mosadi yo o nonofileng thata, yo o nang le melaometheo. Baanelwa ba me ba basadi . . . ba tswa mo go mmè ka bontsi."<ref>Wilson, August (2001). ''The Ground on which I Stand''. Theatre Communications Group. p.&#x20;151. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|978-1559361873]]</bdi>.</ref> Fa e le ka ntlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego, Wilson gantsi o ne a bontsha mofuta mongwe wa tumelobotlhodi kgotsa ngwao ya bogologolo mo metshamekong e e neng e tswa kwa medirong e e fetang ya tlholego.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/ "August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand | Biography and Timeline | American Masters". ''American Masters''.] January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Nngwe ya metshameko ya gagwe ye e itsegeng thata ka go tlhagisa se ke ''The Piano Lesson''. Mo motshamekong, go dirisiwa piano mme e golola meya ya bagologolwane. Wilson o ne a batla go tlhama tiragalo e e ntseng jalo mo terameng mo e leng gore bareetsi ba ne ba tlogelwa fela go swetsa gore ke eng se e leng sa mmatota kgotsa nnyaa. O ne a kgatlhilwe ke maatla a bobogelo jaaka sediriswa se mo go sone setšhaba ka kakaretso se neng se ka kopana mmogo go neela bosupi jwa ditiragalo le makhubu a a diragalang.<ref name=":4" /> Wilson o ne a bolelela [[:en:The_Paris_Review|''Tlhatlhobo ya Paris jaana'']]: Ke akanya gore metshameko yame e fa (Maamerika a Basweu) tsela e e farologaneng ya go leba Maamerika a Bantsho. Sekao, mo go ''Fences'' ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala, motho yo tota ba sa mo lebeng, le fa ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka go leba botshelo jwa ga Troy, Basweu ba fitlhela gore diteng tsa botshelo jwa monna yo wa matlakala yo wa Montsho di amiwa ke dilo tse di tshwanang – lorato, tlotlo, bontle, go oka, tiro. Go lemoga gore dilo tse ke karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe fela jaaka jwa bona go ka ama ka fao ba akanyang ka teng le go dirisana le Bantsho mo matshelong a bona.<ref name=":2" /> Le fa metshameko ya modikologo di sa golaganngwa thata le selekanyo sa kgang ya tatelano, baanelwa bangwe ba tlhagelela (mo dingwageng tse di farologaneng) mo metshamekong e e fetang bongwe tsa modikologo. Bana ba baanelwa ba metshameko ya pele ba ka nna ba tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya morago. Moanelwa yo o umakiwang thata mo modikologong ono ke Rakgadi Ester, "motlhatswi wa mewa". Go begwa fa a na le dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano mo motshamekong wa [[:en:Gem_of_the_Ocean|''Gem of the Ocean'']], e e diragalang kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa mmileng wa 1839 Wylie , le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le borobabongwe mo [[:en:Two_Trains_Running|''Ditereneng tse Pedi tse di Tsamayang'']]. O tlhokafala ka ngwaga 1985, ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa ga [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''Kgosi Hedley II.'']] Bontsi jwa tiro ya [[:en:Radio_Golf|''Radio Golf'']] e dikologa leano la go thuba le go tlhabolola ntlo eo sešwa, dingwaga di le mmalwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe. Rakgadi Ester ke motho wa tshwantshetso le yo o ipoeletsang yo o emelang kgaratlho ya Maaforika le Maamerika. "Ga se makgolo a mararo a dingwaga mme ke tatelano ya baperesiti ba basadi ba setso... o akaretsa ditso tse di bokete tsa masetlapelo le phenyo".<ref>Rawson, Christopher (November 9, 2009). [https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2009/11/09/August-Wilson-s-mythic-character-Aunt-Ester-explored-in-theater-festival/stories/200911090252 "August Wilson's mythic character Aunt Ester explored in theater festival"]. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Gantsi metshameko e e akaretsa moanelwa yo go lebegang a sa itekanela sentle mo tlhaloganyong (yo o farologaneng mo metshamekong mengwe le mengwe)—ka sekai, Hedley Sr. mo go [[:en:Seven_Guitars|''Seven Guitars'']], Gabriel mo go [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']], Stool Pigeon mo go Kgosi Hedley wa bobedi, kgotsa Hambone mo go ''Two Trains Running''. [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] pvykup3e55ijhnu1asjollu84pcv76t 55431 55429 2026-09-23T16:15:30Z Atsile Edith 11759 55431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''August Wilson''' (ka '''Frederick August Kittel Jr.''' ; kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1945 – kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi , ka ngwaga wa 2005) e ne e le mokwadi wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo wa Moamerika. O bidiwa "mmoki wa bobogelo wa Amerika e Ntsho". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Isherwood|first=Charles|date=October 3, 2005|title=August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html|access-date=October 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O itsege thata ka motseletsele wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo di le lesome , tse di bidiwang mmogo [[:en:August_Wilson#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|The Pittsburgh Cycle]] (kgotsa ''The Century Cycle'' ) '','' tse di kwalang ka maitemogelo le boswa jwa setšhaba sa Maaforika-Amerika mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Metshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo mo motseletseleng o di akaretsa ''[[:en:Fences_(play)|Fences (Diterata)]]'' (ka ngwaga wa1987) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 1990), tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e neng ya gapa Wilson [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Mokgele wa Pulitzer wa Terama]], mmogo le ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey]]'' ( ka ngwaga wa1984) le ''[[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|ya ga Joe Turner ya Tla le go Tsamaya]]'' (1988). Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wilson o ne a tsenngwa mo lefelong la Botumo jwa Bobogelo jwa Amerika . Ditlhogo tse dingwe di simolola ka tirisobotlhaswa ya thulaganyo le ya ditso ya Maaforika a Amerika, [[:en:Race_relations|dikamano tsa merafe]], boitshupo, go fuduga, le go tlhaolwa ka lotso. [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]] o rile mokwalo wa ga Wilson "o tshwara metlae ya rona, makoa a rona, masetlapelo a rona, kgobalo ya rona. Mme o re dira batho. Mme o re letla go bua." <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Fa e sa le Wilson a tlhokafala, metshameko ya go diragatsa ditiragalo ya gagwe e le tharo e ile ya fetolwa kgotsa a fetolwa gape go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang: ''[[:en:Fences_(film)|Diterata]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2016), ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom_(film)|Bontsho jo bo kotlase jwa ga Ma Rainey]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2020) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2024). [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] o disitse ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang mme o ikanne go tsweletsa boswa jwa ga Wilson ka go fetola metshameko e e supang ditiragalo tse dingwe tsotlhe tsa gagwe go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang tsa bareetsi ba bantsi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gratzinger|first=Ollie|date=August 14, 2022|title=Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html|access-date=August 15, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Washington o rile, "karolo e kgolo ya se se setseng sa tiro ya me ke go netefatsa gore Phatwe o a tlhokomelwa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lindsey |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=Playbill}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa tshimologong == Wilson o ne a tsholwa a bidiwa Frederick August Kittel Jr. kwa [[:en:Hill_District|Hill District]] kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania. E ne e le ngwana wa bone mo baneng ba le barataro. Rraagwe, Frederick August Kittel Sr., e ne e le mojaki wa kwa [[:en:Sudeten_Germans|Sudeten Germany]] yo o neng a dira tiro ya go apaya borotho le dikuku. Mmaagwe, Daisy Wilson, e ne e le mosadi wa Moamerika le Moafrika yo o neng a tswa kwa North Carolina mme a dira tiro ya go phepafatsa matlo gore a bone madi a go itshedisa.<ref name=":2">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html "August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Go ya ka ditiragalo tse di neng di anelwa mo lelapeng, nkokoagwe Wilson ka fa mmaagweng o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa North Carolina go ya kwa Pennsylvania a batla botshelo jo bo botoka. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a godisa bana a le nosi go fitlha Wilson a nna le dingwaga di le tlhano mo ntlung ya matlhatlhagane e e nang le dikamore di le pedi kwa morago ga lebentlele la dijo kwa tseleng ya 1727 Bedford . Rraagwe o ne a sa bonale thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa bongwana. Moragonyana, Wilson o ne a simolola go dirisa sefane sa ga mmaagwe mo dikwalong tsa gagwe. Baagisanyi ba ba neng e humanegile mo itsholelong kwa a neng a godisetswa teng e ne e na le batswakwa ba batho ba bantsho ba Amerika ba le bantsi, ba Bajuta le Ba-Italiana. Botshelo bo ne bo le bokete mo baneng ba ga Kittel ka gonne ba ne ba na le batsadi ba ditso tse di farologaneng. August o ne a thatafalelwa ke go itse gore o amana le setso sefe, mme ka lobaka lo loleele o ne a sa ikutlwe a amogelesegile ka botlalo mo setsong sa batho ba bantsho ba Amerika kgotsa mo setsong sa batho ba basweu go fitlhela nako ntse e tsamaa. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a tlhalana le rraagwe mme a nyalwa ke David Bedford mo dingwageng tsa bo1950. Lelapa le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Hill District go ya kwa [[:en:Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)|Hazelwood]], e ka nako eo e neng e tletse batho ba basweu ba badiri. Kwa legaeng la bone le lesha, ba ne ba kopana le kgethololo ya semorafe. Batho ba ne ba latlhela maje a ditena mo fensetereng ya ntlo ya bone. Moragonyana ba ne ba patelediwa go tswa mo ntlong eo mme ba fudugela kwa legaeng le lengwe.<ref name=":3">Little, Johnathan (2000). [[iarchive:twentiethcentury228whea_0|''Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series''.]] [[:en:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Gale. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6|978-0-7876-3137-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Hill District moragonyana e ne ya nna lefelo le ditiragalo tsa bontsi jwa metshameko ya ''Pittsburgh Cycle'' di neng tsa diragalela kwa go lone. Maitemogelo a Wilson a go gola koo, mmogo le seabe se segolo sa mmaagwe mo lelapeng, di ne tsa ama tsela e a neng a kwala metshameko ya gagwe ka yone.<ref>Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 "The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women".] ''Obsidian II''. '''6''' (2): 1–17. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412 0888-4412]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 44485235].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - IMG 0789.jpg|thumb|letshwao la ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego la [https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ Beng ba Amerika, August Wilson: Lefatshe le ke emeng mo go lone, PBS], 1:24:39 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ "American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"]. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. February 20, 2012. Archived from [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ the original] on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</ref>]] A godiseditswe mo tumelong ya Kereke ya Katoliki, ka ngwaga wa 1959, Wilson e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le lesome le bonè ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa [[:en:Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)|sekolong se segolwane sa Central Catholic]] ,mme o ne a tlogela sekolo morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Hartigan, Patti (August 3, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/theater/august-wilson-biography-patti-hartigan.html "The Playwright Who Changed the Face of American Theater"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tsena kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Connelley Vocational , mme a fitlhela gore dithuto tsa teng di ne di se boima mo go ene. Ka ngwaga wa 1960, fa a ne a le mo mophatong wa bolesome, o ne a tlogela sekolo se segolwane sa Gladstone morago ga gore morutabana wa gagwe a mo latofatse ka gore o ne a [[:en:Plagiarism|dirisitse tiro ya motho yo mongwe jaaka ya gagwe]] e e neng e le pampiri ya ditsebe di le masome a mabedi e a neng a e kwadile ka [[:en:Napoleon_I_of_France|Napoleon wa Ntlha wa France]]. Wilson o ne a fitlha tshwetso ya gagwe mo go mmaagwe ka gonne o ne a sa batle go mo swabisa. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a simolola go dira ditiro tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng kwa a ne a kopana le batho ba le bantsi ba ba farologaneng, mme bangwe ba bone ba ne ba nna sekao sa baanelwa bangwe ba a neng a ba tlhama moragonyana, jaaka Sam mo go ''The Janitor'' ka ngwaga wa 1985.<ref name=":3" /> Wilson o ne a dirisa [[:en:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh|lefelo la dibuka le go bala la Carnegie la Pittsburgh]] thata, mme moragonyana lefelo leo a dibuka ya mo fa setlankana sa tlotlo sa go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane. Wilson, yo o neng a re o ithutile go bala fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne, o ne a simolola go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa lefelong la dibuka fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a bo a fetsa dingwaga tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latela tsa bolesome a itshedisa ka kitso ka go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba ba jaaka [[:en:Ralph_Ellison|Ralph Ellison]], [[:en:Richard_Wright_(author)|Richard Wright]], [[:en:Langston_Hughes|Langston Hughes]], [[:en:Arna_Bontemps|Arna Bontemps]] le ba bangwe.<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo1960 === Wilson o ne a itse gore o batla go nna mokwadi, mme se se ne sa baka go sa utlwane magareng ga gagwe le mmaagwe, yo o neng a batla gore e nne mmueledi. Mmaagwe o ne a mo pateletsa go tswa mo ntlong ya lelapa, mme ka ngwaga wa 1962 o ne a tsenela Sesole sa United States dingwaga di le tharo mme o ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe,<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson "August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com".] ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> mme a boela go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng, jaaka go rwala merwalo, go apaya dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, go dira mo tshingwaneng le go tlhatswa dijana. Frederick August Kittel Jr. o ne a fetola leina la gagwe a nna August Wilson go tlotla mmaagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe ka ngwaga wa 1965. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a lemoga pina a blues e e neng e opelwa ke [[:en:Bessie_Smith|Bessie Smith]], mme a reka motšhene wa go kwala ditlhaka o o utswilweng ka didolara di le lesome o gantsi a ne a o isa kwa bathong ba ba adimang madi ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa fa a tlhoka madi.<ref name=":4">Lyons, Bonnie; George Plimpton (Winter 1999). [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson "August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14".] ''The Paris Review''. Winter 1999 (153).</ref> Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o batla go nna mmoki mme a romela mekwalo ya gagwe kwa dimakasineng tse di jaaka ''[[:en:Harper's_Magazine|Harper's]].'' O ne a simolola go kwala mo mabakeng, kwa lebentleleng la disikara la mo lefelong la gae le kwa mafelong a go nwang kofi. O ne a kwala ka seatla mo disalafaneng tsa mo tafoleng le mo dibukeng tse dinnye tsa pampiri e serolwana, a reetsa ka kelotlhoko tsela e batho ba ba mo dikologileng ba neng ba bua ka yone le go ithuta ka baanelwa ba bone. O ne a rata go kwala mo disalafaneng tsa mafelo a go nwang kofi ka gonne, jaaka a ne a tlhalosa, go ne go mo golola mme go mo thusa gore a se ka a ikgathatsa thata ka gore o kwala jang. Morago ga moo, o ne a phutha dintlha tse a neng a di kwadile mme a di kwala kwa gae.<ref name=":2" /> Wilson o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go lemoga le go tshwara dipuo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa e batho ba buang ka yone. O ne a na le kgopolo e e gakgamatsang, mme a e dirisa thata mo tirong ya gagwe. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, o ne a ithuta go se tlhakanye puo e a neng a e utlwa ka go e fetola kgotsa go e phimola fa a e tsenya mo mekwalong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:August_Wilson_House|Legae la ga Wilson la bongwana]] kwa Mmileng wa Bedford kwa Pittsburgh]] Lentswe la ga [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo botshelong le mo tirong ya Wilson, jaaka mo go The ''Ground on Which I Stand'' ya ngwaga wa 1996. [[:en:Nation_of_Islam|Setshaba sa Islam]], e khutshwafaditswe go nna NOI, le mokgatlho wa [[:en:Black_Power|Black Power]], tsotlhe di ne di bua le ene ka dilo tse di neng di le botlhokwa, jaaka go kgona go itshetsa, go itshireletsa le go [[:en:Self-determination|ikemisetsa]]. Gape o ne a rata dipolelo tsa kwa tshimologong ya batho le ditso tse [[:en:Elijah_Muhammad|Elijah Muhammad]] a neng a di ema nokeng. Ka ngwaga wa 1969, Wilson o ne a nyala Brenda Burton, yo e neng e le motho wa tumelo ya bo Muslim, mme a simolola go itsalanya le Setshaba sa Islam, le fa go begwa gore ga a ka a fetogela mo tumelong ya yone.<ref>[https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/ "From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam".] ''A Journey through NYC religions''. December 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</ref> Ene Wilson le Brenda ba ne ba nna le morwadi a le mongwe, Sakina Ansari Wilson. Ba ne ba tlhalana ka ngwaga wa 1972.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1968, Wilson o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Black_Horizon_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon]] mmogo le tsala ya gagwe [[:en:Rob_Penny|Rob Penny]], kwa [[:en:Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)|Kgaolo ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh]].<ref name=":2" /> Tshameko ya ntlha ya Wilson, ''Recycling'' ''(Tiriso gape)'', e ne ya tshamekiwa fa pele ga batho kwa mafelong a mannye a ditshameko, dikolong le kwa mafelong a baagi ba nnang mo matlong a puso, mme motho o ne a duela disente di le masome a matlhano go tsena. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe tsa ntlha e ne e bidiwa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']], e a neng a e baakanya gape morago ga dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, e le karolo ya tatelano ya ditshameko e le lesome e e buang ka Pittsburgh mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a se na maitemogelo a go tsamaisa tshameko.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a gakologelwa a re: “Mongwe o ne a leba kwa le kwa mme a botsa a re, ‘Ke mang yo o tla tsamaisang tshameko?’ Ka fa are, ‘Ke tla o tsamaisa.’ Ke ne ka rialo ka gonne ke ne ke itse go dirisa lefelo la dibuka. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ya go batla buka e e buang ka tsela ya go tsamaisa tshameko. Ke ne ka bona nngwe e e neng e bidiwa ''The Fundamentals of Play Directing'' ''(Dilo tsa Motheo tsa go Kaela Motshameko)''<ref>Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ Fundamentals of Play Directing]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6|<bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka e adima.”<ref name=":4" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1970 === Ka ngwaga wa 1976, Vernell Lillie, yo o neng a tlhomile [[:en:Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Kuntu]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Pittsburgh|Mmadikolo wa Pittsburgh]] dingwaga di le pedi pele ga moo, o ne a tsamaisa tshameko ya Wilson e e bidiwang ''The Homecoming'' ''(Go Boela Gae)''. Mo ngwageng oo gape, Wilson o ne a bona tshameko ya [[:en:Athol_Fugard|Athol Fugard]] e e bidiwang [[:en:Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead|Sizwe Banzi is Dead]], e e neng e tshamekiwa kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]]. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha Wilson a tsena mo tshamekong e e neng e dirilwe ke batshameki ba ba tlhalihileng. Morago ga moo, Wilson, Penny le mmoki Maisha Baton ba ne ba tlhoma Kokoano ya go tlhabana botlhale ya Bakwadi ba Se-Kuntu, e e neng e kopanya bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika le go ba thusa gore mekwalo ya bone e gatisiwe le gore ditiro tsa bone di tlhagisiwe. Mekgatlho ka bobedi e sa ntse e dira le gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Saint_Paul,_Minnesota|Saint Paul, Minnesota]], ka kgakololo ya tsala ya gagwe, Claude Purdy, yo e neng e le motsamaisi wa ditshameko yo ne a mo thusa go bona tiro ya go kwala mekwalo ya dithuto kwa [[:en:Science_Museum_of_Minnesota|lefelong la polokelo ya tsa maranyane a science wa Minnesota]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1980, Wilson o ne a fiwa thuso ya madi ya go tsweletsa tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:The_Playwrights'_Center|Lefelong la Bakwadi ba Ditshameko]] kwa Minneapolis. O ne a tlogela tiro ya kwa lefelong la polokelo ka ngwaga wa 1981, mme a tswelela go kwala ditshameko. Mo dingwageng di le tharo, o ne a dira ka nakwana e le moapei kwa [[:en:Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor|Little Brothers of the Poor]]. Wilson o ne a nna le botsalano jo boleele le [[:en:Penumbra_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya bodiragatsi ya Penumbra]] kwa St. Paul, se kwa tshimologong se neng se tshegediwa ka [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|madi a thuso a puso go tswa mo lenaneong la puso la go tlhama ditiro le go thapisa batho]] [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant]]) se se ne sa tlhagisa dingwe tsa ditshameko tsa gagwe la ntlha. O ne a kwala ''Fullerton Street'', e e iseng e tshamekiwe kgotsa e gatisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1980. Tshameko e ne e bua ka ntwa ya mabole magareng ga [[:en:Joe_Louis_vs._Billy_Conn|Joe Louis le Billy Conn]] ka ngwaga wa 1941, mmogo le go latlhegelwa ke mekgwa le ditekanyetso tse di neng di le teng mo bathong morago ga [[:en:Great_Migration_(African_American)|Motsamao o Mogolo]] wa Maaforika a Amerika go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa ditoropong tsa bokone jwa United States.<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1980 === Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo1980, Wilson o ne a kwala bontsi jwa ditiro tsa gagwe, go akaretsa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']] ka ngwaga wa 1982, [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'']] ka ngwaga wa 1984, [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] ka ngwaga wa 1985, [[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'']] ka ngwaga wa 1986, le [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|''The Piano Lesson'']] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ka ngwaga wa 1987, ramotse wa St. Paul, [[:en:George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)|George Latimer,]] o ne a bitsa letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosupa la Motsheganong “Letsatsi la August Wilson”. O ne a tlotliwa ka gonne e ne e le ene fela motho yo o tswang kwa Minnesota yo o kileng a fenya [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Sekgele sa Pulitzer sa Ditshameko]].<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1990 === Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Wilson o ne a tlogela St. Paul morago ga go tlhalana mme a fudugela kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]]. O ne a nna le botsalano le [[:en:Seattle_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Bodiragatsi tsa Seattle]], se se neng sa tlhagisa tikologo yotlhe ya gagwe ya ditshameko di le lesome, mmogo le tshameko ya gagwe ya motho a le mongwe e e bidiwang ''How I Learned What I Learned''.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa Wilson e ne e le mokwadi yo o neng a ineetse mo go kwaleleng ditshameko tsa serala, kompone ya Hollywood e ne ya akantsha go dira setshwantsho se se tsamayang sa tshameko ya gagwe ''Fences''. O ne a gatelela gore motsamaisi wa Moafrika wa Amerika a thapiwe go tsamaisa setshwantsho seo, a re: “Ke ne ka gana motsamaisi yo o mosweu, e seng ka ntlha ya lotso, mme ka ntlha ya ngwao. Batsamaisi ba basweu ga ba na kitso e e tlhokegang go dira tiro e. Tiro e tlhoka motho yo o itseng ngwao ya Maaforika a Amerika ka botlalo.” Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se ne sa se ka sa dirwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016, fa [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] a ne tsamaisa sa [[:en:Fences_(film)|''Fences'']], e e tshamekiwang ke Washington le [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]]. E ne ya dira gore Wilson a tlhophiwe go bona Oscar morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). [http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902 "Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved April 25, 2016.</ref> Wilson o ne a fiwa dikwalo di le dintsi tsa tlotlo tsa go aloga, go akaretsa lokwalo la tlotlo la bongaka mo dithutong tsa botho le a neng a le fiwa ke Mmadikolo kwa Pittsburgh. O ne a le leloko la boto ya batsamaisi ya mmadikolo eo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref>Steele, Bruce (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902071459/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html "Remembering August Wilson 1945–2005"]. ''The Pitt Chronicle''. The University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html the original] on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</ref> Wilson o ne a nna le lentswe le le nonofileng mo kgatelopeleng le mo tsweletsong ya ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika tsa nako eo go sena pelaelo gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke dilo tse a neng a di bona fa a sa ntse a gola, go akaretsa tse di neng tsa bontshiwa mo [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlhong wa]] [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho]]. Sekai se sengwe se se botlhokwa sa megopolo le ditshwayotshwayo tsa Wilson ka seemo sa ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 e ne e le puisano e e neng e bidiwa “On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion”. mo Wilson o ne a ganetsa gore go nne le lefelo la ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika le le dirwang ka botlalo ke batho ba bantsho, mme maemo otlhe mo ditshamekong tseo a tserwe ke bone. Gape o ne a re batshameki ba batho bantsho ga ba a tshwanela go tshameka baanelwa ba ba sa kwalelwang batho ba bantsho, jaaka Hamlet. Robert Brustein ene o ne a ganetsa pono ya Wilson ka thata. === Dingwaga tsa bo2000 === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, karolo ya bofelo ya ga Wilson mo motseletseleng wa gagwe wa dikarolo di le lesome ya ''The Century Cycle'', e e bidiwang ''Radio Golf'', e ne ya bulwa. E ne ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga 2005 ke [[:en:Yale_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Yale]] kwa [[:en:New_Haven,_Connecticut|New Haven, kwa Connecticut]] mme e ne ya bontshiwa lekgetlo la ntlha kwa [[:en:Broadway_theatre|Broadway]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 kwa [[:en:James_Earl_Jones_Theatre|Bobogelong jwa Cort]]. E ne e tla itsege jaaka tiro ya bofelo ya ga Wilson.<ref>Brantley, Ben (May 9, 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/theater/reviews/09radio.html "In the Rush to Progress, the Past Is Never Too Far Behind".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</ref> == Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho == Le fa tiro ya ga Wilson e sa amogelwe semmuso mo teng ga lenaane la dikwalo tsa [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho,]] ruri e ne e le setlhagiswa sa thomo ya one, a simolola mmogo le Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon kwa toropong ya gaabo ya Pittsburgh ka ngwaga 1968. E le mo Sedikeng sa Hill sa Pittsburgh, e leng lefelo le le nang le ditso e bile le le nang le Bantsho thata, Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon e ne ya nna lefelo la setso la boitlhamedi jwa Bantsho le go aga setšhaba.<ref>Greenwood, Jill King (March 16, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330065955/https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre "August Wilson and Black Horizon Theatre"]. ''Pitt Chronicle''. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre the original] on March 30, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2026.</ref> Jaaka mokwadi wa metshameko wa se se tsewang jaaka Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho, Wilson o ne a amoga mowa wa BAM, a tlhagisa metshameko e e neng di keteka ditso le maikutlo a poko a batho ba Bantsho. Modikologo wa gagwe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga o o tumileng o ne wa latedisa le go kopanya ka katlego maitemogelo a Bantsho ba Amerika mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, a dirisa ngwagasome mongwe le mongwe wa ditso, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1904 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1997, go kwala maiteko a mmele, maikutlo, tlhaloganyo, le a sepolotiki a botshelo jwa Bantsho morago ga kgololesego.<ref>[http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com/plays.php "August Wilson, Pulitzer winning playwright: Plays"]. ''www.august-wilson-theatre.com''. Retrieved March 23, 2019.</ref> Metshameko e itsegeng thata tsa ga Wilson ke [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1985) (e e neng ya gapa [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize|Kabelo ya Pulitzer]] le [[:en:Tony_Award|Sekgele sa Tony]]), [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|(''The Piano Lesson) Thuto ya Piano'']] ( ka ngwaga wa 1990) (Mokgele wa Pulitzer le Sekgele sa Sediko sa Batshwayadiphoso ba Terama ya New York), [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|(''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom)''Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey,]] le ([[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone)'' Tla le Tsamaya ya ga Joe Turner]]. Wilson o boletse gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa thata ke "di-B tse nne": mmino wa blues, mokwadi le [[:en:Argentine|Argentina]] le mmoki wa [[:en:Jorge_Luis_Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]], mokwadi wa metshameko [[:en:Amiri_Baraka|Amiri Baraka]] le motaki [[:en:Romare_Bearden|Romare Bearden]].<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tswelela ka go oketsa bakwadi [[:en:Ed_Bullins|Ed Bullins]] le [[:en:James_Baldwin|James Baldwin]] mo lenaneong leo. O ne a lemotsha jaana: Go tswa go Borges, dikgang tseo tse di gakgamatsang tsa gaucho tse ke ithutileng mo go tsone gore o ka tlhamalatsa nako le lefelo le setso mme o sa ntse o na le tiro e e utlwalang le ditlhogo tsa lobopo lotlhe tsa lorato, tlotlo, tiro, go oka, jj. Go tswa go Amiri Baraka, ke ithutile gore botaki jotlhe ke jwa sepolotiki, le fa ke sa kwale metshameko ya sepolotiki. Go tswa go Romare Bearden ke ne ka ithuta gore botlalo le khumo ya botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi bo ka ranolwa kwantle ga go ineela kgotsa go nna le maikutlo.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tsaya Bullins le Baldwin ba le botlhokwa ka ntlha ya dipontsho tsa bone tse di ikanyegang tsa botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref name=":4" /> Fela jaaka Bearden, Wilson o ne a dira ka mekgwa ya go kwala: "Ke leka go dira gore metshameko yame e lekane le dikanvas tsa gagwe. Fa ke tlhama metshameko gantsi ke dirisa setshwantsho sa pitsa ya go apaya e mo go yone ke latlhelang dilo tse di farologaneng tse ke tlileng go di dirisa—katse e ntsho, tshingwana, sethunya sa baesekele, monna yo o nang le lebadi mo sefatlhegong sa gagwe se se nang le ,." Moanelwamogolo wa monna mo ''Kgamelong ya Dijo tsa Motshegare'' ya ga Bearden’s Mill Hand o ne a tlhotlheletsa moanelwa wa ga Herald Loomis mo go Come and Gone ya ga Joe Turner.<ref>Phillips, Maya (July 24, 2026). [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/24/theater/romare-bearden-august-wilson-joe-turners-come-gone.html "The Piece of Art That Inspired One of Theater's Greatest Works".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved August 4, 2026.</ref> Mo bokaong jwa tiro ya gagwe, Wilson o ne a bolela jaana: Ke kile ka kwala kgangkhutshwe e e bidiwang "Seopedi se se Gaisang sa Blues mo Lefatsheng", mme e ne ya tsamaya jaana—"Mebila e Balboa a neng a tsamaya mo go yone e ne e le lewatle la gagwe la sephiri, mme Balboa o ne a nwela." Bokhutlo jwa kgang. Seo se bua tsotlhe. Ga gona sepe se sengwe se nka se buang. Ke ntse ke kwala kgang eo gape gangwe le gape. Metshameko yotlhe yame e kwala gape yone kgang eo.<ref name=":4" /> === ''Modikologo wa Pittsburgh'' === ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|Modikologo wa Pittsburgh]]'' Modikologo wa Pittsburgh wa ga Wilson,<ref>[https://www.biography.com/news/august-wilson-pittsburgh-cycle-century-cycle-plays-summary "August Wilson's 'Pittsburgh Cycle' Plays".] June 3, 2020.</ref> o gantsi o bidiwang Modikologo wa gagwe wa ''Lekgolo la Dingwaga,''<ref>[http://www.marintheatre.org/productions/fences/fences-august-wilsons-century-cycle "10 Plays, 100 Years – Playwright August Wilson Reveals the History of a Community (From the Playbill)"]</ref> o na le metshameko e le lesome, tse borobabongwe tsa tsone di beilweng kwa Kgaolong ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh (e nngwe e beilwe kwa Chicago), e leng [[:en:African-American_neighborhood|lefelo la Maaforika-Amerika]] le le tsayang bokao jwa dikwalo jwa mainane jaaka jwa ga jaaka [[:en:Thomas_Hardy's_Wessex|Wessex ya ga Thomas Hardy]], [[:en:Yoknapatawpha_County|Kgaolo ya Yoknapatawpha]] ya ga [[:en:William_Faulkner|William Faulkner]] kgotsa [[:en:Ballybeg_(fictional_town)|Ballybeg]] ya ga mokwadi wa diterama wa Mo-Ireland e bong [[:en:Brian_Friel|Brian Friel]]. Metshameko e e beilwe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di farologaneng mme di ikaelela go thala maitemogelo a Bantsho mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 20 le go "tsosa tlhaloganyo ka bobogelo" le go boeletsa "poko ka puo ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya Bantsho ba Amerika".<ref name=":4" /> Mokwalo wa gagwe wa maitemogelo a Bantsho ka metlha o ne o bontsha baanelwa ba ba nonofileng ba basadi mme ka dinako tse dingwe o ne o akaretsa dintlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego. Mo bukeng ya gagwe, o ne a kwala jaana "Mmè ke mosadi yo o nonofileng thata, yo o nang le melaometheo. Baanelwa ba me ba basadi . . . ba tswa mo go mmè ka bontsi."<ref>Wilson, August (2001). ''The Ground on which I Stand''. Theatre Communications Group. p.&#x20;151. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|978-1559361873]]</bdi>.</ref> Fa e le ka ntlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego, Wilson gantsi o ne a bontsha mofuta mongwe wa tumelobotlhodi kgotsa ngwao ya bogologolo mo metshamekong e e neng e tswa kwa medirong e e fetang ya tlholego.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/ "August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand | Biography and Timeline | American Masters". ''American Masters''.] January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Nngwe ya metshameko ya gagwe ye e itsegeng thata ka go tlhagisa se ke ''The Piano Lesson''. Mo motshamekong, go dirisiwa piano mme e golola meya ya bagologolwane. Wilson o ne a batla go tlhama tiragalo e e ntseng jalo mo terameng mo e leng gore bareetsi ba ne ba tlogelwa fela go swetsa gore ke eng se e leng sa mmatota kgotsa nnyaa. O ne a kgatlhilwe ke maatla a bobogelo jaaka sediriswa se mo go sone setšhaba ka kakaretso se neng se ka kopana mmogo go neela bosupi jwa ditiragalo le makhubu a a diragalang.<ref name=":4" /> Wilson o ne a bolelela [[:en:The_Paris_Review|''Tlhatlhobo ya Paris jaana'']]: Ke akanya gore metshameko yame e fa (Maamerika a Basweu) tsela e e farologaneng ya go leba Maamerika a Bantsho. Sekao, mo go ''Fences'' ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala, motho yo tota ba sa mo lebeng, le fa ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka go leba botshelo jwa ga Troy, Basweu ba fitlhela gore diteng tsa botshelo jwa monna yo wa matlakala yo wa Montsho di amiwa ke dilo tse di tshwanang – lorato, tlotlo, bontle, go oka, tiro. Go lemoga gore dilo tse ke karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe fela jaaka jwa bona go ka ama ka fao ba akanyang ka teng le go dirisana le Bantsho mo matshelong a bona.<ref name=":2" /> Le fa metshameko ya modikologo di sa golaganngwa thata le selekanyo sa kgang ya tatelano, baanelwa bangwe ba tlhagelela (mo dingwageng tse di farologaneng) mo metshamekong e e fetang bongwe tsa modikologo. Bana ba baanelwa ba metshameko ya pele ba ka nna ba tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya morago. Moanelwa yo o umakiwang thata mo modikologong ono ke Rakgadi Ester, "motlhatswi wa mewa". Go begwa fa a na le dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano mo motshamekong wa [[:en:Gem_of_the_Ocean|''Gem of the Ocean'']], e e diragalang kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa mmileng wa 1839 Wylie , le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le borobabongwe mo [[:en:Two_Trains_Running|''Ditereneng tse Pedi tse di Tsamayang'']]. O tlhokafala ka ngwaga 1985, ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa ga [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''Kgosi Hedley II.'']] Bontsi jwa tiro ya [[:en:Radio_Golf|''Radio Golf'']] e dikologa leano la go thuba le go tlhabolola ntlo eo sešwa, dingwaga di le mmalwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe. Rakgadi Ester ke motho wa tshwantshetso le yo o ipoeletsang yo o emelang kgaratlho ya Maaforika le Maamerika. "Ga se makgolo a mararo a dingwaga mme ke tatelano ya baperesiti ba basadi ba setso... o akaretsa ditso tse di bokete tsa masetlapelo le phenyo".<ref>Rawson, Christopher (November 9, 2009). [https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2009/11/09/August-Wilson-s-mythic-character-Aunt-Ester-explored-in-theater-festival/stories/200911090252 "August Wilson's mythic character Aunt Ester explored in theater festival"]. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Gantsi metshameko e e akaretsa moanelwa yo go lebegang a sa itekanela sentle mo tlhaloganyong (yo o farologaneng mo metshamekong mengwe le mengwe)—ka sekai, Hedley Sr. mo go [[:en:Seven_Guitars|''Seven Guitars'']], Gabriel mo go [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']], Stool Pigeon mo go Kgosi Hedley wa bobedi, kgotsa Hambone mo go ''Two Trains Running''. Lefelo la metshameko la Goodman la Chicago e ne e le bobogelo jwa ntlha mo lefatsheng go tlhagisa modikologo otlhe wa metshameko e le lesome, mo ditlhagisong tse di neng tsa simolola ka ngwaga wa 1986 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2007. Ditlhagiso tse pedi tsa ga Goodman—''Seven Guitars'' ''(Dikatara tse supa)'' le ''Gem of the Ocean'' ''(Lejwe la lewatle)''—e ne e le dipontsho tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe.<ref>Houlihan, Mary (January 8, 2014). [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/stage/24839663-421/story.html "Court Theatre stages August Wilson's 'Seven Guitars'"]. [[:en:Chicago_Sun-Times|''Chicago Sun-Times''.]]</ref> [[:en:Israel_Hicks|Israel Hicks]] o ne a tlhagisa modikologo otlhe wa metshameko e le lesome go tloga ka ngwaga wa1990 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2009 mo [[:en:Denver_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts#Entities_of_the_DCPA|komponeng ya Bobogelo ya Denver Center]].<ref>Weber, Bruce (July 7, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/theater/08hicks.html "Israel Hicks, Director of August Wilson's Cycle, Dies at 66".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 8, 2010.</ref>[[:en:Geva_Theatre_Center|Lefelo la Bobogelo la Geva]] le ne la tlhagisa metshameko yotlhe e le lesome ka tatelano ya dingwaga di le lesome go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2011 e le Lekgolo la Dingwaga la Amerika la ga August Wilson. [[:en:Huntington_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya Bobogelo ya Huntington]] ya [[:en:Boston|Boston]] e tlhagisitse metshameko yotlhe e le lesome, mme ya fetsa ka ngwaga wa 2012. Mo botshelong jwa ga Wilson o ne a dirisana mmogo le The Huntington go tlhagisa metshameko ya moragonyana. [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]] e ne e le kompone ya ntlha ya bobogelo kwa Pittsburgh go tlhagisa Modikologo otlhe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga, go akaretsa le pontsho ya ntlha ya lefatshe ya ga [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''Kgosi Hedley'']] [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''wa bobedi'']] go bula [[:en:O'Reilly_Theater|Bobogelo jwa O'Reilly]] kwa [[:en:Downtown_Pittsburgh|Toropong ya Pittsburgh]].<ref>Isenberg, Robert (October 2, 2008). [http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/the-final-installment-of-august-wilsons-epic-pittsburgh-cycle-premieres-at-the-public/Content?oid=1340845 "The final installment of August Wilson's epic Pittsburgh Cycle premieres at the Public"]. ''Pittsburgh City Paper''.</ref> TAG – Setlhopha sa Badiragatsi, kwa Honolulu, Hawaii, se ne sa tlhagisa metshameko yotlhe e le lesome mo modikologong ono go simolola ka 2004 ka ''T(wo Trains Running'' )''Diterena tse Pedi tse di Tsamayang'' mme tsa felela ka ngwaga wa 2015 ka ''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'' ''(Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey)''. Dipontsho tsotlhe e ne e le dipontsho tsa ntlha tsa kwa Hawaii, tsotlhe di ne tsa atlega thata mo lebokosong mme tsa bona dikabelo tse dintsi tsa bobogelo jwa lefelo leo tsa badiragatsi le mokgatlho. Moemedi wa Bantsho kwa St. Louis le Bobogelo jwa Baagi jwa Anthony Bean kwa New Orleans le tsone di tlhagisitse modikologo o o feletseng. [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] jkws44rdx6zirp79k8yja1ohgdfbjqd 55436 55431 2026-09-23T17:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''August Wilson''' (ka '''Frederick August Kittel Jr.''' ; kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1945 – kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi , ka ngwaga wa 2005) e ne e le mokwadi wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo wa Moamerika. O bidiwa "mmoki wa bobogelo wa Amerika e Ntsho". <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Isherwood|first=Charles|date=October 3, 2005|title=August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60 (Published 2005)|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html|access-date=October 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O itsege thata ka motseletsele wa motshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo di le lesome , tse di bidiwang mmogo [[:en:August_Wilson#The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|The Pittsburgh Cycle]] (kgotsa ''The Century Cycle'' ) '','' tse di kwalang ka maitemogelo le boswa jwa setšhaba sa Maaforika-Amerika mo lekgolong la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. Metshameko wa tiragatso ya ditiragalo mo motseletseleng o di akaretsa ''[[:en:Fences_(play)|Fences (Diterata)]]'' (ka ngwaga wa1987) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 1990), tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e neng ya gapa Wilson [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Mokgele wa Pulitzer wa Terama]], mmogo le ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey]]'' ( ka ngwaga wa1984) le ''[[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|ya ga Joe Turner ya Tla le go Tsamaya]]'' (1988). Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wilson o ne a tsenngwa mo lefelong la Botumo jwa Bobogelo jwa Amerika . Ditlhogo tse dingwe di simolola ka tirisobotlhaswa ya thulaganyo le ya ditso ya Maaforika a Amerika, [[:en:Race_relations|dikamano tsa merafe]], boitshupo, go fuduga, le go tlhaolwa ka lotso. [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]] o rile mokwalo wa ga Wilson "o tshwara metlae ya rona, makoa a rona, masetlapelo a rona, kgobalo ya rona. Mme o re dira batho. Mme o re letla go bua." <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington on bringing August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" to the screen |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denzel-washington-on-bringing-august-wilsons-ma-raineys-black-bottom-to-the-screen/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Fa e sa le Wilson a tlhokafala, metshameko ya go diragatsa ditiragalo ya gagwe e le tharo e ile ya fetolwa kgotsa a fetolwa gape go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang: ''[[:en:Fences_(film)|Diterata]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2016), ''[[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom_(film)|Bontsho jo bo kotlase jwa ga Ma Rainey]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2020) le ''[[:en:The_Piano_Lesson_(2024_film)|Thuto ya Piano]]'' (ka ngwaga wa 2024). [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] o disitse ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang mme o ikanne go tsweletsa boswa jwa ga Wilson ka go fetola metshameko e e supang ditiragalo tse dingwe tsotlhe tsa gagwe go nna ditshwantso tse di tshikinyegang tsa bareetsi ba bantsi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gratzinger|first=Ollie|date=August 14, 2022|title=Denzel Washington Honors August Wilson's Legacy at House Opening|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/theater/august-wilson-house-denzel-washington.html|access-date=August 15, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Washington o rile, "karolo e kgolo ya se se setseng sa tiro ya me ke go netefatsa gore Phatwe o a tlhokomelwa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Lindsey |date=October 2, 2020 |title=Denzel Washington Wants Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Film of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/199971/denzel-washington-wants-samuel-l-jackson-to-star-in-film-of-august-wilsons-the-piano-lesson/ |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=Playbill}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa kwa tshimologong == Wilson o ne a tsholwa a bidiwa Frederick August Kittel Jr. kwa [[:en:Hill_District|Hill District]] kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania. E ne e le ngwana wa bone mo baneng ba le barataro. Rraagwe, Frederick August Kittel Sr., e ne e le mojaki wa kwa [[:en:Sudeten_Germans|Sudeten Germany]] yo o neng a dira tiro ya go apaya borotho le dikuku. Mmaagwe, Daisy Wilson, e ne e le mosadi wa Moamerika le Moafrika yo o neng a tswa kwa North Carolina mme a dira tiro ya go phepafatsa matlo gore a bone madi a go itshedisa.<ref name=":2">Isherwood, Charles (October 3, 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/theater/newsandfeatures/august-wilson-theaters-poet-of-black-america-is-dead-at-60.html "August Wilson, Theater's Poet of Black America, Is Dead at 60".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Go ya ka ditiragalo tse di neng di anelwa mo lelapeng, nkokoagwe Wilson ka fa mmaagweng o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa North Carolina go ya kwa Pennsylvania a batla botshelo jo bo botoka. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a godisa bana a le nosi go fitlha Wilson a nna le dingwaga di le tlhano mo ntlung ya matlhatlhagane e e nang le dikamore di le pedi kwa morago ga lebentlele la dijo kwa tseleng ya 1727 Bedford . Rraagwe o ne a sa bonale thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa bongwana. Moragonyana, Wilson o ne a simolola go dirisa sefane sa ga mmaagwe mo dikwalong tsa gagwe. Baagisanyi ba ba neng e humanegile mo itsholelong kwa a neng a godisetswa teng e ne e na le batswakwa ba batho ba bantsho ba Amerika ba le bantsi, ba Bajuta le Ba-Italiana. Botshelo bo ne bo le bokete mo baneng ba ga Kittel ka gonne ba ne ba na le batsadi ba ditso tse di farologaneng. August o ne a thatafalelwa ke go itse gore o amana le setso sefe, mme ka lobaka lo loleele o ne a sa ikutlwe a amogelesegile ka botlalo mo setsong sa batho ba bantsho ba Amerika kgotsa mo setsong sa batho ba basweu go fitlhela nako ntse e tsamaa. Mmaagwe Wilson o ne a tlhalana le rraagwe mme a nyalwa ke David Bedford mo dingwageng tsa bo1950. Lelapa le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Hill District go ya kwa [[:en:Hazelwood_(Pittsburgh)|Hazelwood]], e ka nako eo e neng e tletse batho ba basweu ba badiri. Kwa legaeng la bone le lesha, ba ne ba kopana le kgethololo ya semorafe. Batho ba ne ba latlhela maje a ditena mo fensetereng ya ntlo ya bone. Moragonyana ba ne ba patelediwa go tswa mo ntlong eo mme ba fudugela kwa legaeng le lengwe.<ref name=":3">Little, Johnathan (2000). [[iarchive:twentiethcentury228whea_0|''Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series''.]] [[:en:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]: Gale. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3137-6|978-0-7876-3137-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Hill District moragonyana e ne ya nna lefelo le ditiragalo tsa bontsi jwa metshameko ya ''Pittsburgh Cycle'' di neng tsa diragalela kwa go lone. Maitemogelo a Wilson a go gola koo, mmogo le seabe se segolo sa mmaagwe mo lelapeng, di ne tsa ama tsela e a neng a kwala metshameko ya gagwe ka yone.<ref>Shannon, Sandra G. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 "The Fences They Build: August Wilson's Depiction of African-American Women".] ''Obsidian II''. '''6''' (2): 1–17. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-4412 0888-4412]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44485235 44485235].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - IMG 0789.jpg|thumb|letshwao la ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego la [https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ Beng ba Amerika, August Wilson: Lefatshe le ke emeng mo go lone, PBS], 1:24:39 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232338/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ "American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand"]. [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. February 20, 2012. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529220857/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365429059/ the original] on February 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.</ref>]] A godiseditswe mo tumelong ya Kereke ya Katoliki, ka ngwaga wa 1959, Wilson e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le lesome le bonè ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa [[:en:Central_Catholic_High_School_(Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania)|sekolong se segolwane sa Central Catholic]] ,mme o ne a tlogela sekolo morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Hartigan, Patti (August 3, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/theater/august-wilson-biography-patti-hartigan.html "The Playwright Who Changed the Face of American Theater"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved April 21, 2026.</ref> Morago ga moo, o ne a tsena kwa sekolong se segolwane sa Connelley Vocational , mme a fitlhela gore dithuto tsa teng di ne di se boima mo go ene. Ka ngwaga wa 1960, fa a ne a le mo mophatong wa bolesome, o ne a tlogela sekolo se segolwane sa Gladstone morago ga gore morutabana wa gagwe a mo latofatse ka gore o ne a [[:en:Plagiarism|dirisitse tiro ya motho yo mongwe jaaka ya gagwe]] e e neng e le pampiri ya ditsebe di le masome a mabedi e a neng a e kwadile ka [[:en:Napoleon_I_of_France|Napoleon wa Ntlha wa France]]. Wilson o ne a fitlha tshwetso ya gagwe mo go mmaagwe ka gonne o ne a sa batle go mo swabisa. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a simolola go dira ditiro tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng kwa a ne a kopana le batho ba le bantsi ba ba farologaneng, mme bangwe ba bone ba ne ba nna sekao sa baanelwa bangwe ba a neng a ba tlhama moragonyana, jaaka Sam mo go ''The Janitor'' ka ngwaga wa 1985.<ref name=":3" /> Wilson o ne a dirisa [[:en:Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh|lefelo la dibuka le go bala la Carnegie la Pittsburgh]] thata, mme moragonyana lefelo leo a dibuka ya mo fa setlankana sa tlotlo sa go aloga kwa sekolong se segolwane. Wilson, yo o neng a re o ithutile go bala fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne, o ne a simolola go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika kwa lefelong la dibuka fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a bo a fetsa dingwaga tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latela tsa bolesome a itshedisa ka kitso ka go bala dibuka tsa bakwadi ba ba jaaka [[:en:Ralph_Ellison|Ralph Ellison]], [[:en:Richard_Wright_(author)|Richard Wright]], [[:en:Langston_Hughes|Langston Hughes]], [[:en:Arna_Bontemps|Arna Bontemps]] le ba bangwe.<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro == === Dingwaga tsa bo1960 === Wilson o ne a itse gore o batla go nna mokwadi, mme se se ne sa baka go sa utlwane magareng ga gagwe le mmaagwe, yo o neng a batla gore e nne mmueledi. Mmaagwe o ne a mo pateletsa go tswa mo ntlong ya lelapa, mme ka ngwaga wa 1962 o ne a tsenela Sesole sa United States dingwaga di le tharo mme o ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng morago ga ngwaga o le mongwe,<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/american-literature-biographies/august-wilson "August Wilson | Encyclopedia.com".] ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> mme a boela go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di sa tlhokeng bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng, jaaka go rwala merwalo, go apaya dijo tse di apewang ka bonako, go dira mo tshingwaneng le go tlhatswa dijana. Frederick August Kittel Jr. o ne a fetola leina la gagwe a nna August Wilson go tlotla mmaagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe ka ngwaga wa 1965. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a lemoga pina a blues e e neng e opelwa ke [[:en:Bessie_Smith|Bessie Smith]], mme a reka motšhene wa go kwala ditlhaka o o utswilweng ka didolara di le lesome o gantsi a ne a o isa kwa bathong ba ba adimang madi ka dilo tse di tlhwatlhwa fa a tlhoka madi.<ref name=":4">Lyons, Bonnie; George Plimpton (Winter 1999). [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/839/the-art-of-theater-no-14-august-wilson "August Wilson, The Art of Theater No. 14".] ''The Paris Review''. Winter 1999 (153).</ref> Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya gore o batla go nna mmoki mme a romela mekwalo ya gagwe kwa dimakasineng tse di jaaka ''[[:en:Harper's_Magazine|Harper's]].'' O ne a simolola go kwala mo mabakeng, kwa lebentleleng la disikara la mo lefelong la gae le kwa mafelong a go nwang kofi. O ne a kwala ka seatla mo disalafaneng tsa mo tafoleng le mo dibukeng tse dinnye tsa pampiri e serolwana, a reetsa ka kelotlhoko tsela e batho ba ba mo dikologileng ba neng ba bua ka yone le go ithuta ka baanelwa ba bone. O ne a rata go kwala mo disalafaneng tsa mafelo a go nwang kofi ka gonne, jaaka a ne a tlhalosa, go ne go mo golola mme go mo thusa gore a se ka a ikgathatsa thata ka gore o kwala jang. Morago ga moo, o ne a phutha dintlha tse a neng a di kwadile mme a di kwala kwa gae.<ref name=":2" /> Wilson o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go lemoga le go tshwara dipuo tse di farologaneng le mekgwa e batho ba buang ka yone. O ne a na le kgopolo e e gakgamatsang, mme a e dirisa thata mo tirong ya gagwe. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, o ne a ithuta go se tlhakanye puo e a neng a e utlwa ka go e fetola kgotsa go e phimola fa a e tsenya mo mekwalong ya gagwe.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:PittsburghPaAWH2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:August_Wilson_House|Legae la ga Wilson la bongwana]] kwa Mmileng wa Bedford kwa Pittsburgh]] Lentswe la ga [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo botshelong le mo tirong ya Wilson, jaaka mo go The ''Ground on Which I Stand'' ya ngwaga wa 1996. [[:en:Nation_of_Islam|Setshaba sa Islam]], e khutshwafaditswe go nna NOI, le mokgatlho wa [[:en:Black_Power|Black Power]], tsotlhe di ne di bua le ene ka dilo tse di neng di le botlhokwa, jaaka go kgona go itshetsa, go itshireletsa le go [[:en:Self-determination|ikemisetsa]]. Gape o ne a rata dipolelo tsa kwa tshimologong ya batho le ditso tse [[:en:Elijah_Muhammad|Elijah Muhammad]] a neng a di ema nokeng. Ka ngwaga wa 1969, Wilson o ne a nyala Brenda Burton, yo e neng e le motho wa tumelo ya bo Muslim, mme a simolola go itsalanya le Setshaba sa Islam, le fa go begwa gore ga a ka a fetogela mo tumelong ya yone.<ref>[https://nycreligion.info/allah-broadway-august-wilsons-roots-nation-islam/ "From Allah to Broadway. August Wilson's roots in the Nation of Islam".] ''A Journey through NYC religions''. December 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</ref> Ene Wilson le Brenda ba ne ba nna le morwadi a le mongwe, Sakina Ansari Wilson. Ba ne ba tlhalana ka ngwaga wa 1972.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1968, Wilson o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Black_Horizon_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon]] mmogo le tsala ya gagwe [[:en:Rob_Penny|Rob Penny]], kwa [[:en:Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)|Kgaolo ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh]].<ref name=":2" /> Tshameko ya ntlha ya Wilson, ''Recycling'' ''(Tiriso gape)'', e ne ya tshamekiwa fa pele ga batho kwa mafelong a mannye a ditshameko, dikolong le kwa mafelong a baagi ba nnang mo matlong a puso, mme motho o ne a duela disente di le masome a matlhano go tsena. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe tsa ntlha e ne e bidiwa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']], e a neng a e baakanya gape morago ga dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi, e le karolo ya tatelano ya ditshameko e le lesome e e buang ka Pittsburgh mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a se na maitemogelo a go tsamaisa tshameko.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a gakologelwa a re: “Mongwe o ne a leba kwa le kwa mme a botsa a re, ‘Ke mang yo o tla tsamaisang tshameko?’ Ka fa are, ‘Ke tla o tsamaisa.’ Ke ne ka rialo ka gonne ke ne ke itse go dirisa lefelo la dibuka. Ka jalo, ke ne ka ya go batla buka e e buang ka tsela ya go tsamaisa tshameko. Ke ne ka bona nngwe e e neng e bidiwa ''The Fundamentals of Play Directing'' ''(Dilo tsa Motheo tsa go Kaela Motshameko)''<ref>Dean, Alexander; Carra, Lawrence (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4UAAAAQBAJ Fundamentals of Play Directing]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-648-6|<bdi>978-1-57766-648-6</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka e adima.”<ref name=":4" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1970 === Ka ngwaga wa 1976, Vernell Lillie, yo o neng a tlhomile [[:en:Kuntu_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Kuntu]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Pittsburgh|Mmadikolo wa Pittsburgh]] dingwaga di le pedi pele ga moo, o ne a tsamaisa tshameko ya Wilson e e bidiwang ''The Homecoming'' ''(Go Boela Gae)''. Mo ngwageng oo gape, Wilson o ne a bona tshameko ya [[:en:Athol_Fugard|Athol Fugard]] e e bidiwang [[:en:Sizwe_Banzi_is_Dead|Sizwe Banzi is Dead]], e e neng e tshamekiwa kwa [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]]. E ne e le lekgetlo la ntlha Wilson a tsena mo tshamekong e e neng e dirilwe ke batshameki ba ba tlhalihileng. Morago ga moo, Wilson, Penny le mmoki Maisha Baton ba ne ba tlhoma Kokoano ya go tlhabana botlhale ya Bakwadi ba Se-Kuntu, e e neng e kopanya bakwadi ba Maaforika a Amerika le go ba thusa gore mekwalo ya bone e gatisiwe le gore ditiro tsa bone di tlhagisiwe. Mekgatlho ka bobedi e sa ntse e dira le gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 1978, Wilson o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Saint_Paul,_Minnesota|Saint Paul, Minnesota]], ka kgakololo ya tsala ya gagwe, Claude Purdy, yo e neng e le motsamaisi wa ditshameko yo ne a mo thusa go bona tiro ya go kwala mekwalo ya dithuto kwa [[:en:Science_Museum_of_Minnesota|lefelong la polokelo ya tsa maranyane a science wa Minnesota]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1980, Wilson o ne a fiwa thuso ya madi ya go tsweletsa tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:The_Playwrights'_Center|Lefelong la Bakwadi ba Ditshameko]] kwa Minneapolis. O ne a tlogela tiro ya kwa lefelong la polokelo ka ngwaga wa 1981, mme a tswelela go kwala ditshameko. Mo dingwageng di le tharo, o ne a dira ka nakwana e le moapei kwa [[:en:Little_Brothers_of_the_Poor|Little Brothers of the Poor]]. Wilson o ne a nna le botsalano jo boleele le [[:en:Penumbra_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya bodiragatsi ya Penumbra]] kwa St. Paul, se kwa tshimologong se neng se tshegediwa ka [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|madi a thuso a puso go tswa mo lenaneong la puso la go tlhama ditiro le go thapisa batho]] [[:en:CETA_Employment_of_Artists_(1974-1981)|(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) grant]]) se se ne sa tlhagisa dingwe tsa ditshameko tsa gagwe la ntlha. O ne a kwala ''Fullerton Street'', e e iseng e tshamekiwe kgotsa e gatisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1980. Tshameko e ne e bua ka ntwa ya mabole magareng ga [[:en:Joe_Louis_vs._Billy_Conn|Joe Louis le Billy Conn]] ka ngwaga wa 1941, mmogo le go latlhegelwa ke mekgwa le ditekanyetso tse di neng di le teng mo bathong morago ga [[:en:Great_Migration_(African_American)|Motsamao o Mogolo]] wa Maaforika a Amerika go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa ditoropong tsa bokone jwa United States.<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1980 === Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo1980, Wilson o ne a kwala bontsi jwa ditiro tsa gagwe, go akaretsa [[:en:Jitney_(play)|''Jitney'']] ka ngwaga wa 1982, [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'']] ka ngwaga wa 1984, [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] ka ngwaga wa 1985, [[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone'']] ka ngwaga wa 1986, le [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|''The Piano Lesson'']] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ka ngwaga wa 1987, ramotse wa St. Paul, [[:en:George_Latimer_(Minnesota_politician)|George Latimer,]] o ne a bitsa letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosupa la Motsheganong “Letsatsi la August Wilson”. O ne a tlotliwa ka gonne e ne e le ene fela motho yo o tswang kwa Minnesota yo o kileng a fenya [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama|Sekgele sa Pulitzer sa Ditshameko]].<ref name=":3" /> === Dingwaga tsa bo1990 === Ka ngwaga wa 1990, Wilson o ne a tlogela St. Paul morago ga go tlhalana mme a fudugela kwa [[:en:Seattle|Seattle]]. O ne a nna le botsalano le [[:en:Seattle_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Bodiragatsi tsa Seattle]], se se neng sa tlhagisa tikologo yotlhe ya gagwe ya ditshameko di le lesome, mmogo le tshameko ya gagwe ya motho a le mongwe e e bidiwang ''How I Learned What I Learned''.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa Wilson e ne e le mokwadi yo o neng a ineetse mo go kwaleleng ditshameko tsa serala, kompone ya Hollywood e ne ya akantsha go dira setshwantsho se se tsamayang sa tshameko ya gagwe ''Fences''. O ne a gatelela gore motsamaisi wa Moafrika wa Amerika a thapiwe go tsamaisa setshwantsho seo, a re: “Ke ne ka gana motsamaisi yo o mosweu, e seng ka ntlha ya lotso, mme ka ntlha ya ngwao. Batsamaisi ba basweu ga ba na kitso e e tlhokegang go dira tiro e. Tiro e tlhoka motho yo o itseng ngwao ya Maaforika a Amerika ka botlalo.” Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se ne sa se ka sa dirwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016, fa [[:en:Denzel_Washington|Denzel Washington]] a ne tsamaisa sa [[:en:Fences_(film)|''Fences'']], e e tshamekiwang ke Washington le [[:en:Viola_Davis|Viola Davis]]. E ne ya dira gore Wilson a tlhophiwe go bona Oscar morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Viagas, Robert (April 22, 2016). [http://www.playbill.com/article/denzel-washington-39-s-fences-film-begins-shooting-today-com-382902 "Denzel Washington's Fences Film Begins Shooting Today"]. ''Playbill''. Retrieved April 25, 2016.</ref> Wilson o ne a fiwa dikwalo di le dintsi tsa tlotlo tsa go aloga, go akaretsa lokwalo la tlotlo la bongaka mo dithutong tsa botho le a neng a le fiwa ke Mmadikolo kwa Pittsburgh. O ne a le leloko la boto ya batsamaisi ya mmadikolo eo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1992 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref>Steele, Bruce (October 10, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902071459/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html "Remembering August Wilson 1945–2005"]. ''The Pitt Chronicle''. The University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/media/pcc051010/august_wilson_2005OCT10.html the original] on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2008.</ref> Wilson o ne a nna le lentswe le le nonofileng mo kgatelopeleng le mo tsweletsong ya ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika tsa nako eo go sena pelaelo gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke dilo tse a neng a di bona fa a sa ntse a gola, go akaretsa tse di neng tsa bontshiwa mo [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlhong wa]] [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho]]. Sekai se sengwe se se botlhokwa sa megopolo le ditshwayotshwayo tsa Wilson ka seemo sa ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 e ne e le puisano e e neng e bidiwa “On Cultural Power: The August Wilson/Robert Brustein Discussion”. mo Wilson o ne a ganetsa gore go nne le lefelo la ditshameko tsa Maaforika a Amerika le le dirwang ka botlalo ke batho ba bantsho, mme maemo otlhe mo ditshamekong tseo a tserwe ke bone. Gape o ne a re batshameki ba batho bantsho ga ba a tshwanela go tshameka baanelwa ba ba sa kwalelwang batho ba bantsho, jaaka Hamlet. Robert Brustein ene o ne a ganetsa pono ya Wilson ka thata. === Dingwaga tsa bo2000 === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, karolo ya bofelo ya ga Wilson mo motseletseleng wa gagwe wa dikarolo di le lesome ya ''The Century Cycle'', e e bidiwang ''Radio Golf'', e ne ya bulwa. E ne ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga 2005 ke [[:en:Yale_Repertory_Theatre|Bobogelo jwa Yale]] kwa [[:en:New_Haven,_Connecticut|New Haven, kwa Connecticut]] mme e ne ya bontshiwa lekgetlo la ntlha kwa [[:en:Broadway_theatre|Broadway]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 kwa [[:en:James_Earl_Jones_Theatre|Bobogelong jwa Cort]]. E ne e tla itsege jaaka tiro ya bofelo ya ga Wilson.<ref>Brantley, Ben (May 9, 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/theater/reviews/09radio.html "In the Rush to Progress, the Past Is Never Too Far Behind".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</ref> == Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho == Le fa tiro ya ga Wilson e sa amogelwe semmuso mo teng ga lenaane la dikwalo tsa [[:en:Black_Arts_Movement|Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Bantsho,]] ruri e ne e le setlhagiswa sa thomo ya one, a simolola mmogo le Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon kwa toropong ya gaabo ya Pittsburgh ka ngwaga 1968. E le mo Sedikeng sa Hill sa Pittsburgh, e leng lefelo le le nang le ditso e bile le le nang le Bantsho thata, Bobogelo jwa Black Horizon e ne ya nna lefelo la setso la boitlhamedi jwa Bantsho le go aga setšhaba.<ref>Greenwood, Jill King (March 16, 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330065955/https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre "August Wilson and Black Horizon Theatre"]. ''Pitt Chronicle''. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from [https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/august-wilson-and-black-horizon-theatre the original] on March 30, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2026.</ref> Jaaka mokwadi wa metshameko wa se se tsewang jaaka Mokgatlho wa Botsweretshi jwa Morago ga Bantsho, Wilson o ne a amoga mowa wa BAM, a tlhagisa metshameko e e neng di keteka ditso le maikutlo a poko a batho ba Bantsho. Modikologo wa gagwe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga o o tumileng o ne wa latedisa le go kopanya ka katlego maitemogelo a Bantsho ba Amerika mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, a dirisa ngwagasome mongwe le mongwe wa ditso, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1904 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1997, go kwala maiteko a mmele, maikutlo, tlhaloganyo, le a sepolotiki a botshelo jwa Bantsho morago ga kgololesego.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190330061115/http://www.august-wilson-theatre.com/plays.php "August Wilson, Pulitzer winning playwright: Plays"]. ''www.august-wilson-theatre.com''. Retrieved March 23, 2019.</ref> Metshameko e itsegeng thata tsa ga Wilson ke [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1985) (e e neng ya gapa [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize|Kabelo ya Pulitzer]] le [[:en:Tony_Award|Sekgele sa Tony]]), [[:en:The_Piano_Lesson|(''The Piano Lesson) Thuto ya Piano'']] ( ka ngwaga wa 1990) (Mokgele wa Pulitzer le Sekgele sa Sediko sa Batshwayadiphoso ba Terama ya New York), [[:en:Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom|(''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom)''Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey,]] le ([[:en:Joe_Turner's_Come_and_Gone|''Joe Turner's Come and Gone)'' Tla le Tsamaya ya ga Joe Turner]]. Wilson o boletse gore o ne a tlhotlhelediwa thata ke "di-B tse nne": mmino wa blues, mokwadi le [[:en:Argentine|Argentina]] le mmoki wa [[:en:Jorge_Luis_Borges|Jorge Luis Borges]], mokwadi wa metshameko [[:en:Amiri_Baraka|Amiri Baraka]] le motaki [[:en:Romare_Bearden|Romare Bearden]].<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tswelela ka go oketsa bakwadi [[:en:Ed_Bullins|Ed Bullins]] le [[:en:James_Baldwin|James Baldwin]] mo lenaneong leo. O ne a lemotsha jaana: Go tswa go Borges, dikgang tseo tse di gakgamatsang tsa gaucho tse ke ithutileng mo go tsone gore o ka tlhamalatsa nako le lefelo le setso mme o sa ntse o na le tiro e e utlwalang le ditlhogo tsa lobopo lotlhe tsa lorato, tlotlo, tiro, go oka, jj. Go tswa go Amiri Baraka, ke ithutile gore botaki jotlhe ke jwa sepolotiki, le fa ke sa kwale metshameko ya sepolotiki. Go tswa go Romare Bearden ke ne ka ithuta gore botlalo le khumo ya botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi bo ka ranolwa kwantle ga go ineela kgotsa go nna le maikutlo.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a tsaya Bullins le Baldwin ba le botlhokwa ka ntlha ya dipontsho tsa bone tse di ikanyegang tsa botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref name=":4" /> Fela jaaka Bearden, Wilson o ne a dira ka mekgwa ya go kwala: "Ke leka go dira gore metshameko yame e lekane le dikanvas tsa gagwe. Fa ke tlhama metshameko gantsi ke dirisa setshwantsho sa pitsa ya go apaya e mo go yone ke latlhelang dilo tse di farologaneng tse ke tlileng go di dirisa—katse e ntsho, tshingwana, sethunya sa baesekele, monna yo o nang le lebadi mo sefatlhegong sa gagwe se se nang le ,." Moanelwamogolo wa monna mo ''Kgamelong ya Dijo tsa Motshegare'' ya ga Bearden’s Mill Hand o ne a tlhotlheletsa moanelwa wa ga Herald Loomis mo go Come and Gone ya ga Joe Turner.<ref>Phillips, Maya (July 24, 2026). [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/24/theater/romare-bearden-august-wilson-joe-turners-come-gone.html "The Piece of Art That Inspired One of Theater's Greatest Works".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved August 4, 2026.</ref> Mo bokaong jwa tiro ya gagwe, Wilson o ne a bolela jaana: Ke kile ka kwala kgangkhutshwe e e bidiwang "Seopedi se se Gaisang sa Blues mo Lefatsheng", mme e ne ya tsamaya jaana—"Mebila e Balboa a neng a tsamaya mo go yone e ne e le lewatle la gagwe la sephiri, mme Balboa o ne a nwela." Bokhutlo jwa kgang. Seo se bua tsotlhe. Ga gona sepe se sengwe se nka se buang. Ke ntse ke kwala kgang eo gape gangwe le gape. Metshameko yotlhe yame e kwala gape yone kgang eo.<ref name=":4" /> === ''Modikologo wa Pittsburgh'' === ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:The_Pittsburgh_Cycle|Modikologo wa Pittsburgh]]'' Modikologo wa Pittsburgh wa ga Wilson,<ref>[https://www.biography.com/news/august-wilson-pittsburgh-cycle-century-cycle-plays-summary "August Wilson's 'Pittsburgh Cycle' Plays".] June 3, 2020.</ref> o gantsi o bidiwang Modikologo wa gagwe wa ''Lekgolo la Dingwaga,''<ref>[http://www.marintheatre.org/productions/fences/fences-august-wilsons-century-cycle "10 Plays, 100 Years – Playwright August Wilson Reveals the History of a Community (From the Playbill)"]</ref> o na le metshameko e le lesome, tse borobabongwe tsa tsone di beilweng kwa Kgaolong ya Dithaba ya Pittsburgh (e nngwe e beilwe kwa Chicago), e leng [[:en:African-American_neighborhood|lefelo la Maaforika-Amerika]] le le tsayang bokao jwa dikwalo jwa mainane jaaka jwa ga jaaka [[:en:Thomas_Hardy's_Wessex|Wessex ya ga Thomas Hardy]], [[:en:Yoknapatawpha_County|Kgaolo ya Yoknapatawpha]] ya ga [[:en:William_Faulkner|William Faulkner]] kgotsa [[:en:Ballybeg_(fictional_town)|Ballybeg]] ya ga mokwadi wa diterama wa Mo-Ireland e bong [[:en:Brian_Friel|Brian Friel]]. Metshameko e e beilwe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di farologaneng mme di ikaelela go thala maitemogelo a Bantsho mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 20 le go "tsosa tlhaloganyo ka bobogelo" le go boeletsa "poko ka puo ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya Bantsho ba Amerika".<ref name=":4" /> Mokwalo wa gagwe wa maitemogelo a Bantsho ka metlha o ne o bontsha baanelwa ba ba nonofileng ba basadi mme ka dinako tse dingwe o ne o akaretsa dintlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego. Mo bukeng ya gagwe, o ne a kwala jaana "Mmè ke mosadi yo o nonofileng thata, yo o nang le melaometheo. Baanelwa ba me ba basadi . . . ba tswa mo go mmè ka bontsi."<ref>Wilson, August (2001). ''The Ground on which I Stand''. Theatre Communications Group. p.&#x20;151. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1559361873|978-1559361873]]</bdi>.</ref> Fa e le ka ntlha tsa dilo tse di fetang tsa tlholego, Wilson gantsi o ne a bontsha mofuta mongwe wa tumelobotlhodi kgotsa ngwao ya bogologolo mo metshamekong e e neng e tswa kwa medirong e e fetang ya tlholego.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/ "August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand | Biography and Timeline | American Masters". ''American Masters''.] January 28, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Nngwe ya metshameko ya gagwe ye e itsegeng thata ka go tlhagisa se ke ''The Piano Lesson''. Mo motshamekong, go dirisiwa piano mme e golola meya ya bagologolwane. Wilson o ne a batla go tlhama tiragalo e e ntseng jalo mo terameng mo e leng gore bareetsi ba ne ba tlogelwa fela go swetsa gore ke eng se e leng sa mmatota kgotsa nnyaa. O ne a kgatlhilwe ke maatla a bobogelo jaaka sediriswa se mo go sone setšhaba ka kakaretso se neng se ka kopana mmogo go neela bosupi jwa ditiragalo le makhubu a a diragalang.<ref name=":4" /> Wilson o ne a bolelela [[:en:The_Paris_Review|''Tlhatlhobo ya Paris jaana'']]: Ke akanya gore metshameko yame e fa (Maamerika a Basweu) tsela e e farologaneng ya go leba Maamerika a Bantsho. Sekao, mo go ''Fences'' ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala, motho yo tota ba sa mo lebeng, le fa ba bona motlhokomedi wa matlakala letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka go leba botshelo jwa ga Troy, Basweu ba fitlhela gore diteng tsa botshelo jwa monna yo wa matlakala yo wa Montsho di amiwa ke dilo tse di tshwanang – lorato, tlotlo, bontle, go oka, tiro. Go lemoga gore dilo tse ke karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe fela jaaka jwa bona go ka ama ka fao ba akanyang ka teng le go dirisana le Bantsho mo matshelong a bona.<ref name=":2" /> Le fa metshameko ya modikologo di sa golaganngwa thata le selekanyo sa kgang ya tatelano, baanelwa bangwe ba tlhagelela (mo dingwageng tse di farologaneng) mo metshamekong e e fetang bongwe tsa modikologo. Bana ba baanelwa ba metshameko ya pele ba ka nna ba tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya morago. Moanelwa yo o umakiwang thata mo modikologong ono ke Rakgadi Ester, "motlhatswi wa mewa". Go begwa fa a na le dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano mo motshamekong wa [[:en:Gem_of_the_Ocean|''Gem of the Ocean'']], e e diragalang kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa mmileng wa 1839 Wylie , le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le borobabongwe mo [[:en:Two_Trains_Running|''Ditereneng tse Pedi tse di Tsamayang'']]. O tlhokafala ka ngwaga 1985, ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa ga [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''Kgosi Hedley II.'']] Bontsi jwa tiro ya [[:en:Radio_Golf|''Radio Golf'']] e dikologa leano la go thuba le go tlhabolola ntlo eo sešwa, dingwaga di le mmalwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe. Rakgadi Ester ke motho wa tshwantshetso le yo o ipoeletsang yo o emelang kgaratlho ya Maaforika le Maamerika. "Ga se makgolo a mararo a dingwaga mme ke tatelano ya baperesiti ba basadi ba setso... o akaretsa ditso tse di bokete tsa masetlapelo le phenyo".<ref>Rawson, Christopher (November 9, 2009). [https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2009/11/09/August-Wilson-s-mythic-character-Aunt-Ester-explored-in-theater-festival/stories/200911090252 "August Wilson's mythic character Aunt Ester explored in theater festival"]. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</ref> Gantsi metshameko e e akaretsa moanelwa yo go lebegang a sa itekanela sentle mo tlhaloganyong (yo o farologaneng mo metshamekong mengwe le mengwe)—ka sekai, Hedley Sr. mo go [[:en:Seven_Guitars|''Seven Guitars'']], Gabriel mo go [[:en:Fences_(play)|''Fences'']], Stool Pigeon mo go Kgosi Hedley wa bobedi, kgotsa Hambone mo go ''Two Trains Running''. Lefelo la metshameko la Goodman la Chicago e ne e le bobogelo jwa ntlha mo lefatsheng go tlhagisa modikologo otlhe wa metshameko e le lesome, mo ditlhagisong tse di neng tsa simolola ka ngwaga wa 1986 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2007. Ditlhagiso tse pedi tsa ga Goodman—''Seven Guitars'' ''(Dikatara tse supa)'' le ''Gem of the Ocean'' ''(Lejwe la lewatle)''—e ne e le dipontsho tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe.<ref>Houlihan, Mary (January 8, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081959/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/stage/24839663-421/story.html "Court Theatre stages August Wilson's 'Seven Guitars'"]. [[:en:Chicago_Sun-Times|''Chicago Sun-Times''.]]</ref> [[:en:Israel_Hicks|Israel Hicks]] o ne a tlhagisa modikologo otlhe wa metshameko e le lesome go tloga ka ngwaga wa1990 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2009 mo [[:en:Denver_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts#Entities_of_the_DCPA|komponeng ya Bobogelo ya Denver Center]].<ref>Weber, Bruce (July 7, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/theater/08hicks.html "Israel Hicks, Director of August Wilson's Cycle, Dies at 66".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 8, 2010.</ref>[[:en:Geva_Theatre_Center|Lefelo la Bobogelo la Geva]] le ne la tlhagisa metshameko yotlhe e le lesome ka tatelano ya dingwaga di le lesome go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2011 e le Lekgolo la Dingwaga la Amerika la ga August Wilson. [[:en:Huntington_Theatre_Company|Kompone ya Bobogelo ya Huntington]] ya [[:en:Boston|Boston]] e tlhagisitse metshameko yotlhe e le lesome, mme ya fetsa ka ngwaga wa 2012. Mo botshelong jwa ga Wilson o ne a dirisana mmogo le The Huntington go tlhagisa metshameko ya moragonyana. [[:en:Pittsburgh_Public_Theater|Bobogelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Pittsburgh]] e ne e le kompone ya ntlha ya bobogelo kwa Pittsburgh go tlhagisa Modikologo otlhe wa Lekgolo la Dingwaga, go akaretsa le pontsho ya ntlha ya lefatshe ya ga [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''Kgosi Hedley'']] [[:en:King_Hedley_II|''wa bobedi'']] go bula [[:en:O'Reilly_Theater|Bobogelo jwa O'Reilly]] kwa [[:en:Downtown_Pittsburgh|Toropong ya Pittsburgh]].<ref>Isenberg, Robert (October 2, 2008). [http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/the-final-installment-of-august-wilsons-epic-pittsburgh-cycle-premieres-at-the-public/Content?oid=1340845 "The final installment of August Wilson's epic Pittsburgh Cycle premieres at the Public"]. ''Pittsburgh City Paper''.</ref> TAG – Setlhopha sa Badiragatsi, kwa Honolulu, Hawaii, se ne sa tlhagisa metshameko yotlhe e le lesome mo modikologong ono go simolola ka 2004 ka ''T(wo Trains Running'' )''Diterena tse Pedi tse di Tsamayang'' mme tsa felela ka ngwaga wa 2015 ka ''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'' ''(Black Bottom ya ga Ma Rainey)''. Dipontsho tsotlhe e ne e le dipontsho tsa ntlha tsa kwa Hawaii, tsotlhe di ne tsa atlega thata mo lebokosong mme tsa bona dikabelo tse dintsi tsa bobogelo jwa lefelo leo tsa badiragatsi le mokgatlho. Moemedi wa Bantsho kwa St. Louis le Bobogelo jwa Baagi jwa Anthony Bean kwa New Orleans le tsone di tlhagisitse modikologo o o feletseng. [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] fy69v3fbi79nfv4igf43zpjw3uikoa5 0 15173 55438 55251 2026-09-23T17:12:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pinnacle Point''' ke tlhogo e nnye e e kwa borwa jwa [[Mossel Bay]], e leng toropo e e mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa jwa Aforika Borwa. Dipatlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2000 tsa motseletsele wa magaga kwa Pinnacle Point, tse di lemogilweng la ntlha le go kwalwa ka 1997 ke baithutamarope ba seporofešenale ba Aforika Borwa, Jonathan Kaplan le Peter Nilssen, di senotse go nna ga batho ba [[Motlha wa Matlapa wa Bogare]] magareng ga dingwaga di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a supa le dikete tse masome mane tse di fetileng. Tsepamisomogopolo ya dipatlisiso e nnile kwa Logageng lwa 13B (PP13B), kwa bosupi jwa ntlha jo bo sa tlhamalalang jwa tiriso e e rulagantsweng ya ditsompelo tsa lewatle (shellfish) le boitshwaro jwa tshwantshetso bo kwadilweng,<ref name=":1">Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (18 October 2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820054551/https://www.mendeley.com/catalog/early-human-marine-resources-pigment-south-africa-during-middle-pleistocene-2/ "Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"], ''Nature'', '''449''' (7164): 905–908, [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449..905M 2007Natur.449..905M], [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature06204|10.1038/nature06204]], [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943129 17943129], [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387442 4387442], archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820054551/https://www.mendeley.com/catalog/early-human-marine-resources-pigment-south-africa-during-middle-pleistocene-2/ the original] on 20 August 2016, retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 2026.</ref> le kwa Pinnacle Point Cave 5–6 (PP5–6), kwa bosupi jwa go fisa letlapa go dira didirisiwa tsa letlapa bo bonweng.<ref>Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Tribolo, Chantal; Braun, David; Roberts, David L.; Meyer, Michael C.; Bernatchez, J. (14 August 2009), "Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans", ''Science'', '''325''' (5942): 859–862, [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..859B 2009Sci...325..859B], [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1175028|10.1126/science.1175028]], [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11422/11102|11422/11102]], [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19679810 19679810], [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43916405 43916405]</ref> Masalela a motho fela a a bonweng a ne a tswa mo dipeeletsong tse dinnye kwa PP13B tse e leng [[c.]] Dingwaga di le dikete tse lekgolo.<ref>Marean, Curtis W.; Nilssen, Peter J.; Brown, Kyle S.; Jerardino, Antonieta; Stynder, Deano (2 May 2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224309/http://sacp4web.asu.edu/files/Marean%20et%20al%202004%20JP%20-%202000%20Excavations%20at%20Pinnacle%20Point,%20Mossel%20Bay.pdf "Paleoanthropological investigations of Middle Stone Age sites at Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay (South Africa): Archaeology and hominid remains from the 2000 Field Season."] (PDF), ''PaleoAnthropology'', '''1''': 14–83, retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, 2026</ref> Ka 2024, Lefelo la Pinnacle Point le ne la nna karolo ya [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la Mafelo a go nniwa ga Pleistocene a Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1723 "The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa"]. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa patlisiso == [[Setshwantsho:Pinnacle Point Archaeological Site, Mossel Bay South Africa.jpg|thumb|Dipatlisiso di tsweletse mo go nngwe ya Dikgaga tsa Pinnacle Point, 2011]] Morago ga temogo ya ntlha le go kwalwa ga mafelo ke Kaplan le Nilssen ka 1997, Nilssen go tswa kwa [[Motlobong wa Aforika Borwa wa Iziko]] o ne a itsise Curtis Marean mafelo ka 1999 morago ga moo ba ne ba kaela mmogo go epa dingwaga di le mmalwa. Diphitlhelelo kwa Pinnacle Point di dirilwe ke setlhopha sa boditšhabatšhaba, se se eteletsweng pele ke moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo [[Curtis Marean]] go tswa kwa [[Setheong sa Tshimologo ya Batho]] sa [[Yunibesithi ya Arizona State]] mmogo le babatlisisi go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa [[University of Cape Town|(UCT]] le [[Motlobo wa Ditso wa Aforika Borwa wa Iziko]]), Australia (Lenaneo la Thutamarope, Yunibesithi ya La Trobe, [[UoW]]), Iseraele, le Fora. Morago ga go ngangisana ka masomesome a dingwaga, baithuta-batho ba bogologolo jaanong ba dumalana gore go na le bosupi jo bo lekaneng jwa lesika le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng go akantsha gore ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' e tlhageletse mo Aforika c. 200 000 – c. Dingwaga di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro tse di fetileng. Ka nako eo, lefatshe le ne le le mo [[Motlha wa kgatselo|motlheng wa go gatsela]], mme Aforika e ne e omile e bile e kwakwaletse. Ka gonne mafelo a boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo a a simolotseng ka nako eo a sa bonwe thata mo Aforika, moithuta-dilo tsa bogologolo e bong Curtis Marean o ne a sekaseka [[dipopego tsa lefatshe]], [[makhubu a lewatle]] le tshedimosetso ya [[seemo sa loapi]] go supa ka nepo ya mafelo a a ka tswang a ne a le teng; nngwe ya tsone e ne e le Pinnacle Point. == Pinnacle Point 13B le ditlamorago tsa yone mo boitshwarong jwa segompieno == Kwa PP13B, bosupi jwa boitshwaro jwa tshwantshetso bo tla ka sebopego sa [[ochre]] e e gogilweng le e e sitsweng (e gantsi e bidiwang dipoere tse di rwalang limonite) tse di ka tswang di dirisitswe go bopa [[mmala]] wa go penta mmele. Se se tshwana le tiriso e e raraaneng ya ochre e e itsiweng go tswa kwa [[Logaga lwa Blombos|Logageng lwa Blombos]] go le kgakalanyana go ya kwa bophirima dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a supa tse di fetileng.<ref>Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.T.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (15 February 2002), "Emergence of modern human behavior : Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa", ''Science'', '''295''' (5558): 1278–1280, [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1278H 2002Sci...295.1278H], [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1067575|10.1126/science.1067575]], [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11786608 11786608], [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31169551 31169551]</ref> Diphitlhelelo tse di ganetsana le kgopolo ya bogologolo ya gore [[maitsholo a segompieno]] a tlhagile fela dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane tse di fetileng mme a fitlhelelwa ka "tlola e kgolo ya setso".<ref name=":1" /> Seemo sa loapi se se makgwakgwa le go fokotsega ga dijo e ka tswa e le lone lebaka la go bo batho ba ne ba fudugela kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle kwa Pinnacle Point, kwa ba neng ba ka ja ditshedi tsa lewatle jaaka shellfish, whale, le seal.<ref>Marean, Curtis W. (September–October 2010), [http://www.mendeley.com/catalog/pinnacle-point-cave-13b-western-cape-province-south-africa-context-cape-floral-kingdom-shellfish-modern-human-origins/ "Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins"], ''Journal of Human Evolution'', '''59''' (3–4): 425–443, [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JHumE..59..425M 2010JHumE..59..425M], [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011|10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011]], [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20934095 20934095], retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, 2026.</ref> Gape kwa PP13B go na le palo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya di-phytolith tsa matlhare a setlhare sa dicotyledonous mo di-sediment tse di ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe. Le fa phetolo ya di-phytolith e tlisa go sa tlhomamang ga diphitlhelelo tse, bontsi jwa di-phytolith tsa ditlhare fa bo bapisiwa le di-phytolith tsa bojang bo akanyediwa go supa ditso tsa go fisiwa ga dikgong mo dibesong.<ref>Albert, Rosa (12 June 2012). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gea.21413 "The Exploitation of Plant Resources by Early Homo sapiens: The Phytolith Record from Pinnacle Point 13B Cave, South Africa"]. ''Geoarchaeology''. '''27''' (4): 363–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Gearc..27..363A 2012Gearc..27..363A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/gea.21413|10.1002/gea.21413]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129222853 129222853] &#x2013; via Wiley Online Library.</ref> == Lefelo la ngwaoboswa la kgaolo == Ka Sedimonthole a le malatsi a lesome le bone ka 2012, bothati jwa ditsompelo tsa boswa jwa kgaolo jwa [[Heritage Western Cape]] bo itsisitse Pinnacle Point jaaka lefelo la boswa la kgaolo go ya ka Karolo 27 ya Molao wa Ditsompelo tsa Bosetšhaba tsa Boswa.<ref>[http://www.greengazette.co.za/documents/provincial-gazette-for-western-cape-7075-of-14-december-2012_20121214-WCP-07075 "Provincial Notice 70/2012"], ''Province of the Western Cape Provincial Gazette'' (7075), Cape Town: 2672, 14 December 2012</ref> Seno se tlamela lefelo ka mofuta o o kwa godimo wa tshireletso ka fa tlase ga molao wa boswa jwa Aforika Borwa. Ka 2015, puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya romela kakanyetso ya go tsenya logaga mo lenaaneng la [[Mafelo a Ngwao ya Lefatshe]] mme e beilwe mo lenaaneng la UNESCO la mafelo a nakwana jaaka ‘tlhopho ya tatelano’ e e ka nnang teng mo isagong mmogo le [[Logaga lwa Blombos]], [[Logaga la Sibudu|Logaga lwa Sibudu]], [[Dikgaga tsa Klasies River|Logaga lwa Noka ya Klasies,]] [[Border Cave]], le [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6050 "The Emergence of Modern Humans: The Pleistocene occupation sites of South Africa"]. ''UNESCO''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, 2026.</ref> Mafelo a mararo a ne a bona Maemo a Boswa jwa Lefatshe ka 2024.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1723 "The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa"]. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a lefatshe mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Ditsompelo tsa boswa mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Motlha wa bogare wa matlapa]] 9111ixj3et9bioqu8sqzvuopz55jqtd 0 15185 55425 55274 2026-09-23T15:07:54Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Mary Sibande #BLT2026 55425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mary Sibande|birth_date=1982|education=Diploma ya Fine Arts kwa Technikon Witwatersrand, University ya Johannesburg|known for=Go betla Go kapa dinepe botaki|awards=Motaki wa moletlo wa botaki wa masome a matlhano le bone kwa Venice}} '''Mary Sibande''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240523122132/https://www.marysibande.com/biography-cv/ "Biography & CV - Mary Sibande".] ''Mary Sibande''. Archived from [https://marysibande.com/ the original] on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> ke motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o remeletseng kwa [[Johannesburg]]. Botaki jwa gagwe bo akaretsa go betla, go penta, go kapa dinepe, le go tlhama. Sibande o dirisa didirisiwa tse le methale go thusa go popego ya setho le go sekaseka kago ya sekao mo Aforika Borw morago ga puso ya tlhaolele. Fa godimo ga moo, Sibande o itebagantse le go dirisa tiro ya gagwe go supa maitemogelo a gagwe ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele.<ref name=":3">Bidouzo-Coudray, Joyce (7 January 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/07/mary-sibande-south-africa-art "Mary Sibande – poking at power relations in post-apartheid South Africa"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> Botaki jwa gagwe bo leka go kgala tshupo e e tlwaleelsegileng ya basadi bogolo jang ba mmala o montsho.<ref name=":1">Nolundi (5 August 2016). [https://sahistory.org.za/people/mary-sibande "Mary Sibande".] ''South African History Online''. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana == Sibande o tsholetswe kwa Barberton ka nako ya go le tlhaolele kwa Aforika Borwa, o godisitswe ke nkukuagwe<ref name=":2">Fisher, Shireen (1 April 2018). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/fairlady/20180401/282806421956976 "We sit down with internationally acclaimed artist Mary Sibande"]. ''Fairlady''.</ref>. Mmaagwe e ne e le mmereki wa mo lwapeng, rraagwe a le mo sesoleng sa Aforika Borwa. O ne a sa iste rraagwe fa a santse a le monnye mme a simolola go mo itse fa a ntse a gola.<ref name=":2" /> Gantsi o fa babereki ba mo malwapeng tlotla mo botaking jwa gagwe ebile o leka go ba fa lentswe, se se tlhotlheleditswe ke maitemogelo a ga mmaagwe fa a bereka mo malwapeng.<ref>[https://news.columbia.edu/news/south-african-artist-mary-sibande-has-solo-exhibit-leroy-neiman-gallery "South African Artist Mary Sibande Has Solo Exhibit at Leroy Neiman Gallery | Columbia News".] ''news.columbia.edu''. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> Sibande o tlhalositse bongwana jwa gagwe bo ne bo siame thata, o bua gore "ke ne ke na le sengwe le sengwe se ke se tlhokang, ke tsene sekolo se se siameng se e neng e le sa batho ba ditso tse di tlhakaneng. Malwapa ka bontsi a ne a sa kgone go tsenya bana ba bone kwa dikolong tseo mme ke ne ke le lesego gore mme a bo a ne a kgona go dira jalo. Ke dumela gore seo gape se nkgarameditse ka tsela nngwe."<ref name=":2" /> == Thuto == Sibande o alogile ka diploma ya Fine Arts go tswa kwa Technikon Witwatersrand ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone. O ne a aloga ka degree ya B-Tech go tswa kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Johannesburg ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Alexandra Dodd, [https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA246715031&v=2.1&u=lom_umichanna&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=00a85e6bce36face90b5748155a80b40 "Dressed to thrill: the Victorian postmodern and counter-archival imaginings in the work of Mary Sibande"], ''Critical Arts'', 24.3 (November 2010): p. 467.</ref><ref name=":2" /> Pele, Sibande o ne a batlile go nna moruki wa diaparo, botaki bo tsile kwa morago. Go batla go na moruki ke selo se a santseng a se batla ebile se itshupa mo tirong ya gagwe yotlhe. Thotloetso ya kapari e tlhagelela thata mo lokwalong lwa gagwe lwa botaki. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso, Sibande o ne a fudugela kwa go mmaagwe kwa Johannesburg kwa a neng a tsena sekolo kwa Witwatersrand Technikon.<ref name=":2" /> == Pereko le tiro == Sibande o dirisitse tiro ya gagwe go senola dilo tse dintsi tse di farologaneng, go simolola ka Aforika Borwa morago ga bokolone go tsena ka fa go akangwang ka basadi ka teng; o senola gape dikgang di tshwana le ka fa batho ba akanyang ka basadi ba bantsho ka teng mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Brown, Carol (2011). "Recent Acquisitions at Two South African Collections: UNISA and Durban Art Gallery". ''African Arts''. '''44''' (3): 76–83. doi:[https://direct.mit.edu/afar/article/44/3/76-83/54692 10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.76]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0001-9933 0001-9933.]</ref> Tiro ya gagwe e akaretsa methale e e farologaneng jaaka petlo, go kapa dinepe, go tlhama le go kopanya dilo tse di farologaneng ga mmogo le go diragatsa. Ditshwantsho le dipetlo tsa ga Sibande di dirisa popego ya motho go sekaseka go agiwa ga sekao mo Aforika Borwa wa morago ga bokolone, mme gape di leka go ganetsa ka fa batho ba akanyang ka teng ka bomme ba bantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001021/http://www.gallerymomo.com/artist/mary-sibande/ "Mary Sibande".] ''www.gallerymomo.com''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001021/http://www.gallerymomo.com/artist/mary-sibande/ the original] on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> E ne e le moemedi wa Aforika Borwa kwa bokopanong jwa masome a mane le botlhano jwa bodiragatsi kwa Venice ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso,<ref>[https://kavigupta.com/artists/39-mary-sibande/ "Mary Sibande – Kavi Gupta Gallery".] ''kavigupta.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> tiro ya gagwe ya Long Live The Dead Queen e ne ya fitlhelwa mo ditshwantshong go kgabaganya toropokgolo Johannesburg ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome.<ref>[https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2026 "South Africa",] La Biennale.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141031185945/http://www.contemporaryand.com/blog/person/mary-sibande/ "Mary Sibande".] ''Contemporary And''. Archived from [https://contemporaryand.com/en/blog/person/mary-sibande the original] on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro, tiro ya gagwe ya The Purple Shall Govern e ne ya tsaya loeto go kgabaganya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[http://artthrob.co.za/Artbio/Mary_Sibande_by_Anna_Stielau.aspx "Mary Sibande by Anna Stielau"]. ''artthrob.co.za''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Sibande gape o dirisitse botaki jwa gagwe go itebaganya le go fa batho ba ba didimetseng mantswe.<ref>Farber, Leora (2 October 2017). "Parodying the Hysteric as a Form of Empowerment in Mary Sibande's Exhibition The Purple Shall Govern". ''Textile''. '''15''' (4): 428–441. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2017.1337376 10.1080/14759756.2017.1337376]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1475-9756 1475-9756.]</ref> Bangwe ba rile tiro ya gagwe e itebagantse le mme wa mo Aforika o o tseetsweng dithata le gore tiro ya gagwe e ikaelela go rarabolola tse di amanang le ka fa mafatshe a bophirima a tlhalosang bontle ka teng le ka fa ba ka kgatlhang bomme ba bantsho ka teng.<ref name=":3" /> === Botlhami === Sibande o buile gore "kapari le botaki ga di tshwane", le gore o leka go nyalana dilo tse pedi tseo ka tiro ya gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> Pele Sibande o ne a ikaeletse go nna moruki wa diaparo, a bua jaana a re, "go ne go sena mabolokelo a botaki mo toropong e ke gletseng mo go yone; ke ne ke sa itse sepe ka tsone." Sibande o akareditse kitso ya gagwe le lorato lwa go tlhama mo tirong ya gagwe, bogolojang di bonwa mo kaparing e tse a di betlileng di di aparang. Mo puisanong ya gagwe le Madam CJ Walker, e le sekai, kitso ya gagwe le botsipa jwa letsela le go sega di a bonala.<ref>Nowacki, Kim (8 July 2010). [https://www.flickr.com/photos/onmagazine/4824716640/ "'Conversation with Madam CJ Walker'] by Mary Sibande, 2009". ''flickr.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>Dodd, Alexandra (2010). "Dressed to thrill: the Victorian postmodern and counter-archival imaginings in the work of Mary Sibande". ''Critical Arts''. '''24''' (3): 467–474[[:en:Digital_object_identifier|. doi:]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02560046.2010.511883 10.1080/02560046.2010.511883]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]][https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0256-0046 &nbsp;0256-0046.]</ref> Letsela le mmala o Sibanda a o tlhophang di raya dilo tse di farologaneng. Mo tsebeng ya UNISA le Durban ya botakimokwadi a bidiwa Carol Brown o buile ka tiriso ya letsela mo tirong ya ga Sibande. O bua gore "letsela le le dirisiwang go dira dipaka tsa babereki ba mo gae le bonagala thata mo malwapeng mo Aforika Borwa, le gore go le amanya le mesese ya ga mmamosadinyana ke maiteko a go akgela mo ditsong tsa go direla le bokolone le gore e amana le botsalano jwa gompieno jwa tiro tsa mo gae.<ref name=":4" /> === Go kapa dinepe === Sibande o dirisitse go kapa ditshwantsho go dira botaki jwa gagwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, o ne a na le dinepe di le supa tsa tiro ya gagwe tse di godisitsweng di le mo ditseleng tsa ditoropo tsa France di tshwana le Ivry-sur-Seine, Vitry-sur-Seine le Choisy-le-Roi.<ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == 4p2gubxhnr2rxuv8hnvwh7623aojb5b 0 15199 55407 2026-09-23T12:47:36Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375761937|Anne Marie Becraft]]" 55407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Marie Becraft''', yo gape a itsiweng jaaka '''Kgaitsadi Aloysius, [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|OSP]]''' ( O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi ke botlhano (1805) – O tlhokafetse le kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro (1833 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika e bile ele Morweetsana wa sedumedi . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Larry G. |date=2013-11-20 |title=Encyclopedia of African American Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxsmAgAAQBAJ |last2=Melton |first2=J. Gordon |last3=Ward |first3=Gary L. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135513382 |language=en}}</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi ( 1820), o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa basetsana ba batho bantsho kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], mme moragonyana a nna leloko la mokgatlho wa [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|Oblate Sisters of Providence]].<ref name="Morrow">{{Cite book |last=Morrow |first=Diane Batts |date=2002 |title=Persons of Color and Religious at the Same Time: The Oblate Sisters of Providence, 1828-1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/personsofcolorre00morr |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807854013 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == === Botshelo jwa pele le thuto === Becraft (yo a bidiwang '''Maria''' kgotsa '''Marie Becraft''' ) <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George Washington |date=1885 |title=History of the negro race in America from 1619 to 1880. Negroes as slaves, as soldiers, and as citizens; together with a preliminary consideration of the unity of the human family, an historical sketch of Africa, and an account of the negro governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnegrora00willrich |publisher=New York, G. P. Putnam's sons |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le botlhano (1805) ke William le Sara Becraft, Bakatoliki ba batho Bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ba itshupileng. Nkokoagwe Anne Marie, yo le ene e neng e le motho Montsho yo o gololesegileng, o ne a bereka jaaka motlhokomedi wa ntlo ya ga Charles Carroll (ene fela Mokatoliki yo o neng a baa monwana Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ) mme go ne ga direga gore e ne e le mogadikana wa gagwe ; Carroll o ne a neela rraagwe Annie Marie masalela a le mmalwa a a botlhokwa a lelwapa la ga Carroll, ditshwantsho tse di takilweng le dilo tse dingwe tsa segopotso pelenyana fela ga loso lwa ga Carroll ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bobedi ( 1832) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannen Dee |date=2016-09-18 |title=Congratulations Georgetown. Now It's Time to Own Up to the Racist History of the Catholic Church. |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163851 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=History News Network}}</ref> E re ka e ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le supa, Anne Marie o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe ya sekolo a na le dingwaga di le nnè kwa Sekolong sa Potter se se neg se tsamaisiwa ke batho basweu kwa Washington, D.C. Dikgotlhang tsa semorafe di ne tsa dira gore a tlogele sekolo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le bobedi (1812). Becraft o ne a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe kwa sekolong se sengwe se se neng se tsamaisiwa ke batho basweu, New Georgetown, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi ( 1820), fa se ne se tswalwa ka lebaka la tsenngwa ga batho basweu mo thutong ya batho bantsho go ne go sa rotloediwa <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hine |first=Darlene Clark |date=1997-07-31 |title=Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1617-1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMXmwEACAAJ |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=9780816034253 |editor-last=Hine |editor-first=Darlene Clark |language=en |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Kathleen}}</ref> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, Becraft o ne a nna mong wa sekolo sa basetsana sa letsatsi. Sekolo se ne se dira mo ntlong e e mo Mmileng wa Dunbarton kwa Georgetown . Go ne go na le basetsana ba le masome a mararo le botlhano ka palo ba ba neng ba na le basetsana ba ba tswang mo malwapeng a batho ba ba nang le mmala o o o mosweu go gaisa kwa Georgetown, Washington, Alexandria, le dikgaolo tse di mabapi" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Marianna W. |date=1982 |title=Contributions of Black Women to America: Civil rights, politics and government, education, medicine, sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eztAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Kenday Press |language=en}}</ref> Sekolo seno se ne sa itsege jaaka Georgetown Seminary mme se ne se dira jaaka sekolo sa bana ba ba nnang mo teng ga sekolo le ba ba tsenang sekolo letsatsi le letsatsi, e le nngwe ya tsa ntlha tsa basetsana mo Kgaolong. Becraft o ne a tsamaisa sekolo ka dingwaga di le borobabobedi<ref name=":0" /> ka nako eo o ne a ithola tiro mme a fudugela kwa Baltimore ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe ( 1831) go ya go nna leloko la [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|Oblate Sisters of Providence]] kwa Baltimore, e leng mokgatlho wa ntlha wa bodumedi jwa Katoliki wa basadi ba ba tswang mo Aforika. Sekolo se ne sa tswelela ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Ellen Simonds. === Botshelo jwa bodumedi === === Leso === Go tloga a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, Becraft o ne a na le bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa sehuba. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le boraro (1833) seemo sa gagwe sa bolwetse se ne sa nna maswe le go feta mme o ne a isiwa kwa kokelong ya Oblate's infirmary. O ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le boraro( 1833), a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi<ref name="Morrow" /> Becraft p ne a bolokelwa kwa mabitleng a Baltimore's Old Cathedral Cemetery.<ref name=":0" /> == Boswa == Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017) Sekolo se setona sa Georgetown se ne sa fetola leina la ntlolehalahala ya Segopotso go nna ntlolehalahala ya Segopotso ya ga Becraft.<ref name=":3" /> Kwa tshimologong, kago eo e ne e reeletswe ka Rre. William McSherry, yo o neng a nna le seabe mo thekisong ya makgoba a Ba-Jesuit ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le borobabobedi (1838.).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Georgetown Apologizes for 1838 Sale of 272 Slaves, Dedicates Buildings |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/liturgy-remembrance-contrition-hope-slavery |access-date=2018-02-02 |website=www.georgetown.edu |language=en}}</ref> Go ne go na le Tautona wa Georgetown, John DeGioia, baithuti ba ba nako eo le batsamaisi, le ditlogolwana tsa ga Becraft. Anne Marie Becraft Hall ke kago ya ntlha kwa sekolong se setona sa Georgetown go tewa leina la mosadi wa Moaforika kwa Amerika. 1] Marcia Chatelain, moitsaanape yo o thusang wa ditso le dithuto tsa Ba-Afrika le Baamerika e bile e le leloko la Setlhopha sa Sekolo se setona sa Georgetown se se Buang ka Bokgoba, go Gopola Dilo le go supa Diphoso, o ne a tlhalosa Becraft e le "Mokatoliki yo o ineetseng le yo o ineetseng thata mo go ruteng basetsana ba batho bantsho mo motsemogolong wa lefatshe. Le mororo a ne a tshosediwa ke batho ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le Bokatoliki le ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le batho ba bantsho, le fa go ntse jalo o ne a arabela pitso ya gagwe ya go ruta le go direla Modimo."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Building to Be Renamed for Pioneer Black Educator Anne Marie Becraft |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/anne-marie-becraft-hall |access-date=2018-02-04 |website=www.georgetown.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=1871 |title=Special report of the commissioner of education on the condition and improvement of public schools in the District of Columbia :submitted to the Senate June, 1868, and to the House, with additions, June 13, 1870 |publisher=Washington, D.C. |hdl=2027/hvd.32044028319382}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist|2}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] ofxl2yhmqprud2nzow465polknsp961 55411 55407 2026-09-23T13:07:00Z MmaBaggio 11091 55411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Marie Becraft''', yo gape a itsiweng jaaka '''Kgaitsadi Aloysius, [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|OSP]]''' ( O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi ke botlhano (1805) – O tlhokafetse le kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro (1833 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika e bile ele Morweetsana wa sedumedi . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Larry G. |date=2013-11-20 |title=Encyclopedia of African American Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxsmAgAAQBAJ |last2=Melton |first2=J. Gordon |last3=Ward |first3=Gary L. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135513382 |language=en}}</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi ( 1820), o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa basetsana ba batho bantsho kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], mme moragonyana a nna leloko la mokgatlho wa [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|Oblate Sisters of Providence]].<ref name="Morrow">{{Cite book |last=Morrow |first=Diane Batts |date=2002 |title=Persons of Color and Religious at the Same Time: The Oblate Sisters of Providence, 1828-1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/personsofcolorre00morr |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807854013 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Anne Marie Becraft|other names=Morweetsana Aloysius, O.S.P.|birth_date=1805|death_date=1833|death_place=[[Baltimore]]|burial_place=Baltimore's Old Cathedral Cemetery|occupation=[[Morutabana]]}} == Botshelo jwa gagwe == === Botshelo jwa pele le thuto === Becraft (yo a bidiwang '''Maria''' kgotsa '''Marie Becraft''' ) <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George Washington |date=1885 |title=History of the negro race in America from 1619 to 1880. Negroes as slaves, as soldiers, and as citizens; together with a preliminary consideration of the unity of the human family, an historical sketch of Africa, and an account of the negro governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnegrora00willrich |publisher=New York, G. P. Putnam's sons |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le botlhano (1805) ke William le Sara Becraft, Bakatoliki ba batho Bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ba itshupileng. Nkokoagwe Anne Marie, yo le ene e neng e le motho Montsho yo o gololesegileng, o ne a bereka jaaka motlhokomedi wa ntlo ya ga [[Charles Carroll]] (ene fela Mokatoliki yo o neng a baa monwana Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ) mme go ne ga direga gore e ne e le mogadikana wa gagwe ; Carroll o ne a neela rraagwe Annie Marie masalela a le mmalwa a a botlhokwa a lelwapa la ga Carroll, ditshwantsho tse di takilweng le dilo tse dingwe tsa segopotso pelenyana fela ga loso lwa ga Carroll ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bobedi ( 1832) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Shannen Dee |date=2016-09-18 |title=Congratulations Georgetown. Now It's Time to Own Up to the Racist History of the Catholic Church. |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163851 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=History News Network}}</ref> E re ka e ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le supa, Anne Marie o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe ya sekolo a na le dingwaga di le nnè kwa Sekolong sa Potter se se neg se tsamaisiwa ke batho basweu kwa Washington, D.C. Dikgotlhang tsa semorafe di ne tsa dira gore a tlogele sekolo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le bobedi (1812). Becraft o ne a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe kwa sekolong se sengwe se se neng se tsamaisiwa ke batho basweu, New Georgetown, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi ( 1820), fa se ne se tswalwa ka lebaka la tsenngwa ga batho basweu mo thutong ya batho bantsho go ne go sa rotloediwa <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hine |first=Darlene Clark |date=1997-07-31 |title=Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1617-1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMXmwEACAAJ |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=9780816034253 |editor-last=Hine |editor-first=Darlene Clark |language=en |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Kathleen}}</ref> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, Becraft o ne a nna mong wa sekolo sa basetsana sa letsatsi. Sekolo se ne se dira mo ntlong e e mo Mmileng wa Dunbarton kwa Georgetown . Go ne go na le basetsana ba le masome a mararo le botlhano ka palo ba ba neng ba na le basetsana ba ba tswang mo malwapeng a batho ba ba nang le mmala o o o mosweu go gaisa kwa Georgetown, Washington, Alexandria, le dikgaolo tse di mabapi" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Marianna W. |date=1982 |title=Contributions of Black Women to America: Civil rights, politics and government, education, medicine, sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eztAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Kenday Press |language=en}}</ref> Sekolo seno se ne sa itsege jaaka Georgetown Seminary mme se ne se dira jaaka sekolo sa bana ba ba nnang mo teng ga sekolo le ba ba tsenang sekolo letsatsi le letsatsi, e le nngwe ya tsa ntlha tsa basetsana mo Kgaolong. Becraft o ne a tsamaisa sekolo ka dingwaga di le borobabobedi<ref name=":0" /> ka nako eo o ne a ithola tiro mme a fudugela kwa Baltimore ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe ( 1831) go ya go nna leloko la [[:en:Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence|Oblate Sisters of Providence]] kwa Baltimore, e leng mokgatlho wa ntlha wa bodumedi jwa Katoliki wa basadi ba ba tswang mo Aforika. Sekolo se ne sa tswelela ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Ellen Simonds. === Botshelo jwa bodumedi === Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marao le bobedi ( 1832), Becraft o ne a fiwa leina la bodumedi la Aloysius (mo metsweding mengwe go twe Aloyons). <ref>Williams, George Washington (1885). [[iarchive:historyofnegrora00willrich|''History of the negro race in America from 1619 to 1880. Negroes as slaves, as soldiers, and as citizens; together with a preliminary consideration of the unity of the human family, an historical sketch of Africa, and an account of the negro governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia''.]] University of California Libraries. New York, G. P. Putnam's sons.</ref>Ngwaga o o latelang o ne a ikana mme a nna kgaitsadi wa bo11 go ikamanya le Ba-Oblate. <ref>MacGregor, Morris J. (1999). ''[[iarchive:emergenceofblack0000macg|The Emergence of a Black Catholic Community: St. Augustine's in Washington]]''. CUA Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780813209432|9780813209432]]</bdi>.</ref>E ne e le morutabana yo o neng a ruta baithuti ba gagwe dipalo, Seesemane le go rokaganya.<ref>Hine, Darlene Clark (1997-07-31). Hine, Darlene Clark; Thompson, Kathleen (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMXmwEACAAJ ''Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1617-1899''.] Facts on File. ISBN&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780816034253|<bdi>9780816034253</bdi>.]]</ref> === Leso === Go tloga a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, Becraft o ne a na le bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa sehuba. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le boraro (1833) seemo sa gagwe sa bolwetse se ne sa nna maswe le go feta mme o ne a isiwa kwa kokelong ya Oblate's infirmary. O ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le boraro( 1833), a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi<ref name="Morrow" /> Becraft p ne a bolokelwa kwa mabitleng a Baltimore's Old Cathedral Cemetery.<ref name=":0" /> == Boswa == Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017) Sekolo se setona sa Georgetown se ne sa fetola leina la ntlolehalahala ya Segopotso go nna ntlolehalahala ya Segopotso ya ga Becraft.<ref name=":3" /> Kwa tshimologong, kago eo e ne e reeletswe ka Rre. William McSherry, yo o neng a nna le seabe mo thekisong ya makgoba a Ba-Jesuit ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le borobabobedi (1838.).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Georgetown Apologizes for 1838 Sale of 272 Slaves, Dedicates Buildings |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/liturgy-remembrance-contrition-hope-slavery |access-date=2018-02-02 |website=www.georgetown.edu |language=en}}</ref> Go ne go na le Tautona wa Georgetown, John DeGioia, baithuti ba ba nako eo le batsamaisi, le ditlogolwana tsa ga Becraft. Anne Marie Becraft Hall ke kago ya ntlha kwa sekolong se setona sa Georgetown go tewa leina la mosadi wa Moaforika kwa Amerika. <ref>[http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint-celebrating-anne-marie-becraft/ "VIEWPOINT: Celebrating Anne Marie Becraft".] ''[[:en:The_Hoya|The Hoya]]''. 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2018-02-02.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:McSherry Hall.jpg|thumb|Anne Marie Becraft Hall, 2010]] Marcia Chatelain, moitsaanape yo o thusang wa ditso le dithuto tsa Ba-Afrika le Baamerika e bile e le leloko la Setlhopha sa Sekolo se setona sa Georgetown se se Buang ka Bokgoba, go Gopola Dilo le go supa Diphoso, o ne a tlhalosa Becraft e le "Mokatoliki yo o ineetseng le yo o ineetseng thata mo go ruteng basetsana ba batho bantsho mo motsemogolong wa lefatshe. Le mororo a ne a tshosediwa ke batho ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le Bokatoliki le ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le batho ba bantsho, le fa go ntse jalo o ne a arabela pitso ya gagwe ya go ruta le go direla Modimo."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Building to Be Renamed for Pioneer Black Educator Anne Marie Becraft |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/anne-marie-becraft-hall |access-date=2018-02-04 |website=www.georgetown.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le le masome a supa (1870) "Boemo le go Tokafadiwa ga Dikolo tsa Puso kwa Kgaolong ya Columbia" go ne ga bolelwa gore Becraft "o gakologelwa, gongwe le gongwe kwa a neng a itsiwe teng, e le mosadi yo o nang le botsalano jo bo sa tlwaelegang le botshelo jwa Bokeresete jo bo tlotlegang, a le montle e bile a le montle mo mmeleng le mo boitsholong, a na le bokgoni, a rutegile, e bile a ineetse ka botlalo mo go direng molemo.<ref>''Special report of the commissioner of education on the condition and improvement of public schools in the District of Columbia :submitted to the Senate June, 1868, and to the House, with additions, June 13, 1870''. Washington, D.C. 1871. hdl:[[hdl:2027/hvd.32044028319382|2027/hvd.32044028319382.]]</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist|2}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 7lzsmz22lc897ocikcw53dd77od95pm 0 15200 55408 2026-09-23T12:51:48Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Slindile Nodangala #BLT2026 55408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Slindile Nodangala|birth_name=Slindile Nodangala|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1972|birth_place=[[Durban]] [[Aforika Borwa]]|occupation=Modiragatsi Seopedi|years active=1989 go tsena gompieno|children=Ba babedi}} '''Slindile Nodangala''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a supa le bobedi) ke modiragatsi wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o itsegeng ka go tshameka moanelwa ''Ruby Dikobe'', mong wa sepoto mo motshamekong wa Generations, kwa rraagwe e leng Sompisi ([[Tiki Nxumalo]]). == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Nodangala o goletse kwa [[Durban]] ene le batsalwa le ene, ba godisiwa ke nkukuagwe o a neng a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. Fa a sale monnye o ne a katisiwa ke [[Gibson Kente]]. Nodangala e ne e le leloko la khwaere ya kereke le le tlhaga. O ne a nna mo kotsing ya koloi a bona dikgobalo mo leotong a robadiwa kwa sepatela dikgwedi di le tharo. O na le bana ba le babedi, ba ba tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro le ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka tatelano.<ref name=":1">[http://womanonline.co.za/News-detail/slindile-nodangala-actress "Slindile Nodangala - Actress".] ''Woman Online Magazine''. 28 May 2013.</ref> == Tsa pereko == === Moopelo === Nodangala e ne e le seopedi se se amogelang Stimela go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref name=":1" /> === Bodiragatsi === Nodangala o ne a na le seabe se sebotlana kwa London lwa Lyceum Theatre ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. O ne a tsaya loeto go ralala lefatshe mo dingwageng di le tlhano go ya kwa mafelong a tshwana le China, Taipei, Beijing, Shanghai, Malaysia, Beruit le Scandinavia a kopana le batho ba tshwana le Prince Charles, Prince Edward, Tim Rice, Shirley Bassey, Elton John le Kgosi wa Jordan.<ref name=":1" /> Nodangala e ne e le moanelwamogolo mo Generations go tswa ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso go tsena Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=16511 "Slindile Nodangala".] ''Tvsa.co.za''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> O ne a tlhagelela gape mo setshwantshong se se fentseng dietsele sa Aforika Borwa sa ''Izulu Lami'' ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi le motshameko wa mmino wa ''The Lion King''.<ref>[[imdbname:3325661|"Slindile Nodangala"]]. ''IMDb.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/slindile-nodangala-13065030/ "Slindile Nodangala".] LinkedIn. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> O ne a nna bontlha jwa setshwantshong se jaanong se emisitsweng sa Rhythm City mo e.tv ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa. Morago o ne a tshameka moanelwa Nomvula Khubeka mo Scandal! mo e.tv. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi o ne a tshameka mo The River e le Nolwazi Dlamini motsalwa le Lindiwe le Veronica Dlamini. Gompieno o tshameka Deliwe mo SBONGILE & THE DLAMINIS mo Mzansi Wethu. == Metshameko == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Motshameko !Karolo |- | rowspan="2" |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |''Savage Beauty'' |Gogo Simphiwe |- |''The River'' |Nolwazi Dlamini |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |''Rhythm City'' | |- | |''Scandal!'' |Nomvula Khubeka |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |''Izulu Lami'' | |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le bone |''Generations'' |Ruby Dikobe |} == Metswedi == fxotucjrh5mbdr3hq9cckxlmb12qgj6 55456 55408 2026-09-23T19:03:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Slindile Nodangala|birth_name=Slindile Nodangala|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1972|birth_place=[[Durban]] [[Aforika Borwa]]|occupation=Modiragatsi Seopedi|years active=1989 go tsena gompieno|children=Ba babedi}} '''Slindile Nodangala''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a supa le bobedi) ke modiragatsi wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o itsegeng ka go tshameka moanelwa ''Ruby Dikobe'', mong wa sepoto mo motshamekong wa Generations, kwa rraagwe e leng Sompisi ([[Tiki Nxumalo]]). == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Nodangala o goletse kwa [[Durban]] ene le batsalwa le ene, ba godisiwa ke nkukuagwe o a neng a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. Fa a sale monnye o ne a katisiwa ke [[Gibson Kente]]. Nodangala e ne e le leloko la khwaere ya kereke le le tlhaga. O ne a nna mo kotsing ya koloi a bona dikgobalo mo leotong a robadiwa kwa sepatela dikgwedi di le tharo. O na le bana ba le babedi, ba ba tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro le ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka tatelano.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131416/http://womanonline.co.za/News-detail/slindile-nodangala-actress "Slindile Nodangala - Actress".] ''Woman Online Magazine''. 28 May 2013.</ref> == Tsa pereko == === Moopelo === Nodangala e ne e le seopedi se se amogelang Stimela go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref name=":1" /> === Bodiragatsi === Nodangala o ne a na le seabe se sebotlana kwa London lwa Lyceum Theatre ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. O ne a tsaya loeto go ralala lefatshe mo dingwageng di le tlhano go ya kwa mafelong a tshwana le China, Taipei, Beijing, Shanghai, Malaysia, Beruit le Scandinavia a kopana le batho ba tshwana le Prince Charles, Prince Edward, Tim Rice, Shirley Bassey, Elton John le Kgosi wa Jordan.<ref name=":1" /> Nodangala e ne e le moanelwamogolo mo Generations go tswa ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso go tsena Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=16511 "Slindile Nodangala".] ''Tvsa.co.za''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> O ne a tlhagelela gape mo setshwantshong se se fentseng dietsele sa Aforika Borwa sa ''Izulu Lami'' ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi le motshameko wa mmino wa ''The Lion King''.<ref>[[imdbname:3325661|"Slindile Nodangala"]]. ''IMDb.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/slindile-nodangala-13065030/ "Slindile Nodangala".] LinkedIn. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> O ne a nna bontlha jwa setshwantshong se jaanong se emisitsweng sa Rhythm City mo e.tv ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa. Morago o ne a tshameka moanelwa Nomvula Khubeka mo Scandal! mo e.tv. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi o ne a tshameka mo The River e le Nolwazi Dlamini motsalwa le Lindiwe le Veronica Dlamini. Gompieno o tshameka Deliwe mo SBONGILE & THE DLAMINIS mo Mzansi Wethu. == Metshameko == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Motshameko !Karolo |- | rowspan="2" |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |''Savage Beauty'' |Gogo Simphiwe |- |''The River'' |Nolwazi Dlamini |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |''Rhythm City'' | |- | |''Scandal!'' |Nomvula Khubeka |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |''Izulu Lami'' | |- |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le bone |''Generations'' |Ruby Dikobe |} == Metswedi == ahwaeymaz81cqvn5c9jnuzji7nzwyzr 0 15201 55410 2026-09-23T13:06:49Z Reagoleboga 10854 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363915952|Melktert]]" 55410 wikitext text/x-wiki   Thate ya maswi, ka Seaforikanse ke "Melktert", ka Seesemane ke "milk tart", ke dijo tsa Aforika Borwa tse di nang le kuku e e nang le tswina e e nang le khemikale e e dirilweng ka maswi, folouru, sukiri le mae. Kelo ya mashi go ya go lee e kwa godimo go na le mo teng ga khereite ya setso ya Sepotokisi (pastel de nata) kgotsa khereite ya lee ya SeChina (dan ta), eo mo go yona bobedi jwa tsone bo neng bo tlhotlhelediwa ke Sepotokisi, mme seo se feletse ka gore go nne le popego e e motlhofo le tatso ya mashi e e nonofileng. Diresepe tse dingwe di tlhoka gore khesara e beswe mo sebopelong, mme tse dingwe di batla gore khesara e apewe go sa le gale, mme e bo e tsenngwa mo sebopelong pele ga e jewa. Gantsi go kgatshiwa sinamone mo go yone. Maswi a a dirisediwang go dira kuku a ka tshelwa gape ka thini ya sinamone pele ga a baakanngwa. == Bona gape ==   * ''Cook and Enjoy It'' – South African cookbook * List of African dishes == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Thate ya maswi]] bzbvvfsvfzhdahfldn5h7mb9jkqs3ll 55412 55410 2026-09-23T13:08:45Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 55412 wikitext text/x-wiki   Thate ya maswi, ka Seaforikanse ke "Melktert", ka Seesemane ke "milk tart", ke dijo tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] tse di nang le kuku e e nang le tswina e e nang le khemikale e e dirilweng ka maswi, folouru, sukiri le mae. Kelo ya mashi go ya go lee e kwa godimo go na le mo teng ga khereite ya setso ya Sepotokisi (pastel de nata) kgotsa khereite ya lee ya Se [[China]] (dan ta), eo mo go yona bobedi jwa tsone bo neng bo tlhotlhelediwa ke Sepotokisi, mme seo se feletse ka gore go nne le popego e e motlhofo le tatso ya mashi e e nonofileng. Diresepe tse dingwe di tlhoka gore khesara e beswe mo sebopelong, mme tse dingwe di batla gore khesara e apewe go sa le gale, mme e bo e tsenngwa mo sebopelong pele ga e jewa. Gantsi go kgatshiwa sinamone mo go yone. Maswi a a dirisediwang go dira kuku a ka tshelwa gape ka thini ya sinamone pele ga a baakanngwa. == Bona gape ==   * ''Cook and Enjoy It'' – South African cookbook * List of African dishes == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Thate ya maswi]] nk1cfjxdajcsxbr9cgb4j9xzb7st6oy 55413 55412 2026-09-23T13:11:23Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 55413 wikitext text/x-wiki  <ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/lifestyle/alien-swaps-world-domination-for-milk-tart/</ref> Thate ya maswi, ka Seaforikanse ke "Melktert", ka Seesemane ke "milk tart", ke dijo tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] tse di nang le kuku e e nang le tswina e e nang le khemikale e e dirilweng ka maswi, folouru, sukiri le mae. Kelo ya mashi go ya go lee e kwa godimo go na le mo teng ga khereite ya setso ya Sepotokisi (pastel de nata) kgotsa khereite ya lee ya Se [[China]] (dan ta), eo mo go yona bobedi jwa tsone bo neng bo tlhotlhelediwa ke Sepotokisi, mme seo se feletse ka gore go nne le popego e e motlhofo le tatso ya mashi e e nonofileng.<ref>https://www.foodandhome.co.za/recipes/celebrate-national-milk-tart-day-with-these-recipes-that-feature-a-sa-favourite</ref> Diresepe tse dingwe di tlhoka gore khesara e beswe mo sebopelong, mme tse dingwe di batla gore khesara e apewe go sa le gale, mme e bo e tsenngwa mo sebopelong pele ga e jewa. Gantsi go kgatshiwa sinamone mo go yone. Maswi a a dirisediwang go dira kuku a ka tshelwa gape ka thini ya sinamone pele ga a baakanngwa.<ref>https://www.jacarandafm.com/shows/drive/listen-are-these-crazy-milk-tart-flavours-hit-or-miss/</ref><ref>https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/stacey-jsbu/milk-tart-or-desperation-pie-which-came-first/</ref> == Bona gape ==   * ''Cook and Enjoy It'' – South African cookbook * List of African dishes == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Thate ya maswi]] obb7rtb1el8hldsm992g8ffq0723mc7 55472 55413 2026-09-23T19:58:22Z Dumbassman 6831 55472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thate ya maswi''', ka Seaforikanse ke "Melktert", ka Seesemane ke "milk tart", ke dijo tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] tse di nang le kuku e e nang le tswina e e nang le khemikale e e dirilweng ka maswi, folouru, sukiri le mae. Kelo ya mashi go ya go lee e kwa godimo go na le mo teng ga khereite ya setso ya Sepotokisi (pastel de nata) kgotsa khereite ya lee ya Se [[China]] (dan ta), eo mo go yona bobedi jwa tsone bo neng bo tlhotlhelediwa ke Sepotokisi, mme seo se feletse ka gore go nne le popego e e motlhofo le tatso ya mashi e e nonofileng.<ref>https://www.foodandhome.co.za/recipes/celebrate-national-milk-tart-day-with-these-recipes-that-feature-a-sa-favourite</ref> Diresepe tse dingwe di tlhoka gore khesara e beswe mo sebopelong, mme tse dingwe di batla gore khesara e apewe go sa le gale, mme e bo e tsenngwa mo sebopelong pele ga e jewa. Gantsi go kgatshiwa sinamone mo go yone. Maswi a a dirisediwang go dira kuku a ka tshelwa gape ka thini ya sinamone pele ga a baakanngwa.<ref>https://www.jacarandafm.com/shows/drive/listen-are-these-crazy-milk-tart-flavours-hit-or-miss/</ref><ref>https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/stacey-jsbu/milk-tart-or-desperation-pie-which-came-first/</ref> == Bona gape == * ''Cook and Enjoy It'' – South African cookbook * List of African dishes == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Thate ya maswi]] 7scusi77l04cvva9olm9rwm5z8mk7co 0 15202 55414 2026-09-23T13:28:20Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Taiye Selasi #BLT2026 55414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Taiye Selasi|image=Taiye Selasi Author (cropped 2).jpg|caption=Selasi ka ngwaga wa 2014|birth_name=Taiye Selasi|birth_place=London [[United Kingdom]]|education=Yale University (BA) Nuffield College, Oxford (Master of Philosophy)|occupation=Mokwadi wa dibuka|notable works=Ghana Must Go (2013)|movement=bodiragatsi|website=https://x.com/taiyeselasi}} '''Taiye Selasi''' ke mokwadi le motlhami wa difilimi wa ditso tsa Britain le [[USA|Amerika]] o o itsegeng ka buka ya gagwe e e rekisetseng thata le puisano ya gagwe ya TED Talk e e neng ya tsamaya thata mo maranyaneng. == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Taye Selasi o tsholetswe kwa London, England a godisediwa kwa Brookline, Massachusetts, ke morwadie Dr. Lade Wosornu, ngaka wa loaro gape e le mmoki wa kwa Ghana, le Dr. Juliette Tuakli, ngaka wa bana wa kwa [[Nigeria]].<ref>[https://gaas-gh.org/2025/04/03/a-master-of-arts-and-science-professor-lade-wosornu-celebrated-at-88/ "A Master of Arts and Science: Professor Ladé Wosornu Celebrated At 88".] ''Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences''. 3 April 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://mercyships.africa/about-us/dr-juliette-tuakli/ "Dr. Juliette Tuakli".] ''Mercy Ships Africa''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Selasi o alogile ka maemo a ntlha a summa cum laude le Phi Beta Kappa ka BA ya dithuto tsa America go tswa kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Yale University, pele ga a aloga ka MPhil ya botsalano jwa mafatshe go tswa kwa sekolong sa University of Oxford.<ref>Selasi, Taiye (23 October 2014)[https://www.economist.com/1843/2014/10/23/the-loving-spoonful . "The loving spoonful".] ''The Economist''.</ref><ref>[https://csaad.nyu.edu/artist-in-residence-february-2020-taiye-selasi/ "Center for the Study of Africa and the African Diaspora - Artist-in-Residence February 2020: Taiye Selasi".] 9 October 2019.</ref> == Tsa pereko == === Mokwadi === Mo bokwading, Selasi o itsege thata ka Firstborn Immigration Daughter, e e gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya The New Yorker ya dipadi tse di itiretsweng ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro, le Ghana Must Go, e e gatisitsweng ke Penguin ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro.<ref>Selasi, Taiye (31 May 2026). [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/06/08/firstborn-immigrant-daughter-fiction-taiye-selasi "Firstborn Immigrant Daughter".] ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano, fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Oxford, Selasi o ne a kopana le morutuntshi wa gagwe [[Toni Morrison]] o o filweng tlotla ya Nobel Laureate.<ref>Cohen, Stefanie (28 February 2013). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323384604578328694096820534 "Growing Up With a Panther Mom".] ''The Wall Street Journal''.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro Morrison o ne a fa Selasi seelo sa ngwaga. Go se fitlhelela, Selasi o ne a kwala "The Sex Lives of African Girls", e e gatisitsweng ke Granta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso ya tlhophiwa go nna dipadi khutswe tsa [[Aferika|Aforika]] tse di gaisitseng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi.<ref>Igarashi, Yuka (10 June 2011). [https://www.granta.com/Online-Only/Interview-Taiye-Selasi "Taiye Selasi | Interview".] ''Granta''.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, Selasi o ne a nna mo lenaaneng la Granta la gangwefela mo dingwageng di le lesome la bakwadi ba dibuka ba Britain ba ba botlana ba ba gaisang.<ref>Igarashi, Yuka (10 June 2011). "[https://granta.com/interview-taiye-selasi/ Taiye Selasi: Interview".] ''Granta''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, o ne a tlhophelwa Africa39, e le mongwe wa bakwadi ba Aforika ba le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ba ba dingwaga di kwa tlase ga masome a mane ba ba gaisitseng.<ref>[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39 "Africa39".] ''Hay Festival''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro mogaka wa dikwalo Ann Godoff, motlhami gape e le mookamedi wa Penguin Press, o ne a gatisa buka ya ntlha ya ga Selasi ya Ghana Must Go. E tlhophilwe e le nngwe ya dibuka tse di lesome tse di gaisang tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro ke The Wall Street Journal le The Economist, buka e e ranoletswe mo ditemeng di feta masome a mabedi.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573525-debut-particularly-gifted-writer-singular-voice "A singular voice",] ''The Economist'', 16 March 2013.</ref><ref>Sacks, Sam (1 March 2013). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323978104578330071591213806 "An Auspicious How-Do-You-Do".] ''The Wall Street Journal''.</ref><ref>Fischer, Molly (14 June 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100615021628/http://www.observer.com/2010/daily-transom/penguin-press-buys-first-novel-salman-and-tonis-seal-approval "Penguin Press Buys First Novel with Salman and Toni's Seal of Approval"]. ''New York Observer''. Archived from [https://observer.com/lifestyle/ the original] on 15 June 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303932504579256201892384922 "The WSJ Best Fiction of 2013".] ''The Wall Street Journal''. 13 December 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21591150-best-writing-2013-covered-among-other-things-american-foreign-policy-israel "Books of the year: Torrents of words"], ''The Economist'', 5 December 2013.</ref> === Sebui === Mo go tsa go kwala le go bua, Selasi o itsege thata ka go tlhama mafoko a mabedi: Afropolitan le multilocal. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano Makasine wa LIP o ne wa gatisa mokwalo wa ga Selasi wa "Bye-Bye, Babar (kgotsa Afropolitan ke eng?)".<ref>Selasi, Taiye (3 March 2005). [https://thelip.robertsharp.co.uk/2005/03/03/bye-bye-barbar/ "Bye-Bye, Babar".] ''The LIP Magazine''.</ref> Motho wa ntlha go gatisa ka setlhgo se, Selasi o ne a baka dipuisano mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka go nna Afropolitan, a tlhagolela tsela baithuti ba tshwana le Simon Gikandi le Achille Mbembe go tlhabolola lefoko go nna kakanyo e e itsegeng lefatshe lotlhe.<ref>Gehrmann, Susanne (11 November 2015). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2015.1112770?scroll=top&needAccess=true "Cosmopolitanism with African roots. Afropolitanism's ambivalent mobilities".] ''Journal of African Cultural Studies''. '''28''': 61–72. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2015.1112770 10.1080/13696815.2015.1112770]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fc9dd729c9400ba58c16b6856c8f7393018fc1ba 146791639.]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, mo puisanong ya gagwe e e neng ya abelanwa thata mo maranyaneng, Selasi o ne a tlhama lefoko 'multi-local' go tlhalosa sekao sa bobedi.<ref>Selasi, Taiye (October 2014). [https://www.ted.com/talks/taiye_selasi_don_t_ask_where_i_m_from_ask_where_i_m_a_local "Don't ask where I'm from, ask where I'm a local".] ''TED''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> E le monni wa New York, Lisbon, Rome le Accra, Selasi o nganga gore batho ba tswa mo maitemogelong eseng mo mafatsheng; le gore maitemogelo a rona a bopiwa ke bo "R ba bararo" (botsalano, tlwaelo le dikganelo) tse di amanang le kwa re nang teng; le gore re phoso go tlotlomatsa selo se se seong (lefatshe) mo maitemogelong.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2018/06/15/619935370/taiye-selasi-how-do-the-places-we-call-home-inform-our-identities "Taiye Selasi: How Do The Places We Call Home Inform Our Identities?".] ''TED Radio Hour''. [[:en:NPR|NPR]]. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/taiye_selasi_don_t_ask_where_i_m_from_ask_where_i_m_a_local "Don't ask where I'm from, ask where I'm a local"]. ''TED | TEDGlobal 2014''. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> === Motlhami === Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi, fa Netflix e dumalana le motshameko motseletsele wa gagwe, Selasi o ne a tlhama Cocoa Content, kompone ya botlhami e e setsweng morago ke mmeeletsi wa bobegadikgang wa ditso tsa France le America Jerome Levy. <ref>White, Peter (11 October 2023). [https://deadline.com/2023/10/lagos-set-drama-victoria-island-taiye-selasi-nicholas-weinstock-1235568005/ "Lagos-Set Drama 'Victoria Island' In The Works From Taiye Selasi, Nicholas Weinstock & Fremantle".] ''Deadline''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref>A kopanetse tiro e le batlhami ba tshwana le Debra Martin Chase, Nicholas Weinstock, le Pauline Fischer, Cocoa Content e tlhama diporojeke kwa Italy, Portugal, Ghana le mafatshe a mangwe.<ref>[https://brittlepaper.com/2019/07/taiye-selasi-announces-new-tv-production-company-that-will-be-the-golden-age-of-television-meets-the-african-silver-screen/ "Taiye Selasi Announces New TV Production Company That Will Be the Golden Age of Television Meets the African Silver Screen".] ''brittlepaper.com''. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Leina le Selasi a le filweng le raya lewelana la ntlha mo temeng ya ga mmaagwe ya Yoruba. Lewelana la ga Seladi, Dr. Yetsa Tuakli, ke ngaka e e ipelelwang. E le leloko la ntlha la mo Aforika la komiti ya mafatshefatshe ya batabogi ba ba nang le bogole, Tuakli o phadisantse mo go tloleng mo go leele mo setlhopheng sa lefatshe la Ghana, gompieno o taboga kwa Stanford University.<ref>[https://sportsequitylab.org/ "Sports Equity Lab".] ''Sports Equity Lab''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref><ref>name="Elle magazine profile">Vitzthum, Virginia (15 March 2013)[https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a13801/taiye-selasi-profile/ "The Fascinator: Taiye Selasi"]. ''ELLE''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> == Dikwalo tsa gagwe == === Dibuka === * Ghana Must Go (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro)<ref>Cox Westmaas, Juanita (23 April 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200815042358/http://www.thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=3107 "Taiye Selasi's 'Ghana Must Go': A Reader's Response".] ''www.thenewblackmagazine.com''. Archived from [https://www.thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=3107 the original] on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> === Dibuka tsa bana === * Anansi and the Golden Pot (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi) === Dipolelo khutswe === * "The Sex Lives of Africab Girls", e gatisitswe ke GRANTA (ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso)<ref>Whittington, Bella (17 December 2012). "'[https://www.litromagazine.com/literature/the-sex-lives-of-african-girls-by-taiye-selasi/ The Sex Lives of African Girls' by Taiye Selasi"]. ''www.litro.co.uk''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> * "Driver", GRANTA (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro)<ref>[https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-taiye-selasi/ "Biography Of Taiye Selasi".] ''Media Nigeria''. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> * "Aliens of Extraordinary Ability", TALE OF TWO CITIES (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bones)<ref>Freeman, John (8 September 2015). ''Tales of Two Cities: Stories of Inequality in a Divided New York''. Penguin Books. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780143128304|<bdi>9780143128304</bdi>.]]</ref> * "Brunhilda in Love", SEX AND DEATH (ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le motso)<ref>Hall, Sarah; Hobbs, Peter (3 August 2017). ''Sex & Death: Stories''. Faber & Faber. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780571322442|<bdi>9780571322442</bdi>.]]</ref> * Betwixt and Betwin, GRANTA (ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi)<ref>Selasi, Taiye (17 November 2022). "[https://granta.com/taiye-selasi-betwixt-and-betwin/ Betwixt and Betwin"]. ''Granta''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> * "Firstborn Immigrant Daughter", THE NEW YORKER (ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro<ref>Selasi, Taiye (8 June 2026). [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/06/08/firstborn-immigrant-daughter-fiction-taiye-selasi "Firstborn Immigrant Daughter".] ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> == Metswedi == 7fmg314d34vhqx93jx5u5hn8naf0zgw 0 15203 55417 2026-09-23T13:36:58Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313987502|Tritobia Hayes Benjamin]]" 55417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tritobia Hayes Benjamin''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) e ne e le raditiragalo wa botaki wa Amerika ebile e le morutabana. O simolotse go ruta ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) e le maitsaanape wa ditso tsa Botaki kwa Sekolong se setona sa Howard, sekolo ya Botak, a dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya ditso tsa botaki jwa Maaforika-Amerika le botaki jwa Amerika. Benjamin o ne nna mothusa Mogolwane wa Lephata la Bodiragatsi mo Sekolong sa Botaki le Maranyane kwa Sekolong se setona sa Howard, mme o ne a kile a nna Mokaedi wa Gallery. <ref name="AfroNews">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Howard U Remembers Professor Tritobia Hayes Benjamin |url=https://afro.com/howard-u-remembers-professor-tritobia-hayes-benjamin/ |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=Afro News}}</ref> <ref name="CAA">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2009 |title=Women's Caucus for Art Announces 2010 Lifetime Achievement Awards |url=http://www.collegeart.org/news/2009/10/05/women’s-caucus-for-art-announces-2010-lifetime-achievement-awards/ |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=College Art Association}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944), kwa Brinkley, Arkansas, ke mmè Addie (yo o tsholetsweng Murph) le rre Wesley E. Hayes, yo Motona. O ne a tsena Sekolo se setona sa Howard, kwa a neng a kopana le monna wa gagwe, Donald S. Benjamin, motaki wa ditshwantsho le molweladitshwanelo tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tritobia H. Benjamin (obituary)|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?pid=171788445|accessdate=January 19, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 20, 2014}}</ref> == Dikgatiso == Benjamin o kwadile buka ''ya The Life and Art of Lois Mailou Jones,'', e e gatisitsweng ke Pomegranate Artbooks, <ref>{{Cite book |date=1994 |title=The Life and Art of Lois Mailou Jones |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeartoflosmail0000benj |publisher=Pomegranate Artbooks |isbn=9780876541043 |url-access=registration}}</ref> mme o ne a gatisitse ditlhogo di feta masome a mabedi le ditlhamo tsa lenaane la dipontsho tse di akaretsang ''Profiles of Eleven African-American Artists'' and ''The Image of Women in the Work of Charles White'', ''Three Generations of African American Women Sculptors: A Study in Parado'', pontsho e le ene a neng a e tlhokomela. <ref name="CAA" /> == Dietsele le ditlotla == Benjamin o ne a amogela ditlotla le dikabelo tsa dithuso ka ntlha ya thuso ya gagwe ya madi a go ithuta go akaretsa le Seetsele [[:en:Women's_Caucus_for_Art_Lifetime_Achievement_Award|Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010); <ref name="CAA" /> National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship-in-Residence; go tswa kwa Letloleng la Bosetšhaba la Dithuto tsa setho, e leng thuso ya madi a Legoro la [[Dikolo le dikolo tse di golwane tsa batho bantsho mo hisitoring|Dikolo tsa ditso tsa Bantsho]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Tritobia Hayes-Benjamin |url=http://www.art.howard.edu/remembering-tritobia-hayes-benjamin/ |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Howard University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement in the Visual Arts 2010 Honor Awards |url=https://www.nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2010.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=National Women's Caucus for Art}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 54hlavs41x7zrv94uo1i2v51kv29c66 55418 55417 2026-09-23T13:44:11Z MmaBaggio 11091 55418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tritobia Hayes Benjamin''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) e ne e le raditiragalo wa botaki wa Amerika ebile e le morutabana. O simolotse go ruta ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) e le maitsaanape wa ditso tsa Botaki kwa Sekolong se setona sa Howard, sekolo ya Botak, a dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya ditso tsa botaki jwa Maaforika-Amerika le botaki jwa Amerika. Benjamin o ne nna mothusa Mogolwane wa Lephata la Bodiragatsi mo Sekolong sa Botaki le Maranyane kwa Sekolong se setona sa Howard, mme o ne a kile a nna Mokaedi wa Gallery. <ref name="AfroNews">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Howard U Remembers Professor Tritobia Hayes Benjamin |url=https://afro.com/howard-u-remembers-professor-tritobia-hayes-benjamin/ |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=Afro News}}</ref> <ref name="CAA">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2009 |title=Women's Caucus for Art Announces 2010 Lifetime Achievement Awards |url=http://www.collegeart.org/news/2009/10/05/women’s-caucus-for-art-announces-2010-lifetime-achievement-awards/ |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=College Art Association}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Tritobia Hayes Benjamin|image=Tritobia_Hayes_Benjamin.jpg|birth_date=Phalane 22, 1944|birth_place=Brinkley, Arkansas, US|death_date=Seetebosigo 21, 2014|death_place=[[Arlington, Virginia]], US|education=[[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Maryland, College Park]] ([[PhD]])|known for=African American art, art history and artistry, American Art History|spouse(s)=Donald S. Benjamin|awards=[[Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award]]}} == Botshelo jwa pele == O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944), kwa [[Brinkley, Arkansas]], ke mmè Addie (yo o tsholetsweng Murph) le rre Wesley E. Hayes, yo Motona. O ne a tsena Sekolo se setona sa Howard, kwa a neng a kopana le monna wa gagwe, Donald S. Benjamin, motaki wa ditshwantsho le molweladitshwanelo tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tritobia H. Benjamin (obituary)|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?pid=171788445|accessdate=January 19, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 20, 2014}}</ref> == Dikgatiso == Benjamin o kwadile buka ''ya The Life and Art of Lois Mailou Jones,'', e e gatisitsweng ke Pomegranate Artbooks, <ref>{{Cite book |date=1994 |title=The Life and Art of Lois Mailou Jones |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeartoflosmail0000benj |publisher=Pomegranate Artbooks |isbn=9780876541043 |url-access=registration}}</ref> mme o ne a gatisitse ditlhogo di feta masome a mabedi le ditlhamo tsa lenaane la dipontsho tse di akaretsang ''Profiles of Eleven African-American Artists'' and ''The Image of Women in the Work of Charles White'', ''Three Generations of African American Women Sculptors: A Study in Parado'', pontsho e le ene a neng a e tlhokomela. <ref name="CAA" /> == Dietsele le ditlotla == Benjamin o ne a amogela ditlotla le dikabelo tsa dithuso ka ntlha ya thuso ya gagwe ya madi a go ithuta go akaretsa le Seetsele [[:en:Women's_Caucus_for_Art_Lifetime_Achievement_Award|Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010); <ref name="CAA" /> National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship-in-Residence; go tswa kwa Letloleng la Bosetšhaba la Dithuto tsa setho, e leng thuso ya madi a Legoro la [[Dikolo le dikolo tse di golwane tsa batho bantsho mo hisitoring|Dikolo tsa ditso tsa Bantsho]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Tritobia Hayes-Benjamin |url=http://www.art.howard.edu/remembering-tritobia-hayes-benjamin/ |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Howard University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement in the Visual Arts 2010 Honor Awards |url=https://www.nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2010.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=National Women's Caucus for Art}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] hyei81q1qla82dm1nay44t5w2fl0xht 0 15204 55427 2026-09-23T15:35:33Z Reagoleboga 10854 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372793423|Regional variations of barbecue]]" 55427 wikitext text/x-wiki Go apaya ka tsela e e farologaneng go ikaegile ka mofuta wa nama, sose, go sidila, kana dinoko tse dingwe tse di dirisitsweng, nako ya go apaya e di tsenngwang mo go yone, seabe se mosi o nang le sone, didirisiwa le mafura a a dirisitsweng, themperetšha ya go apaya, le nako ya go apaya. Nama e ka nna ya bo e le e e feletseng, e silwe (e le ya go dira di-hamburger), kgotsa e dirwe soseje kgotsa kebab. Nama e ka nna ya tshelwa marinade kgotsa ya tshelwa ditswaiso pele e apewa, ya tshelwa sose kgotsa oli pele e apewa, fa e ntse e apewa kgotsa fa e sena go apewa, kgotsa ya tshelwa dilo tseno ka bobedi. == Africa == === South Africa === [[File:Braai.JPG|thumb|Sejo se se tlwaelegileng sa braai se se beilweng mo setlhomong se sennye sa braai]] Mo Afrika Borwa, braai (bontsi braais) ke barbecue kgotsa grill mme ke ngwao ya loago mo karolong e kgolo ya Afrika Borwa. Lereo le le simolotse le Afrikaners,[1] mme fa e sale le ne le dirisiwa ke maAforika Borwa a ditso tse di farologaneng. Lefoko la Seaforikanse braaivleis (English: /ˈbraɪfleɪs/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈbraːifləis]) le raya nama e e gadikilweng. Lefoko vleis ke lefoko la Se-Afrikaans le le rayang nama, le le tshwanang le nama ya Seesemane. Braai e tsewa ke bangwe e le lefoko le lengwe la barbecue, ka gore e dirisiwa jaaka lediri fa go tlhalosiwa gore dijo di apewa jang le leina fa go tlhalosiwa didirisiwa tsa go apaya, jaaka grill. 1] Dingwao tse di amanang le braai di ka farologana thata le tsa barbecue, tota le fa mokgwa wa go apaya dijo o tshwana thata. Le fa pele logong e ne e le setukisi sa braai se se neng se dirisiwa thata, mo metlheng ya segompieno tiriso ya magala, dibriquette le gase (gase braai) e oketsegile ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone, jaaka go ntse ka di-barbecue gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[ Le fa go le jalo, go nnile le kgatlhego e ntšhwa mo tirisong ya logong morago ga gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e simolole lenaneo la yona la go tlosa mefuta ya dimela tse di tlhaselang.[ Malapa a le mantsi jaanong a na le gase le logong kgotsa magala a molelo. 4] Magala kgotsa logong lo lo tsentsweng mo sejaneng lo bidiwa sejana sa braai. [[File:Braai_Boerewors.JPG|thumb|''[[Boerewors]]'' and pork in a concrete ''braai'' structure]] Fela jaaka moletlo wa go ja dijo tsa motshegare, moletlo wa braais ke moletlo o o tlwaelegileng le o o lapolosang o mo go one malapa le ditsala ba kopanang kwa lefelong la pikiniki kgotsa kwa ntlong ya mongwe (gantsi e le kwa tshingwaneng kgotsa mo mathuding) ba tshwere nama ya bone, salate kgotsa dijo tse dingwe. Gantsi braai e akaretsa di-boerewors, di-sosatie, di-kebab, nama ya koko e e tsentsweng marinine, nama ya kolobe le ya nku, di-steak, disoseje tsa ditatso tse di farologaneng le bokima, mme gongwe le diraka tsa makwetekwio. Ditlhapi le di-rock lobster, tse gantsi di bidiwang di-crayfish, le tsone di ratiwa thata mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa lewatle, segolobogolo kwa lotshitshing lo lo kafa bophirima le lo lo kafa borwabophirima, mme gape go jewa le dikrebe. "Bring-and-braai" ke braai e moeng a tlisang dijo (gantsi go akaretsa nama) le dino (mo go tse dingwe tsa braais, moamogedi gantsi o rulaganya nama mme baeng ba thusa ka dijo le dino). Karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya dijo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa naga ke pap (/ˈpʌp/). Pap e dirilwe ka mmidi o o silweng sentle/mmidi mme e ka jewa ka motswako wa tamati le onion, motswako wa monkey gland, kgotsa chakalaka e e nang le ditswaiso tse dintsi mo braai. Ka dinako tse dingwe tiro eno e bidiwa gape dop en tjop (dop ke lefoko la se-Afrikaans le le rayang seno se se nang le bojalwa, le le rayang "cap" kgotsa "bottle top", mme tjop ke lefoko la se-Afrikaans le le sa tlwaelegang le le rayang "lamb chop") fa go dirisiwa bojalwa jo bontsi. Braai ke tiragalo ya go kopana le batho e e nang le dingwao le melao e e rileng ya loago. Morago ga moo, dijo di jewa kwa ntle mo lefelong la go jela, e re ka gantsi dipokano tseno di tshwarwa mo dikgweding tse di telele tsa selemo. General Motors South Africa e dirisitse lereo la braai ka bo1970 mo go jingle ya yona ya "Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies, and Chevrolet" go phasalatsa dikoloi tsa bone mo Afrika Borwa - e e tshwanang le lereo la "baseball, hot dogs, apple pie, and Chevrolet" kwa US le, go le gonnye, "football, meat pies, kangaroos & Holden Cars" e e dirisitsweng kwa Australia. ==== Shisa nyama ==== Shisa nyama, gape e kwalwa chisa nyama kgotsa chesa nyama, ke lereo le le dirisiwang mo ditoropong tse dintsi go tlhalosa barbecue kgotsa braai koo ditsala kgotsa malapa a kopanang go besetsa nama mo molelong o o bulegileng (gantsi gaufi le lefelo la go tlhabela). Lefelo leno gantsi le neelwa ke mong wa lebenkele la nama, mme ke fela batho ba ba rekileng nama kwa lebenkeleng la nama ba ba letleletsweng go dirisa lefelo leno la mahala. ==== National Braai Day ==== Shisa nyama ke polelwana ya Sezulu mme, ka tlhamalalo, e kaya "go gadika nama". 1] Letsatsi la Braai ke go keteka ngwao-boswa e e humileng ya Afrika Borwa le boitlosobodutu jwa yone jo bo sa tshwaneng le bope jwa setšhaba, e leng braai. E ikaeletse go kopanya maAforika Borwa otlhe ka go ba rotloetsa go nna le seabe mo ditirong tse di abelanwang ke ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa batho, ditumelo tsa bodumedi le mefuta ya mebele. [ E ketekwa ngwaga le ngwaga ke maAforika Borwa go ralala lefatshe ka 24 Lwetse (Letsatsi la Ngwaoboswa la Aforika Borwa). 2] Ketsahalo ena e ile ya qalwa ke Mzansi Braai Institute Afrika Borwa ka 2005 mme, ho tloha ka 2008, e ile ya ntshetswa pele tlasa Braai4Heritage banner, mohato o se nang phaello. Ka 5 Lwetse 2007, Moarekabishopo Emeritus Desmond Tutu (yo jaanong a tlhokafetseng) o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motshegetsi wa Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la Braai (jaanong le bidiwang Braai4Heritage). Maiteko a a amogetswe ke Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Ngwao-Boswa ya Aforika Borwa (NHC) ka 2008. 3] === Zimbabwe === Fela jaaka mo Afrika Borwa, lefoko braai le dirisiwa gape ke batho ba kwa Zimbabwe go kaya barbecue. Mafoko a mangwe a a dirisiwang ke kugocha kwa Shona Bokone kgotsa chesa nyama kwa Borwa. Gantsi go apewa mefuta e e farologaneng ya nama, go akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kolobe le ya koko. Ka metlha go na le disalate di le mmalwa tse di tsamaisanang le tsone, tse di akaretsang salate ya ditapole, beet, chakalaka le salate ya khabetšhe. Gape go jewa sadza e e itsegeng thata ka nako ya braai, mmogo le raese. === Kenya === Nyama choma ke leina le le dirisiwang ke Ba-Kenya go bitsa barbecue. Ke tiragalo ya go kopana mmogo e e nang le dingwao tse di rileng le melao ya loago. Logong le magala ke dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go dira Nyama choma. Ugali le kachumbari gantsi di jewa jaaka dijo tse di tsenang. == East Asia == === China, Hong Kong, and Macau === [[File:Hkstylebbq.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong style barbecue]] Chuanr ke dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama tse di gadikilweng mo mesamelong e e besitsweng mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, ka dinako tse dingwe, mo molelong wa motlakase. Chuanr e simolotse kwa Xinjiang mme mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana e aname go ralala naga yotlhe jaaka dijo tse di rategang tsa mo mebileng, segolo thata kwa bokone jwa China. Chuanr e ne e dirilwe ka kwana (yáng ròu chuàn, 羊肉串), e e santseng e le yone e e tlwaelegileng thata, mme jaanong, koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo, le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di ka dirisiwa. Mo mafelong a a tletseng ka bajanala, chuanr gape e ka dirwa ka ditshenekegi tse di farologaneng, ditshenekegi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang. Barbecue gape e ka bonwa kwa marekisetsong a bosigo le kwa diresetšhurenteng dingwe, gantsi e rekisiwa ka dipanekuku. Diresetšhurente dingwe di letla bareki go ja mo tafoleng ya bone; bontsi jwa tsone ke diresetšhurente tse di rekisang dijo tse o ka kgonang go di ja. Kwa dikgaolong tse go buiwang Se-Cantonese kwa go tsone, nama ya kolobe e apewa ka tswina ya dinotshe le soy sauce, e bo e apewa e le mela e meleele e e tshesane. Mofuta ono wa barbecue o itsege jaaka char siu, mme gantsi o jewa e bile ke dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa mo mebileng. Mo godimo ga moo, di-barbecue tsa kwa ntle (tse gantsi di itsegeng fela jaaka BBQ) di ratiwa thata ke banni ba ba tsenang maeto a makhutshwane kwa diparakeng tsa kgaolo kwa magaeng. 1] Tsone di jewa ka metlha ka magala, ka dinama tse di tsentsweng marinini, gantsi e le nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, boroso kgotsa diphuka tsa koko, di apewa ka diforoko tse ditelele tse di tshwarwang ka seatla. Tswina ya dinotshe e tsenngwa mo go yone fa e tloga e fela go apewa. Ka nako e e tshwanang, go bewa dikarolwana tsa mmidi le tsa ditapole tse di tsentsweng foile mo godimo ga magala a a fisang; go apewa ga tsone go tsaya nako e telele, ka jalo gantsi di jewa kwa bofelong jwa barbecue Go farologana le meletlo ya kwa Bophirima ya go besetsa, batho botlhe ba phuthega go dikologa molelo mme ba ikapeela dijo tsa bone, ka jalo go nna le moya o o tshwanang le wa go ja fondue kana pitsa e e fisang === Korea === [[File:Korean_barbecue-Galbi-06.jpg|thumb|Korean barbeque grill used for cooking ''galbi'']] Bulgogi (불고기) ke nama ya kgomo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana tse di tshesane (ka dinako tse dingwe e le ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko) e e tshetsweng ka soy sauce, oli ya sesame, konofolo le pepere ya chili, mme e apewa mo grill fa tafoleng. Ke sejo se segolo mme ka jalo se jewa le reise le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka kimchi. Bulgogi ka tlhamalalo e raya "nama e e molelo". Sejo se se tlwaelegileng thata sa kwa Korea se se bidiwang galbi, se se dirwang ka dikgopo tse di tsentsweng metsi. === Japan === Go apaya dijo mo barbecue go ratiwa thata kwa Japane e le tiro e e dirwang kwa ntle, e bile go akaretsa mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go apaya dijo le go di baya mo ntlong. Gantsi go dirisiwa soy sauce le di-sauce le marinade tse di dirilweng ka mirin kgotsa sake, tse di jaaka tse di dirisiwang mo teriyaki. Fa go buiwa ka go apaya, yaki (焼き kgotsa 焼) e raya go apaya ka molelo o o tlhamaletseng. Le fa e ka akaretsa go baka kgotsa go gadika/go gadika mo paneng kgotsa mo paneng, maina a mekgwa e mentsi ya go e apaya a e dirisa jaaka letlhaodi la go gadika kgotsa go gadika. Dinama di le dintsi di apewa ka go gadikwa kgotsa go beswa. Dinama tse di jewang thata ke di-spare ribs, nama ya koko, nama ya kolobe, mmogo le Jingisukan (nama ya nku) le horumonyaki (nama ya kgomo kgotsa ya kolobe). Merogo le dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di dirisiwa thata mo mekgweng e le mentsi ya go dira barbecue kwa Japane. Dikai dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng ke tseno: Robatayaki (炉端焼き; "go apaya fa thoko ga molelo"), gantsi e khutshwafadiwa go nna robata (ろばた), ke mokgwa wa go apaya wa Sejapane, o apeilwe ka Binchōtan (magala a masweu). E simolotse kwa Hokkaido[1], koo batshwaraditlhapi ba neng ba dirisa mafelo a a kwa tlase a molelo go apaya le go thuthafatsa. Gompieno, gantsi go dirisiwa irori kgotsa ditepisi tse di tsholeditsweng, mme mokgwa ono o itsege thata kwa Japane le kwa dinageng tse dingwe. Kushiyaki (串焼き) ke lereo le le anameng, le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo sejaneng (kushi) le tse di besitsweng (yaki). Le fa yakitori e kaya koko (kgotsa, kwa kgaolong, fa go tshelwa marinade e e tshwanang, jaaka kwa Muroran e kaya nama ya kolobe), lereo leno gantsi le dirisiwa ka tsela e e seng ya semmuso le kushiyaki. Ditswaiso tsa Kushiyaki di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha tse pedi: tse di letswai le tse di letswai le tse di botshe. Yakiniku e raya nama e e gadikilweng le merogo e e apeilweng mo gridiron kgotsa mo griddle mo godimo ga molelo wa magala a a gatseditsweng ka go tshelwa metsi a a omileng (sumibi, 炭火) kgotsa mo gaseng kgotsa mo grill ya motlakase, gantsi mo dikarolong tse dinnye. Le fa yakiniku kwa tshimologong e ne e kaya dijo tsa "barbecue" tsa kwa bophirima kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo19[1], tshimologo ya yakiniku ya segompieno e tsewa e le barbecue ya kwa Korea.[ 2][3] === Mongolia === Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang ba na le mekgwa e le mmalwa ya go besetsa, e nngwe ya yone e leng khorkhog. Sa ntlha, ba gotetsa maje a a lekanang le seatla mo molelong mme ba bo ba tsenye dikuku le maje mo pitseng. Nako ya go apaya e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa nama ya nku e e dirisitsweng. Go dumelwa gore go tshwara leje le le dirisediwang go apaya go siametse botsogo jwa motho. Tsela e nngwe ya go apaya ke boodog (boo e raya "go phuthela" ka Se-Mongolia). Gantsi marmot kgotsa dipodi di apewa ka tsela eno. Ga go tlhokege pitsa go apaya boodog, morago ga go tlhabiwa le go apeswa, mateng a busediwa mo teng ga setoto ka phatlha e nnye, mme setoto sotlhe se apewa mo molelong. Barbecue ya kwa Mongolia e gantsi e fitlhelwang mo diresetšhurenteng ke mokgwa wa go apaya o ka phoso o amanngwang le mokgwa wa botshelo wa go kgarakgatshega wa Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang. Se go tweng ke "barbecue ya kwa Mongolia", se se simologileng kwa Taiwan mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga go ya kwa bofelong jwa lone, ke sejo se se rategang thata kwa diresetšhurenteng tsa Ba-China kwa Amerika le kwa Canada, se se dirilweng ka dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama ya nku, ya kgomo, ya koko, ya kolobe kgotsa nama e nngwe, ditswaiso, merogo le di-noodle kgotsa motswako wa tsone, tse di apewang ka bonako mo godimo ga tshipi e e sephaphathi e e kgolokwe e e setseng e bedisitswe. == Southeast Asia == Satay e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng di le mmalwa tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, tse di jaaka Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia le Philippines. Se dirilwe ka dinama tse di kgabetletsweng mo ditlhomesong tsa bamboo tse di tsentsweng motswako wa ditswaiso tse di tshwanang le motswako wa kheri le matonkomane a a thubagantsweng. Dinama tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke nama ya koko, ya nku le ya kgomo, mme mo mafelong a e seng a Bamoseleme motho o tla fitlhela gape le satay e e dirilweng ka nama ya kolobe le ya nama ya diphologolo. Satay ke sejo se se dirisiwang thata mo dijong tse dintsi tsa barbecue tsa kwa Malaysia, Indonesia le Singapore. Satay ya setso e dirisa fela nama ya dikgogo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana pele ga e tlhabiwa. Mefuta e mengwe ya satay e akaretsa nama ya kolobe, ya nku le ya kgomo. Fa nama e sena go apewa mo molelong wa magala, e jewa mmogo le sopo e e boteng, e e nang le botlhole e e dirilweng ka motswako o o tshwanang le wa marinade wa nama, motswako o o nang le tatso ya matonkomane, o o tshwanang le wa kheri. Kwa dikgaolong tsa dithaba tsa Borneo Bokone, dijo tse di kgethegileng tsa batho ba Kadazan ba lefelo leo ke satay ya nama ya koko le satay ya nama ya noga, le fa e le gore seno sa bofelo, go tloga ka 2007, se bonwa fela mo maemong a a kgethegileng Pele ga 1990, go ne go kgonega go bona satay ya diphologolo tse di jaaka tapir, ditlou, phokoje e e fofang, di-goanna le dikolobe tsa naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, gone jaanong diphologolo tseno ga di tlhole di bonwa motlhofo kgotsa di mo kotsing ya go nyelela mme go di dirisa ka tsela eno go thibetswe. === Phillippines === [[File:Dinagyang_2009_grilled_meat_on_display.jpg|thumb|Various types of ''inihaw'' at the Dinagyang Festival]] [[File:Lechon_Camiguin.jpg|thumb|Philippine <nowiki><i id="mwAV0">lechón</i></nowiki> being roasted]] Kwa Philippines, dijo tse di jewang kwa barbecue di bidiwa inihaw (e gape e bidiwang sinugba kgotsa inasal). Gantsi di dirwa ka nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko mme di jewa ka dipanekuku tsa bamboo kgotsa ka dikhubanyana tse dinnye tse di tsentsweng soy sauce le asene. Gape le ka kaya sejo sepe fela sa nama kgotsa sa ditlhapi se se apeilweng ka tsela e e tshwanang. Inihaw di rekiswa jaaka dijo tsa mo mebileng mme di jewa le raese e tshweu kgotsa raese e e apeilweng mo matlhareng a khokhonate (pusô).[ [1] [2] [3] Mefuta e e itsegeng ya dijo tsa inihaw e akaretsa nama ya koko, satti (mofuta wa setswana wa satay), le isaw. Mofuta mongwe o o rategang thata wa inihaw ke lechón, e leng sejo sa kolobe se se besitsweng se se tsentsweng matute se tsentswe moretlwa le ditswaiso. Le fa gone e ne ya nna le leina la Se-Spain ka nako ya bokoloniale, tsela e e apewang ka yone le dilo tse di dirisiwang mo go yone ke tsa kwa Philippines. Lechon manok, e e dirwang ka koko e e feletseng, le yone e ratiwa thata.[ 2 "Barbecue" (e bile e bidiwa "BBQ" kgotsa "barbeque") gape ke lefoko le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo dipitseng. Seno se akaretsa dijo tsa sefitlholo jaaka banana cue le camote cue. 1] === SingaporeSingapore === Kwa Singapore, barbecue kgotsa BBQ, jaaka e itsege, ke selo se se tlwaelegileng kwa dikokoanong tsa batho, mme ga se selo se se tlwaelegileng thata mo tseleng ya botshelo le dijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa batho ba kwa Singapore. Bontsi jwa batho ba Singapore ba nna mo difoleteng tse di tshegediwang ka madi ke puso kgotsa difoleteng tsa HDB. Go tlhoka mafelo a a bulegileng mo magaeng go felela ka gore batho ba kopane mo diparakeng kana mo matlong a mannye. Boto ya Ditshingwana tsa Naga ya Singapore e hira mafelo a go dirwang barbecue mo go one a a beilweng mo diphakeng tse di rategang tse di jaaka East Coast Park, Punggol Park, Pasir Ris Park, West Coast Park, Changi Beach Park, Sembawang Park le Pulau Ubin. Mofuta wa BBQ wa kwa Singapore gantsi o bedisiwa ka magala mme batho ba kwa Singapore ba gadika dijo tse di farologaneng tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia le tsa kwa Bophirima. Kwa ntle ga satay, dijo tse dingwe tsa BBQ di akaretsa sambal stingray kgotsa cuttlefish e e phuthetsweng ka foil ya aluminiamo, nama e e gadikilweng (koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo) e e tsentsweng marinini mo motswakong wa BBQ o gantsi o dirilweng ka motswako wa soya, pepere, letswai, sukiri le motswako wa oyster. Boroso jwa Taiwan, boroso jwa koko le boroso le tsone di a gadikwa. Di-marshmallow tse di dirwang ka dithupa tsa satay ke sengwe sa dilo tse di kgatlhang thata mo barbecue ya kwa Singapore. 1] Motšhine o o simololang molelo o o dirisiwang ga se one o gantsi o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo kgotsa o o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo. Go na le moo, setimamolelo se tsenngwa mo lebokosong le le nang le dibriquette tse dinnye tse di dirilweng ka seretse le bonota tse di tshubilweng mme di bo di bewa kafa tlase ga mokoa wa dibriquette tsa magala. === Thailand === Mu kratha ke mokgwa wa go apaya o o simolotseng kwa Thailand, kwa Philippines, Singapore le Malaysia, o itsege jaaka mookata.[ 1] Mu kratha e apewa ka nama e e segilweng (gantsi e le ya kolobe) e besitswe mo godimo ga dome fa merogo le diteng tse dingwe, jaaka dibolo tsa tlhapi, di apewa mo sopong (e gape e bidiwang Thai suki). Pitsa e e fisang e nna mo kgamelong ya magala a a tukang a a besang kgotsa a a bedisang dijo. Dijo tse di siametseng mokgwa ono wa go apaya ke nama ya kolobe, nama ya koko, nama ya nku, nama ya nku, dijo tsa lewatle, merogo le di-mushroom. Dijo tsa setso tsa Se-Thai tse di bidiwang mu kratha gantsi di jewa le nam chim suki, e leng sopo e e rategang thata. E itsege thata ka go dirisa sose ya chili jaaka motswako o mogolo. Diresetšhurente dingwe di na le nama ya lewatle e e bidiwang nam chim. Fa o apaya mu kratha, gantsi go tsenngwa karolo ya mafura kwa godimo ga pane gore mafura a yone a se ka a kgomaretsa dijo. Barbecue kwa Thailand gantsi e fitlhelwa kwa diresetšhurenteng tse di mo teng ga mafelo a mabenkele jaaka Bar-B-Q Plaza e e leng lefelo la go jela la mu kratha. Kwantle ga mu kratha, dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di besitsweng kwa Thailand ke satay, kho mu yang le kai yang. == South Asia == === India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan === [[File:Chicken_Tikka.jpg|thumb| Chicken <nowiki><i id="mwAdU">tikka</i></nowiki> with a variety of other dishes cooked and served under the BBQ method]] Go dirisa ontong ya tandoor ke mokgwa wa go besetsa le go baka wa kwa Asia Borwa o o tlwaelegileng kwa India Bokone, Afghanistan le Pakistan. Ka tlwaelo, go gadika le go besa tandoori go dirisa ditswaiso tsa lefelo leo, segolobogolo mefuta e mentsi ya motswako wa kheri. Dinama tse di gadikilweng ka Tandoor, merogo, le dinkgwe tse di sephaphathi (roti, naan), di ka dirisiwa morago ga go tsidifatsa le go gadika, kgotsa di ka dirisiwa jaaka kgato ya go baakanyetsa dijo tse dingwe, jaaka makhani, kgotsa dipharologano tse di jaaka tikka masala, tse ka bobedi e leng dipontsho tse di tumileng tsa dijo tsa setso le tsa segompieno tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa India. Pathar-ka-Gosht le yone ke sejo se sengwe sa kwa India Borwa se se apewang mo grill e e dirilweng ka matlapa se se dirwang ka nama ya podi. == Europe == === The Alps === Mokgwa wa go apaya wa setso o o dirisiwang, mme e seng fela, kwa French le Swiss Alps, pierrade e akaretsa go apaya nama (gantsi) mo letlapeng le le mogote, le le mo tafoleng ya go apaya. 1] [[File:Thüringer_Rostbratwurst.jpg|thumb|Thuringian sausages on the "Rost"]] Bajeremane ba rata thata tsela ya bone ya go apaya ka tsela ya barbecue, e leng go apaya ka grill (Grillen), segolobogolo ka selemo. Ke karolo e le nngwe fela ya go apaya mo gae e e leng tiro e e dirwang thata ke banna. Majeremane a apaya mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, gantsi, gase, mme nama e e gadikilweng e akaretsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya Bratwurst jaaka boroso ya Thuringian ka sekai, gammogo le di-steak (segolobogolo di-steak tsa nama ya kolobe tse di tshasitsweng go tswa mo legetleng), Frikadellen (di-dumplings tsa nama e e gadikilweng), Rostbrätel le nama ya kgomo. Mo meletlong ya kgaolo eno go na le dijo tse di gadikilweng go simolola ka tlhapi e e bidiwang eel go ya go trout, nama yotlhe ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, ya koko le ya letata. [[File:Mutzbraten_serviert.JPG|thumb|''Mutzbraten'' with ''sauerkraut'' and bread]] Go goga motsoko ke selo se se dirwang thata kwa mafelong a go bolaelwang nama kwa go one kwa Jeremane, mme mekgwa e e dirisiwang ya go goga motsoko fela ga e ise e tlwaelege go fitlha dingwaga di le mmalwa tse di fetileng. Sejo sa bogologolo sa kwa Jeremane sa barbecue ke Mutzbraten (legetla la nama ya kolobe) kwa Saxony le Thuringia, se se lekanang le monwana wa kolobe e e nang le marinade e e nonofileng, e e omileng e e nang le marjoram, pepere le letswai, e apeilwe le go tshubiwa mo godimo ga dikapetla tsa logong lwa birch. Gantsi e jewa ka borotho jwa rye-wheat, sauerkraut le mustard. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go tsuba mo barbecue le yone e a anama kwa Jeremane e bile nama e e ntshitsweng e e jaaka ya kolobe, ya kgogo le ya turkey mmogo le mefuta e e farologaneng ya disoso tsa barbecue le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka salate ya khabetšhe di teng mo marekisetsong a magolo. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue e tswa kwa United States, Turkey, Greece, Balkans, le kwa mafelong a bafaladi kwa Jeremane, mmogo le dingwao tse di itsegeng tsa go besetsa kwa ntle kwa Jeremane tse di tlhamilweng ke bafaladi le baeng ba ba tswang kwa Soviet Union ya pele. === Mediterranean === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tsa Mediterranean, tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke dijo tsa setso tsa Mediterranean. Oli ya motlhware ke karolo ya konokono ya barbecue ya Mediterranean. Dijo tse di apewang thata ke nama ya koko, nama ya kgomo, souvlakis/brochettes, halloumi cheese, le borotho jwa pita, mme di ka apewa mo grill, di ka apewa kgotsa ka bobedi. Mo godimo ga moo, dijo dingwe di apewa ka go di gadika le go di gadika gore di nne le mefuta e e farologaneng. Gantsi, nama e e besitsweng e tsenngwa oli ya motlhware le matute a dinotshe, mme e bo e kgabisitswe ka merogo le ditswaiso tse di farologaneng; gantsi go tsenngwa persillade ya motheo le mefuta e mengwe e e farologaneng mo godimo ga nama. === Russia === Shashlik ke mofuta wa se-Russia wa shish kebab, mme fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya boditšhabatšhaba, e apewa mo grill. Gantsi e dirwa ka nama ya nku, mme gape e ka dirwa ka nama ya kolobe, ya kgomo, ya nama ya kgomo e e gadikilweng, ya koko kgotsa ya sturgeon. === Scandinavian countries === Barbecue kwa dinageng tsa Scandinavia, jaaka Finland, Denmark le Sweden, e tshwana thata le barbecue kwa Jeremane, e bile e na le leina le le tshwanang. Ka tlwaelo, nama ya setso e e jaaka ya koko, kgomo, kwana, kolobe le disoseje, di a apewa. Ditlhapi tsa selegae jaaka salmon, perch le mackerel gantsi di gadikwa mo molelong o o bulegileng kgotsa di a gogiwa. === United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland === Go apaya mo barbecue ke mokgwa o o tumileng wa go apaya le go ja kwa ntle kwa United Kingdom le kwa Repaboliking ya Ireland. Matlo a le mantsi a na le lefelo la go besetsa, le gantsi le leng kwa morago ga ntlo. Tse di tumileng thata ke tse di agilweng ka tshipi tse di nang le maotwana go dira gore go nne motlhofo go tsamaisa didirisiwa, mme gape go dirisiwa le tse di agilweng ka ditena tse di nnelang ruri. Magala le gase e e tsentsweng mo mabotlolong di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, mme didiriswa tse di dirisang dikgong le gase ga di dirisiwe thata. Dijo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeilweng ke nama ya koko, di-hamburger, disoseje, nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, mmidi o o apeilweng mo godimo ga kgomo, di-shish kebab, le nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, e e apeilweng ka go gadika, go baka kgotsa go kopanya mekgwa eno ka bobedi. Dijo tse di sa tlwaelegang thata di akaretsa dikwanyana, tlhapi, dikreiti, lobster, halloumi (cheese), squash, ditapole, di-plantain, asparagus, beetroot, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kolobe le dijo tsa soya kgotsa Quorn. Fela jaaka kwa United States, ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tshelwa sopo ya barbecue pele e apewa kgotsa fa e ntse e apewa. Marekisetso otlhe a magolo a marekisetso jaanong a na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa barbecue, le fa gone di le teng fela ka paka ya barbecue (go ela kwa bofelong jwa dikgakologo go ya kwa masimologong a letlhabula). Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke tsa ditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa mo merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kakaretso, mokgwa wa go besetsa wa kwa Boritane o tshwana thata le wa kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. Bosheng jaana, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di simolotse go tshwarwa kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Boritane, fela jaaka tse di tshwarwang kwa United States, Canada, Yuropa le Australia. Dikgaisano dingwe di letla ditlhopha, mmogo le batho ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng, go gaisana. == West Asia and Eastern Mediterranean == Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke dijo tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go le jalo, ka kakaretso, mekgwa ya go beela ya kwa Boritane e tshwana thata le ya kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. === Iran === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya kabob ya Seperesia, e e itsegeng thata ke kubideh kabob, e leng nama ya kgomo e e sitsweng e e tlhabilweng e bo e besediwa kwa ntle mo molelong wa magala. Gape go na le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya koko e e tsentsweng metsi e e bidiwang jujeh kabob, le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya kolobe e e nang le filet-mignon e e bidiwang kabob barg. Bobedi jwa bone ba tlhabilwe ka thipa. Mefuta yotlhe e meraro ya konokono ya Persian kabob gantsi e jewa le raese ya se-Iranian saffron le salate ya Shirazi, mme gape e ka jewa le senkgwe sa lavash sa kwa Botlhaba-Gare. === Levant === Mo dinageng tsa Levant, dijo tse di farologaneng tse di besitsweng di ratiwa thata. Kebabs tse di jaaka shish taouk le tse dingwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. Dijo tse di besitsweng di bidiwa mashawi ka Searabia sa Levantine. 1] ==== Israel ==== Kwa Iseraele, "Al-Haesh" (Sehebera se se rayang "mo molelong") ke lefoko le le tlwaelegileng. Gantsi di diragala ka malatsi a boikhutso a bosetšhaba, jaaka Letsatsi la Kgololosego (Israel), di grill tse dinnye tse di dirisiwang gangwe fela di dirisiwa go apaya dijo tse di farologaneng. Tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke di-kebab tse di nang le koko, nama ya kgomo (segolobogolo nama ya kgomo), nama le merogo tse di farologaneng, kgotsa merogo yotlhe. ==== Lebanon ==== Le fa dijo tsa Lebanese di sa je nama thata, [1] barbecue e sa ntse e tumile ka malatsi a boikhutso ka ntlo nngwe le nngwe e na le barbecue ya magala, e gantsi e bewang mo mabaleng. [2] 2] ==== Turkey ==== [[File:Mangal1.JPG|thumb|Turkish ''mangal'']] Fela jaaka dijo tse dingwe tsa kwa Mediterranean, go besitse nama ka molelo go ratiwa thata kwa Turkey. Kebabs tse di jaaka şiş kebap, Adana kebap, köfte, tlhapi, kgogo, tse dingwe tse di jaaka pelo, diphilo, sebete, tesetiki, sucuk, le merogo e mengwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. == North America == === Canada === Dinama di ntse di apewa mo molelong o o bulegileng ke Baaborijene ba Canada fa e sale go simololwa go nna batho kwa Amerika Bokone. Setso sa barbecue sa US ke selo se se sa tswang go romelwa kwa Canada, se se simolotseng morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe. 2] Go goroga ga yone go ne ga tsamaelana le go anamisiwa ga mofuta mongwe wa "monna wa mo gae" o o neng o rotloediwa ke kgwebo mo go borre ba kwa magaeng ba ba neng ba nna mo ditoropong tsa bogare ka bo1950. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno se ne se farologane thata le ngwao ya kwa Canada, mme ka 1955, setlhogo sengwe mo makasineng wa Maclean's se ne sa bitsa tlwaelo eno se re ke "sengwe se se sa tlwaelegang". 1] Ka jalo, barbecue, ka tlhaloganyo ya Seamerika, ga go kake ga twe ke ngwao e e tseneletseng ya Se-Canada (le fa e ntse e le teng ka gale ka tlhaloganyo ya barbecue ya ntlhantlha ya nama e e apeilweng mo teng ga dithobane mo molelong). Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya kwa bofelong jwa bo1950, barbecue, e e kileng ya bo e le selo se se ratwang thata, e ne ya nna karolo e e nnetseng ruri ya selemo sa kwa Canada. Barbecue ya Canada e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi go tswa mo moagisaneng wa yone wa kwa Amerika, mmogo le go tswa mo mefuteng ya barbecue ya kwa Boritane, Yuropa Bogare le Euro-Mediterranean. Dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeelwang mo barbecue ya kwa Canada ke koko, di-hamburger, di-ribs, di-steak, disoseje le di-shish kebab. Sose ya barbecue e tsenngwa mo go yone fa nama e ntse e apewa, kgotsa pele ga nama e jewa. Fela jaaka kwa United States, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di tlwaelegile. Go apaya dijo mo barbecue, e ka tswa e le ka go di tshuba, go di baka, go di gadika (go di gadika kgotsa go di gadika), kgotsa go di gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga grill) le tsone di ka kopanngwa le dipikiniki. === Caribbean === [[File:Jerk_chicken_july_05.jpg|thumb|Jerk chicken being cooked]] Barbecue e ratiwa thata mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsotlhe tsa Caribbean, nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e na le ditsela tsa yone tsa go e dira le dingwao tsa yone. ==== Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico ==== Mokgwa wa Ba-Taíno ba ba tlholegileng koo o akaretsa go apaya nama ka bonya mo godimo ga logong lo lo dirilweng ka dithobane. Kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean tse go buiwang Se-Spain kwa go tsone, tse di jaaka Cuba, Dominican Republic, mme segolobogolo kwa Puerto Rico, lechon ke dijo tse di rategang thata. Lechon e dirwa ka go tsaya kolobe e e feletseng, o e sega go tswa kwa tlhogong go ya kwa mogatleng go bapa le sehuba le mpa, o bo o e gadika ka bonya fa o ntse o e dikolosa ka thobane. ==== Jamaica ==== Kgogo ya Jamaican jerk ke sekai sa barbecue kwa Jamaica. [[File:Parrillada_Carne_asada.jpg|thumb|''Parrillada carne asada'']] Kwa Mexico, horno ke setlwaedi sa go besetsa ka mmu. Carne asada (e e rayang "nama e e gadikilweng") e dirwa ka dinama tsa kgomo tse di tsentsweng letswai le pepere, di bo di gadikwa. Ka tlwaelo, e jewa mmogo le di-tortilla le dieie tse di gadikilweng le dipepere tse di modumo. Sejo seno jaanong se ratiwa thata mo nageng yotlhe; le fa gone go dumelwa gore se simologile kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya Mexico, gone jaanong se fitlhelwa mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe kwa Mexico le kwa borwabophirima jwa United States. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mefuta e mengwe e le mmalwa ya nama e e besediwang kwa Mexico, go ikaegile ka lefelo le e leng mo go lone. Kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya naga, cabrito ke sejo se se ratwang thata sa barbecue, se se dirilweng ka podi e e feletseng, go sa akarediwe tlhogo, ditlhako le mala (ntle le diphilo), e besitswe ka iketlo/e tshubilwe mo grill e e bulegileng ya magala. Diphio di ntsha monko o o monate fa setoto se ntse se apewa ka bonya mo molelong. Sejo se se tshwanang le seno, se se ratwang thata mo nageng eno yotlhe, ke barbacoa, e leng nama ya nku e e apeilweng ka bonya mo molelong o o butsweng, kgotsa ka tlwaelo mo molelong. Gape, fela jaaka kwa mafelong a mangwe a mantsi kwa Latin America, kwa Mexico go na le ngwao e e nonofileng ya go apaya pollo asado (koko e e gadikilweng e kgaogantswe ka bogare) mo grill e e besitsweng ka magala a mesquite morago ga gore nama ya koko e bedisiwe bosigo jotlhe mo motsweding wa adobo o gantsi o bolokwang ka sephiri. Mo godimo ga carne asada, go na le mefuta e le mmalwa ya nama ya kgomo, ya koko le ya kolobe, mmogo le disoseje (jaaka chorizo le moronga) tse di besitsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa kwa morago ga ntlo kgotsa tsa mofuta wa pikiniki, tse gantsi di bidiwang parrilladas. Mefuta mengwe ya merogo e ka gadikwa mmogo le nama, gantsi e le dieie tse di tala, dipelepele le dipelepele tsa chili, tse gantsi kwa Mexico di bidiwang chiles toreados, kgotsa "dipelepele tsa ntwa ya dipoo". Gantsi kwa dikokoanong tseno go jewa quesadillas le di-tortilla mmogo le dinotsididi tsa bana le dino tse di tagang tsa bagolo. === United States === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue kwa United States, fela go na le mefuta e mene e megolo e e dirisiwang: North Carolina le Memphis, tse di ikaegileng ka nama ya kolobe mme di emela mekgwa ya bogologolo, le Kansas City le Texas, tse di dirisang nama ya kgomo mmogo le ya kolobe. US e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya didiriswa tsa barbecue tsa segompieno tsa kwa metseselegaeng le mekgwa, e gantsi e akaretsang go baka, go gadika (go gadika ka tšhupu, go aena ka tšhupu, kgotsa go gadika ka tšhupu), go gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga tšhupu ya tšhupu ya tšhupu kgotsa ya tšhupu ya tšhupu), kgotsa go tsuba nama e e farologaneng (go ikaegile ka go segwa).[ 1] == South America == [[File:Two_pieces_of_grilled_short_ribs_served_on_a_plate,_2007.jpg|thumb|''Asado de tira'' (flank-cut short ribs)]] [[File:Asado_uruguayo.JPG|thumb|''Asado'' with ''achuras'' (offal) and sausages]] [[File:BushAsado.jpg|thumb|Former President of Uruguay Tabaré Vázquez receives former US President George W. Bush with ''asado a la parrilla'']] [[File:Preparing_the_Asado.jpg|thumb|An ''asado'' on an open pit, an alternative desirable in good weather and with a large crowd of guests]] Asado ke mokgwa wa go apaya dinama, gantsi e le tsa kgomo, mmogo le dinama tse dingwe tse di farologaneng, tse di apeilweng mo grill (parrilla) kgotsa mo molelong o o butsweng. E tsewa e le sejo sa setso sa kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil le Bolivia. === Argentina and Uruguay === Gape gantsi go bidiwa parrilla kgotsa asado kwa Argentina le Uruguay, mefuta e mengwe ke asado al disco le asado al horno de barro, segolobogolo kwa magaeng. Tsela ya go apaya nama le dinama ga e fetoge, go fetolwa fela tsela e nama le dinama tse dingwe di apewang ka yone. Mo mokgweng o o tlwaelegileng thata wa go dira asado a la parrilla, dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa nama, disoseje le dinama di bewa mo godimo ga letlowa la tshipi le le nang le maoto (parrilla) gore nama e eme mo e ka nnang disentimetara di le 15 go tswa fa fatshe. Ka fa tlase ga parrilla go bewa magala, mme go apaya go tsaya metsotso e le 60 go ya go e le 90 go ikaegile ka gore nama e segilwe ka bokima jo bo kana kang. Fa go opelwa asado al disco, go dirisiwa disiki e e onetseng ya mogoma. E re ka e le ya tshipi e bile e le kgolokwe, e na le maoto a tshipi a le mararo kgotsa a le manè a a tshwaraganeng mme fa go tsenngwa magala a a fisang kgotsa logong kafa tlase ga yone, e kgona go dirwa griddle e e kgonang go dira tiro e kgolo (nama ga e fisiwe ka tlhamalalo ke magala kgotsa molelo, ka jalo ga e beswe). Nama le dinama tse dingwe di beilwe ka tsela e e dirang gore mafura a kgone go itsoketsa ka tsela ya tlholego go ya kwa bogareng, mme seno se dira gore nama e se ka ya gadika thata. Gantsi go bewa dipepere le dieie gaufi le matlhakore a nama, gore di tle di ntshe matute a tsone ka iketlo mo nameng. Asado al horno de barro e farologana le asado ya setso, ka gonne e dirilwe ka molelo wa horno. Maubelo ano a bogologolo a tlwaelegile thata kwa di-estancia tsa kwa Argentina, mme tiro ya one ya konokono ke go baka senkgwe, mme gape a siametse go besa nama. Dikolobe tse di anyang le tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang, di jewa jaaka dikonyana, ka gonne ga di omelele thata. Le fa gone e se grill, ke tsela ya setso ya go apaya e e sa ntseng e tlhoka gore motho yo o apayang a bo a na le bokgoni jo bogolo le gore a kopane le ba lelapa le ditsala, e leng tsone dilo tsa konokono tse di dirang gore go nne le asado. Mo godimo ga moo, mokgwa ono wa go apaya o dira gore sejo se nne bonolo se bo se nne le tatso ya mosi. === Brazil === [[File:Churrasqueira_-_Edifício_Solar_das_Laranjeiras_nº_314.JPG|thumb|Brazilian ''churrasqueira'']] Churrasqueira ka Sepotokisi ke mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kopano, tlhomamiso kgotsa sediriswa sa motlakase, se se diretsweng go baakanya churrasco. 1] Gantsi e tla le gridi e e tlhomameng kgotsa e e ntshiwang. "Grill", "grillroom",[2] le "grill area" ke dithanolo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Seesemane tsa churrasqueira. Kwa Brazil, churrasqueira gantsi ke pilara ya ditena e e nang le lefelo la go besetsa mo gare. Mo barbecue ya Brazil, nama e e farologaneng, nama ya kolobe, soseji le koko di apewa mo churrasqueira e e agilweng ka maikaelelo, gantsi e na le ditshegetso tsa di-spit kgotsa di-spitcher. 2] Di-churrasqueiras tse di kgonang go tsamaisiwa di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang go apaya asado ya kwa Argentina le Uruguay, di na le grill e e tshegetsang, mme di-churrasqueiras di le dintsi tsa kwa Brazil ga di na grill, di na le di-spike fela tse di fa godimo ga magala. Nama e ka apewa ka metšhini e megolo ya tshipi kgotsa ya logong e e beilweng mo godimo ga seiphemelo kgotsa e e kgwageditsweng mo mmung mme e besitswe ka magala a a molelo (logong le lone lo ka dirisiwa, segolobogolo kwa kgaolong ya Rio Grande do Sul). === Chile === Kwa Chile, asado ya mo lefelong leo gantsi e jewa le pebre, e leng senoko se se dirwang ka ditlhatshana, garlic le dipepere tse di bolelo. == Oceania == === Australia === Kwa Australia, go besetsa mo barbecue ke selo se se ratiwang thata se se dirwang ka nako ya selemo, se gantsi se bidiwang "barbie". Dinama tse di apewang ka tlwaelo ke dikuku tsa nku, nama ya kgomo, le disoseje (tse di itsegeng jaaka "snags"). Di-barbecue tsa batho botlhe tse di dirisiwang ka madi a tshipi kgotsa tse di dirisiwang ka gase kgotsa motlakase di tlwaelegile mo diparakeng tsa ditoropo. Gantsi biri e tshelwa mo nameng fa e ntse e apewa, go akanngwa gore e dira gore e nne le tatso e e monate fa e ntse e dira gore nama e nne bonolo. Ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tsenngwa marinade gore e nne le tatso e e monate mme e bo e apewa mo poleiting e e fisang kgotsa mo grill. Di-barbecue tsa Australia di tlwaetse go nna ka sejana se se fisang kgotsa halofo ya sejana se se fisang/grill. Go gadika ditlhapi le dijo tse dingwe tsa lewatle jaaka di-shellfish, jaaka di-shrimp le di-rock lobster (tse di itsegeng jaaka "crayfish" kgotsa fela "crays"), di setse di tumile thata kwa Australia mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a fetileng. Dijo tsa sefitlholo ke dijo tse dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng tse di apewang mo barbecue, tse gantsi di akaretsang dijo tse di apewang mo dijong tsa sefitlholo (bacon, mae, disoseje, ditamati, di-mushroom) tse di apewang mo poleiting e e fisang le/kgotsa mo grill. Mokgwa wa kwa Amerika wa go besetsa, kana go goga, o ntse o ratwa thata go na le mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go besetsa Go tshwara barbecues le gone ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go kgobokanya madi mo dikolong le mo baaging ba selegae, koo disoseje le dieie tse di segilweng di apewang mo barbecue ya setaele sa poleiti e e fisang mme di jewa mo borothong jwa borotho jo bosweu kgotsa marotho a di-hotdog, ka sose ya tamati kgotsa sose ya barbecue e e sa bedisiwang. Ditiragalo tseno gantsi di bidiwa gore ke go thunya ga disoseje. Gape eno ke tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya go fepa baithaopi ba ditirelo tsa tshoganyetso, batho ba ba falotseng le bajanala ba ba kgarakgatshegang, gantsi ka mefuta e e farologaneng ya disalate tse di dirwang mo mabenkeleng. Democracy Sausage Sizzle ke tiragalo e e itsegeng thata e mo go yone go dirwang BBQ kwa mafelong a go bouta ka malatsi a ditlhopho tsa sepolotiki. [ 1] === Hawaii === Mekgwa ya go apaya ya batho ba ba tlholegileng kwa Polynesia e ne ya nna ya go apaya ka tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya kwa Hawaii ka go apaya kalua mo ontong e e kafa tlase ga lefatshe e e bidiwang imu, le lūʻau, ya Ba-Hawaii ba ba tlholegileng koo. E ne ya itsege mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ntlha ya bajanala ba lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga ba ba neng ba etela ditlhaketlhake tsa Hawaii. === New Zealand === Go dira barbecue ke selo se se rategang thata kwa New Zealand. Se se tlwaelegileng mo ditshingwaneng tsa batho ba kwa New Zealand, gantsi se tsamaisiwa ka LPG e e mo mabotlolong. Gape go na le mafelo a a dirisiwang go besetsa mo metsing a motlakase mahala mo mabopong a le mantsi le mo diphakeng tsa setšhaba go ralala naga. Dijo tse di apeilweng di akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kwanyana, ya kolobe, tlhapi e e sa tswang go apewa, di-crayfish, di-shellfish le merogo. Boroso ke selo se se rategang thata e bile se batliwa thata kwa barbecue mme, fela jaaka kwa Australia, boroso ke sengwe sa dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go kokoanya madi. Barbecue ya kwa New Zealand e tshwana le motswako wa mekgwa ya kwa Amerika, Boritane, Australia, Afrika Borwa le Ditlhaketlhake tsa Pacific. Mokgatlho wa ditso tse di farologaneng mo New Zealand o tlisitse gape le Pakistan, India, South Asia, Middle Eastern, East Asia, le South America, tseo tsotlhe di tlhotlheleditseng tatso le mefuta ya dijo tse di fitlhelwang kwa barbecue go ralala lefatshe. === South Pacific islands === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia le Polynesia, mme naga nngwe le nngwe le setso sengwe le sengwe se na le tsela ya sone ya go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng mo ontong ya mmu. Dingwe tsa dikai tse di itsegeng thata le tse di dirisiwang ka metlha di fitlhelwa kwa South Pacific Oceania. Ba-Tahiti ba bitsa barbecue ya bone ya mo ontong ya mmu ba re ke hima ⁇ a. Dikilometara di le sekete go tswa foo kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Marquesas, e itsiwe e le umu. Ka tsela e e tshwanang le ya barbecue e e dirwang kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dintsi tsa boboatsatsi, nama ya yone e a tshelwa, e tshelwa motswako o o monate e bile e kgabisitswe ka maungo a lefelo leo a boboatsatsi. Le fa nama ya kolobe e le yone e e jewang thata, nama ya pitse le yone e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tse di jaaka Tonga le Samoa. == Bona gape ==   * List of barbecue dishes * List of smoked foods == Metswedi == bqacdea0o1x70e05mv5ad4okhzz0eue 55428 55427 2026-09-23T15:43:25Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 55428 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''Mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue''' === Go apaya ka tsela e e farologaneng go ikaegile ka mofuta wa nama, sose, go sidila, kana dinoko tse dingwe tse di dirisitsweng, nako ya go apaya e di tsenngwang mo go yone, seabe se mosi o nang le sone, didirisiwa le mafura a a dirisitsweng, themperetšha ya go apaya, le nako ya go apaya. Nama e ka nna ya bo e le e e feletseng, e silwe (e le ya go dira di-hamburger), kgotsa e dirwe soseje kgotsa kebab. Nama e ka nna ya tshelwa marinade kgotsa ya tshelwa ditswaiso pele e apewa, ya tshelwa sose kgotsa oli pele e apewa, fa e ntse e apewa kgotsa fa e sena go apewa, kgotsa ya tshelwa dilo tseno ka bobedi. == Africa == === South Africa === [[File:Braai.JPG|thumb|Sejo se se tlwaelegileng sa braai se se beilweng mo setlhomong se sennye sa braai]] Mo Aforika Borwa, braai (bontsi braais) ke barbecue kgotsa grill mme ke ngwao ya loago mo karolong e kgolo ya Afrika Borwa. Lereo le le simolotse le Afrikaners,[1] mme fa e sale le ne le dirisiwa ke maAforika Borwa a ditso tse di farologaneng. Lefoko la Seaforikanse braaivleis le raya nama e e gadikilweng. Lefoko vleis ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le rayang nama, le le tshwanang le nama ya Seesemane. Braai e tsewa ke bangwe e le lefoko le lengwe la barbecue, ka gore e dirisiwa jaaka lediri fa go tlhalosiwa gore dijo di apewa jang le leina fa go tlhalosiwa didirisiwa tsa go apaya, jaaka grill. Dingwao tse di amanang le braai di ka farologana thata le tsa barbecue, tota le fa mokgwa wa go apaya dijo o tshwana thata. Le fa pele logong e ne e le setukisi sa braai se se neng se dirisiwa thata, mo metlheng ya segompieno tiriso ya magala, dibriquette le gase (gase braai) e oketsegile ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone, jaaka go ntse ka di-barbecue gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[ Le fa go le jalo, go nnile le kgatlhego e ntšhwa mo tirisong ya logong morago ga gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e simolole lenaneo la yona la go tlosa mefuta ya dimela tse di tlhaselang.[ Malapa a le mantsi jaanong a na le gase le logong kgotsa magala a molelo. 4] Magala kgotsa logong lo lo tsentsweng mo sejaneng lo bidiwa sejana sa braai. [[File:Braai_Boerewors.JPG|thumb|''[[Boerewors]]'' and pork in a concrete ''braai'' structure]] Fela jaaka moletlo wa go ja dijo tsa motshegare, moletlo wa braais ke moletlo o o tlwaelegileng le o o lapolosang o mo go one malapa le ditsala ba kopanang kwa lefelong la pikiniki kgotsa kwa ntlong ya mongwe (gantsi e le kwa tshingwaneng kgotsa mo mathuding) ba tshwere nama ya bone, salate kgotsa dijo tse dingwe. Gantsi braai e akaretsa diboerewors, disosatie, dikebab, nama ya koko e e tsentsweng marinine, nama ya kolobe le ya nku, dinama, disoseje tsa ditatso tse di farologaneng le bokima, mme gongwe le diraka tsa makwetekwio. Ditlhapi le dirock lobster, tse gantsi di bidiwang di-crayfish, le tsone di ratiwa thata mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa lewatle, segolobogolo kwa lotshitshing lo lo kafa bophirima le lo lo kafa borwabophirima, mme gape go jewa le dikrebe. "Bring-and-braai" ke braai e moeng a tlisang dijo (gantsi go akaretsa nama) le dino (mo go tse dingwe tsa braais, moamogedi gantsi o rulaganya nama mme baeng ba thusa ka dijo le dino). Karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya dijo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa naga ke pap. Pap e dirilwe ka mmidi o o silweng sentle/mmidi mme e ka jewa ka motswako wa tamati le onion, motswako wa monkey gland, kgotsa chakalaka e e nang le ditswaiso tse dintsi mo braai. Ka dinako tse dingwe tiro eno e bidiwa gape dop en tjop (dop ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le rayang seno se se nang le bojalwa, le le rayang "cap" kgotsa "bottle top", mme tjop ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le sa tlwaelegang le le rayang "lamb chop") fa go dirisiwa bojalwa jo bontsi. Braai ke tiragalo ya go kopana le batho e e nang le dingwao le melao e e rileng ya loago. Morago ga moo, dijo di jewa kwa ntle mo lefelong la go jela, e re ka gantsi dipokano tseno di tshwarwa mo dikgweding tse di telele tsa selemo. General Motors South Africa e dirisitse lereo la braai ka bo1970 mo go jingle ya yona ya "Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies, and Chevrolet" go phasalatsa dikoloi tsa bone mo Aforika Borwa - e e tshwanang le lereo la "baseball, hot dogs, apple pie, and Chevrolet" kwa US le, go le gonnye, "football, meat pies, kangaroos & Holden Cars" e e dirisitsweng kwa Australia. ==== Shisa nyama ==== Shisa nyama, gape e kwalwa chisa nyama kgotsa chesa nyama, ke lereo le le dirisiwang mo ditoropong tse dintsi go tlhalosa barbecue kgotsa braai koo ditsala kgotsa malapa a kopanang go besetsa nama mo molelong o o bulegileng (gantsi gaufi le lefelo la go tlhabela). Lefelo leno gantsi le neelwa ke mong wa lebenkele la nama, mme ke fela batho ba ba rekileng nama kwa lebenkeleng la nama ba ba letleletsweng go dirisa lefelo leno la mahala. ==== National Braai Day ==== Shisa nyama ke polelwana ya Sezulu mme, ka tlhamalalo, e kaya "go gadika nama". Letsatsi la Braai ke go keteka ngwao-boswa e e humileng ya Afrika Borwa le boitlosobodutu jwa yone jo bo sa tshwaneng le bope jwa setšhaba, e leng braai. E ikaeletse go kopanya maAforika Borwa otlhe ka go ba rotloetsa go nna le seabe mo ditirong tse di abelanwang ke ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa batho, ditumelo tsa bodumedi le mefuta ya mebele. [ E ketekwa ngwaga le ngwaga ke maAforika Borwa go ralala lefatshe ka 24 Lwetse (Letsatsi la Ngwaoboswa la Aforika Borwa). Ketsahalo ena e ile ya qalwa ke Mzansi Braai Institute Aforika Borwa ka 2005 mme, ho tloha ka 2008, e ile ya ntshetswa pele tlasa Braai4Heritage banner, mohato o se nang phaello. Ka 5 Lwetse 2007, Moarekabishopo Emeritus Desmond Tutu (yo jaanong a tlhokafetseng) o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motshegetsi wa Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la Braai (jaanong le bidiwang Braai4Heritage). Maiteko a a amogetswe ke Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Ngwao-Boswa ya Aforika Borwa (NHC) ka 2008. === Zimbabwe === Fela jaaka mo Aforika Borwa, lefoko braai le dirisiwa gape ke batho ba kwa Zimbabwe go kaya barbecue. Mafoko a mangwe a a dirisiwang ke kugocha kwa Shona Bokone kgotsa chesa nyama kwa Borwa. Gantsi go apewa mefuta e e farologaneng ya nama, go akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kolobe le ya koko. Ka metlha go na le disalate di le mmalwa tse di tsamaisanang le tsone, tse di akaretsang salate ya ditapole, beet, chakalaka le salate ya khabetšhe. Gape go jewa sadza e e itsegeng thata ka nako ya braai, mmogo le raese. === Kenya === Nyama choma ke leina le le dirisiwang ke Ba Kenya go bitsa barbecue. Ke tiragalo ya go kopana mmogo e e nang le dingwao tse di rileng le melao ya loago. Logong le magala ke dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go dira Nyama choma. Ugali le kachumbari gantsi di jewa jaaka dijo tse di tsenang. == East Asia == === China, Hong Kong, and Macau === [[File:Hkstylebbq.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong style barbecue]] Chuanr ke dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama tse di gadikilweng mo mesamelong e e besitsweng mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, ka dinako tse dingwe, mo molelong wa motlakase. Chuanr e simolotse kwa Xinjiang mme mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana e aname go ralala naga yotlhe jaaka dijo tse di rategang tsa mo mebileng, segolo thata kwa bokone jwa China. Chuanr e ne e dirilwe ka kwana (yáng ròu chuàn, 羊肉串), e e santseng e le yone e e tlwaelegileng thata, mme jaanong, koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo, le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di ka dirisiwa. Mo mafelong a a tletseng ka bajanala, chuanr gape e ka dirwa ka ditshenekegi tse di farologaneng, ditshenekegi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang. Barbecue gape e ka bonwa kwa marekisetsong a bosigo le kwa diresetšhurenteng dingwe, gantsi e rekisiwa ka dipanekuku. Diresetšhurente dingwe di letla bareki go ja mo tafoleng ya bone; bontsi jwa tsone ke diresetšhurente tse di rekisang dijo tse o ka kgonang go di ja. Kwa dikgaolong tse go buiwang Se-Cantonese kwa go tsone, nama ya kolobe e apewa ka tswina ya dinotshe le soy sauce, e bo e apewa e le mela e meleele e e tshesane. Mofuta ono wa barbecue o itsege jaaka char siu, mme gantsi o jewa e bile ke dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa mo mebileng. Mo godimo ga moo, di-barbecue tsa kwa ntle (tse gantsi di itsegeng fela jaaka BBQ) di ratiwa thata ke banni ba ba tsenang maeto a makhutshwane kwa diparakeng tsa kgaolo kwa magaeng. Tsone di jewa ka metlha ka magala, ka dinama tse di tsentsweng marinini, gantsi e le nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, boroso kgotsa diphuka tsa koko, di apewa ka diforoko tse ditelele tse di tshwarwang ka seatla. Tswina ya dinotshe e tsenngwa mo go yone fa e tloga e fela go apewa. Ka nako e e tshwanang, go bewa dikarolwana tsa mmidi le tsa ditapole tse di tsentsweng foile mo godimo ga magala a a fisang; go apewa ga tsone go tsaya nako e telele, ka jalo gantsi di jewa kwa bofelong jwa barbecue Go farologana le meletlo ya kwa Bophirima ya go besetsa, batho botlhe ba phuthega go dikologa molelo mme ba ikapeela dijo tsa bone, ka jalo go nna le moya o o tshwanang le wa go ja fondue kana pitsa e e fisang === Korea === [[File:Korean_barbecue-Galbi-06.jpg|thumb|Korean barbeque grill used for cooking ''galbi'']] Bulgogi (불고기) ke nama ya kgomo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana tse di tshesane (ka dinako tse dingwe e le ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko) e e tshetsweng ka soy sauce, oli ya sesame, konofolo le pepere ya chili, mme e apewa mo grill fa tafoleng. Ke sejo se segolo mme ka jalo se jewa le reise le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka kimchi. Bulgogi ka tlhamalalo e raya "nama e e molelo". Sejo se se tlwaelegileng thata sa kwa Korea se se bidiwang galbi, se se dirwang ka dikgopo tse di tsentsweng metsi. === Japan === Go apaya dijo mo barbecue go ratiwa thata kwa Japane e le tiro e e dirwang kwa ntle, e bile go akaretsa mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go apaya dijo le go di baya mo ntlong. Gantsi go dirisiwa soy sauce le di-sauce le marinade tse di dirilweng ka mirin kgotsa sake, tse di jaaka tse di dirisiwang mo teriyaki. Fa go buiwa ka go apaya, yaki (焼き kgotsa 焼) e raya go apaya ka molelo o o tlhamaletseng. Le fa e ka akaretsa go baka kgotsa go gadika/go gadika mo paneng kgotsa mo paneng, maina a mekgwa e mentsi ya go e apaya a e dirisa jaaka letlhaodi la go gadika kgotsa go gadika. Dinama di le dintsi di apewa ka go gadikwa kgotsa go beswa. Dinama tse di jewang thata ke di-spare ribs, nama ya koko, nama ya kolobe, mmogo le Jingisukan (nama ya nku) le horumonyaki (nama ya kgomo kgotsa ya kolobe). Merogo le dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di dirisiwa thata mo mekgweng e le mentsi ya go dira barbecue kwa Japane. Dikai dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng ke tseno: Robatayaki (炉端焼き; "go apaya fa thoko ga molelo"), gantsi e khutshwafadiwa go nna robata (ろばた), ke mokgwa wa go apaya wa Sejapane, o apeilwe ka Binchōtan (magala a masweu). E simolotse kwa Hokkaido[1], koo batshwaraditlhapi ba neng ba dirisa mafelo a a kwa tlase a molelo go apaya le go thuthafatsa. Gompieno, gantsi go dirisiwa irori kgotsa ditepisi tse di tsholeditsweng, mme mokgwa ono o itsege thata kwa Japane le kwa dinageng tse dingwe. Kushiyaki (串焼き) ke lereo le le anameng, le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo sejaneng (kushi) le tse di besitsweng (yaki). Le fa yakitori e kaya koko (kgotsa, kwa kgaolong, fa go tshelwa marinade e e tshwanang, jaaka kwa Muroran e kaya nama ya kolobe), lereo leno gantsi le dirisiwa ka tsela e e seng ya semmuso le kushiyaki. Ditswaiso tsa Kushiyaki di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha tse pedi: tse di letswai le tse di letswai le tse di botshe. Yakiniku e raya nama e e gadikilweng le merogo e e apeilweng mo gridiron kgotsa mo griddle mo godimo ga molelo wa magala a a gatseditsweng ka go tshelwa metsi a a omileng (sumibi, 炭火) kgotsa mo gaseng kgotsa mo grill ya motlakase, gantsi mo dikarolong tse dinnye. Le fa yakiniku kwa tshimologong e ne e kaya dijo tsa "barbecue" tsa kwa bophirima kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo19[1], tshimologo ya yakiniku ya segompieno e tsewa e le barbecue ya kwa Korea. === Mongolia === Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang ba na le mekgwa e le mmalwa ya go besetsa, e nngwe ya yone e leng khorkhog. Sa ntlha, ba gotetsa maje a a lekanang le seatla mo molelong mme ba bo ba tsenye dikuku le maje mo pitseng. Nako ya go apaya e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa nama ya nku e e dirisitsweng. Go dumelwa gore go tshwara leje le le dirisediwang go apaya go siametse botsogo jwa motho. Tsela e nngwe ya go apaya ke boodog (boo e raya "go phuthela" ka Se-Mongolia). Gantsi marmot kgotsa dipodi di apewa ka tsela eno. Ga go tlhokege pitsa go apaya boodog, morago ga go tlhabiwa le go apeswa, mateng a busediwa mo teng ga setoto ka phatlha e nnye, mme setoto sotlhe se apewa mo molelong. Barbecue ya kwa Mongolia e gantsi e fitlhelwang mo diresetšhurenteng ke mokgwa wa go apaya o ka phoso o amanngwang le mokgwa wa botshelo wa go kgarakgatshega wa Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang. Se go tweng ke "barbecue ya kwa Mongolia", se se simologileng kwa Taiwan mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga go ya kwa bofelong jwa lone, ke sejo se se rategang thata kwa diresetšhurenteng tsa Ba-China kwa Amerika le kwa Canada, se se dirilweng ka dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama ya nku, ya kgomo, ya koko, ya kolobe kgotsa nama e nngwe, ditswaiso, merogo le di-noodle kgotsa motswako wa tsone, tse di apewang ka bonako mo godimo ga tshipi e e sephaphathi e e kgolokwe e e setseng e bedisitswe. == Southeast Asia == Satay e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng di le mmalwa tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, tse di jaaka Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia le Philippines. Se dirilwe ka dinama tse di kgabetletsweng mo ditlhomesong tsa bamboo tse di tsentsweng motswako wa ditswaiso tse di tshwanang le motswako wa kheri le matonkomane a a thubagantsweng. Dinama tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke nama ya koko, ya nku le ya kgomo, mme mo mafelong a e seng a Bamoseleme motho o tla fitlhela gape le satay e e dirilweng ka nama ya kolobe le ya nama ya diphologolo. Satay ke sejo se se dirisiwang thata mo dijong tse dintsi tsa barbecue tsa kwa Malaysia, Indonesia le Singapore. Satay ya setso e dirisa fela nama ya dikgogo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana pele ga e tlhabiwa. Mefuta e mengwe ya satay e akaretsa nama ya kolobe, ya nku le ya kgomo. Fa nama e sena go apewa mo molelong wa magala, e jewa mmogo le sopo e e boteng, e e nang le botlhole e e dirilweng ka motswako o o tshwanang le wa marinade wa nama, motswako o o nang le tatso ya matonkomane, o o tshwanang le wa kheri. Kwa dikgaolong tsa dithaba tsa Borneo Bokone, dijo tse di kgethegileng tsa batho ba Kadazan ba lefelo leo ke satay ya nama ya koko le satay ya nama ya noga, le fa e le gore seno sa bofelo, go tloga ka 2007, se bonwa fela mo maemong a a kgethegileng Pele ga 1990, go ne go kgonega go bona satay ya diphologolo tse di jaaka tapir, ditlou, phokoje e e fofang, di-goanna le dikolobe tsa naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, gone jaanong diphologolo tseno ga di tlhole di bonwa motlhofo kgotsa di mo kotsing ya go nyelela mme go di dirisa ka tsela eno go thibetswe. === Phillippines === [[File:Dinagyang_2009_grilled_meat_on_display.jpg|thumb|Various types of ''inihaw'' at the Dinagyang Festival]] [[File:Lechon_Camiguin.jpg|thumb|Philippine ]] Kwa Philippines, dijo tse di jewang kwa barbecue di bidiwa inihaw (e gape e bidiwang sinugba kgotsa inasal). Gantsi di dirwa ka nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko mme di jewa ka dipanekuku tsa bamboo kgotsa ka dikhubanyana tse dinnye tse di tsentsweng soy sauce le asene. Gape le ka kaya sejo sepe fela sa nama kgotsa sa ditlhapi se se apeilweng ka tsela e e tshwanang. Inihaw di rekiswa jaaka dijo tsa mo mebileng mme di jewa le raese e tshweu kgotsa raese e e apeilweng mo matlhareng a khokhonate (pusô). Mefuta e e itsegeng ya dijo tsa inihaw e akaretsa nama ya koko, satti (mofuta wa setswana wa satay), le isaw. Mofuta mongwe o o rategang thata wa inihaw ke lechón, e leng sejo sa kolobe se se besitsweng se se tsentsweng matute se tsentswe moretlwa le ditswaiso. Le fa gone e ne ya nna le leina la Se-Spain ka nako ya bokoloniale, tsela e e apewang ka yone le dilo tse di dirisiwang mo go yone ke tsa kwa Philippines. Lechon manok, e e dirwang ka koko e e feletseng, le yone e ratiwa thata. "Barbecue" (e bile e bidiwa "BBQ" kgotsa "barbeque") gape ke lefoko le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo dipitseng. Seno se akaretsa dijo tsa sefitlholo jaaka banana cue le camote cue. === SingaporeSingapore === Kwa Singapore, barbecue kgotsa BBQ, jaaka e itsege, ke selo se se tlwaelegileng kwa dikokoanong tsa batho, mme ga se selo se se tlwaelegileng thata mo tseleng ya botshelo le dijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa batho ba kwa Singapore. Bontsi jwa batho ba Singapore ba nna mo difoleteng tse di tshegediwang ka madi ke puso kgotsa difoleteng tsa HDB. Go tlhoka mafelo a a bulegileng mo magaeng go felela ka gore batho ba kopane mo diparakeng kana mo matlong a mannye. Boto ya Ditshingwana tsa Naga ya Singapore e hira mafelo a go dirwang barbecue mo go one a a beilweng mo diphakeng tse di rategang tse di jaaka East Coast Park, Punggol Park, Pasir Ris Park, West Coast Park, Changi Beach Park, Sembawang Park le Pulau Ubin. Mofuta wa BBQ wa kwa Singapore gantsi o bedisiwa ka magala mme batho ba kwa Singapore ba gadika dijo tse di farologaneng tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia le tsa kwa Bophirima. Kwa ntle ga satay, dijo tse dingwe tsa BBQ di akaretsa sambal stingray kgotsa cuttlefish e e phuthetsweng ka foil ya aluminiamo, nama e e gadikilweng (koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo) e e tsentsweng marinini mo motswakong wa BBQ o gantsi o dirilweng ka motswako wa soya, pepere, letswai, sukiri le motswako wa oyster. Boroso jwa Taiwan, boroso jwa koko le boroso le tsone di a gadikwa. Di-marshmallow tse di dirwang ka dithupa tsa satay ke sengwe sa dilo tse di kgatlhang thata mo barbecue ya kwa Singapore. Motšhine o o simololang molelo o o dirisiwang ga se one o gantsi o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo kgotsa o o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo. Go na le moo, setimamolelo se tsenngwa mo lebokosong le le nang le dibriquette tse dinnye tse di dirilweng ka seretse le bonota tse di tshubilweng mme di bo di bewa kafa tlase ga mokoa wa dibriquette tsa magala. === Thailand === Mu kratha ke mokgwa wa go apaya o o simolotseng kwa Thailand, kwa Philippines, Singapore le Malaysia, o itsege jaaka mookata. Mu kratha e apewa ka nama e e segilweng (gantsi e le ya kolobe) e besitswe mo godimo ga dome fa merogo le diteng tse dingwe, jaaka dibolo tsa tlhapi, di apewa mo sopong (e gape e bidiwang Thai suki). Pitsa e e fisang e nna mo kgamelong ya magala a a tukang a a besang kgotsa a a bedisang dijo. Dijo tse di siametseng mokgwa ono wa go apaya ke nama ya kolobe, nama ya koko, nama ya nku, nama ya nku, dijo tsa lewatle, merogo le di-mushroom. Dijo tsa setso tsa Se-Thai tse di bidiwang mu kratha gantsi di jewa le nam chim suki, e leng sopo e e rategang thata. E itsege thata ka go dirisa sose ya chili jaaka motswako o mogolo. Diresetšhurente dingwe di na le nama ya lewatle e e bidiwang nam chim. Fa o apaya mu kratha, gantsi go tsenngwa karolo ya mafura kwa godimo ga pane gore mafura a yone a se ka a kgomaretsa dijo. Barbecue kwa Thailand gantsi e fitlhelwa kwa diresetšhurenteng tse di mo teng ga mafelo a mabenkele jaaka Bar-B-Q Plaza e e leng lefelo la go jela la mu kratha. Kwantle ga mu kratha, dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di besitsweng kwa Thailand ke satay, kho mu yang le kai yang. == South Asia == === India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan === [[File:Chicken_Tikka.jpg|thumb| Chicken <nowiki><i id="mwAdU">tikka</i></nowiki> with a variety of other dishes cooked and served under the BBQ method]] Go dirisa ontong ya tandoor ke mokgwa wa go besetsa le go baka wa kwa Asia Borwa o o tlwaelegileng kwa India Bokone, Afghanistan le Pakistan. Ka tlwaelo, go gadika le go besa tandoori go dirisa ditswaiso tsa lefelo leo, segolobogolo mefuta e mentsi ya motswako wa kheri. Dinama tse di gadikilweng ka Tandoor, merogo, le dinkgwe tse di sephaphathi (roti, naan), di ka dirisiwa morago ga go tsidifatsa le go gadika, kgotsa di ka dirisiwa jaaka kgato ya go baakanyetsa dijo tse dingwe, jaaka makhani, kgotsa dipharologano tse di jaaka tikka masala, tse ka bobedi e leng dipontsho tse di tumileng tsa dijo tsa setso le tsa segompieno tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa India. Pathar-ka-Gosht le yone ke sejo se sengwe sa kwa India Borwa se se apewang mo grill e e dirilweng ka matlapa se se dirwang ka nama ya podi. == Europe == === The Alps === Mokgwa wa go apaya wa setso o o dirisiwang, mme e seng fela, kwa French le Swiss Alps, pierrade e akaretsa go apaya nama (gantsi) mo letlapeng le le mogote, le le mo tafoleng ya go apaya. [[File:Thüringer_Rostbratwurst.jpg|thumb|Thuringian sausages on the "Rost"]] Bajeremane ba rata thata tsela ya bone ya go apaya ka tsela ya barbecue, e leng go apaya ka grill (Grillen), segolobogolo ka selemo. Ke karolo e le nngwe fela ya go apaya mo gae e e leng tiro e e dirwang thata ke banna. Majeremane a apaya mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, gantsi, gase, mme nama e e gadikilweng e akaretsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya Bratwurst jaaka boroso ya Thuringian ka sekai, gammogo le di-steak (segolobogolo di-steak tsa nama ya kolobe tse di tshasitsweng go tswa mo legetleng), Frikadellen (di-dumplings tsa nama e e gadikilweng), Rostbrätel le nama ya kgomo. Mo meletlong ya kgaolo eno go na le dijo tse di gadikilweng go simolola ka tlhapi e e bidiwang eel go ya go trout, nama yotlhe ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, ya koko le ya letata. [[File:Mutzbraten_serviert.JPG|thumb|''Mutzbraten'' with ''sauerkraut'' and bread]] Go goga motsoko ke selo se se dirwang thata kwa mafelong a go bolaelwang nama kwa go one kwa Jeremane, mme mekgwa e e dirisiwang ya go goga motsoko fela ga e ise e tlwaelege go fitlha dingwaga di le mmalwa tse di fetileng. Sejo sa bogologolo sa kwa Jeremane sa barbecue ke Mutzbraten (legetla la nama ya kolobe) kwa Saxony le Thuringia, se se lekanang le monwana wa kolobe e e nang le marinade e e nonofileng, e e omileng e e nang le marjoram, pepere le letswai, e apeilwe le go tshubiwa mo godimo ga dikapetla tsa logong lwa birch. Gantsi e jewa ka borotho jwa rye-wheat, sauerkraut le mustard. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go tsuba mo barbecue le yone e a anama kwa Jeremane e bile nama e e ntshitsweng e e jaaka ya kolobe, ya kgogo le ya turkey mmogo le mefuta e e farologaneng ya disoso tsa barbecue le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka salate ya khabetšhe di teng mo marekisetsong a magolo. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue e tswa kwa United States, Turkey, Greece, Balkans, le kwa mafelong a bafaladi kwa Jeremane, mmogo le dingwao tse di itsegeng tsa go besetsa kwa ntle kwa Jeremane tse di tlhamilweng ke bafaladi le baeng ba ba tswang kwa Soviet Union ya pele. === Mediterranean === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tsa Mediterranean, tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke dijo tsa setso tsa Mediterranean. Oli ya motlhware ke karolo ya konokono ya barbecue ya Mediterranean. Dijo tse di apewang thata ke nama ya koko, nama ya kgomo, souvlakis/brochettes, halloumi cheese, le borotho jwa pita, mme di ka apewa mo grill, di ka apewa kgotsa ka bobedi. Mo godimo ga moo, dijo dingwe di apewa ka go di gadika le go di gadika gore di nne le mefuta e e farologaneng. Gantsi, nama e e besitsweng e tsenngwa oli ya motlhware le matute a dinotshe, mme e bo e kgabisitswe ka merogo le ditswaiso tse di farologaneng; gantsi go tsenngwa persillade ya motheo le mefuta e mengwe e e farologaneng mo godimo ga nama. === Russia === Shashlik ke mofuta wa se-Russia wa shish kebab, mme fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya boditšhabatšhaba, e apewa mo grill. Gantsi e dirwa ka nama ya nku, mme gape e ka dirwa ka nama ya kolobe, ya kgomo, ya nama ya kgomo e e gadikilweng, ya koko kgotsa ya sturgeon. === Scandinavian countries === Barbecue kwa dinageng tsa Scandinavia, jaaka Finland, Denmark le Sweden, e tshwana thata le barbecue kwa Jeremane, e bile e na le leina le le tshwanang. Ka tlwaelo, nama ya setso e e jaaka ya koko, kgomo, kwana, kolobe le disoseje, di a apewa. Ditlhapi tsa selegae jaaka salmon, perch le mackerel gantsi di gadikwa mo molelong o o bulegileng kgotsa di a gogiwa. === United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland === Go apaya mo barbecue ke mokgwa o o tumileng wa go apaya le go ja kwa ntle kwa United Kingdom le kwa Repaboliking ya Ireland. Matlo a le mantsi a na le lefelo la go besetsa, le gantsi le leng kwa morago ga ntlo. Tse di tumileng thata ke tse di agilweng ka tshipi tse di nang le maotwana go dira gore go nne motlhofo go tsamaisa didirisiwa, mme gape go dirisiwa le tse di agilweng ka ditena tse di nnelang ruri. Magala le gase e e tsentsweng mo mabotlolong di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, mme didiriswa tse di dirisang dikgong le gase ga di dirisiwe thata. Dijo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeilweng ke nama ya koko, di-hamburger, disoseje, nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, mmidi o o apeilweng mo godimo ga kgomo, di-shish kebab, le nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, e e apeilweng ka go gadika, go baka kgotsa go kopanya mekgwa eno ka bobedi. Dijo tse di sa tlwaelegang thata di akaretsa dikwanyana, tlhapi, dikreiti, lobster, halloumi (cheese), squash, ditapole, di-plantain, asparagus, beetroot, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kolobe le dijo tsa soya kgotsa Quorn. Fela jaaka kwa United States, ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tshelwa sopo ya barbecue pele e apewa kgotsa fa e ntse e apewa. Marekisetso otlhe a magolo a marekisetso jaanong a na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa barbecue, le fa gone di le teng fela ka paka ya barbecue (go ela kwa bofelong jwa dikgakologo go ya kwa masimologong a letlhabula). Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke tsa ditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa mo merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kakaretso, mokgwa wa go besetsa wa kwa Boritane o tshwana thata le wa kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. Bosheng jaana, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di simolotse go tshwarwa kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Boritane, fela jaaka tse di tshwarwang kwa United States, Canada, Yuropa le Australia. Dikgaisano dingwe di letla ditlhopha, mmogo le batho ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng, go gaisana. == West Asia and Eastern Mediterranean == Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke dijo tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go le jalo, ka kakaretso, mekgwa ya go beela ya kwa Boritane e tshwana thata le ya kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. === Iran === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya kabob ya Seperesia, e e itsegeng thata ke kubideh kabob, e leng nama ya kgomo e e sitsweng e e tlhabilweng e bo e besediwa kwa ntle mo molelong wa magala. Gape go na le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya koko e e tsentsweng metsi e e bidiwang jujeh kabob, le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya kolobe e e nang le filet-mignon e e bidiwang kabob barg. Bobedi jwa bone ba tlhabilwe ka thipa. Mefuta yotlhe e meraro ya konokono ya Persian kabob gantsi e jewa le raese ya se-Iranian saffron le salate ya Shirazi, mme gape e ka jewa le senkgwe sa lavash sa kwa Botlhaba-Gare. === Levant === Mo dinageng tsa Levant, dijo tse di farologaneng tse di besitsweng di ratiwa thata. Kebabs tse di jaaka shish taouk le tse dingwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. Dijo tse di besitsweng di bidiwa mashawi ka Searabia sa Levantine. ==== Israel ==== Kwa Iseraele, "Al-Haesh" (Sehebera se se rayang "mo molelong") ke lefoko le le tlwaelegileng. Gantsi di diragala ka malatsi a boikhutso a bosetšhaba, jaaka Letsatsi la Kgololosego (Israel), di grill tse dinnye tse di dirisiwang gangwe fela di dirisiwa go apaya dijo tse di farologaneng. Tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke di-kebab tse di nang le koko, nama ya kgomo (segolobogolo nama ya kgomo), nama le merogo tse di farologaneng, kgotsa merogo yotlhe. ==== Lebanon ==== Le fa dijo tsa Lebanese di sa je nama thata, [1] barbecue e sa ntse e tumile ka malatsi a boikhutso ka ntlo nngwe le nngwe e na le barbecue ya magala, e gantsi e bewang mo mabaleng. [2] 2] ==== Turkey ==== [[File:Mangal1.JPG|thumb|Turkish ''mangal'']] Fela jaaka dijo tse dingwe tsa kwa Mediterranean, go besitse nama ka molelo go ratiwa thata kwa Turkey. Kebabs tse di jaaka şiş kebap, Adana kebap, köfte, tlhapi, kgogo, tse dingwe tse di jaaka pelo, diphilo, sebete, tesetiki, sucuk, le merogo e mengwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. == North America == === Canada === Dinama di ntse di apewa mo molelong o o bulegileng ke Baaborijene ba Canada fa e sale go simololwa go nna batho kwa Amerika Bokone. Setso sa barbecue sa US ke selo se se sa tswang go romelwa kwa Canada, se se simolotseng morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe. Go goroga ga yone go ne ga tsamaelana le go anamisiwa ga mofuta mongwe wa "monna wa mo gae" o o neng o rotloediwa ke kgwebo mo go borre ba kwa magaeng ba ba neng ba nna mo ditoropong tsa bogare ka bo1950. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno se ne se farologane thata le ngwao ya kwa Canada, mme ka 1955, setlhogo sengwe mo makasineng wa Maclean's se ne sa bitsa tlwaelo eno se re ke "sengwe se se sa tlwaelegang". Ka jalo, barbecue, ka tlhaloganyo ya Seamerika, ga go kake ga twe ke ngwao e e tseneletseng ya Se-Canada (le fa e ntse e le teng ka gale ka tlhaloganyo ya barbecue ya ntlhantlha ya nama e e apeilweng mo teng ga dithobane mo molelong). Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya kwa bofelong jwa bo1950, barbecue, e e kileng ya bo e le selo se se ratwang thata, e ne ya nna karolo e e nnetseng ruri ya selemo sa kwa Canada. Barbecue ya Canada e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi go tswa mo moagisaneng wa yone wa kwa Amerika, mmogo le go tswa mo mefuteng ya barbecue ya kwa Boritane, Yuropa Bogare le Euro-Mediterranean. Dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeelwang mo barbecue ya kwa Canada ke koko, di-hamburger, di-ribs, di-steak, disoseje le di-shish kebab. Sose ya barbecue e tsenngwa mo go yone fa nama e ntse e apewa, kgotsa pele ga nama e jewa. Fela jaaka kwa United States, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di tlwaelegile. Go apaya dijo mo barbecue, e ka tswa e le ka go di tshuba, go di baka, go di gadika (go di gadika kgotsa go di gadika), kgotsa go di gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga grill) le tsone di ka kopanngwa le dipikiniki. === Caribbean === [[File:Jerk_chicken_july_05.jpg|thumb|Jerk chicken being cooked]] Barbecue e ratiwa thata mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsotlhe tsa Caribbean, nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e na le ditsela tsa yone tsa go e dira le dingwao tsa yone. ==== Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico ==== Mokgwa wa Ba-Taíno ba ba tlholegileng koo o akaretsa go apaya nama ka bonya mo godimo ga logong lo lo dirilweng ka dithobane. Kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean tse go buiwang Se-Spain kwa go tsone, tse di jaaka Cuba, Dominican Republic, mme segolobogolo kwa Puerto Rico, lechon ke dijo tse di rategang thata. Lechon e dirwa ka go tsaya kolobe e e feletseng, o e sega go tswa kwa tlhogong go ya kwa mogatleng go bapa le sehuba le mpa, o bo o e gadika ka bonya fa o ntse o e dikolosa ka thobane. ==== Jamaica ==== Kgogo ya Jamaican jerk ke sekai sa barbecue kwa Jamaica. [[File:Parrillada_Carne_asada.jpg|thumb|''Parrillada carne asada'']] Kwa Mexico, horno ke setlwaedi sa go besetsa ka mmu. Carne asada (e e rayang "nama e e gadikilweng") e dirwa ka dinama tsa kgomo tse di tsentsweng letswai le pepere, di bo di gadikwa. Ka tlwaelo, e jewa mmogo le di-tortilla le dieie tse di gadikilweng le dipepere tse di modumo. Sejo seno jaanong se ratiwa thata mo nageng yotlhe; le fa gone go dumelwa gore se simologile kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya Mexico, gone jaanong se fitlhelwa mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe kwa Mexico le kwa borwabophirima jwa United States. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mefuta e mengwe e le mmalwa ya nama e e besediwang kwa Mexico, go ikaegile ka lefelo le e leng mo go lone. Kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya naga, cabrito ke sejo se se ratwang thata sa barbecue, se se dirilweng ka podi e e feletseng, go sa akarediwe tlhogo, ditlhako le mala (ntle le diphilo), e besitswe ka iketlo/e tshubilwe mo grill e e bulegileng ya magala. Diphio di ntsha monko o o monate fa setoto se ntse se apewa ka bonya mo molelong. Sejo se se tshwanang le seno, se se ratwang thata mo nageng eno yotlhe, ke barbacoa, e leng nama ya nku e e apeilweng ka bonya mo molelong o o butsweng, kgotsa ka tlwaelo mo molelong. Gape, fela jaaka kwa mafelong a mangwe a mantsi kwa Latin America, kwa Mexico go na le ngwao e e nonofileng ya go apaya pollo asado (koko e e gadikilweng e kgaogantswe ka bogare) mo grill e e besitsweng ka magala a mesquite morago ga gore nama ya koko e bedisiwe bosigo jotlhe mo motsweding wa adobo o gantsi o bolokwang ka sephiri. Mo godimo ga carne asada, go na le mefuta e le mmalwa ya nama ya kgomo, ya koko le ya kolobe, mmogo le disoseje (jaaka chorizo le moronga) tse di besitsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa kwa morago ga ntlo kgotsa tsa mofuta wa pikiniki, tse gantsi di bidiwang parrilladas. Mefuta mengwe ya merogo e ka gadikwa mmogo le nama, gantsi e le dieie tse di tala, dipelepele le dipelepele tsa chili, tse gantsi kwa Mexico di bidiwang chiles toreados, kgotsa "dipelepele tsa ntwa ya dipoo". Gantsi kwa dikokoanong tseno go jewa quesadillas le di-tortilla mmogo le dinotsididi tsa bana le dino tse di tagang tsa bagolo. === United States === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue kwa United States, fela go na le mefuta e mene e megolo e e dirisiwang: North Carolina le Memphis, tse di ikaegileng ka nama ya kolobe mme di emela mekgwa ya bogologolo, le Kansas City le Texas, tse di dirisang nama ya kgomo mmogo le ya kolobe. US e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya didiriswa tsa barbecue tsa segompieno tsa kwa metseselegaeng le mekgwa, e gantsi e akaretsang go baka, go gadika (go gadika ka tšhupu, go aena ka tšhupu, kgotsa go gadika ka tšhupu), go gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga tšhupu ya tšhupu ya tšhupu kgotsa ya tšhupu ya tšhupu), kgotsa go tsuba nama e e farologaneng (go ikaegile ka go segwa). == South America == [[File:Two_pieces_of_grilled_short_ribs_served_on_a_plate,_2007.jpg|thumb|''Asado de tira'' (flank-cut short ribs)]] [[File:Asado_uruguayo.JPG|thumb|''Asado'' with ''achuras'' (offal) and sausages]] [[File:BushAsado.jpg|thumb|Former President of Uruguay Tabaré Vázquez receives former US President George W. Bush with ''asado a la parrilla'']] [[File:Preparing_the_Asado.jpg|thumb|An ''asado'' on an open pit, an alternative desirable in good weather and with a large crowd of guests]] Asado ke mokgwa wa go apaya dinama, gantsi e le tsa kgomo, mmogo le dinama tse dingwe tse di farologaneng, tse di apeilweng mo grill (parrilla) kgotsa mo molelong o o butsweng. E tsewa e le sejo sa setso sa kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil le Bolivia. === Argentina and Uruguay === Gape gantsi go bidiwa parrilla kgotsa asado kwa Argentina le Uruguay, mefuta e mengwe ke asado al disco le asado al horno de barro, segolobogolo kwa magaeng. Tsela ya go apaya nama le dinama ga e fetoge, go fetolwa fela tsela e nama le dinama tse dingwe di apewang ka yone. Mo mokgweng o o tlwaelegileng thata wa go dira asado a la parrilla, dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa nama, disoseje le dinama di bewa mo godimo ga letlowa la tshipi le le nang le maoto (parrilla) gore nama e eme mo e ka nnang disentimetara di le 15 go tswa fa fatshe. Ka fa tlase ga parrilla go bewa magala, mme go apaya go tsaya metsotso e le 60 go ya go e le 90 go ikaegile ka gore nama e segilwe ka bokima jo bo kana kang. Fa go opelwa asado al disco, go dirisiwa disiki e e onetseng ya mogoma. E re ka e le ya tshipi e bile e le kgolokwe, e na le maoto a tshipi a le mararo kgotsa a le manè a a tshwaraganeng mme fa go tsenngwa magala a a fisang kgotsa logong kafa tlase ga yone, e kgona go dirwa griddle e e kgonang go dira tiro e kgolo (nama ga e fisiwe ka tlhamalalo ke magala kgotsa molelo, ka jalo ga e beswe). Nama le dinama tse dingwe di beilwe ka tsela e e dirang gore mafura a kgone go itsoketsa ka tsela ya tlholego go ya kwa bogareng, mme seno se dira gore nama e se ka ya gadika thata. Gantsi go bewa dipepere le dieie gaufi le matlhakore a nama, gore di tle di ntshe matute a tsone ka iketlo mo nameng. Asado al horno de barro e farologana le asado ya setso, ka gonne e dirilwe ka molelo wa horno. Maubelo ano a bogologolo a tlwaelegile thata kwa di-estancia tsa kwa Argentina, mme tiro ya one ya konokono ke go baka senkgwe, mme gape a siametse go besa nama. Dikolobe tse di anyang le tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang, di jewa jaaka dikonyana, ka gonne ga di omelele thata. Le fa gone e se grill, ke tsela ya setso ya go apaya e e sa ntseng e tlhoka gore motho yo o apayang a bo a na le bokgoni jo bogolo le gore a kopane le ba lelapa le ditsala, e leng tsone dilo tsa konokono tse di dirang gore go nne le asado. Mo godimo ga moo, mokgwa ono wa go apaya o dira gore sejo se nne bonolo se bo se nne le tatso ya mosi. === Brazil === [[File:Churrasqueira_-_Edifício_Solar_das_Laranjeiras_nº_314.JPG|thumb|Brazilian ''churrasqueira'']] Churrasqueira ka Sepotokisi ke mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kopano, tlhomamiso kgotsa sediriswa sa motlakase, se se diretsweng go baakanya churrasco. Gantsi e tla le gridi e e tlhomameng kgotsa e e ntshiwang. "Grill", "grillroom",le "grill area" ke dithanolo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Seesemane tsa churrasqueira. Kwa Brazil, churrasqueira gantsi ke pilara ya ditena e e nang le lefelo la go besetsa mo gare. Mo barbecue ya Brazil, nama e e farologaneng, nama ya kolobe, soseji le koko di apewa mo churrasqueira e e agilweng ka maikaelelo, gantsi e na le ditshegetso tsa di-spit kgotsa di-spitcher. Di-churrasqueiras tse di kgonang go tsamaisiwa di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang go apaya asado ya kwa Argentina le Uruguay, di na le grill e e tshegetsang, mme di-churrasqueiras di le dintsi tsa kwa Brazil ga di na grill, di na le di-spike fela tse di fa godimo ga magala. Nama e ka apewa ka metšhini e megolo ya tshipi kgotsa ya logong e e beilweng mo godimo ga seiphemelo kgotsa e e kgwageditsweng mo mmung mme e besitswe ka magala a a molelo (logong le lone lo ka dirisiwa, segolobogolo kwa kgaolong ya Rio Grande do Sul). === Chile === Kwa Chile, asado ya mo lefelong leo gantsi e jewa le pebre, e leng senoko se se dirwang ka ditlhatshana, garlic le dipepere tse di bolelo. == Oceania == === Australia === Kwa Australia, go besetsa mo barbecue ke selo se se ratiwang thata se se dirwang ka nako ya selemo, se gantsi se bidiwang "barbie". Dinama tse di apewang ka tlwaelo ke dikuku tsa nku, nama ya kgomo, le disoseje (tse di itsegeng jaaka "snags"). Di-barbecue tsa batho botlhe tse di dirisiwang ka madi a tshipi kgotsa tse di dirisiwang ka gase kgotsa motlakase di tlwaelegile mo diparakeng tsa ditoropo. Gantsi biri e tshelwa mo nameng fa e ntse e apewa, go akanngwa gore e dira gore e nne le tatso e e monate fa e ntse e dira gore nama e nne bonolo. Ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tsenngwa marinade gore e nne le tatso e e monate mme e bo e apewa mo poleiting e e fisang kgotsa mo grill. Di-barbecue tsa Australia di tlwaetse go nna ka sejana se se fisang kgotsa halofo ya sejana se se fisang/grill. Go gadika ditlhapi le dijo tse dingwe tsa lewatle jaaka di-shellfish, jaaka di-shrimp le di-rock lobster (tse di itsegeng jaaka "crayfish" kgotsa fela "crays"), di setse di tumile thata kwa Australia mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a fetileng. Dijo tsa sefitlholo ke dijo tse dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng tse di apewang mo barbecue, tse gantsi di akaretsang dijo tse di apewang mo dijong tsa sefitlholo (bacon, mae, disoseje, ditamati, di-mushroom) tse di apewang mo poleiting e e fisang le/kgotsa mo grill. Mokgwa wa kwa Amerika wa go besetsa, kana go goga, o ntse o ratwa thata go na le mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go besetsa Go tshwara barbecues le gone ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go kgobokanya madi mo dikolong le mo baaging ba selegae, koo disoseje le dieie tse di segilweng di apewang mo barbecue ya setaele sa poleiti e e fisang mme di jewa mo borothong jwa borotho jo bosweu kgotsa marotho a di-hotdog, ka sose ya tamati kgotsa sose ya barbecue e e sa bedisiwang. Ditiragalo tseno gantsi di bidiwa gore ke go thunya ga disoseje. Gape eno ke tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya go fepa baithaopi ba ditirelo tsa tshoganyetso, batho ba ba falotseng le bajanala ba ba kgarakgatshegang, gantsi ka mefuta e e farologaneng ya disalate tse di dirwang mo mabenkeleng. Democracy Sausage Sizzle ke tiragalo e e itsegeng thata e mo go yone go dirwang BBQ kwa mafelong a go bouta ka malatsi a ditlhopho tsa sepolotiki. === Hawaii === Mekgwa ya go apaya ya batho ba ba tlholegileng kwa Polynesia e ne ya nna ya go apaya ka tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya kwa Hawaii ka go apaya kalua mo ontong e e kafa tlase ga lefatshe e e bidiwang imu, le lūʻau, ya Ba-Hawaii ba ba tlholegileng koo. E ne ya itsege mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ntlha ya bajanala ba lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga ba ba neng ba etela ditlhaketlhake tsa Hawaii. === New Zealand === Go dira barbecue ke selo se se rategang thata kwa New Zealand. Se se tlwaelegileng mo ditshingwaneng tsa batho ba kwa New Zealand, gantsi se tsamaisiwa ka LPG e e mo mabotlolong. Gape go na le mafelo a a dirisiwang go besetsa mo metsing a motlakase mahala mo mabopong a le mantsi le mo diphakeng tsa setšhaba go ralala naga. Dijo tse di apeilweng di akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kwanyana, ya kolobe, tlhapi e e sa tswang go apewa, di-crayfish, di-shellfish le merogo. Boroso ke selo se se rategang thata e bile se batliwa thata kwa barbecue mme, fela jaaka kwa Australia, boroso ke sengwe sa dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go kokoanya madi. Barbecue ya kwa New Zealand e tshwana le motswako wa mekgwa ya kwa Amerika, Boritane, Australia, Afrika Borwa le Ditlhaketlhake tsa Pacific. Mokgatlho wa ditso tse di farologaneng mo New Zealand o tlisitse gape le Pakistan, India, South Asia, Middle Eastern, East Asia, le South America, tseo tsotlhe di tlhotlheleditseng tatso le mefuta ya dijo tse di fitlhelwang kwa barbecue go ralala lefatshe. === South Pacific islands === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia le Polynesia, mme naga nngwe le nngwe le setso sengwe le sengwe se na le tsela ya sone ya go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng mo ontong ya mmu. Dingwe tsa dikai tse di itsegeng thata le tse di dirisiwang ka metlha di fitlhelwa kwa South Pacific Oceania. Ba-Tahiti ba bitsa barbecue ya bone ya mo ontong ya mmu ba re ke hima. Dikilometara di le sekete go tswa foo kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Marquesas, e itsiwe e le umu. Ka tsela e e tshwanang le ya barbecue e e dirwang kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dintsi tsa boboatsatsi, nama ya yone e a tshelwa, e tshelwa motswako o o monate e bile e kgabisitswe ka maungo a lefelo leo a boboatsatsi. Le fa nama ya kolobe e le yone e e jewang thata, nama ya pitse le yone e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tse di jaaka Tonga le Samoa. == Bona gape ==   * List of barbecue dishes * List of smoked foods == Metswedi == jrklbbnzorh8hs0tl7hjkrnwhmm1uwp 55471 55428 2026-09-23T19:56:14Z Dumbassman 6831 55471 wikitext text/x-wiki Go apaya ka tsela e e farologaneng go ikaegile ka mofuta wa nama, sose, go sidila, kana dinoko tse dingwe tse di dirisitsweng, nako ya go apaya e di tsenngwang mo go yone, seabe se mosi o nang le sone, didirisiwa le mafura a a dirisitsweng, themperetšha ya go apaya, le nako ya go apaya. Nama e ka nna ya bo e le e e feletseng, e silwe (e le ya go dira di-hamburger), kgotsa e dirwe soseje kgotsa kebab. Nama e ka nna ya tshelwa marinade kgotsa ya tshelwa ditswaiso pele e apewa, ya tshelwa sose kgotsa oli pele e apewa, fa e ntse e apewa kgotsa fa e sena go apewa, kgotsa ya tshelwa dilo tseno ka bobedi. == Africa == === South Africa === [[File:Braai.JPG|thumb|Sejo se se tlwaelegileng sa braai se se beilweng mo setlhomong se sennye sa braai]] Mo Aforika Borwa, braai (bontsi braais) ke barbecue kgotsa grill mme ke ngwao ya loago mo karolong e kgolo ya Afrika Borwa. Lereo le le simolotse le Afrikaners,[1] mme fa e sale le ne le dirisiwa ke maAforika Borwa a ditso tse di farologaneng. Lefoko la Seaforikanse braaivleis le raya nama e e gadikilweng. Lefoko vleis ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le rayang nama, le le tshwanang le nama ya Seesemane. Braai e tsewa ke bangwe e le lefoko le lengwe la barbecue, ka gore e dirisiwa jaaka lediri fa go tlhalosiwa gore dijo di apewa jang le leina fa go tlhalosiwa didirisiwa tsa go apaya, jaaka grill. Dingwao tse di amanang le braai di ka farologana thata le tsa barbecue, tota le fa mokgwa wa go apaya dijo o tshwana thata. Le fa pele logong e ne e le setukisi sa braai se se neng se dirisiwa thata, mo metlheng ya segompieno tiriso ya magala, dibriquette le gase (gase braai) e oketsegile ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone, jaaka go ntse ka di-barbecue gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[ Le fa go le jalo, go nnile le kgatlhego e ntšhwa mo tirisong ya logong morago ga gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e simolole lenaneo la yona la go tlosa mefuta ya dimela tse di tlhaselang.[ Malapa a le mantsi jaanong a na le gase le logong kgotsa magala a molelo. 4] Magala kgotsa logong lo lo tsentsweng mo sejaneng lo bidiwa sejana sa braai. [[File:Braai_Boerewors.JPG|thumb|''[[Boerewors]]'' and pork in a concrete ''braai'' structure]] Fela jaaka moletlo wa go ja dijo tsa motshegare, moletlo wa braais ke moletlo o o tlwaelegileng le o o lapolosang o mo go one malapa le ditsala ba kopanang kwa lefelong la pikiniki kgotsa kwa ntlong ya mongwe (gantsi e le kwa tshingwaneng kgotsa mo mathuding) ba tshwere nama ya bone, salate kgotsa dijo tse dingwe. Gantsi braai e akaretsa diboerewors, disosatie, dikebab, nama ya koko e e tsentsweng marinine, nama ya kolobe le ya nku, dinama, disoseje tsa ditatso tse di farologaneng le bokima, mme gongwe le diraka tsa makwetekwio. Ditlhapi le dirock lobster, tse gantsi di bidiwang di-crayfish, le tsone di ratiwa thata mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa lewatle, segolobogolo kwa lotshitshing lo lo kafa bophirima le lo lo kafa borwabophirima, mme gape go jewa le dikrebe. "Bring-and-braai" ke braai e moeng a tlisang dijo (gantsi go akaretsa nama) le dino (mo go tse dingwe tsa braais, moamogedi gantsi o rulaganya nama mme baeng ba thusa ka dijo le dino). Karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya dijo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa naga ke pap. Pap e dirilwe ka mmidi o o silweng sentle/mmidi mme e ka jewa ka motswako wa tamati le onion, motswako wa monkey gland, kgotsa chakalaka e e nang le ditswaiso tse dintsi mo braai. Ka dinako tse dingwe tiro eno e bidiwa gape dop en tjop (dop ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le rayang seno se se nang le bojalwa, le le rayang "cap" kgotsa "bottle top", mme tjop ke lefoko la Seaforikanse le le sa tlwaelegang le le rayang "lamb chop") fa go dirisiwa bojalwa jo bontsi. Braai ke tiragalo ya go kopana le batho e e nang le dingwao le melao e e rileng ya loago. Morago ga moo, dijo di jewa kwa ntle mo lefelong la go jela, e re ka gantsi dipokano tseno di tshwarwa mo dikgweding tse di telele tsa selemo. General Motors South Africa e dirisitse lereo la braai ka bo1970 mo go jingle ya yona ya "Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies, and Chevrolet" go phasalatsa dikoloi tsa bone mo Aforika Borwa - e e tshwanang le lereo la "baseball, hot dogs, apple pie, and Chevrolet" kwa US le, go le gonnye, "football, meat pies, kangaroos & Holden Cars" e e dirisitsweng kwa Australia. ==== Shisa nyama ==== Shisa nyama, gape e kwalwa chisa nyama kgotsa chesa nyama, ke lereo le le dirisiwang mo ditoropong tse dintsi go tlhalosa barbecue kgotsa braai koo ditsala kgotsa malapa a kopanang go besetsa nama mo molelong o o bulegileng (gantsi gaufi le lefelo la go tlhabela). Lefelo leno gantsi le neelwa ke mong wa lebenkele la nama, mme ke fela batho ba ba rekileng nama kwa lebenkeleng la nama ba ba letleletsweng go dirisa lefelo leno la mahala. ==== National Braai Day ==== Shisa nyama ke polelwana ya Sezulu mme, ka tlhamalalo, e kaya "go gadika nama". Letsatsi la Braai ke go keteka ngwao-boswa e e humileng ya Afrika Borwa le boitlosobodutu jwa yone jo bo sa tshwaneng le bope jwa setšhaba, e leng braai. E ikaeletse go kopanya maAforika Borwa otlhe ka go ba rotloetsa go nna le seabe mo ditirong tse di abelanwang ke ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa batho, ditumelo tsa bodumedi le mefuta ya mebele. [ E ketekwa ngwaga le ngwaga ke maAforika Borwa go ralala lefatshe ka 24 Lwetse (Letsatsi la Ngwaoboswa la Aforika Borwa). Ketsahalo ena e ile ya qalwa ke Mzansi Braai Institute Aforika Borwa ka 2005 mme, ho tloha ka 2008, e ile ya ntshetswa pele tlasa Braai4Heritage banner, mohato o se nang phaello. Ka 5 Lwetse 2007, Moarekabishopo Emeritus Desmond Tutu (yo jaanong a tlhokafetseng) o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motshegetsi wa Letsatsi la Bosetšhaba la Braai (jaanong le bidiwang Braai4Heritage). Maiteko a a amogetswe ke Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Ngwao-Boswa ya Aforika Borwa (NHC) ka 2008. === Zimbabwe === Fela jaaka mo Aforika Borwa, lefoko braai le dirisiwa gape ke batho ba kwa Zimbabwe go kaya barbecue. Mafoko a mangwe a a dirisiwang ke kugocha kwa Shona Bokone kgotsa chesa nyama kwa Borwa. Gantsi go apewa mefuta e e farologaneng ya nama, go akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kolobe le ya koko. Ka metlha go na le disalate di le mmalwa tse di tsamaisanang le tsone, tse di akaretsang salate ya ditapole, beet, chakalaka le salate ya khabetšhe. Gape go jewa sadza e e itsegeng thata ka nako ya braai, mmogo le raese. === Kenya === Nyama choma ke leina le le dirisiwang ke Ba Kenya go bitsa barbecue. Ke tiragalo ya go kopana mmogo e e nang le dingwao tse di rileng le melao ya loago. Logong le magala ke dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go dira Nyama choma. Ugali le kachumbari gantsi di jewa jaaka dijo tse di tsenang. == East Asia == === China, Hong Kong, and Macau === [[File:Hkstylebbq.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong style barbecue]] Chuanr ke dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama tse di gadikilweng mo mesamelong e e besitsweng mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, ka dinako tse dingwe, mo molelong wa motlakase. Chuanr e simolotse kwa Xinjiang mme mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana e aname go ralala naga yotlhe jaaka dijo tse di rategang tsa mo mebileng, segolo thata kwa bokone jwa China. Chuanr e ne e dirilwe ka kwana (yáng ròu chuàn, 羊肉串), e e santseng e le yone e e tlwaelegileng thata, mme jaanong, koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo, le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di ka dirisiwa. Mo mafelong a a tletseng ka bajanala, chuanr gape e ka dirwa ka ditshenekegi tse di farologaneng, ditshenekegi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang. Barbecue gape e ka bonwa kwa marekisetsong a bosigo le kwa diresetšhurenteng dingwe, gantsi e rekisiwa ka dipanekuku. Diresetšhurente dingwe di letla bareki go ja mo tafoleng ya bone; bontsi jwa tsone ke diresetšhurente tse di rekisang dijo tse o ka kgonang go di ja. Kwa dikgaolong tse go buiwang Se-Cantonese kwa go tsone, nama ya kolobe e apewa ka tswina ya dinotshe le soy sauce, e bo e apewa e le mela e meleele e e tshesane. Mofuta ono wa barbecue o itsege jaaka char siu, mme gantsi o jewa e bile ke dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa mo mebileng. Mo godimo ga moo, di-barbecue tsa kwa ntle (tse gantsi di itsegeng fela jaaka BBQ) di ratiwa thata ke banni ba ba tsenang maeto a makhutshwane kwa diparakeng tsa kgaolo kwa magaeng. Tsone di jewa ka metlha ka magala, ka dinama tse di tsentsweng marinini, gantsi e le nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, boroso kgotsa diphuka tsa koko, di apewa ka diforoko tse ditelele tse di tshwarwang ka seatla. Tswina ya dinotshe e tsenngwa mo go yone fa e tloga e fela go apewa. Ka nako e e tshwanang, go bewa dikarolwana tsa mmidi le tsa ditapole tse di tsentsweng foile mo godimo ga magala a a fisang; go apewa ga tsone go tsaya nako e telele, ka jalo gantsi di jewa kwa bofelong jwa barbecue Go farologana le meletlo ya kwa Bophirima ya go besetsa, batho botlhe ba phuthega go dikologa molelo mme ba ikapeela dijo tsa bone, ka jalo go nna le moya o o tshwanang le wa go ja fondue kana pitsa e e fisang === Korea === [[File:Korean_barbecue-Galbi-06.jpg|thumb|Korean barbeque grill used for cooking ''galbi'']] Bulgogi (불고기) ke nama ya kgomo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana tse di tshesane (ka dinako tse dingwe e le ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko) e e tshetsweng ka soy sauce, oli ya sesame, konofolo le pepere ya chili, mme e apewa mo grill fa tafoleng. Ke sejo se segolo mme ka jalo se jewa le reise le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka kimchi. Bulgogi ka tlhamalalo e raya "nama e e molelo". Sejo se se tlwaelegileng thata sa kwa Korea se se bidiwang galbi, se se dirwang ka dikgopo tse di tsentsweng metsi. === Japan === Go apaya dijo mo barbecue go ratiwa thata kwa Japane e le tiro e e dirwang kwa ntle, e bile go akaretsa mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go apaya dijo le go di baya mo ntlong. Gantsi go dirisiwa soy sauce le di-sauce le marinade tse di dirilweng ka mirin kgotsa sake, tse di jaaka tse di dirisiwang mo teriyaki. Fa go buiwa ka go apaya, yaki (焼き kgotsa 焼) e raya go apaya ka molelo o o tlhamaletseng. Le fa e ka akaretsa go baka kgotsa go gadika/go gadika mo paneng kgotsa mo paneng, maina a mekgwa e mentsi ya go e apaya a e dirisa jaaka letlhaodi la go gadika kgotsa go gadika. Dinama di le dintsi di apewa ka go gadikwa kgotsa go beswa. Dinama tse di jewang thata ke di-spare ribs, nama ya koko, nama ya kolobe, mmogo le Jingisukan (nama ya nku) le horumonyaki (nama ya kgomo kgotsa ya kolobe). Merogo le dijo tsa lewatle le tsone di dirisiwa thata mo mekgweng e le mentsi ya go dira barbecue kwa Japane. Dikai dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng ke tseno: Robatayaki (炉端焼き; "go apaya fa thoko ga molelo"), gantsi e khutshwafadiwa go nna robata (ろばた), ke mokgwa wa go apaya wa Sejapane, o apeilwe ka Binchōtan (magala a masweu). E simolotse kwa Hokkaido[1], koo batshwaraditlhapi ba neng ba dirisa mafelo a a kwa tlase a molelo go apaya le go thuthafatsa. Gompieno, gantsi go dirisiwa irori kgotsa ditepisi tse di tsholeditsweng, mme mokgwa ono o itsege thata kwa Japane le kwa dinageng tse dingwe. Kushiyaki (串焼き) ke lereo le le anameng, le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo sejaneng (kushi) le tse di besitsweng (yaki). Le fa yakitori e kaya koko (kgotsa, kwa kgaolong, fa go tshelwa marinade e e tshwanang, jaaka kwa Muroran e kaya nama ya kolobe), lereo leno gantsi le dirisiwa ka tsela e e seng ya semmuso le kushiyaki. Ditswaiso tsa Kushiyaki di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha tse pedi: tse di letswai le tse di letswai le tse di botshe. Yakiniku e raya nama e e gadikilweng le merogo e e apeilweng mo gridiron kgotsa mo griddle mo godimo ga molelo wa magala a a gatseditsweng ka go tshelwa metsi a a omileng (sumibi, 炭火) kgotsa mo gaseng kgotsa mo grill ya motlakase, gantsi mo dikarolong tse dinnye. Le fa yakiniku kwa tshimologong e ne e kaya dijo tsa "barbecue" tsa kwa bophirima kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo19[1], tshimologo ya yakiniku ya segompieno e tsewa e le barbecue ya kwa Korea. === Mongolia === Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang ba na le mekgwa e le mmalwa ya go besetsa, e nngwe ya yone e leng khorkhog. Sa ntlha, ba gotetsa maje a a lekanang le seatla mo molelong mme ba bo ba tsenye dikuku le maje mo pitseng. Nako ya go apaya e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa nama ya nku e e dirisitsweng. Go dumelwa gore go tshwara leje le le dirisediwang go apaya go siametse botsogo jwa motho. Tsela e nngwe ya go apaya ke boodog (boo e raya "go phuthela" ka Se-Mongolia). Gantsi marmot kgotsa dipodi di apewa ka tsela eno. Ga go tlhokege pitsa go apaya boodog, morago ga go tlhabiwa le go apeswa, mateng a busediwa mo teng ga setoto ka phatlha e nnye, mme setoto sotlhe se apewa mo molelong. Barbecue ya kwa Mongolia e gantsi e fitlhelwang mo diresetšhurenteng ke mokgwa wa go apaya o ka phoso o amanngwang le mokgwa wa botshelo wa go kgarakgatshega wa Ba-Mongolia ba ba fudugang. Se go tweng ke "barbecue ya kwa Mongolia", se se simologileng kwa Taiwan mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga go ya kwa bofelong jwa lone, ke sejo se se rategang thata kwa diresetšhurenteng tsa Ba-China kwa Amerika le kwa Canada, se se dirilweng ka dikapetla tse dinnye tsa nama ya nku, ya kgomo, ya koko, ya kolobe kgotsa nama e nngwe, ditswaiso, merogo le di-noodle kgotsa motswako wa tsone, tse di apewang ka bonako mo godimo ga tshipi e e sephaphathi e e kgolokwe e e setseng e bedisitswe. == Southeast Asia == Satay e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng di le mmalwa tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, tse di jaaka Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia le Philippines. Se dirilwe ka dinama tse di kgabetletsweng mo ditlhomesong tsa bamboo tse di tsentsweng motswako wa ditswaiso tse di tshwanang le motswako wa kheri le matonkomane a a thubagantsweng. Dinama tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke nama ya koko, ya nku le ya kgomo, mme mo mafelong a e seng a Bamoseleme motho o tla fitlhela gape le satay e e dirilweng ka nama ya kolobe le ya nama ya diphologolo. Satay ke sejo se se dirisiwang thata mo dijong tse dintsi tsa barbecue tsa kwa Malaysia, Indonesia le Singapore. Satay ya setso e dirisa fela nama ya dikgogo e e segilweng ka dikarolwana pele ga e tlhabiwa. Mefuta e mengwe ya satay e akaretsa nama ya kolobe, ya nku le ya kgomo. Fa nama e sena go apewa mo molelong wa magala, e jewa mmogo le sopo e e boteng, e e nang le botlhole e e dirilweng ka motswako o o tshwanang le wa marinade wa nama, motswako o o nang le tatso ya matonkomane, o o tshwanang le wa kheri. Kwa dikgaolong tsa dithaba tsa Borneo Bokone, dijo tse di kgethegileng tsa batho ba Kadazan ba lefelo leo ke satay ya nama ya koko le satay ya nama ya noga, le fa e le gore seno sa bofelo, go tloga ka 2007, se bonwa fela mo maemong a a kgethegileng Pele ga 1990, go ne go kgonega go bona satay ya diphologolo tse di jaaka tapir, ditlou, phokoje e e fofang, di-goanna le dikolobe tsa naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, gone jaanong diphologolo tseno ga di tlhole di bonwa motlhofo kgotsa di mo kotsing ya go nyelela mme go di dirisa ka tsela eno go thibetswe. === Phillippines === [[File:Dinagyang_2009_grilled_meat_on_display.jpg|thumb|Various types of ''inihaw'' at the Dinagyang Festival]] [[File:Lechon_Camiguin.jpg|thumb|Philippine ]] Kwa Philippines, dijo tse di jewang kwa barbecue di bidiwa inihaw (e gape e bidiwang sinugba kgotsa inasal). Gantsi di dirwa ka nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya koko mme di jewa ka dipanekuku tsa bamboo kgotsa ka dikhubanyana tse dinnye tse di tsentsweng soy sauce le asene. Gape le ka kaya sejo sepe fela sa nama kgotsa sa ditlhapi se se apeilweng ka tsela e e tshwanang. Inihaw di rekiswa jaaka dijo tsa mo mebileng mme di jewa le raese e tshweu kgotsa raese e e apeilweng mo matlhareng a khokhonate (pusô). Mefuta e e itsegeng ya dijo tsa inihaw e akaretsa nama ya koko, satti (mofuta wa setswana wa satay), le isaw. Mofuta mongwe o o rategang thata wa inihaw ke lechón, e leng sejo sa kolobe se se besitsweng se se tsentsweng matute se tsentswe moretlwa le ditswaiso. Le fa gone e ne ya nna le leina la Se-Spain ka nako ya bokoloniale, tsela e e apewang ka yone le dilo tse di dirisiwang mo go yone ke tsa kwa Philippines. Lechon manok, e e dirwang ka koko e e feletseng, le yone e ratiwa thata. "Barbecue" (e bile e bidiwa "BBQ" kgotsa "barbeque") gape ke lefoko le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa dijo tse di apeilweng mo dipitseng. Seno se akaretsa dijo tsa sefitlholo jaaka banana cue le camote cue. === SingaporeSingapore === Kwa Singapore, barbecue kgotsa BBQ, jaaka e itsege, ke selo se se tlwaelegileng kwa dikokoanong tsa batho, mme ga se selo se se tlwaelegileng thata mo tseleng ya botshelo le dijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa batho ba kwa Singapore. Bontsi jwa batho ba Singapore ba nna mo difoleteng tse di tshegediwang ka madi ke puso kgotsa difoleteng tsa HDB. Go tlhoka mafelo a a bulegileng mo magaeng go felela ka gore batho ba kopane mo diparakeng kana mo matlong a mannye. Boto ya Ditshingwana tsa Naga ya Singapore e hira mafelo a go dirwang barbecue mo go one a a beilweng mo diphakeng tse di rategang tse di jaaka East Coast Park, Punggol Park, Pasir Ris Park, West Coast Park, Changi Beach Park, Sembawang Park le Pulau Ubin. Mofuta wa BBQ wa kwa Singapore gantsi o bedisiwa ka magala mme batho ba kwa Singapore ba gadika dijo tse di farologaneng tsa kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia le tsa kwa Bophirima. Kwa ntle ga satay, dijo tse dingwe tsa BBQ di akaretsa sambal stingray kgotsa cuttlefish e e phuthetsweng ka foil ya aluminiamo, nama e e gadikilweng (koko, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kgomo) e e tsentsweng marinini mo motswakong wa BBQ o gantsi o dirilweng ka motswako wa soya, pepere, letswai, sukiri le motswako wa oyster. Boroso jwa Taiwan, boroso jwa koko le boroso le tsone di a gadikwa. Di-marshmallow tse di dirwang ka dithupa tsa satay ke sengwe sa dilo tse di kgatlhang thata mo barbecue ya kwa Singapore. Motšhine o o simololang molelo o o dirisiwang ga se one o gantsi o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo kgotsa o o dirisiwang go gotsa molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo o o gotsang molelo. Go na le moo, setimamolelo se tsenngwa mo lebokosong le le nang le dibriquette tse dinnye tse di dirilweng ka seretse le bonota tse di tshubilweng mme di bo di bewa kafa tlase ga mokoa wa dibriquette tsa magala. === Thailand === Mu kratha ke mokgwa wa go apaya o o simolotseng kwa Thailand, kwa Philippines, Singapore le Malaysia, o itsege jaaka mookata. Mu kratha e apewa ka nama e e segilweng (gantsi e le ya kolobe) e besitswe mo godimo ga dome fa merogo le diteng tse dingwe, jaaka dibolo tsa tlhapi, di apewa mo sopong (e gape e bidiwang Thai suki). Pitsa e e fisang e nna mo kgamelong ya magala a a tukang a a besang kgotsa a a bedisang dijo. Dijo tse di siametseng mokgwa ono wa go apaya ke nama ya kolobe, nama ya koko, nama ya nku, nama ya nku, dijo tsa lewatle, merogo le di-mushroom. Dijo tsa setso tsa Se-Thai tse di bidiwang mu kratha gantsi di jewa le nam chim suki, e leng sopo e e rategang thata. E itsege thata ka go dirisa sose ya chili jaaka motswako o mogolo. Diresetšhurente dingwe di na le nama ya lewatle e e bidiwang nam chim. Fa o apaya mu kratha, gantsi go tsenngwa karolo ya mafura kwa godimo ga pane gore mafura a yone a se ka a kgomaretsa dijo. Barbecue kwa Thailand gantsi e fitlhelwa kwa diresetšhurenteng tse di mo teng ga mafelo a mabenkele jaaka Bar-B-Q Plaza e e leng lefelo la go jela la mu kratha. Kwantle ga mu kratha, dijo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di besitsweng kwa Thailand ke satay, kho mu yang le kai yang. == South Asia == === India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan === [[File:Chicken_Tikka.jpg|thumb| Chicken <nowiki><i id="mwAdU">tikka</i></nowiki> with a variety of other dishes cooked and served under the BBQ method]] Go dirisa ontong ya tandoor ke mokgwa wa go besetsa le go baka wa kwa Asia Borwa o o tlwaelegileng kwa India Bokone, Afghanistan le Pakistan. Ka tlwaelo, go gadika le go besa tandoori go dirisa ditswaiso tsa lefelo leo, segolobogolo mefuta e mentsi ya motswako wa kheri. Dinama tse di gadikilweng ka Tandoor, merogo, le dinkgwe tse di sephaphathi (roti, naan), di ka dirisiwa morago ga go tsidifatsa le go gadika, kgotsa di ka dirisiwa jaaka kgato ya go baakanyetsa dijo tse dingwe, jaaka makhani, kgotsa dipharologano tse di jaaka tikka masala, tse ka bobedi e leng dipontsho tse di tumileng tsa dijo tsa setso le tsa segompieno tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa India. Pathar-ka-Gosht le yone ke sejo se sengwe sa kwa India Borwa se se apewang mo grill e e dirilweng ka matlapa se se dirwang ka nama ya podi. == Europe == === The Alps === Mokgwa wa go apaya wa setso o o dirisiwang, mme e seng fela, kwa French le Swiss Alps, pierrade e akaretsa go apaya nama (gantsi) mo letlapeng le le mogote, le le mo tafoleng ya go apaya. [[File:Thüringer_Rostbratwurst.jpg|thumb|Thuringian sausages on the "Rost"]] Bajeremane ba rata thata tsela ya bone ya go apaya ka tsela ya barbecue, e leng go apaya ka grill (Grillen), segolobogolo ka selemo. Ke karolo e le nngwe fela ya go apaya mo gae e e leng tiro e e dirwang thata ke banna. Majeremane a apaya mo godimo ga magala kgotsa, gantsi, gase, mme nama e e gadikilweng e akaretsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya Bratwurst jaaka boroso ya Thuringian ka sekai, gammogo le di-steak (segolobogolo di-steak tsa nama ya kolobe tse di tshasitsweng go tswa mo legetleng), Frikadellen (di-dumplings tsa nama e e gadikilweng), Rostbrätel le nama ya kgomo. Mo meletlong ya kgaolo eno go na le dijo tse di gadikilweng go simolola ka tlhapi e e bidiwang eel go ya go trout, nama yotlhe ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, ya koko le ya letata. [[File:Mutzbraten_serviert.JPG|thumb|''Mutzbraten'' with ''sauerkraut'' and bread]] Go goga motsoko ke selo se se dirwang thata kwa mafelong a go bolaelwang nama kwa go one kwa Jeremane, mme mekgwa e e dirisiwang ya go goga motsoko fela ga e ise e tlwaelege go fitlha dingwaga di le mmalwa tse di fetileng. Sejo sa bogologolo sa kwa Jeremane sa barbecue ke Mutzbraten (legetla la nama ya kolobe) kwa Saxony le Thuringia, se se lekanang le monwana wa kolobe e e nang le marinade e e nonofileng, e e omileng e e nang le marjoram, pepere le letswai, e apeilwe le go tshubiwa mo godimo ga dikapetla tsa logong lwa birch. Gantsi e jewa ka borotho jwa rye-wheat, sauerkraut le mustard. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go tsuba mo barbecue le yone e a anama kwa Jeremane e bile nama e e ntshitsweng e e jaaka ya kolobe, ya kgogo le ya turkey mmogo le mefuta e e farologaneng ya disoso tsa barbecue le dijo tse dingwe tse di jaaka salate ya khabetšhe di teng mo marekisetsong a magolo. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue e tswa kwa United States, Turkey, Greece, Balkans, le kwa mafelong a bafaladi kwa Jeremane, mmogo le dingwao tse di itsegeng tsa go besetsa kwa ntle kwa Jeremane tse di tlhamilweng ke bafaladi le baeng ba ba tswang kwa Soviet Union ya pele. === Mediterranean === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tsa Mediterranean, tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke dijo tsa setso tsa Mediterranean. Oli ya motlhware ke karolo ya konokono ya barbecue ya Mediterranean. Dijo tse di apewang thata ke nama ya koko, nama ya kgomo, souvlakis/brochettes, halloumi cheese, le borotho jwa pita, mme di ka apewa mo grill, di ka apewa kgotsa ka bobedi. Mo godimo ga moo, dijo dingwe di apewa ka go di gadika le go di gadika gore di nne le mefuta e e farologaneng. Gantsi, nama e e besitsweng e tsenngwa oli ya motlhware le matute a dinotshe, mme e bo e kgabisitswe ka merogo le ditswaiso tse di farologaneng; gantsi go tsenngwa persillade ya motheo le mefuta e mengwe e e farologaneng mo godimo ga nama. === Russia === Shashlik ke mofuta wa se-Russia wa shish kebab, mme fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe ya boditšhabatšhaba, e apewa mo grill. Gantsi e dirwa ka nama ya nku, mme gape e ka dirwa ka nama ya kolobe, ya kgomo, ya nama ya kgomo e e gadikilweng, ya koko kgotsa ya sturgeon. === Scandinavian countries === Barbecue kwa dinageng tsa Scandinavia, jaaka Finland, Denmark le Sweden, e tshwana thata le barbecue kwa Jeremane, e bile e na le leina le le tshwanang. Ka tlwaelo, nama ya setso e e jaaka ya koko, kgomo, kwana, kolobe le disoseje, di a apewa. Ditlhapi tsa selegae jaaka salmon, perch le mackerel gantsi di gadikwa mo molelong o o bulegileng kgotsa di a gogiwa. === United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland === Go apaya mo barbecue ke mokgwa o o tumileng wa go apaya le go ja kwa ntle kwa United Kingdom le kwa Repaboliking ya Ireland. Matlo a le mantsi a na le lefelo la go besetsa, le gantsi le leng kwa morago ga ntlo. Tse di tumileng thata ke tse di agilweng ka tshipi tse di nang le maotwana go dira gore go nne motlhofo go tsamaisa didirisiwa, mme gape go dirisiwa le tse di agilweng ka ditena tse di nnelang ruri. Magala le gase e e tsentsweng mo mabotlolong di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, mme didiriswa tse di dirisang dikgong le gase ga di dirisiwe thata. Dijo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeilweng ke nama ya koko, di-hamburger, disoseje, nama ya kgomo, nama ya kolobe, mmidi o o apeilweng mo godimo ga kgomo, di-shish kebab, le nama ya kolobe kgotsa ya kgomo, e e apeilweng ka go gadika, go baka kgotsa go kopanya mekgwa eno ka bobedi. Dijo tse di sa tlwaelegang thata di akaretsa dikwanyana, tlhapi, dikreiti, lobster, halloumi (cheese), squash, ditapole, di-plantain, asparagus, beetroot, nama ya kolobe, nama ya kolobe le dijo tsa soya kgotsa Quorn. Fela jaaka kwa United States, ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tshelwa sopo ya barbecue pele e apewa kgotsa fa e ntse e apewa. Marekisetso otlhe a magolo a marekisetso jaanong a na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo tsa barbecue, le fa gone di le teng fela ka paka ya barbecue (go ela kwa bofelong jwa dikgakologo go ya kwa masimologong a letlhabula). Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke tsa ditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa mo merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kakaretso, mokgwa wa go besetsa wa kwa Boritane o tshwana thata le wa kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. Bosheng jaana, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di simolotse go tshwarwa kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Boritane, fela jaaka tse di tshwarwang kwa United States, Canada, Yuropa le Australia. Dikgaisano dingwe di letla ditlhopha, mmogo le batho ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng, go gaisana. == West Asia and Eastern Mediterranean == Dijo tsa segompieno tsa kwa Boritane, go akaretsa le go besetsa, gantsi ke dijo tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka tlholego ya tsone, di ikaegile ka dingwao le tlhotlheletso go tswa merafeng e le mmalwa ya setšhaba le go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le fa go le jalo, ka kakaretso, mekgwa ya go beela ya kwa Boritane e tshwana thata le ya kwa Amerika Bokone, Jeremane le Australia. === Iran === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya kabob ya Seperesia, e e itsegeng thata ke kubideh kabob, e leng nama ya kgomo e e sitsweng e e tlhabilweng e bo e besediwa kwa ntle mo molelong wa magala. Gape go na le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya koko e e tsentsweng metsi e e bidiwang jujeh kabob, le mofuta mongwe wa nama ya kolobe e e nang le filet-mignon e e bidiwang kabob barg. Bobedi jwa bone ba tlhabilwe ka thipa. Mefuta yotlhe e meraro ya konokono ya Persian kabob gantsi e jewa le raese ya se-Iranian saffron le salate ya Shirazi, mme gape e ka jewa le senkgwe sa lavash sa kwa Botlhaba-Gare. === Levant === Mo dinageng tsa Levant, dijo tse di farologaneng tse di besitsweng di ratiwa thata. Kebabs tse di jaaka shish taouk le tse dingwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. Dijo tse di besitsweng di bidiwa mashawi ka Searabia sa Levantine. ==== Israel ==== Kwa Iseraele, "Al-Haesh" (Sehebera se se rayang "mo molelong") ke lefoko le le tlwaelegileng. Gantsi di diragala ka malatsi a boikhutso a bosetšhaba, jaaka Letsatsi la Kgololosego (Israel), di grill tse dinnye tse di dirisiwang gangwe fela di dirisiwa go apaya dijo tse di farologaneng. Tse di tlwaelegileng thata ke di-kebab tse di nang le koko, nama ya kgomo (segolobogolo nama ya kgomo), nama le merogo tse di farologaneng, kgotsa merogo yotlhe. ==== Lebanon ==== Le fa dijo tsa Lebanese di sa je nama thata, [1] barbecue e sa ntse e tumile ka malatsi a boikhutso ka ntlo nngwe le nngwe e na le barbecue ya magala, e gantsi e bewang mo mabaleng. [2] 2] ==== Turkey ==== [[File:Mangal1.JPG|thumb|Turkish ''mangal'']] Fela jaaka dijo tse dingwe tsa kwa Mediterranean, go besitse nama ka molelo go ratiwa thata kwa Turkey. Kebabs tse di jaaka şiş kebap, Adana kebap, köfte, tlhapi, kgogo, tse dingwe tse di jaaka pelo, diphilo, sebete, tesetiki, sucuk, le merogo e mengwe gantsi di apewa mo mangaleng. == North America == === Canada === Dinama di ntse di apewa mo molelong o o bulegileng ke Baaborijene ba Canada fa e sale go simololwa go nna batho kwa Amerika Bokone. Setso sa barbecue sa US ke selo se se sa tswang go romelwa kwa Canada, se se simolotseng morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe. Go goroga ga yone go ne ga tsamaelana le go anamisiwa ga mofuta mongwe wa "monna wa mo gae" o o neng o rotloediwa ke kgwebo mo go borre ba kwa magaeng ba ba neng ba nna mo ditoropong tsa bogare ka bo1950. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno se ne se farologane thata le ngwao ya kwa Canada, mme ka 1955, setlhogo sengwe mo makasineng wa Maclean's se ne sa bitsa tlwaelo eno se re ke "sengwe se se sa tlwaelegang". Ka jalo, barbecue, ka tlhaloganyo ya Seamerika, ga go kake ga twe ke ngwao e e tseneletseng ya Se-Canada (le fa e ntse e le teng ka gale ka tlhaloganyo ya barbecue ya ntlhantlha ya nama e e apeilweng mo teng ga dithobane mo molelong). Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya kwa bofelong jwa bo1950, barbecue, e e kileng ya bo e le selo se se ratwang thata, e ne ya nna karolo e e nnetseng ruri ya selemo sa kwa Canada. Barbecue ya Canada e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi go tswa mo moagisaneng wa yone wa kwa Amerika, mmogo le go tswa mo mefuteng ya barbecue ya kwa Boritane, Yuropa Bogare le Euro-Mediterranean. Dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di apeelwang mo barbecue ya kwa Canada ke koko, di-hamburger, di-ribs, di-steak, disoseje le di-shish kebab. Sose ya barbecue e tsenngwa mo go yone fa nama e ntse e apewa, kgotsa pele ga nama e jewa. Fela jaaka kwa United States, dikgaisano tsa go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng di tlwaelegile. Go apaya dijo mo barbecue, e ka tswa e le ka go di tshuba, go di baka, go di gadika (go di gadika kgotsa go di gadika), kgotsa go di gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga grill) le tsone di ka kopanngwa le dipikiniki. === Caribbean === [[File:Jerk_chicken_july_05.jpg|thumb|Jerk chicken being cooked]] Barbecue e ratiwa thata mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsotlhe tsa Caribbean, nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e na le ditsela tsa yone tsa go e dira le dingwao tsa yone. ==== Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico ==== Mokgwa wa Ba-Taíno ba ba tlholegileng koo o akaretsa go apaya nama ka bonya mo godimo ga logong lo lo dirilweng ka dithobane. Kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean tse go buiwang Se-Spain kwa go tsone, tse di jaaka Cuba, Dominican Republic, mme segolobogolo kwa Puerto Rico, lechon ke dijo tse di rategang thata. Lechon e dirwa ka go tsaya kolobe e e feletseng, o e sega go tswa kwa tlhogong go ya kwa mogatleng go bapa le sehuba le mpa, o bo o e gadika ka bonya fa o ntse o e dikolosa ka thobane. ==== Jamaica ==== Kgogo ya Jamaican jerk ke sekai sa barbecue kwa Jamaica. [[File:Parrillada_Carne_asada.jpg|thumb|''Parrillada carne asada'']] Kwa Mexico, horno ke setlwaedi sa go besetsa ka mmu. Carne asada (e e rayang "nama e e gadikilweng") e dirwa ka dinama tsa kgomo tse di tsentsweng letswai le pepere, di bo di gadikwa. Ka tlwaelo, e jewa mmogo le di-tortilla le dieie tse di gadikilweng le dipepere tse di modumo. Sejo seno jaanong se ratiwa thata mo nageng yotlhe; le fa gone go dumelwa gore se simologile kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya Mexico, gone jaanong se fitlhelwa mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe kwa Mexico le kwa borwabophirima jwa United States. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mefuta e mengwe e le mmalwa ya nama e e besediwang kwa Mexico, go ikaegile ka lefelo le e leng mo go lone. Kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya naga, cabrito ke sejo se se ratwang thata sa barbecue, se se dirilweng ka podi e e feletseng, go sa akarediwe tlhogo, ditlhako le mala (ntle le diphilo), e besitswe ka iketlo/e tshubilwe mo grill e e bulegileng ya magala. Diphio di ntsha monko o o monate fa setoto se ntse se apewa ka bonya mo molelong. Sejo se se tshwanang le seno, se se ratwang thata mo nageng eno yotlhe, ke barbacoa, e leng nama ya nku e e apeilweng ka bonya mo molelong o o butsweng, kgotsa ka tlwaelo mo molelong. Gape, fela jaaka kwa mafelong a mangwe a mantsi kwa Latin America, kwa Mexico go na le ngwao e e nonofileng ya go apaya pollo asado (koko e e gadikilweng e kgaogantswe ka bogare) mo grill e e besitsweng ka magala a mesquite morago ga gore nama ya koko e bedisiwe bosigo jotlhe mo motsweding wa adobo o gantsi o bolokwang ka sephiri. Mo godimo ga carne asada, go na le mefuta e le mmalwa ya nama ya kgomo, ya koko le ya kolobe, mmogo le disoseje (jaaka chorizo le moronga) tse di besitsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tsa kwa morago ga ntlo kgotsa tsa mofuta wa pikiniki, tse gantsi di bidiwang parrilladas. Mefuta mengwe ya merogo e ka gadikwa mmogo le nama, gantsi e le dieie tse di tala, dipelepele le dipelepele tsa chili, tse gantsi kwa Mexico di bidiwang chiles toreados, kgotsa "dipelepele tsa ntwa ya dipoo". Gantsi kwa dikokoanong tseno go jewa quesadillas le di-tortilla mmogo le dinotsididi tsa bana le dino tse di tagang tsa bagolo. === United States === Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya barbecue kwa United States, fela go na le mefuta e mene e megolo e e dirisiwang: North Carolina le Memphis, tse di ikaegileng ka nama ya kolobe mme di emela mekgwa ya bogologolo, le Kansas City le Texas, tse di dirisang nama ya kgomo mmogo le ya kolobe. US e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya didiriswa tsa barbecue tsa segompieno tsa kwa metseselegaeng le mekgwa, e gantsi e akaretsang go baka, go gadika (go gadika ka tšhupu, go aena ka tšhupu, kgotsa go gadika ka tšhupu), go gadika (ka go baya pitsa e e tletseng moro mo godimo ga tšhupu ya tšhupu ya tšhupu kgotsa ya tšhupu ya tšhupu), kgotsa go tsuba nama e e farologaneng (go ikaegile ka go segwa). == South America == [[File:Two_pieces_of_grilled_short_ribs_served_on_a_plate,_2007.jpg|thumb|''Asado de tira'' (flank-cut short ribs)]] [[File:Asado_uruguayo.JPG|thumb|''Asado'' with ''achuras'' (offal) and sausages]] [[File:BushAsado.jpg|thumb|Former President of Uruguay Tabaré Vázquez receives former US President George W. Bush with ''asado a la parrilla'']] [[File:Preparing_the_Asado.jpg|thumb|An ''asado'' on an open pit, an alternative desirable in good weather and with a large crowd of guests]] Asado ke mokgwa wa go apaya dinama, gantsi e le tsa kgomo, mmogo le dinama tse dingwe tse di farologaneng, tse di apeilweng mo grill (parrilla) kgotsa mo molelong o o butsweng. E tsewa e le sejo sa setso sa kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil le Bolivia. === Argentina and Uruguay === Gape gantsi go bidiwa parrilla kgotsa asado kwa Argentina le Uruguay, mefuta e mengwe ke asado al disco le asado al horno de barro, segolobogolo kwa magaeng. Tsela ya go apaya nama le dinama ga e fetoge, go fetolwa fela tsela e nama le dinama tse dingwe di apewang ka yone. Mo mokgweng o o tlwaelegileng thata wa go dira asado a la parrilla, dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa nama, disoseje le dinama di bewa mo godimo ga letlowa la tshipi le le nang le maoto (parrilla) gore nama e eme mo e ka nnang disentimetara di le 15 go tswa fa fatshe. Ka fa tlase ga parrilla go bewa magala, mme go apaya go tsaya metsotso e le 60 go ya go e le 90 go ikaegile ka gore nama e segilwe ka bokima jo bo kana kang. Fa go opelwa asado al disco, go dirisiwa disiki e e onetseng ya mogoma. E re ka e le ya tshipi e bile e le kgolokwe, e na le maoto a tshipi a le mararo kgotsa a le manè a a tshwaraganeng mme fa go tsenngwa magala a a fisang kgotsa logong kafa tlase ga yone, e kgona go dirwa griddle e e kgonang go dira tiro e kgolo (nama ga e fisiwe ka tlhamalalo ke magala kgotsa molelo, ka jalo ga e beswe). Nama le dinama tse dingwe di beilwe ka tsela e e dirang gore mafura a kgone go itsoketsa ka tsela ya tlholego go ya kwa bogareng, mme seno se dira gore nama e se ka ya gadika thata. Gantsi go bewa dipepere le dieie gaufi le matlhakore a nama, gore di tle di ntshe matute a tsone ka iketlo mo nameng. Asado al horno de barro e farologana le asado ya setso, ka gonne e dirilwe ka molelo wa horno. Maubelo ano a bogologolo a tlwaelegile thata kwa di-estancia tsa kwa Argentina, mme tiro ya one ya konokono ke go baka senkgwe, mme gape a siametse go besa nama. Dikolobe tse di anyang le tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang, di jewa jaaka dikonyana, ka gonne ga di omelele thata. Le fa gone e se grill, ke tsela ya setso ya go apaya e e sa ntseng e tlhoka gore motho yo o apayang a bo a na le bokgoni jo bogolo le gore a kopane le ba lelapa le ditsala, e leng tsone dilo tsa konokono tse di dirang gore go nne le asado. Mo godimo ga moo, mokgwa ono wa go apaya o dira gore sejo se nne bonolo se bo se nne le tatso ya mosi. === Brazil === [[File:Churrasqueira_-_Edifício_Solar_das_Laranjeiras_nº_314.JPG|thumb|Brazilian ''churrasqueira'']] Churrasqueira ka Sepotokisi ke mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kopano, tlhomamiso kgotsa sediriswa sa motlakase, se se diretsweng go baakanya churrasco. Gantsi e tla le gridi e e tlhomameng kgotsa e e ntshiwang. "Grill", "grillroom",le "grill area" ke dithanolo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Seesemane tsa churrasqueira. Kwa Brazil, churrasqueira gantsi ke pilara ya ditena e e nang le lefelo la go besetsa mo gare. Mo barbecue ya Brazil, nama e e farologaneng, nama ya kolobe, soseji le koko di apewa mo churrasqueira e e agilweng ka maikaelelo, gantsi e na le ditshegetso tsa di-spit kgotsa di-spitcher. Di-churrasqueiras tse di kgonang go tsamaisiwa di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang go apaya asado ya kwa Argentina le Uruguay, di na le grill e e tshegetsang, mme di-churrasqueiras di le dintsi tsa kwa Brazil ga di na grill, di na le di-spike fela tse di fa godimo ga magala. Nama e ka apewa ka metšhini e megolo ya tshipi kgotsa ya logong e e beilweng mo godimo ga seiphemelo kgotsa e e kgwageditsweng mo mmung mme e besitswe ka magala a a molelo (logong le lone lo ka dirisiwa, segolobogolo kwa kgaolong ya Rio Grande do Sul). === Chile === Kwa Chile, asado ya mo lefelong leo gantsi e jewa le pebre, e leng senoko se se dirwang ka ditlhatshana, garlic le dipepere tse di bolelo. == Oceania == === Australia === Kwa Australia, go besetsa mo barbecue ke selo se se ratiwang thata se se dirwang ka nako ya selemo, se gantsi se bidiwang "barbie". Dinama tse di apewang ka tlwaelo ke dikuku tsa nku, nama ya kgomo, le disoseje (tse di itsegeng jaaka "snags"). Di-barbecue tsa batho botlhe tse di dirisiwang ka madi a tshipi kgotsa tse di dirisiwang ka gase kgotsa motlakase di tlwaelegile mo diparakeng tsa ditoropo. Gantsi biri e tshelwa mo nameng fa e ntse e apewa, go akanngwa gore e dira gore e nne le tatso e e monate fa e ntse e dira gore nama e nne bonolo. Ka dinako tse dingwe nama e tsenngwa marinade gore e nne le tatso e e monate mme e bo e apewa mo poleiting e e fisang kgotsa mo grill. Di-barbecue tsa Australia di tlwaetse go nna ka sejana se se fisang kgotsa halofo ya sejana se se fisang/grill. Go gadika ditlhapi le dijo tse dingwe tsa lewatle jaaka di-shellfish, jaaka di-shrimp le di-rock lobster (tse di itsegeng jaaka "crayfish" kgotsa fela "crays"), di setse di tumile thata kwa Australia mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a fetileng. Dijo tsa sefitlholo ke dijo tse dingwe tse di tlwaelegileng tse di apewang mo barbecue, tse gantsi di akaretsang dijo tse di apewang mo dijong tsa sefitlholo (bacon, mae, disoseje, ditamati, di-mushroom) tse di apewang mo poleiting e e fisang le/kgotsa mo grill. Mokgwa wa kwa Amerika wa go besetsa, kana go goga, o ntse o ratwa thata go na le mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go besetsa Go tshwara barbecues le gone ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go kgobokanya madi mo dikolong le mo baaging ba selegae, koo disoseje le dieie tse di segilweng di apewang mo barbecue ya setaele sa poleiti e e fisang mme di jewa mo borothong jwa borotho jo bosweu kgotsa marotho a di-hotdog, ka sose ya tamati kgotsa sose ya barbecue e e sa bedisiwang. Ditiragalo tseno gantsi di bidiwa gore ke go thunya ga disoseje. Gape eno ke tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya go fepa baithaopi ba ditirelo tsa tshoganyetso, batho ba ba falotseng le bajanala ba ba kgarakgatshegang, gantsi ka mefuta e e farologaneng ya disalate tse di dirwang mo mabenkeleng. Democracy Sausage Sizzle ke tiragalo e e itsegeng thata e mo go yone go dirwang BBQ kwa mafelong a go bouta ka malatsi a ditlhopho tsa sepolotiki. === Hawaii === Mekgwa ya go apaya ya batho ba ba tlholegileng kwa Polynesia e ne ya nna ya go apaya ka tsela e e tlwaelegileng ya kwa Hawaii ka go apaya kalua mo ontong e e kafa tlase ga lefatshe e e bidiwang imu, le lūʻau, ya Ba-Hawaii ba ba tlholegileng koo. E ne ya itsege mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ntlha ya bajanala ba lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga ba ba neng ba etela ditlhaketlhake tsa Hawaii. === New Zealand === Go dira barbecue ke selo se se rategang thata kwa New Zealand. Se se tlwaelegileng mo ditshingwaneng tsa batho ba kwa New Zealand, gantsi se tsamaisiwa ka LPG e e mo mabotlolong. Gape go na le mafelo a a dirisiwang go besetsa mo metsing a motlakase mahala mo mabopong a le mantsi le mo diphakeng tsa setšhaba go ralala naga. Dijo tse di apeilweng di akaretsa nama ya kgomo, ya kwanyana, ya kolobe, tlhapi e e sa tswang go apewa, di-crayfish, di-shellfish le merogo. Boroso ke selo se se rategang thata e bile se batliwa thata kwa barbecue mme, fela jaaka kwa Australia, boroso ke sengwe sa dilo tse di dirisiwang thata go kokoanya madi. Barbecue ya kwa New Zealand e tshwana le motswako wa mekgwa ya kwa Amerika, Boritane, Australia, Afrika Borwa le Ditlhaketlhake tsa Pacific. Mokgatlho wa ditso tse di farologaneng mo New Zealand o tlisitse gape le Pakistan, India, South Asia, Middle Eastern, East Asia, le South America, tseo tsotlhe di tlhotlheleditseng tatso le mefuta ya dijo tse di fitlhelwang kwa barbecue go ralala lefatshe. === South Pacific islands === Go gadika go ratiwa thata kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia le Polynesia, mme naga nngwe le nngwe le setso sengwe le sengwe se na le tsela ya sone ya go apaya dijo tse di gadikilweng mo ontong ya mmu. Dingwe tsa dikai tse di itsegeng thata le tse di dirisiwang ka metlha di fitlhelwa kwa South Pacific Oceania. Ba-Tahiti ba bitsa barbecue ya bone ya mo ontong ya mmu ba re ke hima. Dikilometara di le sekete go tswa foo kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Marquesas, e itsiwe e le umu. Ka tsela e e tshwanang le ya barbecue e e dirwang kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dintsi tsa boboatsatsi, nama ya yone e a tshelwa, e tshelwa motswako o o monate e bile e kgabisitswe ka maungo a lefelo leo a boboatsatsi. Le fa nama ya kolobe e le yone e e jewang thata, nama ya pitse le yone e ratiwa thata kwa dinageng tse di jaaka Tonga le Samoa. == Bona gape == * List of barbecue dishes * List of smoked foods == Metswedi == mm9g5aiuhf5am6ujebdb3eq0fi1pb0t 0 15205 55430 2026-09-23T15:55:43Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Koleka Putuma #BLT2026 55430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Koleka Putuma|image=Koleka Putuma, P1080548.jpg|birth_date=Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 1993|birth_place=[[Port Elizabeth]] [[Aforika Borwa]]|education=University of Cape Town|occupation=Mmoki Modiragatsi wa metshameko|notable works="Water" (ya ngwaga wa 2016)|website=https://www.kolekaputuma.com/}} '''Koleka Putuma''' (o o tsholetsweng kwa [[Port Elizabeth]] ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro) ke mmoki gape e le modiragatsi<ref>Munro, Brenna (2018). "Pleasure in Queer African Studies: Screenshots of the Present". ''College Literature''. '''45''' (4): 659–666. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/706272 10.1353/lit.2018.0040]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1542-4286 1542-4286]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a858c4e945091fcb4dd2ff3f142a11feecfe5866 149911691.]</ref> wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o ratanang le batho ba bong bo bo tshwanang le jwa gagwe. O ne a tlhophilwe e le mongwe wa bomme ba ba nang le thotloetso ke Okay Africa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201123052705/https://100women.okayafrica.com/the-women "OKAYAFRICA - 100 WOMEN".] ''OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN''. Archived from [https://100women.okayafrica.com/the-women the original] on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Putuma o tsholetswe kwa Port Elizabeth, Aforika Borwa, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro.<ref>Putuma, Koleka (13 April 2017). ''Collective amnesia'' (First&nbsp;ed.). Cape Town, South Africa. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-620-73508-7|978-0-620-73508-7]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/986218819 986218819.]</ref> O ithutetse BA degree ya tsa bodiragatsi kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Cape Town.<ref>[http://ww38.xcdnko.xyz/ "Koleka Putuma | Badilisha Poetry – Pan-African Poets".] ''badilishapoetry.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111101431/https://badilishapoetry.com/coco-putuma/ Archived f]rom the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro, o ne a fiwa seetsele sa PEN sa baithuti, a se neelelwa leboko la gagwe la "Water".<ref>Mulgrew, Nick. [https://pensouthafrica.co.za/water-by-koleka-putuma/ "Water by Koleka Putuma | PEN South Africa".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111101435/https://pensouthafrica.co.za/water-by-koleka-putuma/ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Leboko le le dirisiwa mo dikolong e le segakolodi sa gore go bona metsi go amana le sepolotiki, ditso le tlhaolele.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111113912/https://www.artandeducation.net/classroom/video/288707/koleka-putuma-water "Koleka Putuma: Water - Classroom - Art & Education".] ''www.artandeducation.net''. Archived from [https://www.e-flux.com/classroom/video/288707/koleka-putuma-water the original] on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> Ditlhogo tse di boelelang mo tirong ya ga Putuma ke lorato, go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang, go kgaratlhela bokolone, le boswa jwa puso ya tlhaolele<ref>[https://parsejournal.com/ "PARSE".] ''parsejournal.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref>, ga mmogo le fa kgatelelo ya basadi ke banna e kopanang le ditlhogo tseo teng.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/koleka-putuma-talks-poetry-post-patriarchy-and-black-joy_uk_5c7e9763e4b078abc6c12232?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAvrOm9Zp9hL5YJr49l1ilehUZhghF1AipxgX9A7YRVE5RqGLR8_KZg4nPuo-59iNR7jnpwDMF84L7wlQl7XpCLqg9trAVRyj_Kj44WOH5OUhXrZaN6243NqhQxpv14pRa5cpwJr9sjrgd6wcO2GXNdc587E07d0f-b3wwB0f1Uz "Koleka Putuma Talks Poetry Post-Patriarchy and Black Joy".] ''consent.yahoo.com''. 10 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230616113725/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/koleka-putuma-talks-poetry-post-patriarchy-and-black-joy_uk_5c7e9763e4b078abc6c12232?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAvrOm9Zp9hL5YJr49l1ilehUZhghF1AipxgX9A7YRVE5RqGLR8_KZg4nPuo-59iNR7jnpwDMF84L7wlQl7XpCLqg9trAVRyj_Kj44WOH5OUhXrZaN6243NqhQxpv14pRa5cpwJr9sjrgd6wcO2GXNdc587E07d0f-b3wwB0f1Uz Archived] from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> O bereka e le motlhami wa bodiragatsi, a berekela Design Indaba mme o nna kwa Cape Town.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421054015/http://www.poetry-on-the-road.com/authors/koleka-putuma/?lang=en "Poetry On The Road | May 22 – 27 2019 Koleka Putuma".] ''www.poetry-on-the-road.com''. Archived from [https://www.poetry-on-the-road.com/?lang=en the origina]l on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2026</ref> === ''Collective Amnesia'' === Putuma o simolotse go itsege ka kgatiso ya kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya maboko ya Collective Amnesia, e egatisitsweng ke kompone ya kgatiso ya Aforika Borwa ya uHlanga ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa. E ntsitswe le dinepe tsa mo bosheng tse di kapilweng ke mokapa dinepe wa kwa Cape Town Andy Mkosi. Mo dikgweding di le tharo e sena go ntshiwa, buka e ne e rekisitse dibuka di le dikete di le pedi, e itsisitswe ka meletlo e le lesome le bosupa go kgabaganya Aforika Borwa, ebile e le mo thutong kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro di le pedi. Morago ga dikgwedi di robabobedi, e ne e rekisitswe dibuka di feta dikete di le tlhano, Putuma o ne a diragaditse ka yone go kgabaganya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe ka bophara di le tharo. Thanolo ya yone ya teme ya Spanish e e dirilweng ke Lawrence Schimel le Arrate Hidalgo e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, thanolo ya teme ya Danish e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, Putuma e ne e le mmoki o o rekisetseng go gaisa mo ditsong tsa Aforika Borwa. Collective Amnesia e ratelwa tiriso ya lefoko womxn, le le boelediwang gangwe le gape mo go yone, le maikaelelo a a lone e leng go akaretsa bomme ba ba seng basweu le bomme ba ba fetotseng bong. == kamogelo ya yone == Fa a tlhatlhoba Collective Amnesia, Bongani Madondo wa Johanesburg Review of Books o ne a pakela Putuma go nanbotlhale. Collective Amnesia e nnile mokwalo wa go tlhaloganya Aforika Borwa morago ga bokolone ka pele, bogolo jang ka go itebaganya le mebele ya bomme ba bantsho le dikao tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang. Haith o nganga ka gore kgobokanyo e ke sedirisiwa sa ngwao fela jaaka mokwalo wa yone. Tlhatlhobo ya Burger e baya tiriso ya metsi ya ga Putuma e le sedirisiwa sa baboki ba bangwe ba Aforika Borwa, ba tshwana le Ronelda S Kamfer. Leboko "Water" le dirisiwa thata jaanong mo go sekasekeng bokolone ka metsi. Pieterse o gatelela go kwala ga gaPutuma ka basadi ba bantsho, ga mmogo le mmoki Sindisiwa Busuku-Mathese. Le ntswa e le poko ya ga Putuma e e mo tsisitseng mo seraleng sa lefatshe, tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi le yone e amogetswe ka go kgalwa, e itebaganya le dikgang tsa polotiki ya sesha. Motshameko wa gagwe wa No Easter Sunday for Queers o ne wa dira gore batho ba ele tlhoko tlhaolele ya tiriso dikgoka e basadi ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang kwa Aforika Borwa ba lebaganeng le yone. Mbuzeni e itebagantse le kgwetlho ya bosiela, e bolelwa ke makgarejwana a le matlhano, fa ba bua metlae ka loso. Boehmer o bona Putuma a le mo karolong ya poko le dipolelo khutswe tse di itebagantseng le morago ga bokolone, mo go ka nnang e kare go tlhoka gore mmadi a tseye kgato. == Ditiro tsa gagwe == === Metshameko === * SCOOP: kitchen play for carers and babes (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro) - motshameko wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa o o diretsweng bana go tsena ka ba ba dikgwedi di lesome le bobedi, a na le Magnet Theatre * Ekhaya - e kwaletswe bana ba dingwaga tse pedi go tsena tse supa * UHM (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro) * Mbuzeni' (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi) * No Easter Sunday for Queers (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe) - motshameko ka tumelo le go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang e ikaegile ka nngwe ya maboko a ga Putuma. === Maboko === * Imbewu Yesini (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro) * Collective Amnesia (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa) * Hullo, Bu-Bye, Koko, Come In (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le motso) * We Have Everything We Need To Start Again (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masoem a mabedi le bone) == Dietsele == * Seetsele sa National Poetru Slam Championship (ka nwgaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone) * PEN South Africa seetsele sa go kwala (ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro) * Mbokodo Rising Light (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa) * SCrIBE kgaisano ya go kwala difilimi (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi) * Forbes Africa 30 Under 30 (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi) * Glenna Luschei ya maboko (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi) * Kgaisano ya Distell ya go kwala difilimi (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe) == Metswedi == i5h59uz95fvfn447h6o2skfcy2o5bdm 0 15206 55432 2026-09-23T16:40:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339222416|Georgia Benton]]" 55432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgia W. Benton''' ke morutabana wa sekolo wa Moamerika, mosadi wa kgwebo le ditso Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), o ne a nna leloko la ntlha la Moaforika kwa Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano ([[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]] )kwa Georgia. == Botshelo jwa pele == Benton o tsholetswe a bo a godisetswa kwa Savannah kwa Georgia . O godile ka nako ya kgaogano ya merafe . <ref name="gpb">{{Cite news|last=Montoya|first=Orlando|date=February 26, 2014|title=Slave Descendant Joins Confederate Heritage Group|url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2014/02/26/slave-descendant-joins-confederate-heritage-group|work=[[Georgia Public Broadcasting]]|location=[[Atlanta, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Rremogoloagwe e bong George W. Washington, e ne e le lekgoba la kwa Sumter, South Carolina yo o neng a bereka e le motlhanka wa ga morwa wa gagwe wa lekgoba, Lt. William Alexander McQueen, go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bobedi (1862 )go fitlha mo malatsing a bofelo a Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika<ref name="savannahnow">{{Cite news|last=Mobley|first=Chuck|date=February 22, 2014|title=African-American Savannah woman takes her place among United Daughters of the Confederacy|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2014/02/23/african-american-savanah-woman-takes-her-place-among-united-daughters-confederacy/13536428007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> a bona Ntwa ya Antietam ya kwa Peter Getburg, ya Battlesburg . <ref name="savannahnow" /> Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a etela lebitla la ga rraagwemogolo ngwaga le ngwaga, le e leng [[:en:Obelisk|obelisk]] e e botelele jwa dikgato di le nnè kwa Mabitleng a Walker. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" /> == Tiro == Fa a sa ntse a le lekgarebe, o ne a nna le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa banni kwa Port Wentworth, Georgia . <ref name="athens">{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 23, 2013|title=Woman makes history by joining confederate group|url=https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/2013/12/23/woman-makes-history-joining-confederate-group/15546839007/|work=[[Athens Banner-Herald]]|location=[[Athens, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Benton o ne a bereka e le morutabana wa dipalo kwa sekolong kwa [[:en:Savannah-Chatham_County_Public_Schools|Savannah-Chatham Country Public Schools System]] . <ref name="savannahnow" /> O ne a ruta kwa dikolong tsa Chatham le Effingham County dingwaga di feta masome a mararo. Fa a sena go rithola tiro ya borutabana, o ne a bula tirelo ya lekgetho le ya dipalopalo. <ref name="savannahnow" /> Benton ke mmueledi yo o kgethegileng yo o tlhomilweng ke kgotlatshekelo wa bana ba ba sotlwang le ba ba tlhokomologiwang. Gape ke raditiragalo wa Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist . === Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba Kgolagano === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Benton o ne a dira kopo ya go nna leloko la Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba kgolagano ( [[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]]) mokgatlho wa losika o o rotloetsang polelo ya Lost Cause, a isa bosupi jwa losika lwa gagwe kwa Washington le bosupi jwa tirelo ya gagwe ya sesole a dirisa Baebele ya lelwapa la gaabo, letlapa la gagwe, direkoto tsa botsalo, direkoto tsa lenyalo, direkoto tsa loso le direkoto tsa palo ya batho. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchant|first=Bristow|date=February 22, 2014|title=A Proud Legacy In Unexpected Places|url=https://www.theitem.com/stories/a-proud-legacy-in-unexpected-places,24625?|work=[[The Item]]|location=[[Sumter, South Carolina]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Kopo ya gagwe e ne ya amogelwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), mme ya mo dira leloko la ntlha la Afrika kwa Amerika la Kgaolo ya Savannah le leloko le le nosi la Afrika-Amerika mo kgaolong ya Georgia ya United Daughters of the Confederacy. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" />O ne a tsenngwa mo mokgatlhong wa Second Savannah Chapter ke Tautona wa kgaolo, Elizabeth Piechocinski, ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro ( 2013) ka nako ya dijo tsa motshegare tsa Keresemose <ref name="athens" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 14, 2013|title=United Daughters of Confederacy make history with induction|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2013/12/15/united-daughters-confederacy-make-history-induction/13486121007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Benton o nna kwa Savannah, Georgia mme o na le bana ba le batlhano. Ke Mokolobetsi mme o tsena Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist. == Bona gape == * [[:en:Mattie_Clyburn_Rice|Mattie Clyburn Rice]], leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano * [[H. K. Edgerton|HK Edgerton,]] leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano * Nelson W. Winbush, leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano == Ditshupiso == frut0rc50ismrjc8shnsquvbt3nffjm 55433 55432 2026-09-23T16:43:01Z MmaBaggio 11091 55433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgia W. Benton''' ke morutabana wa sekolo wa Moamerika, mosadi wa kgwebo le ditso Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), o ne a nna leloko la ntlha la Moaforika kwa Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano ([[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]] )kwa Georgia. == Botshelo jwa pele == Benton o tsholetswe a bo a godisetswa kwa Savannah kwa Georgia . O godile ka nako ya kgaogano ya merafe . <ref name="gpb">{{Cite news|last=Montoya|first=Orlando|date=February 26, 2014|title=Slave Descendant Joins Confederate Heritage Group|url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2014/02/26/slave-descendant-joins-confederate-heritage-group|work=[[Georgia Public Broadcasting]]|location=[[Atlanta, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Rremogoloagwe e bong George W. Washington, e ne e le lekgoba la kwa Sumter, South Carolina yo o neng a bereka e le motlhanka wa ga morwa wa gagwe wa lekgoba, Lt. William Alexander McQueen, go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bobedi (1862 )go fitlha mo malatsing a bofelo a Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika<ref name="savannahnow">{{Cite news|last=Mobley|first=Chuck|date=February 22, 2014|title=African-American Savannah woman takes her place among United Daughters of the Confederacy|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2014/02/23/african-american-savanah-woman-takes-her-place-among-united-daughters-confederacy/13536428007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> a bona Ntwa ya Antietam ya kwa Peter Getburg, ya Battlesburg . <ref name="savannahnow" /> Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a etela lebitla la ga rraagwemogolo ngwaga le ngwaga, le e leng [[:en:Obelisk|obelisk]] e e botelele jwa dikgato di le nnè kwa Mabitleng a Walker. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" /> == Tiro == Fa a sa ntse a le lekgarebe, o ne a nna le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa banni kwa Port Wentworth, Georgia . <ref name="athens">{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 23, 2013|title=Woman makes history by joining confederate group|url=https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/2013/12/23/woman-makes-history-joining-confederate-group/15546839007/|work=[[Athens Banner-Herald]]|location=[[Athens, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Benton o ne a bereka e le morutabana wa dipalo kwa sekolong kwa [[:en:Savannah-Chatham_County_Public_Schools|Savannah-Chatham Country Public Schools System]] . <ref name="savannahnow" /> O ne a ruta kwa dikolong tsa Chatham le Effingham County dingwaga di feta masome a mararo. Fa a sena go rithola tiro ya borutabana, o ne a bula tirelo ya lekgetho le ya dipalopalo. <ref name="savannahnow" /> Benton ke mmueledi yo o kgethegileng yo o tlhomilweng ke kgotlatshekelo wa bana ba ba sotlwang le ba ba tlhokomologiwang. Gape ke raditiragalo wa Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist . === Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba Kgolagano === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Benton o ne a dira kopo ya go nna leloko la Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba kgolagano ( [[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]]) mokgatlho wa losika o o rotloetsang polelo ya Lost Cause, a isa bosupi jwa losika lwa gagwe kwa Washington le bosupi jwa tirelo ya gagwe ya sesole a dirisa Baebele ya lelwapa la gaabo, letlapa la gagwe, direkoto tsa botsalo, direkoto tsa lenyalo, direkoto tsa loso le direkoto tsa palo ya batho. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchant|first=Bristow|date=February 22, 2014|title=A Proud Legacy In Unexpected Places|url=https://www.theitem.com/stories/a-proud-legacy-in-unexpected-places,24625?|work=[[The Item]]|location=[[Sumter, South Carolina]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Kopo ya gagwe e ne ya amogelwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), mme ya mo dira leloko la ntlha la Afrika kwa Amerika la Kgaolo ya Savannah le leloko le le nosi la Afrika-Amerika mo kgaolong ya Georgia ya United Daughters of the Confederacy. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" />O ne a tsenngwa mo mokgatlhong wa Second Savannah Chapter ke Tautona wa kgaolo, Elizabeth Piechocinski, ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro ( 2013) ka nako ya dijo tsa motshegare tsa Keresemose <ref name="athens" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 14, 2013|title=United Daughters of Confederacy make history with induction|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2013/12/15/united-daughters-confederacy-make-history-induction/13486121007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Benton o nna kwa Savannah, Georgia mme o na le bana ba le batlhano.<ref>https://www.wtoc.com/story/4140604/hometown-hero-georgia-benton/</ref> Ke Mokolobetsi mme o tsena Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist.<ref>https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2014/12/22/georgia-benton-civil-war-and-savannah-black-perspective/13521006007/</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Mattie_Clyburn_Rice|Mattie Clyburn Rice]], leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano * [[H. K. Edgerton|HK Edgerton,]] leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano * Nelson W. Winbush, leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano == Ditshupiso == 84vrm54nnyls1l4nuvz17h2iaotq6sb 55461 55433 2026-09-23T19:09:46Z VNGao 10152 55461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Benton&veaction=edit Georgia W. Benton]''' ke morutabana wa sekolo wa Moamerika, mosadi wa kgwebo le ditso Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), o ne a nna leloko la ntlha la Moaforika kwa Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano ([[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]] )kwa Georgia. == Botshelo jwa pele == Benton o tsholetswe a bo a godisetswa kwa Savannah kwa Georgia . O godile ka nako ya kgaogano ya merafe . <ref name="gpb">{{Cite news|last=Montoya|first=Orlando|date=February 26, 2014|title=Slave Descendant Joins Confederate Heritage Group|url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2014/02/26/slave-descendant-joins-confederate-heritage-group|work=[[Georgia Public Broadcasting]]|location=[[Atlanta, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Rremogoloagwe e bong George W. Washington, e ne e le lekgoba la kwa Sumter, South Carolina yo o neng a bereka e le motlhanka wa ga morwa wa gagwe wa lekgoba, Lt. William Alexander McQueen, go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bobedi (1862 )go fitlha mo malatsing a bofelo a Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika<ref name="savannahnow">{{Cite news|last=Mobley|first=Chuck|date=February 22, 2014|title=African-American Savannah woman takes her place among United Daughters of the Confederacy|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2014/02/23/african-american-savanah-woman-takes-her-place-among-united-daughters-confederacy/13536428007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> a bona Ntwa ya Antietam ya kwa Peter Getburg, ya Battlesburg . <ref name="savannahnow" /> Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a etela lebitla la ga rraagwemogolo ngwaga le ngwaga, le e leng [[:en:Obelisk|obelisk]] e e botelele jwa dikgato di le nnè kwa Mabitleng a Walker. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" /> == Tiro == Fa a sa ntse a le lekgarebe, o ne a nna le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa ditshwanelo tsa banni kwa Port Wentworth, Georgia . <ref name="athens">{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 23, 2013|title=Woman makes history by joining confederate group|url=https://www.onlineathens.com/story/news/2013/12/23/woman-makes-history-joining-confederate-group/15546839007/|work=[[Athens Banner-Herald]]|location=[[Athens, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Benton o ne a bereka e le morutabana wa dipalo kwa sekolong kwa [[:en:Savannah-Chatham_County_Public_Schools|Savannah-Chatham Country Public Schools System]] . <ref name="savannahnow" /> O ne a ruta kwa dikolong tsa Chatham le Effingham County dingwaga di feta masome a mararo. Fa a sena go rithola tiro ya borutabana, o ne a bula tirelo ya lekgetho le ya dipalopalo. <ref name="savannahnow" /> Benton ke mmueledi yo o kgethegileng yo o tlhomilweng ke kgotlatshekelo wa bana ba ba sotlwang le ba ba tlhokomologiwang. Gape ke raditiragalo wa Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist . === Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba Kgolagano === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Benton o ne a dira kopo ya go nna leloko la Barweetsana ba ba tshwaraganeng ba kgolagano ( [[:en:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederacy]]) mokgatlho wa losika o o rotloetsang polelo ya Lost Cause, a isa bosupi jwa losika lwa gagwe kwa Washington le bosupi jwa tirelo ya gagwe ya sesole a dirisa Baebele ya lelwapa la gaabo, letlapa la gagwe, direkoto tsa botsalo, direkoto tsa lenyalo, direkoto tsa loso le direkoto tsa palo ya batho. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Marchant|first=Bristow|date=February 22, 2014|title=A Proud Legacy In Unexpected Places|url=https://www.theitem.com/stories/a-proud-legacy-in-unexpected-places,24625?|work=[[The Item]]|location=[[Sumter, South Carolina]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Kopo ya gagwe e ne ya amogelwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), mme ya mo dira leloko la ntlha la Afrika kwa Amerika la Kgaolo ya Savannah le leloko le le nosi la Afrika-Amerika mo kgaolong ya Georgia ya United Daughters of the Confederacy. <ref name="savannahnow" /> <ref name="gpb" />O ne a tsenngwa mo mokgatlhong wa Second Savannah Chapter ke Tautona wa kgaolo, Elizabeth Piechocinski, ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro ( 2013) ka nako ya dijo tsa motshegare tsa Keresemose <ref name="athens" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Katie|date=December 14, 2013|title=United Daughters of Confederacy make history with induction|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2013/12/15/united-daughters-confederacy-make-history-induction/13486121007/|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|location=[[Savannah, Georgia]]|access-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Benton o nna kwa Savannah, Georgia mme o na le bana ba le batlhano.<ref>https://www.wtoc.com/story/4140604/hometown-hero-georgia-benton/</ref> Ke Mokolobetsi mme o tsena Kereke ya First Bryan Baptist.<ref>https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2014/12/22/georgia-benton-civil-war-and-savannah-black-perspective/13521006007/</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Mattie_Clyburn_Rice|Mattie Clyburn Rice]], leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barweetsana ba ba Kopaneng ba Kgolagano * [[H. K. Edgerton|HK Edgerton,]] leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano * Nelson W. Winbush, leloko la Moaforika-Amerika la Barwa ba Bagaka ba Kgolagano == Ditshupiso == ra4htibsy3cirio9llupp65vfcczwbz 0 15207 55435 2026-09-23T16:46:53Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371029146|Martha Canga Antonio]]" 55435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martha Canga Antonio''' (o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo 12 1995) ke motshameki wa difilimi go tswa kwa [[Belgium]], ebile ke moopedi wa lotso la kwa Angola.O itsege ka go tshameka mo filiming ya [[Black]]. == Botshelo jwa pele le dithutego == Martha Canga Antonio o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo 12 1995 kwa Mons,Belgium. Batsadi ba gagwe e ne ele batshabedi go tswa kwa Angola. O goletse kwa Liège . <ref name="martha">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Martha Canga Antonio, dé revelatie uit Black: 'Ik hoop dat mensen inzien dat talent geen kleur heeft' |url=https://focus.knack.be/entertainment/film/martha-canga-antonio-de-revelatie-uit-black-ik-hoop-dat-mensen-inzien-dat-talent-geen-kleur-heeft/article-longread-624433.html?cookie_check=1604226099 |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=Roularta Media Group}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2016 |title=Meet the breakout star of Belgian cinema's edgiest new film, 'black' |url=https://i-d.co/article/meet-the-breakout-star-of-belgian-cinemas-edgiest-new-film-black/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=i-d.vice}}</ref> Ka 2014, o ne a ithutela botsamaisi jwa tlhaeletsano kwa [[Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts]] . <ref name="babel">{{Cite web |title="Black"-Star Martha Canga Antonio: Shakespeare in Molenbeek |url=https://cafebabel.com/de/article/black-star-martha-canga-antonio-shakespeare-in-molenbeek-5ae00ac6f723b35a145e6bfa/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=cafebabel}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi == Fa a ntse a dira dithutego, Antonioo ne a tlhophiwa go tshameka mo filimingya dirukuthi ya [[Black]], ye e neng e tsamaisiwa ke [[Adil El Arbi]] le [[Bilall Fallah]].<ref name="babel" /> Pele ga motshameko oo, o ne a sena kitso epe ka go tshameka mme o ne a tlhophiwaga gare ga batho bale 450. Motshameko yo o ne wa dira gore a tume thata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black: Martha Canga Antonio |url=http://www.agendamagazine.be/en/blog/black-martha-canga-antonio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217140246/http://www.agendamagazine.be/en/blog/black-martha-canga-antonio |archive-date=2015-12-17 |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=UIT IN BRUSSEL}}</ref> Filimi yeo e ne ya bontshiwa kwa meletlong e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba. Ka Ngwanatsele 2015, Antonio o ne a atlholwa e le Moatshameki yo o gaisitseng kwa [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2015 |title=Martha Canga Antonio from 'Black' awarded Best Actress in Tallinn |url=https://focus.knack.be/entertainment/film/martha-canga-antonio-uit-black-bekroond-als-beste-actrice-in-tallinn/article-normal-629775.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=Roularta Media Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Award winners at Tallinn |url=http://2015.poff.ee/eng/festival/awards-2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203162849/http://2015.poff.ee/eng/festival/awards-2015 |archive-date=2016-02-03 |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=NGO Black Nights Film Festival, Telliskivi}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole wa ngwaga oo, o ne a tlhophiwa ele Naledi ya Europe kwa [[7th Magritte Awards]] ka yone filimi eo.<ref name="martha" /> == Tiro ya gagwe ya kopelo == Kwa ntle ga go tshameka, Antonio gape ke moopedi yo o itsegeng yo o simolotseng tiro ya gagwe jaaka leloko la setlhopha sa mmino sa Soul'Art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOUL'ART |url=https://vi.be/platform/soulart |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=VI.BE platform}}</ref> Ka 2018, o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe jaaka moopedi wa solo ka fa tlase ga leina la "Martha Da'ro", mme a golola pina ya Summer Blues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2020 |title=Martha Da'ro - Cheap Wine & Paris (★★★): Exotic electronics |url=https://www.dansendeberen.be/2020/02/29/martha-daro-cheap-wine-paris-exotische-elektronica/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=dansendeberen}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] bkimgpag0r4kz6tnu1dx567deu80mw9 0 15208 55448 2026-09-23T18:30:29Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botaki jwa matlo jwa BaNdebele''' ke mofuta wa botaki jwa Aforika jo bo dirwang ke [[batho ba Ndebele ba Borwa]] ba Aforika Borwa le batho ba [[Ndebele ba Bokone]] kwa [[Matobo]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1">Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&#x20;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780797493148|9780797493148]]</bdi>.</ref> E dirwa thata ke basadi ba Ndebele.<gallery mode="nolines"> Setshwantsho:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|Botaki jwa ntlo ya Ndebele bo itsege ka tiriso ya diphethene tsa thutatekanyo le metswako ya mebala e e phatsimang. Setshwantsho:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|Basadi ba BaNdebele ba eme fa pele ga rantafole e e pentilweng. Setshwantsho:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|Motaki wa moNdebele [[Esther Mahlangu]] a taka mo leboteng. </gallery> == Ditso == Botaki jo bo fitlhetsweng mo legaeng la setso la batho ba Ndebele bo simolotse dingwaga di le sekete mme bo supiwa ke botaki jwa matlapa jo bo fitlhetsweng kwa [[Matopos]]<ref>[https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/documentation-of-ndebele-art-and-architectural-traditions "Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions"]. ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref><ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&#x20;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&#x20;14. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781779012852|9781779012852]]</bdi>.</ref> jo bo amanang le [[Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). [https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889034 "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe"]. ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3889034|10.2307/3889034]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1969 0038-1969]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889034 3889034].</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&#x20;5. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0582651115|0582651115]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka 2016 letlole la Moemedi wa Amerika la tshomarelo ya Setso (AFCP)<ref>NewsDay, The. [https://www.newsday.co.zw/life-amp-style/article/60591/book-on-preservation-of-ndebele-art-architecture-launched "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched"]. ''NewsDay''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> le ne la aba thebolelo ya go kwala mofuta wa botaki jwa setso jwa Ndebele jwa go penta le go kgabisa matlo. Se se tla ka gonne go le botlhokwa go fetisa bokgoni le kitso go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya kwa go e nngwe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo18, batho ba Ndzundza Ndebele ba Aforika Borwa ba ne ba tlhama ngwao ya bona le setaele sa go penta matlo. Go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1900, MaNdebele a ne a lemoga batlhabani le beng ba lefatshe ba bagolo. Ka letlhafula la 1883, ba ne ba ya ntweng le Maburu a a bapileng. Tatlhegelo ya ntwa e ne ya tlisa botshelo jo bo makgwakgwa le dikotlhao tse di boitshegang go MaNdebele. Mo dinakong tseo tse di thata, matshwao a a tlhalosang a ne a tlhagisiwa ke batho ba ba bogang ba tlhalosa kutlobotlhoko ya bone. Matshwao a e ne e le tshimologo ya mofuta wa botaki jwa Aforika<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). [https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358366 "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe"]. ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1358366|10.2307/1358366]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993 0270-7993]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1358366 1358366].</ref> Morafe wa Ndebele kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo18 o ne o nna mo matlong a bojang. Ba simolotse go dirisa matlo a a agilweng ka mabota a seretse mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga fa matshwao ano a simolola go tlhamiwa mo matlong le mo maboteng a bone. Matshwao ana a hlahisang maikutlo a ne a sebediswa bakeng sa puisano pakeng tsa dihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba Ndebele. Ba ne ba emela tsweletso ya bona le ho hanyetsa setso maemong a bona. Balemirui ba Maburu ba ne ba sa tlhaloganye bokao mme ba bo tsaya jaaka botaki jwa setso jo bo senang kotsi, ka jalo bo ne jwa letlelelwa go tswelela. Ditshwantsho tseno tse di takilweng mo maboteng tse di dirilweng ke basadi e ne e le khoutu ya bona ya sephiri mo bathong ba bona, ba ikgakantse mo go ope fela fa e se mo Ndebele.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). [[doi:10.4000/clio.398|"Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p."]] ''Clio'' (6). [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:10.4000/clio.398]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1252-7017 1252-7017].</ref> Matshwao le dipolelwana tse di matlhagatlhaga di bontsha ditlhaeletsano tsa dithapelo tsa motho ka namana, go itshupa, ditekanyetso, maikutlo le lenyalo. Ka dinako tse dingwe go simolola ga banna, go go neng go itsege jaaka UkuWela (The Crossing), e ne e le lebaka la go penta gape, mme ngwao e ne e sa tlhagisiwe. Boleng bongwe jwa botshelo jo bo iseng bo ko bo bontshiwe kana bo kaelwa ka dipota tsa bone ke go tlhagisa dilo ka tsela e e boitshepo. Meetlo le ditumelo ga di ise di ko di nne karolo ya ditshwantsho tsa matlo a Ndebele. Basadi ba Ndebele gantsi ke batshodi ba setso le motlhabolodi yo mogolo wa botaki jwa lebota jwa legae la bona. Tlwaelo le setaele sa go penta matlo di fetisediwa mo malapeng go tswa mo losikeng go ya kwa losikeng ke bomme. Legae le le pentilweng sentle le bontsha namagadi ya ntlo e le mosadi le mme yo o siameng. O ikarabela ka go penta dikgoro tse di kwa ntle, mabota a a kwa pele, mabota a a fa thoko, mme gantsi le mo teng ga ntlo ya gagwe. Selo se le sengwe se se fetogileng fa e sa le go simololwa go penta mo matlong le botaki jwa gompieno jwa mo maboteng ke mekgwa ya bone.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} Kwa tshimologong ya botaki jwa matlo, matshwao le diphethene tsa tsona gantsi di ne di ikaegile ka tiro ya dipheta ya ga Ndebele. Diphethene di ne di le tsa tonal mme di pentilwe ka menwana ya basadi. Pente ya ntlhantlha mo ntlong e ne e le pente ya kalaka. Mebala e e neng ya okediwa go dira ditshwantsho tseno bontsi jwa yone e ne e le mebala ya tlholego e e nang le mebala e e borokwa, e mentsho le e mengwe. Bontsi jwa diphethene e ne e le tsa sebopego sa V le khutlotharo e e bonolo thata mo mmaleng o mogolo wa sebopego. Diphethene, medumo ya lefatshe, ditaelo le bogolo di ne di le botlhokwa thata go feta mebala e e tlhapileng le e e phatsimang ya gompieno.^[^{[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} == Mebala == Fa nako e ntse e ile, mebala le popego ya yone e ne ya nna karolo ya konokono ya go tlhamiwa ka kakaretso. Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1968, setaele se sešwa se ne sa bonala. Se pele e neng e le sebopiwa se se takilweng ka menwana jaanong se ne sa bopiwa go dirisiwa dikala tse di phuthetsweng tse di nang le masiba jaaka diborashe. Mabota a sa ntse a pentilwe bosweu kwa tshimologong, mme ditlhaloso le mebala di fetogile thata. Diphethene le matshwao di ka bonwa gompieno ka tlhaloso e ntsho e e humileng le mmala o o tlhapileng mo teng. Go na le mebala e metlhano e megolo e e emetsweng: bohibidu le bohibidu jo bontsho, bosetlha go ya go gauta, botala jwa loapi, botala, mme ka dinako tse dingwe bopinki. Mebala e fa bokao jo bo tseneletseng jwa tshwantshetso mo Ndebele. Di ka kaya maemo kgotsa maatla a beng ba legae, go dira thapelo, go itsise lenyalo mo legaeng, kgotsa di ka emela boipelaetso jwa ga jaana. Ditshwantsho di tlhagisa bokao jo bo sa tlhaloganyesegeng jo bo senang bokao jwa mmatota. Ena ke tsela e tobileng ka ho fetisisa ya ho bontsha polelo ya bona ho batho ba kantle ho lelapa la bona le ikgethileng hole, ba bontsha talente le tatso ya mme. Mmala o mosweu ka metlha o dirisiwa jaaka lemorago ka gonne o dira gore diphethene tse di phatsimang di tlhomologe thata.<ref name=":1" /> == Diphethene == Dipaterone tse di pinki ke nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa puisano ya bone ka go penta. Gantsi di boeletswa mo moakanyetso wa tsone otlhe ka pharologano e nnye fela le ditlhopho tse di farologaneng tsa mmala. Dipaterone le dipopego tsa jometeri di thalwa pele ka tlhaloso e ntsho mme moragonyana di tladiwe ka mmala. Dipaterone di tlhophilwe go ralala mabota go ya ka popego ya tsona ya motheo ya go tlhama. Go tlhama didirisiwa tse di siameng go letla go nepagala le kgololesego go nna tiro e e thata. Didirisiwa ga di kake tsa thibela motaki go tlhama botaki jwa gagwe. Ba tshwanetse go nna le didirisiwa tsa dipopego tse dikgolo tsa jometeri tsa mmala o o sephaphathi le diborashe tse dinnye tsa mafelo a mannye thata, ditlhaloso le dikgetsi. Go tswelela pele ga didirisiwa go dirile gore go dirwe ditlhamo tse di bonako le tse di raraaneng mo magaeng otlhe a Bandebele.<ref name=":1" /> Matlo ano a a pentilweng a a lebegang a le bonolo thata ke thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya ngwao le popo. Ngwao eno e e takilweng e sa ntse e tshela le gompieno. Fa kokomana nngwe le nngwe e ntse e e fetisa diphetogo tse dinnye di simolola go nna teng. E ke tsela ya bone ya go buisana le go tlhalosa maikutlo ka legae la bone. Basadi ba bereka nako e telele le ka natla go fetsa mabota a mme ba lemogwa ke baagi ba ba kwa ntle ka ntlha ya talente ya bone le go tlhagisa maikutlo.^[^{[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} == Metswedi == jbk4zsi668be841qbnotro564edxpmz 55458 55448 2026-09-23T19:04:31Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botaki jwa matlo jwa BaNdebele''' ke mofuta wa botaki jwa Aforika jo bo dirwang ke [[batho ba Ndebele ba Borwa]] ba Aforika Borwa le batho ba [[Ndebele ba Bokone]] kwa [[Matobo]], Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1">Kee Tui and Nyathi, Violette and Pathisa, ed. (2018). ''Preservation of Ndebele Art and Architecture'' (1st&#x20;ed.). Bulawayo: Amagugu Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780797493148|9780797493148]]</bdi>.</ref> E dirwa thata ke basadi ba Ndebele.<gallery mode="nolines"> Setshwantsho:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|Botaki jwa ntlo ya Ndebele bo itsege ka tiriso ya diphethene tsa thutatekanyo le metswako ya mebala e e phatsimang. Setshwantsho:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|Basadi ba BaNdebele ba eme fa pele ga rantafole e e pentilweng. Setshwantsho:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|Motaki wa moNdebele [[Esther Mahlangu]] a taka mo leboteng. </gallery> == Ditso == Botaki jo bo fitlhetsweng mo legaeng la setso la batho ba Ndebele bo simolotse dingwaga di le sekete mme bo supiwa ke botaki jwa matlapa jo bo fitlhetsweng kwa [[Matopos]]<ref>[https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/documentation-of-ndebele-art-and-architectural-traditions "Documentation of Ndebele Art and Architectural Traditions"]. ''Culture in Crisis''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref><ref>Sibanda, M (2016). ''The African Heritage'' (1st&#x20;ed.). Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. p.&#x20;14. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781779012852|9781779012852]]</bdi>.</ref> jo bo amanang le [[Khoi-San]].<ref>Walker, Nick; Parry, Elspeth (December 2001). [https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889034 "Legacy on the Rocks: The Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe"]. ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''56''' (173/174): 106. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3889034|10.2307/3889034]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-1969 0038-1969]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889034 3889034].</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>Needham, D.E. (1984). ''From Iron Age to Independence - A History of Central Africa''. England: Longman. p.&#x20;5. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0582651115|0582651115]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka 2016 letlole la Moemedi wa Amerika la tshomarelo ya Setso (AFCP)<ref>NewsDay, The. [https://www.newsday.co.zw/life-amp-style/article/60591/book-on-preservation-of-ndebele-art-architecture-launched "Book on preservation of Ndebele art, architecture launched"]. ''NewsDay''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> le ne la aba thebolelo ya go kwala ka mofuta wa botaki jwa setso jwa Ndebele jwa go penta le go kgabisa matlo. Se se tla ka gonne go le botlhokwa go fetisa bokgoni le kitso go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya kwa go e nngwe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi, [[batho]] ba Ndzundza Ndebele ba [[Aforika Borwa]] ba ne ba tlhama ngwao ya bone le mohuta wa go penta matlo. Go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1900, BaNdebele ba ne ba lemoga batlhabani le beng ba lefatshe ba bagolo. Ka letlhafula la 1883, ba ne ba ya ntweng le [[Maburu]] a a bapileng nabo. Tatlhegelo ya ntwa e ne ya tlisa botshelo jo bo makgwakgwa le dikotlhao tse di boitshegang go BaNdebele. Mo dinakong tseo tse di thata, matshwao a a tlhalosang a ne a tlhagisiwa ke batho ba ba bogang ba tlhalosa kutlobotlhoko ya bone. Matshwao a e ne e le tshimologo ya mofuta wa botaki jwa Aforika<ref>Wilson, Judith (1988). [https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358366 "Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe"]. ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''9''' (1): 47. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1358366|10.2307/1358366]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993 0270-7993]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1358366 1358366].</ref> Morafe wa Ndebele kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi o ne o nna mo matlong a bojang. Ba simolotse go dirisa matlo a a agilweng ka mabota a seretse mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga fa matshwao ano a simolola go tlhamiwa mo matlong le mo maboteng a bone. Matshwao ana a supang maikutlo a ne a dirisiwa mo puisanong fa gare ga ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa batho ba Ndebele. Ba ne ba emela tsweletso ya bone le go ganetsa setso mo maemong a bone. Balemibarui ba Maburu ba ne ba sa tlhaloganye bokao mme ba bo tsaya jaaka botaki jwa setso jo bo senang kotsi, ka jalo bo ne jwa letlelelwa go tswelela. Ditshwantsho tseno tse di takilweng mo maboteng tse di dirilweng ke basadi e ne e le letshwao la bone la sephiri mo bathong ba bone, ba iphitlhile mo go ope fela fa e se mo Ndebele.<ref>DULUCQ, Sophie (1997-11-01). [[doi:10.4000/clio.398|"Margaret COURTNEY-CLARKE, Ndebele. L'art d'une tribu d'Afrique du Sud, Arthaud, 1991, 204 p."]] ''Clio'' (6). [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:10.4000/clio.398]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1252-7017 1252-7017].</ref> Matshwao le dipolelwana tse di matlhagatlhaga di bontsha ditlhaeletsano tsa dithapelo tsa motho ka namana, go itshupa, ditekanyetso, maikutlo le lenyalo. Ka dinako tse dingwe go rupa ga banna, mo go neng go itsege jaaka ''UkuWela'' (Kgabaganyo), e ne e le lebaka la go penta gape, mme ngwao e ne e sa tlhagisiwe. Boleng bongwe jwa botshelo jo bo iseng bo ko bo bontshiwe kana bo kaelwa ka dipota tsa bone ke go tlhagisa dilo ka tsela e e boitshepo. Phodiso le ditumelo ga di ise di ko di nne karolo ya ditshwantsho tsa matlo a Ndebele. Basadi ba Ndebele gantsi ke batshodi ba setso le motlhabolodi yo mogolo wa botaki jwa lebota jwa legae la bone. Tlwaelo le mohuta wa go penta matlo di fetisediwa mo malapeng go tswa mo losikeng go ya kwa losikeng ke bomme. Legae le le pentilweng sentle le bontsha namagadi ya ntlo e le mosadi le mme yo o siameng. O ikarabela ka go penta dikgoro tse di kwa ntle, mabota a a kwa pele, mabota a a fa thoko, mme gantsi le mo teng ga ntlo ya gagwe. Selo se le sengwe se se fetogileng fa e sa le go simololwa go penta mo matlong le botaki jwa gompieno jwa mo maboteng ke mekgwa ya bone.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} Kwa tshimologong ya botaki jwa matlo, matshwao le diphethene tsa tsone gantsi di ne di ikaegile ka tiro ya dibaga ya ga Ndebele. Diphethene di ne di le tsa mmala mme di pentilwe ka menwana ya basadi. Pente ya ntlhantlha mo ntlong e ne e le pente ya kalaka. Mebala e e neng ya okediwa go dira ditshwantsho tseno bontsi jwa yone e ne e le mebala ya tlholego e e nang le mebala e e borokwa, e mentsho le e mengwe. Bontsi jwa diphethene e ne e le tsa sebopego sa V le khutlotharo e e bonolo thata mo mmaleng o mogolo wa sebopego. Diphethene, medumo ya lefatshe, ditaelo le bogolo di ne di le botlhokwa thata go feta mebala e e tlhapileng le e e phatsimang ya gompieno.^[^{[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} == Mebala == Fa nako e ntse e ile, mebala le popego ya yone e ne ya nna karolo ya konokono ya go tlhamiwa ka kakaretso. Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1968, mohuta o mosha o ne wa bonala. Se pele e neng e le sebopiwa se se takilweng ka menwana jaanong se ne sa bopiwa go dirisiwa dikala tse di phuthetsweng tse di nang le diphofa jaaka maratshe. Mabota a sa ntse a pentilwe bosweu kwa tshimologong, mme ditlhaloso le mebala di fetogile thata. Diphethene le matshwao di ka bonwa gompieno ka tlhaloso e ntsho e e humileng le mmala o o tlhapileng mo teng. Go na le mebala e metlhano e megolo e e emetsweng: bohibidu le bohibidu jo bontsho, bosetlha go ya go gauta, botala jwa loapi, botala, mme ka dinako tse dingwe bopinki. Mebala e fa bokao jo bo tseneletseng jwa tshwantshetso mo Ndebele. Di ka kaya maemo kgotsa maatla a beng ba legae, go dira thapelo, go itsise lenyalo mo legaeng, kgotsa di ka emela boipelaetso jwa ga jaana. Ditshwantsho di tlhagisa bokao jo bo sa tlhaloganyesegeng jo bo senang bokao jwa mmatota. Ena ke tsela e tomileng ya go bontsha polelo ya bone mo bathong ba kwantle ga lelapa la bone ba lesika le le kgakajana, ba bontsha talente le tatso ya mme. Mmala o mosweu ka metlha o dirisiwa jaaka lemorago ka gonne o dira gore diphethene tse di phatsimang di tlhomologe thata.<ref name=":1" /> == Diphethene == Diphethene tse di pinki ke nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa puisano ya bone ka go penta. Gantsi di boeletswa mo moakanyetsong wa tsone otlhe ka pharologano e nnye fela le ditlhopho tse di farologaneng tsa mmala. Diphethene le dipopego tsa geometry di thalwa pele ka tlhaloso e ntsho mme moragonyana di tladiwe ka mmala. Diphethene di tlhophilwe go ralala mabota go ya ka popego ya tsone ya motheo ya go tlhama. Go tlhama didirisiwa tse di siameng go letla go nepagala le kgololesego go nna tiro e e thata. Didirisiwa ga di kake tsa thibela motaki go tlhama botaki jwa gagwe. Ba tshwanetse go nna le didirisiwa tsa dipopego tse dikgolo tsa geometry tsa mmala o o sephaphathi le maratshe tse dinnye tsa mafelo a mannye thata, ditlhaloso le dikgetsi. Go tswelela pele ga didirisiwa go dirile gore go dirwe ditlhamo tse di bonako le tse di raraaneng mo magaeng otlhe a BaNdebele.<ref name=":1" /> Matlo ano a a pentilweng a a lebegang a le motlhofo thata ke thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya ngwao le popo. Ngwao eno e e takilweng e sa ntse e tshela le gompieno. Fa kokomana nngwe le nngwe e ntse e e fetisa diphetogo tse dinnye di simolola go nna teng. E ke tsela ya bone ya go buisana le go tlhalosa maikutlo ka legae la bone. Basadi ba bereka nako e telele le ka natla go fetsa mabota a mme ba lemogwa ke baagi ba ba kwa ntle ka ntlha ya talente ya bone le go tlhagisa maikutlo.^[^{[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Ngwao ya Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikago tsa Aforika go ya ka morafe]] [[Karolo:Boagi mo Aforika Borwa]] 3w9rjtnzeutzwi1p0ez46h122tm1c64 0 15209 55450 2026-09-23T18:39:46Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342163468|Lily Banda]]" 55450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Lily Banda''' ke modiragatsi, seopedi, mokwadi wa dipina, mminii le mmoki. Ka ngwaga wa 2020 o thagile a le mo palong ya Africa 35:35 e le motlhotlheledi wa thwathwa wa banana mo Aforika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lily B |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/lily-b |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref>ka 2019, Banda o ne tlhagelela mo <nowiki><i id="mwDQ">The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind</i></nowiki>,ye e neng e lebisitswe ka botshelo jwa ga William Kamkwamba..O ne a tshameka Annie Kamkwamba.O ne gape a tshameka ele Aicha Konate mo motshamekong wa thelebišene wa <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Deep State</i></nowiki> ka 2019. Motshameko wa gagwe o ne o akaretsa ele moranodi yo o neng a utsulwe ke batho ebile ba mmolaya . == Difilimi tsa gagwe == * 2019: ''The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind as Annie Kamkwamba''<ref name="ustv" /> * 2019: ''Deep State'' (TV series) as Aicha Konate * 2021: ''Wheel of Time'' (TV series) as Mulaen<ref name="ustv">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Malawi's Lily Banda makes US television debut |url=https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128115123/https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |archive-date=2025-01-28 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Capital Radio Malawi |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2023: ''Supa Team 4 (TV Series) as Leopard'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Supa Team 4|date=2023-07-20|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10241858/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_3|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref name="ustv" /> * 2024: ''The Hunted (Drama) as Wael'' <ref>{{Citation|title=The Hunted|date=2024-01-18|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22493538/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_1|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] szh4lhn0e5nehvt9etw3ivememwuu2k 55452 55450 2026-09-23T18:42:55Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342163468|Lily Banda]]" 55452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Lily Banda''' ke modiragatsi, seopedi, mokwadi wa dipina, mminii le mmoki. Ka ngwaga wa 2020 o thagile a le mo palong ya Africa 35:35 e le motlhotlheledi wa thwathwa wa banana mo Aforika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lily B |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/lily-b |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref>ka 2019, Banda o ne tlhagelela mo ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]]'',ye e neng e lebisitswe ka botshelo jwa ga [[William Kamkwamba]].O ne a tshameka Annie Kamkwamba.O ne gape a tshameka ele Aicha Konate mo motshamekong wa thelebišene wa ''[[Deep State]]'' ka 2019. Motshameko wa gagwe o ne o akaretsa ele moranodi yo o neng a utsulwe ke batho ebile ba mmolaya . == Difilimi tsa gagwe == * 2019: ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]] as Annie Kamkwamba''<ref name="ustv" /> * 2019: ''[[Deep State]]'' (TV series) as Aicha Konate * 2021: ''[[Wheel of Time]]'' (TV series) as Mulaen<ref name="ustv">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Malawi's Lily Banda makes US television debut |url=https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128115123/https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |archive-date=2025-01-28 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Capital Radio Malawi |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2023: ''Supa Team 4 (TV Series) as Leopard'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Supa Team 4|date=2023-07-20|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10241858/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_3|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref name="ustv" /> * 2024: ''The Hunted (Drama) as Wael'' <ref>{{Citation|title=The Hunted|date=2024-01-18|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22493538/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_1|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] ko2ao5w5gibsd8hksao6uhlhahq1b15 0 15210 55454 2026-09-23T19:01:04Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340988301|Lottie Isbell Blake]]" 55454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lottie Cornella Isbell Blake, MD,''' (10 OO tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le borataro ( 1876) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e le lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) e ne e le ngaka ya Amerika, morongwa wa tsa kalafi, le morutabana. Blake e ne e le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa Letsatsi la Bosupa yo montsho go nna ngaka. O gakologelwa ka katlego ya gagwe ya phetogo mo kalafing ya metsi e ka nako eo e neng e sa bonwe jaaka kalafi e e raraaneng ya kalafi. Lottie Blake, mmogo le monna wa gagwe e bong Dr. David Emanuel Blake, ba ne ba tsaya maeto le go bereka kwa Panama, Haiti le Jamaica e le morongwa yo o itshegetsang wa tsa kalafi. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe, Dr. Blake o ne a bona kalafi ya “ [[nyumonia]] ya Smokey City ” e e neng e bakilwe ke mosi kwa Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. <ref name="Kim SDA">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Haiyoung |title=DR. LOTTIE I. BLAKE: THE FIRST SDA BLACK PHYSICIAN |url=http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/58/resources/pioneer-stories/dr-lottie-i-blake-the-first-sda-black-physician |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le masome a matlhano tsa pereko , Lottie Blake o ne a tlotliwa ke Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Botshelo jwa pele == Lottie Isbell Blake o tsholetswe kwa Appomattox kwa Virginia, e le morwadia Fannie le Thomas Isbell. Fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le tharo, lelwapa la ga Isbell le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Virginia go ya kwa Columbus, Ohio . Thomas Isbell e ne e le mmetli mme Fanny Isbell o ne a thusa go tlhoma kereke ya Baptist ya Union Grove fa a ntse a godisa Lottie le bana ba gagwe ba le robongwe. Bana ba ga Isbell ba ne ba godisiwa e le ma-Baptist bontsi jwa bonana jwa bone mme fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi ene, mmaagwe le kgaitsadie Mamie ba ne ba sokologa go nna maloko a kereke ya Seventh-day Adventist . == Thuto == Fa a fetsa kwa sekolong se segolwane , Blake o ne a tswelela pele go amogela setlankana sa gagwe sa borutabana a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi. Le fa a ne a ithutile go nna morutabana, Blake o ne a tswelela go katisiwa le go bereka e le mooki kwa Battle Creek. Sanitarium ya Battle Creek kwa Battle Creek Michigan e e neng ya tlhongwa ke maloko a Kereke ya Bodumediya Seventh-day Adventist Church. Ngaka John Harvey Kellogg, mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Battle Creek, yo a neng a nna le ene le go bereka ka fa tlase ga gagwe o ne a nna mokgothatsi wa ga Blake mo dingwageng tse a neng a le mooki ka tsone. E re ka Dr. Kellogg a ne a kgothalediwa ke ene, Blake o ne a tsena sekolo sa bongaka morago ga moo. O ne a aloga kwa sekolong sa bongaka sa American Medical Missionary College ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902) a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borataro , mme a nna mo Seventh Day Adventist go nna ngaka. <ref name="Kim SDA" /> == Tiro ya pele == Kwa tshimologong, tiro ya ga Blake ya borongwa e ne ya nna mo teng ga borwa jwa United States. O ne a bereka e le mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Rock City kwa Nashville, Tennessee a bereka e le ngaka kwa Birmingham, Alabama . Batho ba bantsho ba kwa Nashville ba ne ba akanya gore mekgwa ya kalafi ya ga Blake e ne e sa tokafala go le kalo fa e bapisiwa le e e neng e dirisiwa mo sechabeng sa bone mme ba ne ba e bitsa "dikalafi tsa matsela". E re ka a ne a ikutlwa a ganwa ke Nashville, o ne a fudusetsa tiro ya gagwe kwa motseng selegae wa Hillcrest, o o kwa bokone jwa Nashville. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a ganediwa gape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charlotte Cornelia Isbell Blake |url=https://am.adventistmission.org/m360v9n2-22 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=am.adventistmission.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go sena go runya leroborobo kwa legaeng la dikhutsana kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama, Blake o ne a fudugela go ya go bereka koo go ya go thusa. Moragonyana o ne a tswelela ka go bereka kwa Sekolong sa Katiso sa Diatla sa Huntsville Oakwood, se jaanong e leng Sekolo se setona sa Oakwood, kwa Huntsville Alabama, kwa e neng e le leloko la ntlhana la mothomontsho mo lephateng , le le nang le dikirii ya bongaka, le kwa a neng a tlhoma thulaganyo ya thuto ya baoki kwa Oakwood e e sa ntseng e bereka gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bone (1904), o ne a nna ngaka e e nang le teseletso kwa kgaolong ya Alabama. Fa a sena go nyala monna wa gagwe e bong Ngaka David Emanuel Blake ka kwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa (1907), banyalani bao ba ne ba fudugela kwa Nashville, kwa Lottie a neng a bula gape diphaposi tsa kalafi ya tlholego kwa Lefelong la Boitekanelo la Rock City, fa David ene a ne a ithuta bongaka kwa Sekolong sa Bongaka sa Meharry . Ba ne ba bereka koo go fitlha David a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi ( 1912), <ref name=":0" /> pele ga a boela kwa Columbus, Ohio ka one ngwaga ong. == Tiro ya Borongwa == === Panama === Blake, monna wa gagwe le bana ba bone ba le batlhano ba ne ba tswa kwa United States ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go ya go dira tiro ya borongwa kwa Panama. Banyalani bao ba ne ba bareka e le barongwa ba kalafi ba ba neng ba ba ikemetse fa Lottie Blake a ne a tlhokomela bana ba bone ba le batlhano. Mo dingwageng di le nnè tse lelwapa leo le neng le nna kwa Panama ka tsone, Blake o ne a sa dire tiro e ntsi ya kalafi go na le moo o ne a itebagantse thata le go tlhokomela bana ba gagwe, sekolo le bana ba batho ba ba humileng ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo. Yellow Fever le Malaria e ne e le malwetse a matona a a neng a ama kgaolo ya Panama Canal e lelwapa leo le neng le nna mo go yone, e leng malwetse a neng dingaka di itebagantse thata le one ka nako eo. E re ka ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba berekela madi a mannye fela, ba ne ba kgona go bona kago kwa Cristóbal le didirisiwa tsa go dira tiro ya kalafi sente. E ne e le ka nako eo kwa Panama fa leloko lengwe le lengwe la lelwapa la ga Blake le ne le tsenwe ke bolwetse jwa [[:en:Malaria|malaria.]] === Haiti === Morago ga Panama, lelwapa leo le ne la fudugela kwa Port-au-Prince, kwa Haiti. Ba ne ba tlamela ka tlhokomelo ya kalafi mme ba tlhoma kereke. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka ba ne ba se na madi a mantsi a a bolokilweng e bile ba tshwanelwa ke go godisa bana ba le batlhano, ba ne ba sa kgone go duelela bodiredi jwa bone. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesomele borataro (1916), baeteledipele ba Khonferense ya Kakaretso ba ne ba utlwela botlhoko seemo sa bone mme ba ba neela madi a ka tshwarang $200 a kereke ya bone le $150 wa dithuso tsa ga David ka tiro ya gagwe ya borongwa kwa Cape Haitien. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya go tlhakatlhakana mo go neng go tswa mo diphetogong, Haiti e ne e gapilwe ke Masole a lewatle a Amerika le tikologo e nngwe , lelwapa la ga Blake le ne la nna kwa Haiti dikgwedi di le tharo fela, ba fitlhela lefelo le le dikgwetho thata go ka nna le go bereka mo go one. === Jamaica === Lelapa la ga Blake le ne la ya kwa Jamaica, kwa David Blake a neng a tsholetswe le go golela teng, ba ne ba nna le ba losika dikgwedi di le lesomerobedi. == Tiro ya Morago ga Borongwa == Ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba fudugela kwa Charleston, kwa Bophirima jwa Virginia ka maikaelelo a go tlhoma lefelo la kalafi, mme Dr. David Blake o ne a bolawa ke bolwetse jwa nyumonia mo lobakeng lwa beke fela morago ga go goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa ( 1917). Lottie Blake o ne a romela bana ba gagwe go ya go nna le ba lelwapa kwa Columbus, Ohio fa ene a ne a ya go ikatisa kwa Charleston ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920) mme a nna koo dingwaga di le tlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano ( 1925), Blake o ne a boela kwa Columbus go ya go kopana le bana ba gagwe mme a dira tiro ya bongaka go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano ( 1935). Ka nakong eo, Blake o ne a fudugela kwa Pittsburgh, kwa Philadelphia kwa a neng a itebaganya le go tshwara basadi le bana gone. Ke gone kwa a neng a bona kalafi ya “nyumonia ya Smokey City”, e e neng e le mofuta wa nyumonia e e neng e bakwa ke kgotlhelo le mosi o o neng o le kwa Pittsburgh le kwa ditoropong tse dingwe tse ditona ka nako eo. O ne a tswelela go bereka kwa Pittsburgh go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa ( 1957) a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Dingwaga tsa Bofelo == Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika o tlotla Lottie ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano mo tirong ya kalafi. Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa go tlogela tiro, o ne a tswelela a neela batho ba ba neng ba batla go ithuta mo go ene dithuto tsa Baebele le go ruta dibuka tsa bodumedi. O nna le morwadie e bong Alice Evelyn kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bofelo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngaka Lottie Blake o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya malwetse a tlholego ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ele lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) a le dingwaga di le lekgolo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lottie Isbell Blake |url=http://blacksdahistory.org/lottie-blake.html |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=blacksdahistory.org}}</ref> == Boswa == Dr. Lottie Blake o gakologelwa e le morongwa wa tsa kalafi, morutabana le mmulatsela wa bodiredi jwa kalafi. Le fa go ne go na le mafelo a a makgwakgwa mo nakong yotlhe ya gagwe, tire ya gagwe mo lephateng la kalafi e ne e le phetogo e tona mo lephateng la kalafi le mo Maaforika a Amerika kwa borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blake, Charlotte (Lottie) Cornelia Isbell (1876–1976) |url=https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=6CDX |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=encyclopedia.adventist.org}}</ref> E ne e le ngaka ya ntlha ya mosadi ya motho montsho kwa Alabama le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa Seventh-Day Adventist go amogela dithutego tsa bongaka. O ne a tlogela boswa jwa tumelo e e kwa godimo, maatla mo thutong, le maikemisetso a go direla le go alafa sechaba sa Maaforika a Amerika. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 85928zl2545so9ctx8sl215km8ss411 55457 55454 2026-09-23T19:03:20Z MmaBaggio 11091 55457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lottie Cornella Isbell Blake, MD,''' (10 OO tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le borataro ( 1876) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e le lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) e ne e le ngaka ya Amerika, morongwa wa tsa kalafi, le morutabana. Blake e ne e le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa Letsatsi la Bosupa yo montsho go nna ngaka. O gakologelwa ka katlego ya gagwe ya phetogo mo kalafing ya metsi e ka nako eo e neng e sa bonwe jaaka kalafi e e raraaneng ya kalafi. Lottie Blake, mmogo le monna wa gagwe e bong Dr. David Emanuel Blake, ba ne ba tsaya maeto le go bereka kwa Panama, Haiti le Jamaica e le morongwa yo o itshegetsang wa tsa kalafi. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe, Dr. Blake o ne a bona kalafi ya “ [[nyumonia]] ya Smokey City ” e e neng e bakilwe ke mosi kwa Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. <ref name="Kim SDA">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Haiyoung |title=DR. LOTTIE I. BLAKE: THE FIRST SDA BLACK PHYSICIAN |url=http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/58/resources/pioneer-stories/dr-lottie-i-blake-the-first-sda-black-physician |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le masome a matlhano tsa pereko , Lottie Blake o ne a tlotliwa ke Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Botshelo jwa pele == Lottie Isbell Blake o tsholetswe kwa Appomattox kwa Virginia, e le morwadia Fannie le Thomas Isbell. Fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le tharo, lelwapa la ga Isbell le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Virginia go ya kwa [[Columbus, Ohio]] . Thomas Isbell e ne e le mmetli mme Fanny Isbell o ne a thusa go tlhoma kereke ya Baptist ya Union Grove fa a ntse a godisa Lottie le bana ba gagwe ba le robongwe. Bana ba ga Isbell ba ne ba godisiwa e le ma-Baptist bontsi jwa bonana jwa bone mme fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi ene, mmaagwe le kgaitsadie Mamie ba ne ba sokologa go nna maloko a kereke ya [[Seventh-day Advehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day Adventist Churchntist|Seventh-day Adventist]] . == Thuto == Fa a fetsa kwa sekolong se segolwane , Blake o ne a tswelela pele go amogela setlankana sa gagwe sa borutabana a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi. Le fa a ne a ithutile go nna morutabana, Blake o ne a tswelela go katisiwa le go bereka e le mooki kwa [[:en:Battle_Creek_Sanitarium|Battle Creek Sanitarium]] ya Battle Creek kwa Battle Creek Michigan e e neng ya tlhongwa ke maloko a Kereke ya Bodumediya Seventh-day Adventist Church. Ngaka John Harvey Kellogg, mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Battle Creek, yo a neng a nna le ene le go bereka ka fa tlase ga gagwe o ne a nna mokgothatsi wa ga Blake mo dingwageng tse a neng a le mooki ka tsone. E re ka Dr. Kellogg a ne a kgothalediwa ke ene, Blake o ne a tsena sekolo sa bongaka morago ga moo. O ne a aloga kwa sekolong sa bongaka sa American Medical Missionary College ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902) a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borataro , mme a nna mo Seventh Day Adventist go nna ngaka. <ref name="Kim SDA" /> == Tiro ya pele == Kwa tshimologong, tiro ya ga Blake ya borongwa e ne ya nna mo teng ga borwa jwa United States. O ne a bereka e le mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Rock City kwa Nashville, Tennessee a bereka e le ngaka kwa Birmingham, Alabama . Batho ba bantsho ba kwa Nashville ba ne ba akanya gore mekgwa ya kalafi ya ga Blake e ne e sa tokafala go le kalo fa e bapisiwa le e e neng e dirisiwa mo sechabeng sa bone mme ba ne ba e bitsa "dikalafi tsa matsela". E re ka a ne a ikutlwa a ganwa ke Nashville, o ne a fudusetsa tiro ya gagwe kwa motseng selegae wa Hillcrest, o o kwa bokone jwa Nashville. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a ganediwa gape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charlotte Cornelia Isbell Blake |url=https://am.adventistmission.org/m360v9n2-22 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=am.adventistmission.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go sena go runya leroborobo kwa legaeng la dikhutsana kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama, Blake o ne a fudugela go ya go bereka koo go ya go thusa. Moragonyana o ne a tswelela ka go bereka kwa Sekolong sa Katiso sa Diatla sa Huntsville Oakwood, se jaanong e leng Sekolo se setona sa Oakwood, kwa Huntsville Alabama, kwa e neng e le leloko la ntlhana la mothomontsho mo lephateng , le le nang le dikirii ya bongaka, le kwa a neng a tlhoma thulaganyo ya thuto ya baoki kwa Oakwood e e sa ntseng e bereka gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bone (1904), o ne a nna ngaka e e nang le teseletso kwa kgaolong ya Alabama. Fa a sena go nyala monna wa gagwe e bong Ngaka David Emanuel Blake ka kwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa (1907), banyalani bao ba ne ba fudugela kwa Nashville, kwa Lottie a neng a bula gape diphaposi tsa kalafi ya tlholego kwa Lefelong la Boitekanelo la Rock City, fa David ene a ne a ithuta bongaka kwa Sekolong sa Bongaka sa Meharry . Ba ne ba bereka koo go fitlha David a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi ( 1912), <ref name=":0" /> pele ga a boela kwa Columbus, Ohio ka one ngwaga ong. == Tiro ya Borongwa == === Panama === Blake, monna wa gagwe le bana ba bone ba le batlhano ba ne ba tswa kwa United States ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go ya go dira tiro ya borongwa kwa Panama. Banyalani bao ba ne ba bareka e le barongwa ba kalafi ba ba neng ba ba ikemetse fa Lottie Blake a ne a tlhokomela bana ba bone ba le batlhano. Mo dingwageng di le nnè tse lelwapa leo le neng le nna kwa Panama ka tsone, Blake o ne a sa dire tiro e ntsi ya kalafi go na le moo o ne a itebagantse thata le go tlhokomela bana ba gagwe, sekolo le bana ba batho ba ba humileng ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo. Yellow Fever le Malaria e ne e le malwetse a matona a a neng a ama kgaolo ya Panama Canal e lelwapa leo le neng le nna mo go yone, e leng malwetse a neng dingaka di itebagantse thata le one ka nako eo. E re ka ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba berekela madi a mannye fela, ba ne ba kgona go bona kago kwa Cristóbal le didirisiwa tsa go dira tiro ya kalafi sente. E ne e le ka nako eo kwa Panama fa leloko lengwe le lengwe la lelwapa la ga Blake le ne le tsenwe ke bolwetse jwa [[:en:Malaria|malaria.]] === Haiti === Morago ga Panama, lelwapa leo le ne la fudugela kwa Port-au-Prince, kwa Haiti. Ba ne ba tlamela ka tlhokomelo ya kalafi mme ba tlhoma kereke. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka ba ne ba se na madi a mantsi a a bolokilweng e bile ba tshwanelwa ke go godisa bana ba le batlhano, ba ne ba sa kgone go duelela bodiredi jwa bone. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesomele borataro (1916), baeteledipele ba Khonferense ya Kakaretso ba ne ba utlwela botlhoko seemo sa bone mme ba ba neela madi a ka tshwarang $200 a kereke ya bone le $150 wa dithuso tsa ga David ka tiro ya gagwe ya borongwa kwa Cape Haitien. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya go tlhakatlhakana mo go neng go tswa mo diphetogong, Haiti e ne e gapilwe ke Masole a lewatle a Amerika le tikologo e nngwe , lelwapa la ga Blake le ne la nna kwa Haiti dikgwedi di le tharo fela, ba fitlhela lefelo le le dikgwetho thata go ka nna le go bereka mo go one. === Jamaica === Lelapa la ga Blake le ne la ya kwa Jamaica, kwa David Blake a neng a tsholetswe le go golela teng, ba ne ba nna le ba losika dikgwedi di le lesomerobedi. == Tiro ya Morago ga Borongwa == Ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba fudugela kwa Charleston, kwa Bophirima jwa Virginia ka maikaelelo a go tlhoma lefelo la kalafi, mme Dr. David Blake o ne a bolawa ke bolwetse jwa nyumonia mo lobakeng lwa beke fela morago ga go goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa ( 1917). Lottie Blake o ne a romela bana ba gagwe go ya go nna le ba lelwapa kwa Columbus, Ohio fa ene a ne a ya go ikatisa kwa Charleston ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920) mme a nna koo dingwaga di le tlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano ( 1925), Blake o ne a boela kwa Columbus go ya go kopana le bana ba gagwe mme a dira tiro ya bongaka go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano ( 1935). Ka nakong eo, Blake o ne a fudugela kwa Pittsburgh, kwa Philadelphia kwa a neng a itebaganya le go tshwara basadi le bana gone. Ke gone kwa a neng a bona kalafi ya “nyumonia ya Smokey City”, e e neng e le mofuta wa nyumonia e e neng e bakwa ke kgotlhelo le mosi o o neng o le kwa Pittsburgh le kwa ditoropong tse dingwe tse ditona ka nako eo. O ne a tswelela go bereka kwa Pittsburgh go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa ( 1957) a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Dingwaga tsa Bofelo == Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika o tlotla Lottie ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano mo tirong ya kalafi. Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa go tlogela tiro, o ne a tswelela a neela batho ba ba neng ba batla go ithuta mo go ene dithuto tsa Baebele le go ruta dibuka tsa bodumedi. O nna le morwadie e bong Alice Evelyn kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bofelo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngaka Lottie Blake o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya malwetse a tlholego ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ele lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) a le dingwaga di le lekgolo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lottie Isbell Blake |url=http://blacksdahistory.org/lottie-blake.html |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=blacksdahistory.org}}</ref> == Boswa == Dr. Lottie Blake o gakologelwa e le morongwa wa tsa kalafi, morutabana le mmulatsela wa bodiredi jwa kalafi. Le fa go ne go na le mafelo a a makgwakgwa mo nakong yotlhe ya gagwe, tire ya gagwe mo lephateng la kalafi e ne e le phetogo e tona mo lephateng la kalafi le mo Maaforika a Amerika kwa borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blake, Charlotte (Lottie) Cornelia Isbell (1876–1976) |url=https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=6CDX |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=encyclopedia.adventist.org}}</ref> E ne e le ngaka ya ntlha ya mosadi ya motho montsho kwa Alabama le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa Seventh-Day Adventist go amogela dithutego tsa bongaka. O ne a tlogela boswa jwa tumelo e e kwa godimo, maatla mo thutong, le maikemisetso a go direla le go alafa sechaba sa Maaforika a Amerika. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 03hr089uq1ee19jzsbl3dnpqvfrc756 0 15211 55463 2026-09-23T19:27:48Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354905062|Baby Cele]]" 55463 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Baby Cele-Maloka''' ( o tshotswe ka 22 Mopitlo1972 ) ke modiragatsi go tswa kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]], kwa Umlazi, [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ko a belegetsweng teng. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Up close with Zabalazas Baby Cele |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/move/20150909/281492160081514 |access-date=2020-03-09 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Cele o tumile thata ka seabe sa gagwe mo motshamekong wa [[Backstage]], a tshameka ele Kaltego Rathebe dingwaga dile borobabobedi .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=This is what the cast of backstage look like 10 years later |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/pics-this-is-what-the-cast-of-backstage-look-like-10-years-later-20171116&grqid=lFSUvtvF&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=channel24.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibusiso Radebes death bring shock and sadness - Backstage |url=https://www.myvirgo.co.za/read-blog/42_sibusiso-radebe-s-death-bring-shock-and-sadness.html&grqid=193dbGKS&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=myvirgo.co.za}}</ref>O ne a tswelela a ya go tshameka karolo ya ga mo motsweding wa [[SABC 1]] mo ''My Perfect Family''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby cele to spread her wings! |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/baby-cele-to-spread-her-wings-15068187&grqid=36b1Buz2&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=iol.co.za}}</ref> Ka 2011, O ne a tshameka karolo ele Beauty mo motshamekong wa ''Shreds & Dreams'', e e neng e itebagantse le motshameko wa 2004 wa ga Clare Stopford. Go simolola ka 2012 go ya go 2013, o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Slindile Dludlu mo motsweding wa [[Mzansi Magic]] wa ''Inkaba'' . Gape Cele o ne a tshameka karolo ya Gasta Cele mo motshameking wa ''Zabalaza'' . <ref name="BCa">{{Cite web |title=From Sarafina! to Inkaba |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/baby-from-sarafina-to-inkaba-1274525&grqid=nYzjU6l6&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |website=iol.co.za}}</ref> Ka 2016, o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Sibongile Nene mo motshamekong wa ''[[Isidingo]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-28 |title=Baby Cele on her new isidingo role |url=https://m.news24.com/Drum/Archive/baby-cele-on-her-new-isidingo-role-20170728&grqid=4sXmgr3A&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Ene e le leloko la batshameki ba motshameko wa serala wa ''[[Sarafina!]]'' . Cele o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa serala ''wa Cards'' . <ref name="BCa" /> Ka 2018, o ne a tsenelela motshameko wa ''[[Uzalo]]'', ko a neng a tshameka e le Gabisile Mdletshe. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Cele o nyetswe ke rra dikgwebo Thabo Maloka. Ona le mpho ya semoya ye a e filling ke badimo, ye e dirileng gore a togele Botaki. O na le ngwana yo a mo mogodisitseng mme e se wa gagwe, Sandiso Vusumuzi Thwala.Sandiso is UDlakadla Omkhulu o mo maranyange a Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=Baby cele pens loved up appreciate post to her hubby |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-07-06-baby-cele-pens-loved-up-appreciation-post-to-her-hubby/ |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=timeslive.co.za}}</ref> O na le bana ba babedi . == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] k5qea829bmro054snq8jqhkmoub2uwr 0 15212 55465 2026-09-23T19:30:56Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Sterkfontein, Cradle of Humankind|map_caption=Location in Gauteng|coordinates={{coord|26.0157|S|27.7346|E|format=dms|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:ZA}}|location=[[Gauteng]], South Africa|established=Declared a World Heritage Site in 2000|governing_body=Humankind}} [[Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCave.jpg|thumb|Baithutamarope mo kagong e e fa godimo ga kgoro ya Sterkfontein]] '''Sterkfontein''' (''[[Seburu]]'' se kaya ''Dikgakologo tse di Maatla'') ke setlhopha sa dikgaga tsa [[kalaka]] tsa kgatlhego e e kgethegileng mo thutong ya batho ba bogologolo e e mo kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]], dikilometara di ka nna masome mane (dimaele di le masome mabedi le botlhano) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa, mo kgaolong ya [[Muldersdrift]] gaufi le toropo ya [[Krugersdorp]]. Mafelo a boepi jwa bogologolo a [[Swartkrans]] le [[Kromdraai]] a mo lefelong le le lengwe. Sterkfontein ke [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika Borwa]] mme gape le ne la goelediwa jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] ka 2000. Lefelo le le leng mo go lone le itsege jaaka [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111134658/http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 "Sterkfontein Caves, Zwartkrans, Krugersdorp District 9/2/233/0004]". [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Archived from [http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 the original] on 11 November 2014. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084307/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa"]. ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. n.d. Archived from [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 the original] on 2 May 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Dikgaga tsa Sterkfontein gape ke legae la mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tsa naga tsa Aforika go akaretsa le ''[[Belonogaster petiolata]]'', mofuta wa dinotshi o o nang le bontsi jo bogolo jwa go dira dintlhaga.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFKeeping1997|Keeping 1997.]]</ref> Masalela a le mantsi a ntlha a [[hominin]] a fitlhetswe mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng. Tseno di ile tsa amana le ''[[Australopithecus]]'', ''[[Homo]]'' ya pele le ''[[Paranthropus]]''. Ka 2024 logaga lo ne lwa tswalelwa baeng ke mong wa lone ka ntlha ya morwalela.<ref>[https://www.maropeng.co.za/content/page/sterkfontein-caves "Cradle of Humankind Official Website"]. ^{&#x5B;''dead link''&#x5D;}</ref> Dikgaga di ne tsa bulelwa setšhaba gape ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.<ref>[https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2025/2025-04/world-renowned-wits-sterkfontein-caves-reopen.html "2025-04 - World renowned Wits Sterkfontein Caves reopen - Wits University"]. ''www.wits.ac.za''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Go epa ga segompieno ga magaga go simolotse kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1890 ke baepi ba kalaka ba ba neng ba lemoga masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng mme ba a tlisa mo tlhokomelong ya borasaense. Ka 1936, baithuti ba ga Moporofesara Raymond Dart le Ngaka Robert Broom go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand ba ne ba simolola go epolola mmogo. Magaga a ne a ntsha Australopithecine ya ntlha e e godileng, mme seno se ne sa nonotsha thata polelo ya ga Dart ya gore legata le le neng le itsege jaaka Ngwana wa Taung (Australopithecus africanus) e ne e le mogologolwane wa motho. Go ne ga nna le go emisiwa ga go epa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, mme morago ga ntwa Dr. Robert Broom o ne a tswelela ka go epa. Ka 1947, o ne a fitlhela legata le le batlileng le felela la mosadi yo o godileng (STS 5) A. africanus (kgotsa gongwe la monna yo o mo dingwageng tsa bolesome). Broom kwa tshimologong o ne a bitsa legata Plesianthropus transvaalensis (motho yo o gaufi go tswa kwa Teransefala), fela e ne ya itsege botoka ka leina la yona la sefane, Mme Ples. Mme Ples jaanong o tlhalosiwa jaaka leloko la A. africanus. Ka 1984, Peter Verhulsel, yo e neng e le leloko la letsholo la go thuma mo logageng le le neng le batlisisa ka nngwe ya magaga, o ne a latlhega mme kwa bofelong a bolawa ke tlala morago ga dibeke di le tharo mo logageng ka ditlhopha tsa phalotso di ne di sa kgone go mmona.[6] Ka 1997, lerapo le le batlang le feletse la mofuta wa bobedi wa Australopithecus (StW 573) le ne la fitlhelwa mo magageng ke Ronald J. Clarke; go ntsha masalela go tswa mo breccia e e dikologileng go tsweletse. Lerapo leno le ne la bidiwa Little Foot, ka gonne dikarolo tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa bonwa (ka 1995, mo polokelong) e ne e le marapo a leoto. Dipatlisiso di tswelela go fitlha gompieno, mme diphitlhelelo jaanong di palogotlhe tsa di-hominid di ka nna 500, mme seno se dira gore Sterkfontein e nne nngwe ya mafelo a a humileng thata mo lefatsheng a di-hominid tsa ntlha. Terasete ya Saense ya Palaeo-Anthropology (PAST), letlole la terasete le le sa direng dipoelo le le tlhomilweng ka 1993, le tshegetsa go feta 90% ya dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng kwa Sterkfontein mme le nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhophiweng ga yona jaaka Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe. == Letlha la dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa Leloko la 4 tse di nang le masaledi a Australopithecus africanus di beilweng letlha la magareng ga 2.6 le 2.0 Ma, ka masaledi a Sts5 "Mme Ples" a a fopholediwang go letlha la magareng ga 2.05 le 2.01 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopanyo ya tshekatsheko ya eleketeroniki ya Uranium–lloto le palae dating[7][8][9][10] Lerapo la StW 573 le le sa felelang (Leoto le Lennye) le ne la bonwa go tswa mo go tladiweng go go farologaneng mo lefelong le le mo teng ga melelwane ya Silberberg Grotto. E fopholediwa go nna mo tikologong ya 2.6–2.2 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopano ya go tlhoma letlha la yuraniamo-lloto le tshekatsheko ya makenete ya bogologolo[7] mme ke ya mofuta wa bobedi wa ditshenekegi, Australopithecus prometheus. Go farologana le seo, go tlhoma matlha a go tlhagelela ga boalogodimo ga magweregwere go supa gore lerapo la StW 573 le na le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 4.[11] Le fa letlapa la kelelo le le kwadilweng ka letlha la uranium-lead le bontshitswe le bopilwe morago ga masaledi, phopholetso ya dingwaga ya ~3 Ma e e tshitshinngwang ke bakwadi ba bone[12] ga e na motheo o o tiileng.[13] Tshekatsheko ya palaeomagnetic[7] e santse e le phopholetso ya dingwaga e e ikanyegang thata e e ikaegileng ka tshedimosetso ya ga jaana ka e ne e akaretsa tiro mo di-sediment le speleothem ka bobedi. Peeletso e nnye go le gonnye (StW 53 infill) e e kwadilweng magareng ga 1.8 go ya go 1.5 Mya e senotse masalela a sekai sa Homo ya ntlha (StW 53). StW 53 e tlhalositswe jaaka e e tshwanang le Homo habilis kgotsa jaaka mofuta o mošwa wa Homo gautengensis.[14] Ga go na didiriswa tsa matlapa tse di neng di amana le masaledi, fela StW 53 e na le bosupi jwa matshwao a a segilweng a didiriswa tsa matlapa.[15] Tokololo ya 5 e na le didiriswa tsa matlapa tsa Oldowan le Acheulian mmogo le dikao tsa Homo le Paranthropus tsa ntlha mme e kwadilwe ka letlha le le fa gare ga 1.6 le 1.1 Mya.[7] Ka 2022 go tlhoma matlha a dinyuklea tsa lobopo go fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa Leloko la 4 le na le dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.4."[16] Setlhopha se se ikarabelang ka tiro eno, se se akaretsang Clarke, se bolela jaana: "Dipholo tseno di baya mo e ka nnang kokoano yotlhe ya di-Australopithecus kwa Sterkfontein mo bogareng jwa Lefatshe la Australo-Plio Aforika Botlhaba."[16] Ba re seno se nyatsa kakanyo ya gore A. africanus e tswa mo go A. afarensis. == Ditshwantso == <gallery> Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|Kgoro ya Legaga la Silberberg le le nang le ''[[Leoto le lennye]]'' Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves2.jpg|Letsha le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa Dikgageng tsa Sterkfontein. Mothumi a le mongwe o tlhokafetse mo letsheng le Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves3.jpg|Tebego e e yang kwa tlase go ya kwa lekadibeng mo dikgageng </gallery> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga tsa kalaka]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Gauteng]] [[Karolo:Mmasepala wa toropo ya Mogale]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] lpflkabqlsvt0e9o2mcp6j7ykcl543c 55466 55465 2026-09-23T19:37:18Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa dipatlisiso */ ke tsentse dilink le metswedi 55466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Sterkfontein, Cradle of Humankind|map_caption=Location in Gauteng|coordinates={{coord|26.0157|S|27.7346|E|format=dms|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:ZA}}|location=[[Gauteng]], South Africa|established=Declared a World Heritage Site in 2000|governing_body=Humankind}} [[Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCave.jpg|thumb|Baithutamarope mo kagong e e fa godimo ga kgoro ya Sterkfontein]] '''Sterkfontein''' (''[[Seburu]]'' se kaya ''Dikgakologo tse di Maatla'') ke setlhopha sa dikgaga tsa [[kalaka]] tsa kgatlhego e e kgethegileng mo thutong ya batho ba bogologolo e e mo kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]], dikilometara di ka nna masome mane (dimaele di le masome mabedi le botlhano) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa, mo kgaolong ya [[Muldersdrift]] gaufi le toropo ya [[Krugersdorp]]. Mafelo a boepi jwa bogologolo a [[Swartkrans]] le [[Kromdraai]] a mo lefelong le le lengwe. Sterkfontein ke [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika Borwa]] mme gape le ne la goelediwa jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] ka 2000. Lefelo le le leng mo go lone le itsege jaaka [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111134658/http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 "Sterkfontein Caves, Zwartkrans, Krugersdorp District 9/2/233/0004]". [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Archived from [http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 the original] on 11 November 2014. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084307/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa"]. ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. n.d. Archived from [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 the original] on 2 May 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Dikgaga tsa Sterkfontein gape ke legae la mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tsa naga tsa Aforika go akaretsa le ''[[Belonogaster petiolata]]'', mofuta wa dinotshi o o nang le bontsi jo bogolo jwa go dira dintlhaga.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFKeeping1997|Keeping 1997.]]</ref> Masalela a le mantsi a ntlha a [[hominin]] a fitlhetswe mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng. Tseno di ile tsa amana le ''[[Australopithecus]]'', ''[[Homo]]'' ya pele le ''[[Paranthropus]]''. Ka 2024 logaga lo ne lwa tswalelwa baeng ke mong wa lone ka ntlha ya morwalela.<ref>[https://www.maropeng.co.za/content/page/sterkfontein-caves "Cradle of Humankind Official Website"]. ^{&#x5B;''dead link''&#x5D;}</ref> Dikgaga di ne tsa bulelwa setšhaba gape ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.<ref>[https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2025/2025-04/world-renowned-wits-sterkfontein-caves-reopen.html "2025-04 - World renowned Wits Sterkfontein Caves reopen - Wits University"]. ''www.wits.ac.za''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Go epa ga segompieno ga dikgaga go simolotswe kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1890 ke baepi ba kalaka ba ba neng ba lemoga masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng mme ba a tlisa mo tlhokomelong ya bamaranyane. Ka 1936, baithuti ba ga Moporofesara [[Raymond Dart]] le Ngaka [[Robert Broom]] go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand]] ba ne ba simolola go epolola mmogo. Magaga a ne a ntsha Australopithecine ya ntlha e e godileng, mme seno se ne sa nonotsha thata polelo ya ga Dart ya gore legata le le neng le itsege jaaka Ngwana wa Taung (Australopithecus africanus) e ne e le mogologolwane wa motho. Go ne ga nna le go emisiwa ga go epa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, mme morago ga ntwa Dr. Robert Broom o ne a tswelela ka go epa. Ka 1947, o ne a fitlhela legata le le batlileng le felela la mosadi yo o godileng (STS 5) A. africanus (kgotsa gongwe la monna yo o mo dingwageng tsa bolesome). Broom kwa tshimologong o ne a bitsa legata Plesianthropus transvaalensis (motho yo o gaufi go tswa kwa Teransefala), fela e ne ya itsege botoka ka leina la yona la sefane, Mme Ples. Mme Ples jaanong o tlhalosiwa jaaka leloko la A. africanus. Ka 1984, Peter Verhulsel, yo e neng e le leloko la letsholo la go thuma mo logageng le le neng le batlisisa ka nngwe ya magaga, o ne a latlhega mme kwa bofelong a bolawa ke tlala morago ga dibeke di le tharo mo logageng ka ditlhopha tsa phalotso di ne di sa kgone go mmona.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/12/Scuba-diver-lost-in-cave-dies-waiting-for-rescue/7366469083600/ "Scuba diver lost in cave dies waiting for rescue - UPI Archives"]. ''UPI''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Ka 1997, lerapo le le batlang le feletse la mofuta wa bobedi wa Australopithecus (StW 573) le ne la fitlhelwa mo magageng ke Ronald J. Clarke; go ntsha masalela go tswa mo breccia e e dikologileng go tsweletse. Lerapo leno le ne la bidiwa Little Foot, ka gonne dikarolo tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa bonwa (ka 1995, mo polokelong) e ne e le marapo a leoto. Dipatlisiso di tswelela go fitlha gompieno, mme diphitlhelelo jaanong di palogotlhe tsa di-hominid di ka nna 500, mme seno se dira gore Sterkfontein e nne nngwe ya mafelo a a humileng thata mo lefatsheng a di-hominid tsa ntlha. Terasete ya Saense ya Palaeo-Anthropology (PAST), letlole la terasete le le sa direng dipoelo le le tlhomilweng ka 1993, le tshegetsa go feta 90% ya dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng kwa Sterkfontein mme le nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhophiweng ga yona jaaka Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe. == Letlha la dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa Leloko la 4 tse di nang le masaledi a Australopithecus africanus di beilweng letlha la magareng ga 2.6 le 2.0 Ma, ka masaledi a Sts5 "Mme Ples" a a fopholediwang go letlha la magareng ga 2.05 le 2.01 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopanyo ya tshekatsheko ya eleketeroniki ya Uranium–lloto le palae dating[7][8][9][10] Lerapo la StW 573 le le sa felelang (Leoto le Lennye) le ne la bonwa go tswa mo go tladiweng go go farologaneng mo lefelong le le mo teng ga melelwane ya Silberberg Grotto. E fopholediwa go nna mo tikologong ya 2.6–2.2 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopano ya go tlhoma letlha la yuraniamo-lloto le tshekatsheko ya makenete ya bogologolo[7] mme ke ya mofuta wa bobedi wa ditshenekegi, Australopithecus prometheus. Go farologana le seo, go tlhoma matlha a go tlhagelela ga boalogodimo ga magweregwere go supa gore lerapo la StW 573 le na le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 4.[11] Le fa letlapa la kelelo le le kwadilweng ka letlha la uranium-lead le bontshitswe le bopilwe morago ga masaledi, phopholetso ya dingwaga ya ~3 Ma e e tshitshinngwang ke bakwadi ba bone[12] ga e na motheo o o tiileng.[13] Tshekatsheko ya palaeomagnetic[7] e santse e le phopholetso ya dingwaga e e ikanyegang thata e e ikaegileng ka tshedimosetso ya ga jaana ka e ne e akaretsa tiro mo di-sediment le speleothem ka bobedi. Peeletso e nnye go le gonnye (StW 53 infill) e e kwadilweng magareng ga 1.8 go ya go 1.5 Mya e senotse masalela a sekai sa Homo ya ntlha (StW 53). StW 53 e tlhalositswe jaaka e e tshwanang le Homo habilis kgotsa jaaka mofuta o mošwa wa Homo gautengensis.[14] Ga go na didiriswa tsa matlapa tse di neng di amana le masaledi, fela StW 53 e na le bosupi jwa matshwao a a segilweng a didiriswa tsa matlapa.[15] Tokololo ya 5 e na le didiriswa tsa matlapa tsa Oldowan le Acheulian mmogo le dikao tsa Homo le Paranthropus tsa ntlha mme e kwadilwe ka letlha le le fa gare ga 1.6 le 1.1 Mya.[7] Ka 2022 go tlhoma matlha a dinyuklea tsa lobopo go fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa Leloko la 4 le na le dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.4."[16] Setlhopha se se ikarabelang ka tiro eno, se se akaretsang Clarke, se bolela jaana: "Dipholo tseno di baya mo e ka nnang kokoano yotlhe ya di-Australopithecus kwa Sterkfontein mo bogareng jwa Lefatshe la Australo-Plio Aforika Botlhaba."[16] Ba re seno se nyatsa kakanyo ya gore A. africanus e tswa mo go A. afarensis. == Ditshwantso == <gallery> Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|Kgoro ya Legaga la Silberberg le le nang le ''[[Leoto le lennye]]'' Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves2.jpg|Letsha le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa Dikgageng tsa Sterkfontein. Mothumi a le mongwe o tlhokafetse mo letsheng le Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves3.jpg|Tebego e e yang kwa tlase go ya kwa lekadibeng mo dikgageng </gallery> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga tsa kalaka]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Gauteng]] [[Karolo:Mmasepala wa toropo ya Mogale]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] q8h8h4327n5s1w0jt24uozfpbajftx5 55490 55466 2026-09-24T03:44:19Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa dipatlisiso */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Sterkfontein, Cradle of Humankind|map_caption=Location in Gauteng|coordinates={{coord|26.0157|S|27.7346|E|format=dms|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:ZA}}|location=[[Gauteng]], South Africa|established=Declared a World Heritage Site in 2000|governing_body=Humankind}} [[Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCave.jpg|thumb|Baithutamarope mo kagong e e fa godimo ga kgoro ya Sterkfontein]] '''Sterkfontein''' (''[[Seburu]]'' se kaya ''Dikgakologo tse di Maatla'') ke setlhopha sa dikgaga tsa [[kalaka]] tsa kgatlhego e e kgethegileng mo thutong ya batho ba bogologolo e e mo kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]], dikilometara di ka nna masome mane (dimaele di le masome mabedi le botlhano) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa, mo kgaolong ya [[Muldersdrift]] gaufi le toropo ya [[Krugersdorp]]. Mafelo a boepi jwa bogologolo a [[Swartkrans]] le [[Kromdraai]] a mo lefelong le le lengwe. Sterkfontein ke [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforika Borwa]] mme gape le ne la goelediwa jaaka [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] ka 2000. Lefelo le le leng mo go lone le itsege jaaka [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111134658/http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 "Sterkfontein Caves, Zwartkrans, Krugersdorp District 9/2/233/0004]". [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Archived from [http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19143 the original] on 11 November 2014. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084307/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 "Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa"]. ''UNESCO World Heritage Centre''. n.d. Archived from [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915 the original] on 2 May 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Dikgaga tsa Sterkfontein gape ke legae la mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tsa naga tsa Aforika go akaretsa le ''[[Belonogaster petiolata]]'', mofuta wa dinotshi o o nang le bontsi jo bogolo jwa go dira dintlhaga.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFKeeping1997|Keeping 1997.]]</ref> Masalela a le mantsi a ntlha a [[hominin]] a fitlhetswe mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng. Tseno di ile tsa amana le ''[[Australopithecus]]'', ''[[Homo]]'' ya pele le ''[[Paranthropus]]''. Ka 2024 logaga lo ne lwa tswalelwa baeng ke mong wa lone ka ntlha ya morwalela.<ref>[https://www.maropeng.co.za/content/page/sterkfontein-caves "Cradle of Humankind Official Website"]. ^{&#x5B;''dead link''&#x5D;}</ref> Dikgaga di ne tsa bulelwa setšhaba gape ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.<ref>[https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2025/2025-04/world-renowned-wits-sterkfontein-caves-reopen.html "2025-04 - World renowned Wits Sterkfontein Caves reopen - Wits University"]. ''www.wits.ac.za''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Go epa ga segompieno ga dikgaga go simolotswe kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1890 ke baepi ba kalaka ba ba neng ba lemoga masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng mme ba a tlisa mo tlhokomelong ya bamaranyane. Ka 1936, baithuti ba ga Moporofesara [[Raymond Dart]] le Ngaka [[Robert Broom]] go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand]] ba ne ba simolola go epolola mmogo. Diikgaga di ne tsa ntsha [[Australopithecine]] ya ntlha e e godileng, mme seno se ne sa nonotsha thata polelo ya ga Dart ya gore legata le le neng le itsege jaaka [[Taung skull|Ngwana wa Taung]] (''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'') e ne e le mogologolwane wa motho. Go ne ga nna le go emisiwa ga go epa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, mme morago ga ntwa Dr. Robert Broom o ne a tswelela ka go epa. Ka 1947, o ne a fitlhela legata le le batlileng le felela la mosadi yo o godileng ([[STS 5]]) ''A. africanus'' (kgotsa gongwe la monna yo o mo dingwageng tsa bonana). Broom kwa tshimologong o ne a bitsa legata ''[[Plesianthropus transvaalensis]]'' (''seka-motho'' go tswa kwa [[Transvaal|Teransefala]]), fela e ne ya itsege botoka ka leina la yone la sefane, ''[[Mrs. Ples]]''. Mrs. Ples jaanong o tlhalosiwa jaaka leloko la ''A. africanus''. Ka 1984, Peter Verhulsel, yo e neng e le leloko la letsholo la go thuma mo logageng le le neng le batlisisa ka nngwe ya dikgaga, o ne a latlhega mme kwa bofelong a bolawa ke tlala morago ga dibeke di le tharo mo logageng ka ditlhopha tsa phalotso di ne di sa kgone go mmona.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/12/Scuba-diver-lost-in-cave-dies-waiting-for-rescue/7366469083600/ "Scuba diver lost in cave dies waiting for rescue - UPI Archives"]. ''UPI''. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Ka 1997, lerapo le le batlileng le feletse la mofuta wa bobedi wa ''Australopithecus'' (StW 573) le ne la fitlhelwa mo magageng ke [[Ronald J. Clarke]]; go ntsha masalela go tswa mo [[breccia]] e e dikologileng go tsweletse. Lerapo leno le ne la bidiwa ''[[Little Foot]]'', ka gonne dikarolo tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa bonwa (ka 1995, mo polokelong) e ne e le marapo a leoto. Dipatlisiso di tswelela go fitlha gompieno, mme diphitlhelelo jaanong di palogotlhe tsa di-hominid di ka nna makgolo a matlhano, mme seno se dira gore Sterkfontein e nne nngwe ya mafelo a a humileng thata mo lefatsheng a di-hominid tsa ntlha. Trust ya Maranyane ya Palaeo-Anthropology (PAST), letlole la trust le le sa direng dipoelo le le tlhomilweng ka 1993, le tshegetsa go feta 90% ya dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng kwa Sterkfontein mme le nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhophiweng ga yone jaaka Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe. == Letlha la dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa Leloko la bone tse di nang le masalela a ''Australopithecus africanus'' di beilweng letlha la magareng ga 2.6 le 2.0 Ma, ka masalela a Sts5 "Mrs. Ples" a a fopholediwang go letlha la magareng ga 2.05 le 2.01 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopanyo ya tshekatsheko ya eleketeroniki ya Uranium–lloto le [[palaeomagnetic]] analysis and [[electron spin resonance]] dating<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFHerriesShaw2011|Herries &#x26; Shaw 2011.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFPickeringKramers2010|Pickering &#x26; Kramers 2010.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFHerries_et_al.2010|Herries et al. 2010.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFHerries_et_al.2013|Herries et al. 2013.]]</ref> Lerapo la StW 573 le le sa felelang (''[[Leoto le Lennye]]'') le ne la bonwa go tswa mo go tladiweng mo go farologaneng mo lefelong le le mo teng ga melelwane ya Silberberg Grotto. E fopholediwa go nna mo tikologong ya 2.6–2.2 Ma go ikaegilwe ka kopano ya [[go tlhoma letlha la uranium-lloto]] le tshekatsheko ya makenete ya bogologolo<ref name=":1" /> mme ke ya mofuta wa bobedi wa ditshedinyana, [[Australopithecus prometheus]]. Go farologana le seo, go tlhoma matlha a go tlhagelela ga boalogodimo ga magweregwere go supa gore lerapo la StW 573 le na le dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le nne.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFPartridge_et_al.2003|Partridge et al. 2003.]]</ref> Le fa letlapa la kelelo le le kwadilweng ka letlha la uranium-lead le bontshitswe le bopilwe morago ga masalela, phopholetso ya dingwaga ya ~3 Ma e e akanngwang ke bakwadi ba bone<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFBruxelles_et_al.2014|Bruxelles et al. 2014.]]</ref> ga e na motheo o o tiileng.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFBalter2014|Balter 2014.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya palaeomagnetic<ref name=":1" /> e santse e le phopholetso ya dingwaga e e ikanyegang thata e e ikaegileng ka tshedimosetso ya ga jaana ka e ne e akaretsa tiro mo di-sediment le speleothem ka bobedi. Peeletso e nnye go le gonnye (StW 53 infill) e e kwadilweng magareng ga 1.8 go ya go 1.5 Mya e senotse masalela a sekai sa Homo ya ntlha (StW 53). StW 53 e tlhalositswe jaaka e e tshwanang le ''[[Homo habilis]]'' kgotsa jaaka mofuta o mosha wa ''[[Homo gautengensis]]''.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010.]]</ref> Ga go na didiriswa tsa matlapa tse di neng di amana le masalela, fela StW 53 e na le bosupi jwa matshwao a a segilweng a didiriswa tsa matlapa.<ref>[[:en:Sterkfontein#CITEREFPickeringClarkeHeaton2004|Pickering, Clarke &#x26; Heaton 2004.]]</ref> Tokololo ya botlhano e na le didiriswa tsa matlapa tsa [[Oldowan]] le [[Acheulian]] mmogo le dikao tsa ''Homo'' le ''Paranthropus'' tsa ntlha mme e kwadilwe ka letlha le le fa gare ga 1.6 le 1.1 Mya.<ref name=":1" /> Ka 2022 go tlhoma matlha a nuclide tsa lobopo go fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa Leloko la bone le na le dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.4."<ref>Granger, Darryl E.; Stratford, Dominic; Bruxelles, Laurent; Gibbon, Ryan J.; Clarke, Ronald J.; Kuman, Kathleen (5 July 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9271183 "Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, South Africa"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''119''' (27) e2123516119. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11923516G 2022PNAS..11923516G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.2123516119|10.1073/pnas.2123516119]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9271183 9271183]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35759668 35759668].</ref> Setlhopha se se ikarabelang ka tiro eno, se se akaretsang Clarke, se bolela jaana: "Dipholo tseno di baya mo e ka nnang kokoano yotlhe ya di-Australopithecus kwa Sterkfontein mo bogareng jwa Lefatshe la Australo-Plio Aforika Botlhaba."[16] Ba re seno se nyatsa kakanyo ya gore A. africanus e tswa mo go A. afarensis. == Ditshwantso == <gallery> Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|Kgoro ya Legaga la Silberberg le le nang le ''[[Leoto le lennye]]'' Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves2.jpg|Letsha le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa Dikgageng tsa Sterkfontein. Mothumi a le mongwe o tlhokafetse mo letsheng le Setshwantsho:SterkfonteinCaves3.jpg|Tebego e e yang kwa tlase go ya kwa lekadibeng mo dikgageng </gallery> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga tsa kalaka]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a Gauteng]] [[Karolo:Mmasepala wa toropo ya Mogale]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a boswa a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] dkppfc9jiv8iqtpu5vxrztfvso40bxf 0 15213 55469 2026-09-23T19:47:23Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363525995|Luyanda Zwane]]" 55469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luyanda Zwane''' (o tshotswe di 7 Tlhakole 2004) ke modiragatsi wa Aforika Borwa, motlhotlheletsi le mmabontle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khulu |first=Ntombi |title=Rising Star {{!}} Luyanda Zwane on making her acting dreams a reality – 'Rejection is definitely redirection' |url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/exclusive/rising-star-luyanda-zwane-on-making-her-acting-dreams-a-reality-rejection-is-definitely-redirection-20230712 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Truelove |language=en-US}}</ref> O itsege thata ka dikarolo tsa gagwe tsa botshamiki mo motsweding wa [[Mzansi Wethu]] mo motshamekong wa ''Sibongile & The Dlaminis'' a tshameka e le Sibongile Mbambo le motshameko wa ''[[Shaka Ilembe]]'' e le Vundlazi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luyanda Zwane as Sibongile Mbambo – Sibongile and The Dlaminis |url=https://www.dstv.com/mzansimagic/en-za/video/luyanda-zwane-as-sibongile-mbambo-sibongile-and-the-dlaminis |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Luyanda Zwane as Sibongile Mbambo – Sibongile and The Dlaminis |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdaka |first=Zintle |date=2024-07-05 |title='I sacrificed my dreadlocks for a lead role in a telenovela,' reveals Luyanda Zwane |url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/i-sacrificed-my-dreadlocks-for-a-lead-role-in-a-telenovela-reveals-luyanda-zwane/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Bona Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekgota |first=Hilary |date=2023-08-28 |title='Shaka iLembe': Durban-Born Luyanda Zwane's Debut on Hit Mzansi Magic Show Wins Over Viewers: "African Beauty" - Briefly.co.za |url=https://briefly.co.za/entertainment/tv-shows/167351-shaka-ilembe-character-mzansi-magic-show-shines/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=briefly.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Gape o itsege ka go tshameka karolo ya ga Lindani mo motshamekong wa Netflix wa The Polygamist. == Botshelo jwa pele == Zwane o belegwe ka di 7 Tlhakole 2004 kwa [[Durban]], KwaZulu Natal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keteyi |first=Oluthando |title=Luyanda Zwane is the one to watch as she continues to clinch roles |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/local/luyanda-zwane-is-the-one-to-watch-as-she-continues-to-clinch-roles-154f0bfd-a8ab-4b28-8a47-eecb83dbed44 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> O na le kgaitsadie wa lewelana e bong, Lusanda Zwane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seleme |first=Rae |date=2025-02-08 |title=Former 'Sibongile & the Dlaminis' Actress Luyanda Zwane and Twin Sister Turn 21 - Briefly.co.za |url=https://briefly.co.za/entertainment/celebrities/209418-former-sibongile-dlaminis-actress-luyanda-zwane-twin-sister-lusanda-21-years-birthday/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=briefly.co.za |language=en}}</ref> O tsene kwa Kingsway High School, ko a dirileng sentle mo dithutong tsa botaki mme a pasa tse dingwe tse tlhano. Ga a kgona go ya mmadikolo ka o ne a palelwa ke go bona scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tleane |first=Lebo |date=2024-11-01 |title=10 Interesting Facts About Talented Actress Luyanda Zwane |url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2024/11/10-interesting-facts-about-talented-actress-luyanda-zwane/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Youth Village |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Zwane o ne a tshameka lekgetlo la ntlha mo thelebišeneng ka 2022, a tshameka karolo ya ga Lele mo motsweding wa e.tv wa ''[[Durban Gen]]'' . Ka 2023, o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Nomonde Gumede mo motshamekong wa motswedi wa [[BET Africa]] w''a Redemption'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngenyane |first=Andiswa |title=Redemption actress stirs up trouble! |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/luyanda-zwane-plays-pearl-modiadies-daughter-on-redemption-20230424 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne gape a tlhagelela mo motsweding wa Showmax mo motshamekong wa ''Outlaws'' e le Phumzile le mo motshamekong o mokhutshwane wa [[Netflix]] w''a Miseducation'' e le Aphiwe Ndima. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seleme |first=Rae |date=2023-09-14 |title=Luyanda Zwane secures roles in 'Outlaws' and 'Miseducation' |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-actress-luyanda-zwane-shaka-ilembe-showmax-outlaws-miseducation-netflix-14-september-2023/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manci |first=Yanga |date=2023-09-15 |title=Luyanda Zwane lands roles in 'Outlaws' and 'Miseducation' |url=https://www.entertainmentsa.co.za/2023/09/luyanda-zwane-lands-roles-in-outlaws-and-miseducation/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=EntertainmentSA News South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka 2024, o ne a tshameka e le moanelwa mogolo, a tshameka karolo ya ga Sibongile Mbambo mo ''Sibongile & The Dlaminis''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Five minutes with rising star Luyanda Zwane on her role on 'Sibongile & The Dlaminis'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-09-20-five-minutes-with-rising-star-luyanda-zwane-on-her-role-on-sibongile--the-dlaminis/|access-date=2025-04-05|language=en-ZA}}</ref> le mo motsweding wa [[Mzansi Magic]] mo ''[[Shaka Ilembe]]'' e le Vundlazi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seleme |first=Rae |date=2023-09-02 |title=Actress Luyanda Zwane: 'Shaka Ilembe was life-changing for me' |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-shaka-girlfriend-luyanda-zwane-shaka-ilembe-vundlazi-sibongile-dlaminis-2-september-2023/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seleme |first=Rae |date=2023-08-27 |title='Shaka's girlfriend': Luyanda Zwane debuts on 'Shaka Ilembe' |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-shaka-lemogang-tsipa-zulu-girlfriend-luyanda-zwane-debuts-on-shaka-ilembe-vundlazi-27-august-2023/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ka ngwaga yoo, o ne a togela motshameko wa ''Sibongile & The Dlaminis''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinga |first=Cebolethu |title=Luyanda Zwane is leaving 'Sibongile and The Dlaminis' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/luyanda-zwane-is-leaving-sibongile-and-the-dlaminis-dfd0303d-e5d4-41e0-9d02-5bd3c00ccd41 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdaka |first=Zintle |date=2024-05-21 |title=Luyanda Zwane on why she left 'Sibongile and The Dlamini's' |url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/luyanda-zwane-on-why-she-left-sibongile-and-the-dlaminis/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Bona Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] nvltu1fl3exvrib6tvxte0iragqxyyz 0 15214 55477 2026-09-23T20:17:46Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373932696|Siphesihle Ndaba]]" 55477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siphesihle Ndaba''' (o tshotswe ka 4 Phatwe 1997) ke modiragatsi wa Aforika borwa, motlhotlheletsi, rakgwebo le mokaedi wa difilimi. O itsege thata ka go tshameka karolo mo motshamekong wa motswedi wa [[Mzansi Magic]] wa ''[[Gomora]]'' (2020) e le Mazet. == Botshelo jwa pele == Ndaba o tsholetswe kwa [[Soweto]], Aforika borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mngadi |first=Mxolisi |date=2020-08-04 |title=Happy birthday to Gomora's Siphesihle Ndaba 5 interesting facts |url=https://briefly.co.za/74459-happy-birthday-gomoras-siphesihle-ndaba-5-interesting-facts.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=briefly.co.za |language=en}}</ref> O tsene kwa [[Rhodes University]] ko a tsereng setankana se se golwane sa BSc mo thutong ya tlhaloganyo, Itsholelo le Botaki <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayimani |first=Malibongwe |title='We are celebrating having gone through a lot': Gomora star Siphesihle Ndaba bags honours degree |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/we-are-celebrating-having-gone-through-a-lot-gomora-star-siphesihle-ndaba-bags-honours-degree-20221013 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka 2020, o ne a aloga lekgetlo la bobedi kwa a tsereng aHonours ya Dramatic Arts go tswa mo sekolong seo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayile |first=Qhama |title=Siphesihle Ndaba on playing to Mazet on Gomora, getting her second degree and respecting her craft |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/siphesihle-ndaba-on-playing-mazet-on-gomora-getting-her-second-degree-and-respecting-her-craft-20221020 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=‘Gomora’ actress graduates with Rhodes degree |url=https://www.theherald.co.za/news/2022-10-12-gomora-actress-graduates-with-rhodes-degree/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Ndaba o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ka 2018 kwa a neng a kaela le go kwala filimi ya Skinned in [[Grahamstown Festival]] mme a bereka e le morutabana wa sekgoa le tsa Itsholelelo fa a ntse a dira tsa botaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mopedi |first=Kemong |title=5 minutes with Gomora’s Siphesihle Ndaba – 'I almost studied towards a Bachelor in Music' |url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/exclusive/four-things-we-learnt-about-gomoras-siphesihle-ndaba-20200417 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka 2020, o ne a dira motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha mo motsweding wa [[Mzansi Magic]] ''[[Gomora]]'' e le Mazet, a tshameka karolo ya segopa sa dikebekwa e bile e le moanelwa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zuma |first=Mbalenhle |date=2023-04-24 |title=Siphesihle Ndaba bids farewell after curtain fell on Mazet |url=https://sundayworld.co.za/celebrity-news/siphesihle-ndaba-bids-farewell-after-curtain-fell-on-mazet/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Sunday World |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavuso |first=Karabo |title=Rising star Siphesihle Ndaba on her role in Mzansi Magic’s 'Gomora' |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/rising-star-siphesihle-ndaba-on-new-her-role-on-mzansi-magics-gomora-20200319 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mncube |first=Ntandoyenkosi |title=Siphesihle Ndaba winning hearts as Gomora’s Mazet |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/siphesihle-ndaba-winning-hearts-as-gomoras-mazet-20200413 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa 2020, o ne a gapa seetsele sa Hot Chick ya Ngwaga kwa dikgaisanong [[Feather Awards]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Junior |first=Lee |date=2020-11-12 |title=Gomora&#8217;s Mazet Scoops Mzansi&#8217;s Hottest Chick At Feathers Awards |url=https://savannanews.com/gomoras-mazet-scoops-mzansis-hottest-chick-at-feathers-awards/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Gomora's MaZet Is The Hottest Chick Of The Year |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/siphesihle-ndaba/gomora-s-mazet-is-the-hottest-chick-of-the-year |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=ZAlebs |language=en}}</ref> Ka 2021, o ne a tshameka karolo ya konokono ya ga Faye mo motsweding wa [[Showmax]] mo motshamekong wa ''Carrots'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=OkMzansi |date=2021-07-06 |title=Gomora Mzansi's Siya Xaba And CeeCee Ndaba Team Up For A New Film Exclusive On Showmax |url=https://okmzansi.co.za/gomora-mzansis-siya-xaba-and-ceecee-ndaba-team-up-for-a-new-film-exclusive-on-showmax/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=OkMzansi |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa go emela seetse le sa ntlha mo tirong ya gagwe ya dietsele kwa go bona awate ya tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi kwa [[South African Film and Television Awards]] kgaisano tsa bolesome le bosupa, a tseela karolo ya moanelwa wa kwa tlhoko mo motshamekong wa Gomora ele Mazet <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbude |first=Phelokazi |title=The stars toast to the SAFTA nominees in style |url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/partnercontent/gallery-the-stars-toast-to-the-safta-nominees-in-style-20230904 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka 2024, Ndaba o ne a tshameka e le moanelwa mogolo e bong Palesa mo Killer Front Page''. E bile a tshamaisa filimi e bidiwang'' ''LIL_LITH.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tleane |first=Lebo |date=2023-12-07 |title=Siphesihle Ndaba Back With New Role |url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2023/12/siphesihle-ndaba-back-with-new-role/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Youth Village |language=en-US}}</ref> ''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seleme |first=Rae |date=2023-12-08 |title=Lemogang Tsipa and Linda Sokhulu score roles in ‘Killer Front Page’ |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/entertainment/actors-lemogang-tsipa-siphesihle-ndaba-linda-sokhulu-score-roles-killer-front-page-mzansi-magic-8-december-2023/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=SA People |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malatsi |first=Lethabo |title=Siphesihle Ndaba on her new acting role and future projects – 'I do things that make me feel alive' |url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/celebrity/siphesihle-ndaba-on-her-new-acting-role-and-future-projects-i-do-things-that-make-me-feel-alive-20240105 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>'' == Dikanelo == Ndaba o dirile thebolo ya gagwe ya ntlha fa a ne a ikgolaganya le Nivea, ka 2021 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marlowe |first=Michelle |date=2021-11-16 |title=Gomora&#8217;s Siphesihle Ndaba &#8220;Mazet&#8221; signs deal with Nivea |url=https://savannanews.com/gomoras-siphesihle-ndaba-mazet-signs-deal-with-nivea/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang ka Ngwanaitseele 2022, o ne a tsena tsena sekolo sa ga [[Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls,]] se se neng sa fetola botshelo jwa gagwe ka go atolosa tiro ya gagwe le ditshono tsa gagwe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Gomora's Siphesihle Ndaba aka 'Mazet' on how Oprah Winfrey helped change her life |url=https://www.sowetan.co.za//entertainment/2020-06-26-gomoras-siphesihle-ndaba-aka-mazet-on-how-oprah-winfrey-helped-change-her-life/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Sowetan |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title='I am more of a musician than an actor' – says Gomora star Siphesihle Ndaba |url=https://www.sowetan.co.za//s-mag/2022-01-07-i-am-more-of-a-musician-than-an-actor-says-gomora-star-siphesihle-ndaba/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Sowetan |language=en}}</ref> Ka 2023, o ne a nna moemedi wa Rich Mnisi x H&amp;amp;M a na le bo [[Boity Thulo|Boity]], [[Young Stunna]] le [[Zozibini Tunzi]], a dirisana le Puma ka Sedimonthole 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khulu |first=Ntombi |title=Rich Mnisi and H&M South Africa join forces for an exclusive collaboration |url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/fashion/rich-mnisi-and-hm-south-africa-join-forces-for-an-exclusive-collaboration-20230703 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keteyi |first=Oluthando |date=2023-07-05 |title=Mzansi A-listers serve hot looks at SA Fashion Week opening party |url=https://thepost.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/2022-10-20-look-mzansi-a-listers-serve-hot-looks-at-sa-fashion-week-opening-party/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Post |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Siphesihle Ndaba – Complete List of Endorsements |url=https://bookingagentinfo.com/celebrity/siphesihle-ndaba/endorsements/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Booking Agent Info |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] hkf77jin2xnp77b7a749baiwbawvgyy 0 15215 55478 2026-09-23T20:35:35Z VNGao 10152 Created page with "[[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mme wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya gagwe e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]]" 55478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mme wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya gagwe e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] emv9ukzvsbow1puc139r18cn6nnkjma 55487 55478 2026-09-23T21:17:07Z VNGao 10152 55487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa Detroit mo Michigan mme o goletse kwa Columbus mo Ohio. Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa pre-med, microbiology major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo Howard University ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho Anthonyleng le thotloetse who was an early influence on her. pihwa9r2rwkocar5ippvolpojlkgac3 55497 55487 2026-09-24T05:56:41Z VNGao 10152 55497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho. s8d00vyxgbdjad36t6sf6p0i58c59ro 55500 55497 2026-09-24T06:29:23Z VNGao 10152 /* Botshelo Jwa Gagwe */ 55500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho. == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang double exposure, go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo thvik5ov9im43oq3hj326sc4vyae8cv 55501 55500 2026-09-24T07:05:53Z VNGao 10152 /* Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki */ 55501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho.<ref>Brooks, LeRonn P. (May 17, 2016). "[https://aperture.org/editorial/vision-justice-online-kamoinge-workshop/ Vision & Justice Online: Ming Smith and the Kamoinge Workshop".] Aperture Foundation NY. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref><ref>Eckhardt, Sarah L. (2020). Working together : Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop. Louis H. Draper, Deborah Willis, Erina Duganne, Romi Crawford, John Edwin Mason, Bill Gaskins, Sharayah Cochran, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, J. Paul Getty Museum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Conti Tipocolor. Richmond, VA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1137796142 978-1-934351-17-8.] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-934351-17-8|1137796142]].</ref> == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang double exposure, go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo ele eo e supang maikutlo aa farologaneng, jaaka eka supa dilo tseo tse di supang go tshoga kana maikutlo a mowa oo edileng,e tsaya mmogedi wa yona emo tsamaisa le dikakanyo tsedi farologaneng faa a lebile botaki jo, jaaka go kailwe ke ba The New York Times "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints."[3][4] Smith's early work was composed of photos that were shot quickly to produce elaborate scenes, and due to this process many of her photos have double dates. She has used the technique of hand-tinting in some of her work, notably her Transcendence series. == Metswedi == eho6w6gi59vw8bcn0yjq9hozo02apqu 55502 55501 2026-09-24T07:12:15Z VNGao 10152 55502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho.<ref>Brooks, LeRonn P. (May 17, 2016). "[https://aperture.org/editorial/vision-justice-online-kamoinge-workshop/ Vision & Justice Online: Ming Smith and the Kamoinge Workshop".] Aperture Foundation NY. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref><ref>Eckhardt, Sarah L. (2020). Working together : Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop. Louis H. Draper, Deborah Willis, Erina Duganne, Romi Crawford, John Edwin Mason, Bill Gaskins, Sharayah Cochran, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, J. Paul Getty Museum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Conti Tipocolor. Richmond, VA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1137796142 978-1-934351-17-8.] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-934351-17-8|1137796142]].</ref> == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang [[:en:Multiple_exposure|double exposure]], go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo ele eo e supang maikutlo aa farologaneng, jaaka eka supa dilo tseo tse di supang go tshoga kana maikutlo a mowa oo edileng,e tsaya mmogedi wa yona emo tsamaisa le dikakanyo tsedi farologaneng faa a lebile botaki jo, jaaka go kailwe ke ba [[:en:Ming_Smith|The New York Times]] "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints."Smith's early work was composed of photos that were shot quickly to produce elaborate scenes, and due to this process many of her photos have double dates. She has used the technique of hand-tinting in some of her work, notably her Transcendence series. == Metswedi == r27qkpbvbpoorlb1e5faij9vgadivkw 55507 55502 2026-09-24T08:11:33Z VNGao 10152 /* Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki */ 55507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho.<ref>Brooks, LeRonn P. (May 17, 2016). "[https://aperture.org/editorial/vision-justice-online-kamoinge-workshop/ Vision & Justice Online: Ming Smith and the Kamoinge Workshop".] Aperture Foundation NY. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref><ref>Eckhardt, Sarah L. (2020). Working together : Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop. Louis H. Draper, Deborah Willis, Erina Duganne, Romi Crawford, John Edwin Mason, Bill Gaskins, Sharayah Cochran, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, J. Paul Getty Museum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Conti Tipocolor. Richmond, VA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1137796142 978-1-934351-17-8.] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-934351-17-8|1137796142]].</ref> == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang [[:en:Multiple_exposure|double exposure]], go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo ele eo e supang maikutlo aa farologaneng, jaaka eka supa dilo tseo tse di supang go tshoga kana maikutlo a mowa oo edileng,e tsaya mmogedi wa yona emo tsamaisa le dikakanyo tsedi farologaneng faa a lebile botaki jo, jaaka go kailwe ke ba [[:en:Ming_Smith|The New York Times]] "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints."Smith's early work was composed of photos that were shot quickly to produce elaborate scenes, and due to this process many of her photos have double dates. She has used the technique of hand-tinting in some of her work, notably her Transcendence series. == Tiro == == Ditshupo == == Metswedi == t4cotuhyym1xftxnwrsjdk6qi4fh5vz 55519 55507 2026-09-24T09:53:21Z VNGao 10152 /* Tiro */ 55519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho.<ref>Brooks, LeRonn P. (May 17, 2016). "[https://aperture.org/editorial/vision-justice-online-kamoinge-workshop/ Vision & Justice Online: Ming Smith and the Kamoinge Workshop".] Aperture Foundation NY. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref><ref>Eckhardt, Sarah L. (2020). Working together : Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop. Louis H. Draper, Deborah Willis, Erina Duganne, Romi Crawford, John Edwin Mason, Bill Gaskins, Sharayah Cochran, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, J. Paul Getty Museum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Conti Tipocolor. Richmond, VA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1137796142 978-1-934351-17-8.] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-934351-17-8|1137796142]].</ref> == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang [[:en:Multiple_exposure|double exposure]], go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo ele eo e supang maikutlo aa farologaneng, jaaka eka supa dilo tseo tse di supang go tshoga kana maikutlo a mowa oo edileng,e tsaya mmogedi wa yona emo tsamaisa le dikakanyo tsedi farologaneng faa a lebile botaki jo, jaaka go kailwe ke ba [[:en:Ming_Smith|The New York Times]] "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints." Tiro ya ntlha ya ga Smith ene e akaretsa dinepe tseo di neng di tsewa ka bofefo go kaya,tlhalosa kana senola ditiragalo, mme goya ka one motlhala oo dinepe tsa gagwe dina le ditshupa nako tse. O dirisitse mohuta wa botaki wa a dirisa lebogo wa go tswakanya mebala ka lebogo mo metakong e mengwe ya gagwe, bogolo jang ee supang ditiragalo tse di supang maikutlo a batho kana metako eo e lebega okare ke selo seo sese tshelang go ka ama le botsogo jwa yo o lebeletseng botaki jo. == Tiro == == Ditshupo == == Metswedi == 7oagtohai0s07bx5uismxr6k35rdvio 55520 55519 2026-09-24T10:02:43Z VNGao 10152 55520 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ming Smith at Brooklyn Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ming Smith ]] '''[[:en:Ming_Smith|Ming Smith]]''' ke mokapa ditshwantsho wa letso la Amerika. Ke ene mmgagwee wa mo Aforika- Amerika wa ntlha yoo tiro ya e eneg ya batlwa ke [[:en:Museum_of_Modern_Art|Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) mo [[:en:New_York_City|New York City.]] == Botshelo Jwa Gagwe == Smith o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit mo Michigan]] mme o goletse kwa [[:en:Columbus,_Ohio|Columbus mo Ohio.]] Rraagwe ene one a bereka ka melemo, mme gape a na le lerato mongo kapeng ditshwantsho, selo seo se rotloedietseng tiro ya ga Smith. Smith ene ele moithuti wa [[:en:Pre-medical|pre-med]], [[:en:Microbiology|microbiology]] major kwa Howard University. Morago ga go aloga mo [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro, aya kwa New York City, koo aneng a bona tiro ya bo mmabontle. Mo digwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya go kapa ditshwantsho mo New York, one a kopana le mokapa ditshwantsho [[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]] yoo a nnileng le thotloetse mogo ene mo metlheng ya pele a simolola go kapa ditshwantsho.<ref>Brooks, LeRonn P. (May 17, 2016). "[https://aperture.org/editorial/vision-justice-online-kamoinge-workshop/ Vision & Justice Online: Ming Smith and the Kamoinge Workshop".] Aperture Foundation NY. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref><ref>Eckhardt, Sarah L. (2020). Working together : Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop. Louis H. Draper, Deborah Willis, Erina Duganne, Romi Crawford, John Edwin Mason, Bill Gaskins, Sharayah Cochran, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, J. Paul Getty Museum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Conti Tipocolor. Richmond, VA. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1137796142 978-1-934351-17-8.] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-934351-17-8|1137796142]].</ref> == Mohuta wa Gagwe Wa Botaki == Mohuta wa go taka waga Smith one o akaretsa botegeniki jo bo dirwang go dirisiwa sekapa ditshwantsho jaaka go tshameka ka leitlho le le dirisiwang WA kapa moriti, leeto kana lefitshwana leo le akaretsang [[:en:Multiple_exposure|double exposure]], go bontsha setshwantsho kana ditshwantsho go le mokawana mo senepeng sele nosi le go dirisa motako oo takang mo godimo ga senepe kana setshwantsho. Tiro ya gagwe e remeletse thata mo go supeng maikutlo kana boitemogelo gona le ditiragalo. Tiro ya gagwe e kailwe jalo ele eo e supang maikutlo aa farologaneng, jaaka eka supa dilo tseo tse di supang go tshoga kana maikutlo a mowa oo edileng,e tsaya mmogedi wa yona emo tsamaisa le dikakanyo tsedi farologaneng faa a lebile botaki jo, jaaka go kailwe ke ba [[:en:Ming_Smith|The New York Times]] "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints." Tiro ya ntlha ya ga Smith ene e akaretsa dinepe tseo di neng di tsewa ka bofefo go kaya,tlhalosa kana senola ditiragalo, mme goya ka one motlhala oo dinepe tsa gagwe dina le ditshupa nako tse. O dirisitse mohuta wa botaki wa a dirisa lebogo wa go tswakanya mebala ka lebogo mo metakong e mengwe ya gagwe, bogolo jang ee supang ditiragalo tse di supang maikutlo a batho kana metako eo e lebega okare ke selo seo sese tshelang go ka ama le botsogo jwa yo o lebeletseng botaki jo.<ref> "[https://artpil.com/ming-smith/ Ming Smith]". ARTPIL. September 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2019.</ref><ref> "[https://whitney.org/exhibitions/kamoinge-workshop Working Together: The Photographers of the Kamoinge Workshop]". whitney.org. Retrieved September 24, 2026</ref> == Tiro == == Ditshupo == == Metswedi == bvtvvngxy2p0bjvt2wq08o5x8u9m8ni 0 15216 55483 2026-09-23T20:55:14Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371497069|Jayme Lawson]]" 55483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jayme Lawson''' (o tshotswe ka Lwetse 19, 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CisjKjFLXfC/?img_index=1 |access-date=August 13, 2026 |website=Instagram.com}}</ref> ke modiragatsi wa Amerika. O tumile ka karolo ya gagwe e le Mayor Bella Reál mo [[The Batman|The ''Batman'']] (2022) le Pearline mo go [[Sinners]] (2025). == Botshelo jwa pele == Lawson o goletse kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] e le e ne gofejane mo baneng ba le borataro.O ne a tsena kwa [[Duke Ellington school of arts]] ,ka mafelo a dikolo o ne a ya go tsenelela dithuto tsa bodiragatsing kwa kampeng . Fa Lawson a sena go aloga, o ne a fudugela kwa [[New York City]] go ya go tsena Sekolo sa Juilliard . Lawson o umakile lorato lwa gagwe lwa poko le dibuka tsa Harlem Renaissance , mmogo le talente ya badiragatsi [[Phylicia Rashad]] le [[Lucille Ball]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vujic |first=Katja |title=Jayme Lawson Is a Renaissance Woman |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/jayme-lawson-betty-shabazz-mlk-x-genius-tv-interview.html |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=The Cut}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |title=‘The First Lady’ Newcomer Jayme Lawson on Her “Blessed” Rise From Off-Broadway to Screen Stardom |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/jayme-lawson-interview-the-first-lady-1235128595/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Fa a sena go aloga kwa Juilliard ka Motsheganong 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=November 21, 2020 |title=Jayme Lawson on 'Farewell Amor' and Her 'The Batman' Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jayme-lawson-on-farewell-amor-and-her-the-batman-character |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Lawson o ne a tlhagelela mo motshamekong wa Broadway wa [[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf]], e leng tsosoloso ya motshameko wa 1976 yo o neng ya tumile wa ga Ntozake Shange . Botshameki jwa ga Lawsonebo ne jwa tsewa e ele jwa maemo a ntlha . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Caitlin |title=For Colored Girls Standout Jayme Lawson on Finding Empowerment on Stage and More |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/197644/for-colored-girls-standout-jayme-lawson-on-finding-empowerment-on-stage-and-more/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=Broadway.com}}</ref> Filimi ya ntlha ya ga Lawson e ne e le ka 2020 mo ''Farewell Amor'' e le Sylvia. <ref name="FA">{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Meet Jayme Lawson: 'The Batman' Breakout Hits Sundance With 'Farewell Amor' |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/features/jayme-lawson-batman-farewell-amor-1203477425/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Could Debut Performers Like Swankie and Jayme Lawson Get Oscar Attention? |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/awards/oscar-newcomers-1234839652/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Sundance 2020: Premieres Shine With Taylor Swift Docu, Viggo Mortensen's Directing Debut, New Dee Rees, The Go-Gos & Olivia Colman |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/sundance-film-festival-premieres-lineup-taylor-swift-viggo-mortensendee-rees-go-gos-full-list-1202800556/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ka 2019, o ne a itsege thata ka go tshameka mo ''[[The Batman]]'' (2022) e le Bella Reál, ntlhopheng wa ratoropo wa ya Gotham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=November 11, 2019 |title=Exclusive: 'The Batman' Adds Up-and-Coming Juilliard Grad Jayme Lawson |url=https://collider.com/jayme-lawson-joins-the-batman/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=November 11, 2019 |title='The Batman' Recruits Juilliard Grad Jayme Lawson for Mystery Role |url=https://movieweb.com/the-batman-jayme-lawson/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=November 11, 2019 |title='The Batman' Just Added an Intriguing New Character |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-batman-just-added-an-intriguing-new-character-1839784497 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032034/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-batman-just-added-an-intriguing-new-character-1839784497 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[io9]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> O ne a tla tshameka gape karolo ya gagwe ''ya Batman'' mo motseletseleng wa thelebišene wa HBO wa 2024 wa <nowiki><i id="mwUw">The Penguin</i></nowiki> . Ka Ferikgong 2021, o ne bewa e le motshameki wa ga [[Michelle Obama]] fa a santse a le monnye mo motshamekong wa ''[[The First Lady]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=January 26, 2021 |title='The First Lady' at Showtime Adds Kristine Froseth, Jayme Lawson (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/the-first-lady-showtime-kristine-froseth-jayme-lawson-1234892671/ |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ka 2022, o kgabotse mo motshamekong wa ''Till'', ''[[How to Blow Up a Pipeline]]'', le mo ''The Woman King'' e le [[Myrlie Evers]], Alisha, and Shante, go ya ka tatelano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=October 11, 2021 |title=Chinonye Chuwku's Emmett Till Film for MGM's Orion Pictures Adds 7 to Cast |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/mgm-orion-pictures-emmett-till-movie-full-cast-1235086187/ |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rapold|first=Nicolas|date=2023-04-14|title=How to Build an Environmental Thriller in Five Not-So-Easy Steps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/movies/how-to-blow-up-a-pipeline-behind-the-scenes.html|access-date=2023-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 7, 2021 |title=''The Woman King'': Jayme Lawson, Hero Fiennes Tiffin & Masali Baduza Join TriStar Viola Davis Historical Epic |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/the-woman-king-viola-davis-movie-adds-jayme-lawson-hero-fiennes-tiffin-1234852101/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215352/https://deadline.com/2021/10/the-woman-king-viola-davis-movie-adds-jayme-lawson-hero-fiennes-tiffin-1234852101/ |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ka 2025, Lawson o ne a tshameka mo difiliming tse di tshosang tsa ga [[Ryan Coogler]] mo filiming ya ''[[Sinners]]''; motshameko wa gagwe o dirile gore lawson a fiwe seetsele sa [[Gotham Independent Film Awards Ensemble Tribute Award.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greiving |first=Tim |date=April 16, 2025 |title=They found the music of 'Sinners' together — just as they have from the beginning |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-16/ryan-coogler-ludwig-goransson-sinners-music-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417105543/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-16/ryan-coogler-ludwig-goransson-sinners-music-blues |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=2025-07-07 |title=Hailee Steinfeld, Wunmi Mosaku and the Women of ‘Sinners’ on the Film’s Diverse, Empowered Female Characters |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/features/hailee-steinfeld-wunmi-mosaku-sinners-interview-1236447682/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela e le Sheila mo [[Edgar Wright’s]] ''[[The Running Man]]'',motshameko yo o dirilweng go tswa mo bukeng ya 1982 nove ya ga [[Stephen King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Ethan |date=2025-10-13 |title=‘The Running Man’: Everything to know about Edgar Wright’s new take on Stephen King’s dystopian classic as new trailer drops |url=https://www.goldderby.com/film/2025/running-man-edgar-wright-stephen-king-glen-powell-trailer/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Gold Derby |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] slqakzf9tocq6td8lw1d1bry65muk66 55484 55483 2026-09-23T20:56:34Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 55484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Jayme Lawson - Sinners.jpg|thumb]] '''Jayme Lawson''' (o tshotswe ka Lwetse 19, 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CisjKjFLXfC/?img_index=1 |access-date=August 13, 2026 |website=Instagram.com}}</ref> ke modiragatsi wa Amerika. O tumile ka karolo ya gagwe e le Mayor Bella Reál mo [[The Batman|The ''Batman'']] (2022) le Pearline mo go [[Sinners]] (2025). == Botshelo jwa pele == Lawson o goletse kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] e le e ne gofejane mo baneng ba le borataro.O ne a tsena kwa [[Duke Ellington school of arts]] ,ka mafelo a dikolo o ne a ya go tsenelela dithuto tsa bodiragatsing kwa kampeng . Fa Lawson a sena go aloga, o ne a fudugela kwa [[New York City]] go ya go tsena Sekolo sa Juilliard . Lawson o umakile lorato lwa gagwe lwa poko le dibuka tsa Harlem Renaissance , mmogo le talente ya badiragatsi [[Phylicia Rashad]] le [[Lucille Ball]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vujic |first=Katja |title=Jayme Lawson Is a Renaissance Woman |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/jayme-lawson-betty-shabazz-mlk-x-genius-tv-interview.html |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=The Cut}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |title=‘The First Lady’ Newcomer Jayme Lawson on Her “Blessed” Rise From Off-Broadway to Screen Stardom |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/jayme-lawson-interview-the-first-lady-1235128595/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Fa a sena go aloga kwa Juilliard ka Motsheganong 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=November 21, 2020 |title=Jayme Lawson on 'Farewell Amor' and Her 'The Batman' Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jayme-lawson-on-farewell-amor-and-her-the-batman-character |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Lawson o ne a tlhagelela mo motshamekong wa Broadway wa [[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf]], e leng tsosoloso ya motshameko wa 1976 yo o neng ya tumile wa ga Ntozake Shange . Botshameki jwa ga Lawsonebo ne jwa tsewa e ele jwa maemo a ntlha . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Caitlin |title=For Colored Girls Standout Jayme Lawson on Finding Empowerment on Stage and More |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/197644/for-colored-girls-standout-jayme-lawson-on-finding-empowerment-on-stage-and-more/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=Broadway.com}}</ref> Filimi ya ntlha ya ga Lawson e ne e le ka 2020 mo ''Farewell Amor'' e le Sylvia. <ref name="FA">{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Meet Jayme Lawson: 'The Batman' Breakout Hits Sundance With 'Farewell Amor' |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/features/jayme-lawson-batman-farewell-amor-1203477425/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Could Debut Performers Like Swankie and Jayme Lawson Get Oscar Attention? |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/awards/oscar-newcomers-1234839652/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Sundance 2020: Premieres Shine With Taylor Swift Docu, Viggo Mortensen's Directing Debut, New Dee Rees, The Go-Gos & Olivia Colman |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/sundance-film-festival-premieres-lineup-taylor-swift-viggo-mortensendee-rees-go-gos-full-list-1202800556/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ka 2019, o ne a itsege thata ka go tshameka mo ''[[The Batman]]'' (2022) e le Bella Reál, ntlhopheng wa ratoropo wa ya Gotham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=November 11, 2019 |title=Exclusive: 'The Batman' Adds Up-and-Coming Juilliard Grad Jayme Lawson |url=https://collider.com/jayme-lawson-joins-the-batman/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=November 11, 2019 |title='The Batman' Recruits Juilliard Grad Jayme Lawson for Mystery Role |url=https://movieweb.com/the-batman-jayme-lawson/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=November 11, 2019 |title='The Batman' Just Added an Intriguing New Character |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-batman-just-added-an-intriguing-new-character-1839784497 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032034/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-batman-just-added-an-intriguing-new-character-1839784497 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |website=[[io9]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> O ne a tla tshameka gape karolo ya gagwe ''ya Batman'' mo motseletseleng wa thelebišene wa HBO wa 2024 wa <nowiki><i id="mwUw">The Penguin</i></nowiki> . Ka Ferikgong 2021, o ne bewa e le motshameki wa ga [[Michelle Obama]] fa a santse a le monnye mo motshamekong wa ''[[The First Lady]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=January 26, 2021 |title='The First Lady' at Showtime Adds Kristine Froseth, Jayme Lawson (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/the-first-lady-showtime-kristine-froseth-jayme-lawson-1234892671/ |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Ka 2022, o kgabotse mo motshamekong wa ''Till'', ''[[How to Blow Up a Pipeline]]'', le mo ''The Woman King'' e le [[Myrlie Evers]], Alisha, and Shante, go ya ka tatelano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=October 11, 2021 |title=Chinonye Chuwku's Emmett Till Film for MGM's Orion Pictures Adds 7 to Cast |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/mgm-orion-pictures-emmett-till-movie-full-cast-1235086187/ |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rapold|first=Nicolas|date=2023-04-14|title=How to Build an Environmental Thriller in Five Not-So-Easy Steps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/movies/how-to-blow-up-a-pipeline-behind-the-scenes.html|access-date=2023-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 7, 2021 |title=''The Woman King'': Jayme Lawson, Hero Fiennes Tiffin & Masali Baduza Join TriStar Viola Davis Historical Epic |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/the-woman-king-viola-davis-movie-adds-jayme-lawson-hero-fiennes-tiffin-1234852101/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215352/https://deadline.com/2021/10/the-woman-king-viola-davis-movie-adds-jayme-lawson-hero-fiennes-tiffin-1234852101/ |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ka 2025, Lawson o ne a tshameka mo difiliming tse di tshosang tsa ga [[Ryan Coogler]] mo filiming ya ''[[Sinners]]''; motshameko wa gagwe o dirile gore lawson a fiwe seetsele sa [[Gotham Independent Film Awards Ensemble Tribute Award.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greiving |first=Tim |date=April 16, 2025 |title=They found the music of 'Sinners' together — just as they have from the beginning |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-16/ryan-coogler-ludwig-goransson-sinners-music-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417105543/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-16/ryan-coogler-ludwig-goransson-sinners-music-blues |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=2025-07-07 |title=Hailee Steinfeld, Wunmi Mosaku and the Women of ‘Sinners’ on the Film’s Diverse, Empowered Female Characters |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/features/hailee-steinfeld-wunmi-mosaku-sinners-interview-1236447682/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela e le Sheila mo [[Edgar Wright’s]] ''[[The Running Man]]'',motshameko yo o dirilweng go tswa mo bukeng ya 1982 nove ya ga [[Stephen King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Ethan |date=2025-10-13 |title=‘The Running Man’: Everything to know about Edgar Wright’s new take on Stephen King’s dystopian classic as new trailer drops |url=https://www.goldderby.com/film/2025/running-man-edgar-wright-stephen-king-glen-powell-trailer/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Gold Derby |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] l8io0rtj1d66opnfijheu1969n03f8a 2 15217 55489 2026-09-23T22:15:02Z Tulips.01 12481 ke tsentse setshwantsho le metswedi 55489 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditokomane tsa Macademia Ditokomane tsa Macadamia ke ditokomane tsa setlhare tse di nang le dikotla tse dintsi tse di itsegeng ka tatso ya tsone e e humileng, e e botoro le dikgapetla tse di thata. <ref>https://australianfoodtimeline.com.au/macadamia-nuts/</ref>Tshimologo le Temo ya tsona di tlholegela kwa dikgweng tsa pula tsa Bokonebotlhaba jwa New South Wales le Queensland, Australia, koo Baaborijene ba neng ba di bitsa di Kindal.<ref>https://sandiegofloral.org/GG-Macadamia</ref> E reeletswe ke moitseanape wa dimela Walter Hill ka tsala ya gagwe, John Macadam, rakhemisi wa kwa Australia yo o tsholetsweng kwa Scotland. Tlhagiso ya lefatshe lotlhe e supa gore badiri ba bagolo ba kgwebo jaanong ba akaretsa Australia, Afrika Borwa le Hawaii. [[Setshwantsho:Macadamia nuts.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Ditokomane tsa Macadamia di dirilwe ka dikgapetla tse di thata]] Melemo ya boitekanelo le phepomafura a a itekanetseng : Matokomane a a dirilwe ka bontsi ka mafura a senang dikotla, a a thusang go tshegetsa boitekanelojwa pelo. Ditiro tsa go apaya:<ref>https://sandiegofloral.org/GG-Macadamia</ref> * E jewa e le tala , e gadikilwe e omile, kgotsa e tshetswe letswai * Gantsi e tswakanngwa le chocolate e sweu le vanilla mo dikokong, * kgotsa e tsenngwa mo disalateng, mo dipestong le mo dijong tsa dithoro. METSWEDI ojhjr0ti8drict2x5ge6p59uzcb90nn 0 15218 55491 2026-09-24T03:59:53Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mrs. Ples''' ke leina la theto le le tlwaelesegileng la legata le le feletseng go gaisa la ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' le le kileng la bonwa mo [[Aforika Borwa]]. Masalela a mantsi a ''Australopithecus'' a fitlhetswe gaufi le [[Sterkfontein]], e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a mane (maele a le masome a mabedi le botlhano) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], mo kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]] (karolo ya [[Teransefala ya bogologolo]]) e jaanong e supilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]]. Mrs. Ples o ne a ribololwa ke [[Robert Broom]] le [[John T. Robinson]] ka Moranang a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi, 1947. Ka ntlha ya go dirisa dynamite le peke ga ga Broom fa a ne a epa, legata la ga Mrs. Ples le ne la thuntshiwa go nna dikarolo mme dikarolwana dingwe ga di yo. Le fa go ntse jalo, Mrs/Mr. Ples ke nngwe ya ditlhogo tsa pele ga motho tse di "itekanetseng" thata tse di kileng tsa bonwa. Ga jaana legata leno le beilwe kwa [[Motlobo wa Ditso tsa Tlhago wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong|Motlobong wa Ditso tsa Tlhago wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong]] kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]]. [[Setshwantsho:Australopithecus africanus at Ugandan National Museum.jpg|thumb|''Australopithecus africanus'' at Motlobong wa ditso wa Lefatshe wa Uganda]] Leina la botsalano la "Mrs. Ples" le ne la tlhamiwa ke badirimmogo ba ba botlana ba ga Broom. E tswa mo leineng la maranyane la ''Plesianthropus transvaalensis'' (seka-motho go tswa kwa Teransefala), le kwa tshimologong Broom a neng a le naya legata, moragonyana le ne la tsenngwa (le [[tshwantshanngwa]]) mo mofuteng wa ''Australopithecus africanus''. Mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane, sekai seno se bidiwa ka nomoro ya sone ya lenaane la dibuka, STS 5.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040222/http://www.ditsong.org.za/naturalhistory.htm "Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History"]. Archived from [http://www.ditsong.org.za/naturalhistory.htm the original] on 2013-09-30. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] qqxx18i20r18rdoxl547ezxxqd4ng43 55492 55491 2026-09-24T04:20:38Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le go tsenya dikarolo le metswedi. 55492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mrs. Ples''' ke leina la theto le le tlwaelesegileng la legata le le feletseng go gaisa la ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' le le kileng la bonwa mo [[Aforika Borwa]]. Masalela a mantsi a ''Australopithecus'' a fitlhetswe gaufi le [[Sterkfontein]], e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a mane (maele a le masome a mabedi le botlhano) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], mo kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]] (karolo ya [[Teransefala ya bogologolo]]) e jaanong e supilweng jaaka [[Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]]. Mrs. Ples o ne a ribololwa ke [[Robert Broom]] le [[John T. Robinson]] ka Moranang a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi, 1947. Ka ntlha ya go dirisa dynamite le peke ga ga Broom fa a ne a epa, legata la ga Mrs. Ples le ne la thuntshiwa go nna dikarolo mme dikarolwana dingwe ga di yo. Le fa go ntse jalo, Mrs/Mr. Ples ke nngwe ya ditlhogo tsa pele ga motho tse di "itekanetseng" thata tse di kileng tsa bonwa. Ga jaana legata leno le beilwe kwa [[Motlobo wa Ditso tsa Tlhago wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong|Motlobong wa Ditso tsa Tlhago wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong]] kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]]. [[Setshwantsho:Australopithecus africanus at Ugandan National Museum.jpg|thumb|''Australopithecus africanus'' at Motlobong wa ditso wa Lefatshe wa Uganda]] Leina la theto la "Mrs. Ples" le ne la tlhamiwa ke badirimmogo ba ba botlana ba ga Broom. E tswa mo leineng la maranyane la ''Plesianthropus transvaalensis'' (seka-motho go tswa kwa Teransefala), le kwa tshimologong Broom a neng a le naya legata, moragonyana le ne la tsenngwa (le [[tshwantshanngwa]]) mo mofuteng wa ''Australopithecus africanus''. Mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane, sekai seno se bidiwa ka nomoro ya sone ya lenaane la dibuka, STS 5.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040222/http://www.ditsong.org.za/naturalhistory.htm "Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History"]. Archived from [http://www.ditsong.org.za/naturalhistory.htm the original] on 2013-09-30. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2026.</ref> Mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', o go nang le mefuta e le mmalwa ya one, o tsewa e le one o o ka tswang o ne wa tla pele ga mofuta wa ''[[Homo]]''. Le fa [[tlhogo]] ya yone e ka bapisiwa le ya [[chimpanzee]], ''Australopithecus'' e ne e tsamaya e tlhamaletse, fela jaaka batho ba dira. Seno e ne e le selo se se gakgamatsang mo baithuta-bathong ka nako eo, ka gonne go ne go tserwe gore boboko jo bogolo jwa ''Homo'' bo ne jwa tla pele ga, kgotsa bobotlana bo ne jwa fetoga go tsamaisana le, go tsamaya ga rona go go tlhamaletseng. Mrs. Ples, yo bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa tlhogo bo ka nnang cubic centimetres di ka nna makgolo a mane le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano fela (29.6 cubic inches),<ref>Lockwood, C. A. (1999). [[doi:10.1126/science.283.5398.9b|"Endocranial Capacity of Early Hominids"]]. ''Science''. '''283''' (5398): 9b–9. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...283....9L 1999Sci...283....9L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.283.5398.9b|10.1126/science.283.5398.9b]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> e ne e le mongwe wa masalela a ntlha go senola gore go tsamaya o tlhamaletse go ne ga fetoga sentle pele ga kgolo epe e e bonalang ya bogolo jwa boboko. Bong jwa sekai ga bo tlhomamisege ka botlalo mme ka jalo ''Mrs. Ples'' tota gongwe e ka tswa e le ''Mr. Ples''. Mo godimo ga moo, tshekatsheko ya X-ray ya meno a sekai seno (''bona fa tlase'') e bontshitse gore e ne e le mosha. Ka jalo go tlhomiwa ga ''[[Miss]] Ples'' kgotsa ''[[Master]] Ples'' le gone go a kgonega. Moithuta-batho ba bogologolo Prof. [[Frederick E. Grine]] o ithutile ka popego ya meno a ga Mrs./Mr. Ples ka maikaelelo a go tlhomaisa bong jwa ga Mrs./Mr. Ples.<ref>[[:en:Frederick_E._Grine|Grine, Frederick E.]]; Weber, Gerhard W.; Plavcan, J. Michael; Benazzi, Stefano (2012). "Sex at Sterkfontein: 'Mrs. Ples' is still an adult female". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''62''' (5): 593–604. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.010|10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.010]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22459766 22459766].</ref> Ka go dirisa ditshwantsho tsa STS 5 go tswa mo ditekong tsa ga Weber et al., (2012) ba ne ba di bapisa le ditshwantsho tsa CT tsa ditlhogo tsa ''A. africanus'' tse di ribolotsweng bosheng jaana go tswa kwa Sterkfontein. Ditshwantsho tseno di ne tsa dira gore Grine a kgone go aga medi ya meno sesha, gore a kgone go bona kafa meno a molar le a canine a neng a gola ka gone. Thutopatlisiso eno e ne ya swetsa ka gore Mrs./Mr. Ples e ne e le mosadi wa dingwaga tse di magareng eleruri. Le fa go ntse jalo, potso eno ga e ise e rarabololwe gotlhelele, ka gonne dipatlisiso tse dingwe di dirile tshwetso e e farologaneng le eo. Bomankge bangwe ba ile ba akantsha gore lerapo le le sa felelang, le le itsiweng fela ka nomoro ya lone ya lenaane la dibuka la [[STS 14]], le le ribolotsweng ka one ngwaga oo, mo lefelong le le tshwanang la thutafatshe le gaufi le Mrs. Ples, le ka tswa le le la legata leno. Fa e le gore go nepagetse, seno se tla dira gore Mrs. Ples e nne molekane wa Aforika Borwa wa masalela a a tumileng a [[Lucy]]. Legata leno, mmogo le a mangwe a a ribolotsweng kwa [[Taung]], Sterkfontein, le [[Makapansgat]] a ne a ntsha bosupi jo bo gapeletsang jo bo neng bo tshegetsa kgopolo ya ga Charles Darwin ya gore batho ba simolotse kwa Aforika.<ref>Thackeray, Francis (2001). [http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=2001/may/ples.htm "Mrs Ples and our Distant Relatives"]. ''Science in Africa''.</ref> Masalela a ne a simolotswe ka go kopanngwa ga [[paleomagnetism]] le dithekeniki tsa uranium-lead go ya kwa dingwageng di le didikadike di le 2.1-2.6 tse di fetileng.<ref>Herries, Andy I.R.; Shaw, John (2011). "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries". ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''60''' (5): 523–539. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001|10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392817 21392817].</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2022 e e tlhomang matlha a a dikologileng matlapa ka mokgwa o mosha, e boletse dingwaga tsa one jaaka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.4-3.7.<ref>Granger, Darryl; Stratford, Dominic; Bruxelles, Laurent; Gibbon, Ryan; Clark, Ronald (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9271183 "Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, South Africa"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''119''' (27). [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.2123516119|10.1073/pnas.2123516119]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9271183 9271183]</ref> Ka 2004, Mrs. Ples o ne a tlhophiwa mo maemong a bo masome a ferabongwe le botlhano mo lenaaneng la [[SABC 3]]'s le la [[e.tv]] la ''[[Maaforika Borwa a Magolo]]'' a a kwa Godimo a le lekgolo. == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] olhlu04bo0lde2pepzih5uy9us0pwds 0 15219 55493 2026-09-24T04:35:29Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Ntwana beaded doll - detail.jpg|thumb|Mpopi wa dibaga wa [[baNtwana]]]] '''Bompopi ba Aforika''' go ralala kontinente di diretswe basetsana ba bannye go tshameka ka tsona le jaaka pheko go netefatsa go tshola bana mo basading. Popego ya bone le diaparo tsa bone di farologana go ya ka kgaolo le ngwao. Gangwe le gape dimpopi di fetisiwa go tswa go mmè go ya kwa go morwadie. Dimpopi tsa Bophirima di ratwa thata mo Afrika mme gantsi di apesiwa diaparo tsa setso. Fa kgopolo ya mpopi e akanyediwa mo bokaong jwa setso sa Aforika, gantsi ga se ditshamekisi tsa bana, mme ke dilo tse di rweleng dikamano tsa meetlo le tsa bodumedi mo teng ga setšhaba. Dimpopi tsa Aforika di dirisiwa go ruta, le go ntsha bodutu. Ke batsereganyi ba ba fetang ba tlholego mme ba dirisiwa ka boferefere go dira dingwao. Mongwe le mongwe wa dimpopi tseno o tlhomologile ka gonne o dirilwe ka diatla mme ka tlwaelo o fetisediwa mo dikokomaneng. == Bompopi ba seNdebele == Dimpopi tsa Linga Koba ke tsa batho ba Ndebele kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Mongwe wa merafe e mennye thata ya kgaolo eno, Ba-Ndebele ba itsege ka matlo a bone a a pentilweng a mebala e e phatsimang a a tlhomologileng mo nageng e e lefifi. Diaparo tsa bone le tsone di mebalabala ka tsela e e tshwanang. Tiro ya dibaga mo dimpopi tseno tsa Ndebele e tlhalositswe ka botlalo fela jaaka diaparo tsa basadi ka bobone. Ka nako ya go ratana, motho yo o batlang go nyala o tla baya mpopi kwa ntle ga ntlwana ya lekgarebe, a bontsha gore o ikaeletse go mo kopa lenyalo. Fa lekgarebe le ipaakanyetsa go nyalwa, le fiwa mpopi o a o nayang leina a bo a o tlhokomela. Ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha o bo a bidiwa ka mpopi oo. Mo godimo ga go nonotsha boitshupo jwa setso sa Ndebele, dimpopi tsa Ndebele tse di nang le dipheta jaanong ke selo sa botlhokwa sa thomelontle le motswedi o o tlhokegang thata wa lotseno mo mosading wa Ndebele. == Bompopi ba seXhosa == === Bompopi ba tsalo ba seXhosa === Dimpopi tsa tsalo tsa Xhosa ke dimpopi tse di nang le dipheta tse di dirilweng le go aparwa ke basadi ba Xhosa. Mpopi o itsege gape jaaka ‘mpopi wa lorato’. E dirilwe gore e gogele monna yo o tshwanelegang mme gape e oketse tsalo gore e kgone go tshola bana ba le bantsi. Go dumelwa gore bompopi bano ba na le maatla a maselamotse a a fetang a tlholego. Basetsana ba bannye ba MaXhosa ba rotloediwa ke basadi ba bagolo ba MaXhosa go rwala dimpopi mo melaleng ya bona gore ba kgone go oketsa tsalo ya bona ka nako ya dingwaga tsa go tshola bana. Gantsi basetsana ba newa mpopi wa bone wa ntlha ke batsadi ba bone fa ba simolola go ikatisa. Mosetsana o tla e tlhokomela ka kelotlhoko ka go dumelwa gore fa e ka latlhega kgotsa ya senyega go na le kotsi ya gore fa a nna le ngwana, e tla swa. Morago ga botsalo jwa ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha mmè yo mmotlana o tla busetsa mpopi kwa batsading ba gagwe gore o dirisiwe ke kgaitsadie yo mmotlana. Ka tlwaelo, makgarebe ga a tshwanela go supa phatlalatsa gore a batla monna ka jalo, ke tlwaelo gore ba apare ‘dimpopi tsa lorato’ ka maikaelelo a go gogela bosigo. Dithaere tseno tsa sephiri gantsi di na le mpopi o monna le wa mosadi mo sebaga se le sengwe fa tse di aparwang phatlalatsa di na le mpopi o le mongwe fela o o gokeletsweng mo go tsone. Basadi ba ba nyetsweng le bone ba rwala dimpopi tseno jaaka sebaga sa thamo gore ba kgone go bontsha setšhaba le bagologolwane keletso ya bone ya go nna le bana.<ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> === Dipharologanyo === Dipopi di dirilwe ka mabotlolo a mannye, di-cob tsa mmidi, dikgetsi tsa dikhatritšhe kgotsa di-roll tse dinnye tsa cotton sheeting tse morago di khurumediwang ka tiro ya dipheta. Go tswa foo mpopi o tsenngwa mo sebaga sa thamo. Mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 20 Musiamo wa East London o ne o na le kokoanyo ya dimpopi tsa tsalo tsa Xhosa tse di neng di tlhalosiwa jaaka ‘tse di kgatlhang’ ka nako eo. Ga jaana dimpopi tsotlhe di dirilwe ka dipheta tsa galase mme dipheta tsa galase ka jalo di fetogile karolo e e botlhokwa ya ngwao ya MaXhosa.<ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> === Bompopi ba ntlwana === Ba-Xesibe (morafe wa Xhosa go tswa kwa Kapa Botlhaba) le bona ba na le tlwaelo ya go dirisa "dimpopi tsa matlo". Dimpopi tseno di betlilwe ka logong mme di bewa mo marulelong a ntlwana ya mosadi yo o senang bana kgotsa yo o lebegang a sa tshole ke moitseanape e le boikuelo mo bagologolwaneng gore ba romele lesea kwa legaeng leo. Mpopi o ka nna wa bo o na le dipheta mo go one kgotsa wa se ka wa nna le one. E tlogelwa mo marulelong go fitlhela ngwana a tsholwa fa e folosiwa le go fisiwa le placenta ya ngwana.<ref>D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14</ref><ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Ngwao ya Aforika]] [[Karolo:Bompopi ba ngwao]] [[Karolo:Ngwao ya seXhosa]] 522lv1s77thlgzza9mt5bjrwo1qyxki 55494 55493 2026-09-24T04:54:27Z KatieKea 10150 ke ranotse tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi 55494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Ntwana beaded doll - detail.jpg|thumb|Mpopi wa dibaga wa [[baNtwana]]]] '''Bompopi ba Aforika''' go ralala kontinente ba diretswe basetsana ba bannye go tshameka ka bone le jaaka pheko go netefatsa go tshola bana mo basading. Popego ya bone le diaparo tsa bone di farologana go ya ka kgaolo le ngwao. Gangwe le gape bompopi ba fetisiwa go tswa go mme go ya kwa go morwadie. Bompopi ba Bophirima ba ratwa thata mo Aforika mme gantsi ba apesiwa diaparo tsa setso. Fa kgopolo ya mpopi e akanyediwa mo bokaong jwa setso sa Aforika, gantsi ga se ba ba tshamekang ka bana, mme ke dilo tse di rweleng dikamano tsa kalafo le tsa bodumedi mo teng ga setšhaba. Bompopi ba Aforika ba dirisiwa go ruta, le go ntsha bodutu. Ke batshereganyi ba ba fetang ba tlholego mme ba dirisiwa ka boferefere go dira dingwao. Mongwe le mongwe wa bompopi bano o tlhomologile ka gonne o dirilwe ka diatla mme ka tlwaelo o fetisediwa mo dikokomaneng. == Bompopi ba seNdebele == Bompopi ba Linga Koba ke ba batho ba [[Ndebele]] kwa Borwa jwa Aforika. Mongwe wa merafe e mennye thata ya kgaolo eno, Ba-Ndebele ba itsege ka matlo a bone a a pentilweng a mebala e e phatsimang a a tlhomologileng mo lefatsheng le le lefifi. Diaparo tsa bone le tsone di mebalabala ka tsela e e tshwanang. Tiro ya dibaga mo bompopi bano ba Ndebele e tlhalositswe ka botlalo fela jaaka diaparo tsa basadi ka bobone. Ka nako ya go ratana, motho yo o batlang go nyala o tla baya mpopi kwa ntle ga ntlwana ya lekgarebe, a bontsha gore o ikaeletse go mo kopa lenyalo. Fa lekgarebe le ipaakanyetsa go nyalwa, le fiwa mpopi o a o nayang leina a bo a o tlhokomela. Ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha o bo a bidiwa ka mpopi oo. Mo godimo ga go nonotsha boitshupo jwa setso sa Ndebele, bompopi ba Ndebele ba ba nang le dibaga jaanong ke selo sa botlhokwa sa thomelontle le motswedi o o tlhokegang thata wa lotseno mo mosading wa Ndebele. == Bompopi ba seXhosa == === Bompopi ba tsalo ba seXhosa === Bompopi ba tsalo ba [[Xhosa]] ke bompopi tse di nang le dipheta tse di dirilweng le go aparwa ke basadi ba Xhosa. Mpopi o itsege gape jaaka ‘mpopi wa lorato’. O dirilwe gore e gogele monna yo o tshwanelegang mme gape e oketse [[tsalo]] gore o kgone go tshola bana ba le bantsi. Go dumelwa gore bompopi bano ba na le maatla a maselamose a a fetang a tlholego. Basetsana ba bannye ba MaXhosa ba rotloediwa ke basadi ba bagolo ba MaXhosa go rwala bompopi mo melaleng ya bone gore ba kgone go oketsa tsalo ya bone ka nako ya dingwaga tsa go tshola bana. Gantsi basetsana ba newa mpopi wa bone wa ntlha ke batsadi ba bone fa ba simolola go ikatisa. Mosetsana o tla o tlhokomela ka kelotlhoko ka go dumelwa gore fa a ka latlhega kgotsa wa senyega go na le kotsi ya gore fa a nna le ngwana, o tla swa. Morago ga botsalo jwa ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha mme yo mmotlana o tla busetsa mpopi kwa batsading ba gagwe gore o dirisiwe ke morwadiarraagwe yo mmotlana. Ka tlwaelo, makgarebe ga a tshwanela go supa phatlalatsa gore a batla monna ka jalo, ke tlwaelo gore ba apare ‘bompopi ba lorato’ ka maikaelelo a go gogela bosigo. Dinecklace tseno tsa sephiri gantsi di na le mpopi o monna le wa mosadi mo sebageng se le sengwe fa tse di aparwang phatlalatsa di na le mpopi o le mongwe fela o o gokeletsweng mo go tsone. Basadi ba ba nyetsweng le bone ba rwala bompopi bano jaaka sebaga sa thamo gore ba kgone go bontsha setšhaba le bagologolwane keletso ya bone ya go nna le bana.<ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> === Dipharologanyo === Bompopi ba dirilwe ka mabotlolo a mannye, dithotha tsa mmidi, dikgetsi tsa dikhatritšhe kgotsa di-roll tse dinnye tsa cotton sheeting tse morago di khurumediwang ka tiro ya dibaga. Go tswa foo mpopi o tsenngwa mo sebageng sa thamo. Mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi Motlobo wa ditso wa East London o ne o na le kokoanyo ya bompopi ba tsalo ba Xhosa ba ba neng ba tlhalosiwa jaaka ‘tse di kgatlhang’ ka nako eo. Ga jaana bompopi botlhe ba dirilwe ka dibaga tsa galase mme dibaga tsa galase ka jalo di fetogile karolo e e botlhokwa ya ngwao ya MaXhosa.<ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> === Bompopi ba ntlwana === Ba-[[Xesibe]] (morafe wa Xhosa go tswa kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]]) le bone ba na le tlwaelo ya go dirisa "bompopi ba matlo". Bompopi bano ba betlilwe ka logong mme ba bewa mo marulelong a ntlwana ya mosadi yo o senang bana kgotsa yo o lebegang [[Go tlhoka tsholo|a sa tshole]] ke moitseanape e le boikuelo mo bagologolwaneng gore ba romele lesea kwa legaeng leo. Mpopi o ka nna wa bo o na le dibaga mo go one kgotsa wa se ka wa nna le tsone. O tlogelwa mo marulelong go fitlhela ngwana a tsholwa a bo a folosiwa le go fisiwa le motlhana wa ngwana.<ref>D.Costello. Not Only For Its Beauty. BEADWORK AND ITS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE XHOSA-SPEAKING PEOPLES. 1990 University of South Africa. Page 14</ref><ref>Beck, R. (1989). Bibles and Beads: Missionaries as Traders in Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century. The Journal of African History, 30(2), 211-225. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024105 Accessed 22 April 2018</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Ngwao ya Aforika]] [[Karolo:Bompopi ba ngwao]] [[Karolo:Ngwao ya seXhosa]] e0k59jser2267p3dp7o0vovs6nxlmpw 0 15220 55495 2026-09-24T05:33:58Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342213579|Matilda Booker]]" 55495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matilda Booker''' (o tshotswe e le '''Matilda V. Mosley''' ; ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1887) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekee, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Veronica A |date=2005 |title=Inspiring African American women of Virginia |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/63145483 |publisher=iUniverse, Inc |isbn=0-595-34730-4 |oclc=63145483}}</ref> O tsholetswe kwa Halifax County ke Killis Mosley le Tamara Smith Mosley, Booker o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, a tswelela go nna mookamedi wa dikgaolo tsa dikolo tsa batho Bantsho tse di neng di kgaogantswe ka nako eo ka dikgaolo tse pedi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Matilda V. Mosley Booker Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Booker_Matilda_Mosley |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}</ref> Tiro ya gagwe ya go kgobokanya madi, go buelela, le go aga sechaba e ne ya dira gore go tlhabololwe dikago tsa dikolo tse di senyegileng, go agiwe dikolo tse disha, go atolosiwe dithuto tse di neelwang go akaretsa mananeo a maemo a sekolo se setona, go thusa ka madi a dipalamo tsa sechaba le dikokelwana tsa meno, le go lekalekanngwa ga dituelo fa gare ga barutabana ba batho Bantsho le ba batho basweu. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) Sekolo se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia (e ka nako eo e neng e le sekolo sa lefatshe la Virginia sa Batho ba Bantsho) se ne sa neela Booker setlankana sa go mo tlotla ka ntlha ya diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe mo thutong. <ref name=":0" /> O bolailwe ke bolwetse jwa pelo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). == Thuto == Booker o ne a aloga kwa Lekalaneng la thuto la Thyne kwa Chase City, kwa a neng a amogela setlankana sa borutabana sa maemo a boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1909). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ohles, Frederik |date=2011 |title=Biographical dictionary of modern American educators |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/755169050 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-1-78034-208-5 |oclc=755169050}}</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia ( e ka nako eo e neng e le Lekalana la tsa Madirelo la Virginia ) mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911). <ref name=":0" /> == Tiro == Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), Booker e ne e le mookamela dikolo tsa batho Bantsho di le masome a mabedi le bone kwa Cumberland County, VA. Jaaka morutabana ene le Anna T. Jeanes Foundation, Booker o ne a kgona go atolosa dipaka tsa sekolo, go baakanya mafaratlhatlha le go oketsa dituelo tsa barutabana. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi ( 1920), o ne a simolola go okamela dikolo di le masome a mane le borobabobedi e le mookamela thuto ya batho Bantsho <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Patrick |title=Mecklenburg's black history |url=https://www.southhillenterprise.com/news/article_a4bde530-abdc-11e4-99dc-c7dc68dc975f.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=South Hill Enterprise |language=en}}</ref> kwa Kgaolong e e gaufi ya Mecklenburg . Kwa a neng a thusa ka thuto ya barutabana, mme o ne a nna le seabe se setona mo go buleng dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa kgaolo tsa baithuti ba batho Bantsho. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of West End High School 1935-1969 |url=https://www.thenewsprogress.com/community/article_f43bbaf6-70ac-11eb-b491-a7ac9a9907a9.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The News Progress |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925), Booker o ne a bone madi a ka tshwarang $ 1,500 go tswa kwa Letloleng la Rosenwald mme a kgotlhatsa tsa batsadi go kgobokanya $3,000 go aga sekolo se sesha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecklenburg County Training School Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=107443 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga moo Booker o ne a kopa kemonokeng ya banni ya sekolo se segolwane sa puso sa batho Bantsho kwa Clarksville . Go ya ka moithuti wa pele Ann Garnett Miller, Sekolo se Segolwane sa West End se ne sa bulwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935) ka baithuti ba ba fetang lekgolo ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le boraro le masome a mabedi le bobedi. Booker o ne a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1955). <ref name=":2" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Booker o ne a nyala Samuel Glover Booker ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro (1916). Bobedi jo bo ne bo na le polasi e nnye, mme bo na le sefelo la leokwane le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Samuel lebaka la dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone . Ba ne ba sena bana. <ref name=":0" /> == Bolwetse le loso == Booker o ne a lwantshana le bolwetse jwa pelo mo dingwageng tse di neng tsa latela morago ga go tlogela tiro ga gagwe, mme a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). <ref name=":2" /> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] fmwlbnnpy5samq5pbu3h7czlhgxrna4 55496 55495 2026-09-24T05:37:36Z MmaBaggio 11091 55496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matilda Booker''' (o tshotswe e le '''Matilda V. Mosley''' ; ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1887) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekee, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Veronica A |date=2005 |title=Inspiring African American women of Virginia |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/63145483 |publisher=iUniverse, Inc |isbn=0-595-34730-4 |oclc=63145483}}</ref> O tsholetswe kwa Halifax County ke Killis Mosley le Tamara Smith Mosley, Booker o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, a tswelela go nna mookamedi wa dikgaolo tsa dikolo tsa batho Bantsho tse di neng di kgaogantswe ka nako eo ka dikgaolo tse pedi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Matilda V. Mosley Booker Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Booker_Matilda_Mosley |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}</ref> Tiro ya gagwe ya go kgobokanya madi, go buelela, le go aga sechaba e ne ya dira gore go tlhabololwe dikago tsa dikolo tse di senyegileng, go agiwe dikolo tse disha, go atolosiwe dithuto tse di neelwang go akaretsa mananeo a maemo a sekolo se setona, go thusa ka madi a dipalamo tsa sechaba le dikokelwana tsa meno, le go lekalekanngwa ga dituelo fa gare ga barutabana ba batho Bantsho le ba batho basweu. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) Sekolo se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia (e ka nako eo e neng e le sekolo sa lefatshe la Virginia sa Batho ba Bantsho) se ne sa neela Booker setlankana sa go mo tlotla ka ntlha ya diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe mo thutong. <ref name=":0" /> O bolailwe ke bolwetse jwa pelo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). {{Infobox person|name=Matilda Booker|birth_name=Matilda V. Mosley|birth_date={{birth date|1887|9|18|mf=y}}|birth_place=Halifax County, Virginia|death_date={{death date and age|1957|6|27|1887|9|18|mf=y}}|death_place=Cumberland County, Virginia|education=Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute|occupation=Morutabana}} == Thuto == Booker o ne a aloga kwa Lekalaneng la thuto la Thyne kwa Chase City, kwa a neng a amogela setlankana sa borutabana sa maemo a boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1909). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ohles, Frederik |date=2011 |title=Biographical dictionary of modern American educators |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/755169050 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-1-78034-208-5 |oclc=755169050}}</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia ( e ka nako eo e neng e le Lekalana la tsa Madirelo la Virginia ) mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911). <ref name=":0" /> == Tiro == Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), Booker e ne e le mookamela dikolo tsa batho Bantsho di le masome a mabedi le bone kwa Cumberland County, VA. Jaaka morutabana ene le Anna T. Jeanes Foundation, Booker o ne a kgona go atolosa dipaka tsa sekolo, go baakanya mafaratlhatlha le go oketsa dituelo tsa barutabana. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi ( 1920), o ne a simolola go okamela dikolo di le masome a mane le borobabobedi e le mookamela thuto ya batho Bantsho <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Patrick |title=Mecklenburg's black history |url=https://www.southhillenterprise.com/news/article_a4bde530-abdc-11e4-99dc-c7dc68dc975f.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=South Hill Enterprise |language=en}}</ref> kwa Kgaolong e e gaufi ya Mecklenburg . Kwa a neng a thusa ka thuto ya barutabana, mme o ne a nna le seabe se setona mo go buleng dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa kgaolo tsa baithuti ba batho Bantsho. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of West End High School 1935-1969 |url=https://www.thenewsprogress.com/community/article_f43bbaf6-70ac-11eb-b491-a7ac9a9907a9.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The News Progress |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925), Booker o ne a bone madi a ka tshwarang $ 1,500 go tswa kwa Letloleng la Rosenwald mme a kgotlhatsa tsa batsadi go kgobokanya $3,000 go aga sekolo se sesha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecklenburg County Training School Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=107443 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga moo Booker o ne a kopa kemonokeng ya banni ya sekolo se segolwane sa puso sa batho Bantsho kwa Clarksville . Go ya ka moithuti wa pele Ann Garnett Miller, Sekolo se Segolwane sa West End se ne sa bulwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935) ka baithuti ba ba fetang lekgolo ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le boraro le masome a mabedi le bobedi. Booker o ne a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1955). <ref name=":2" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Booker o ne a nyala Samuel Glover Booker ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro (1916). Bobedi jo bo ne bo na le polasi e nnye, mme bo na le sefelo la leokwane le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Samuel lebaka la dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone . Ba ne ba sena bana. <ref name=":0" /> == Bolwetse le loso == Booker o ne a lwantshana le bolwetse jwa pelo mo dingwageng tse di neng tsa latela morago ga go tlogela tiro ga gagwe, mme a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). <ref name=":2" /> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] sdalay6agvytzcwc2lbqwex4gc9rghb 0 15221 55498 2026-09-24T06:00:40Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355798058|Eva Roberta Coles Boone]]" 55498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Roberta Coles Boone''' ( O tshotse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi (1880)– Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika kwa Amerika le morongwa wa Baptist go tswa kwa Charlottesville, Virginia, yo o neng a bereka le monna wa gagwe Clinton Caldwell Boone kwa lefelong le ka nako eo le neng le bidiwa [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] le jaanong le bidiwang Congo . == Botshelo jwa pele == Eva Roberta Coles o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lemasome a robabobedi (1880), kwa Charlottesville, Virginia . <ref name="vuu">{{Cite book |last=Hylton |first=Raymond Pierre |date=2014 |title=Virginia Union University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9c8BQAAQBAJ&q=eva+roberta+coles+boone&pg=PA49 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9781439647660 |access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> <ref name="hbcu">{{Cite web |last=Culpepper |first=Reginald |title=Eva Roberta Coles-Boone |url=https://hbcuconnect.com/content/25990/eva-roberta-coles-boone |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=HBCU Connect}}</ref> <ref name="eaar">{{Cite book |last=edited by Larry G. Murphy, J. Gordon Melton, Gary L. Ward |date=20 November 2013 |title=Encyclopedia of African American Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS0kAgAAQBAJ&q=eva+roberta+coles+boone&pg=PT230 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135513450 |access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Coles o ne a tsena Sekolo sa Segopotso sa Hartshorn ([[:en:Hartshorn_Memorial_College|Hartshorn Memorail College]]) se e leng sekolo sa ntlha mo lefatsheng sa basadi ba mmala. <ref name="vuu" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="African American Registry">{{Cite web |title=Eva Boone, a dedicated teacher |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/eva-boone-a-dedicated-teacher/ |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1899). <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="vuu" /> == Tiro le lelapa == Fa a sena go aloga, Coles o ne a boela kwa Charlottesville go ya go ruta. <ref name="vuu" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe( 1901), Coles o ne a nyala Clinton Caldwell Boone, <ref name="vuu" /> yo o neng a tsene kabelwano dithuto kwa Sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union, e e neng e le sekgalanyana kwa bokone jwa Hartshorn, mme a bona dikirii ya gagwe ya bomodimo ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900) <ref name="hbcu" /> Morwa wa moruti, o tshotswe le go golela kwa Kgaolong ya Hertford, kwa Bokone jwa Carolina . Boone le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba tlhomiwa go ya go dira tiro ya borongwa, ba engwe nokeng ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Baptist wa Amerika([[:en:American_Baptist_Missionary_Union|American Baptist Missionary Union]]) le Kopano ya Borongwa ya Mafatshe a Sele ya Lott Carey ([[:en:Lott_Carey_Foreign_Mission_Convention|Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention]]). <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="eaar" /> Ba gorogile kwa lefelo la Palabala kwa porofenseng ya Katanga kwa [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe(1901). <ref>{{Cite book |last=edited by Vaughn J. Walston, Robert J. Stevens |year=2003 |title=African-American Experience in World Mission: A Call Beyond Community, Volume 1 |publisher=William Carey Library Publishers |isbn=978-0878086092 |pages=42}}</ref> Ka nako eno, go ne go sa tlwaelesega e bile go tsosa go sa dumalana gore mekgatlho ya bodumedi ya Amerika e neele batho ba mmala ditshono tsa go nna barongwa gore ba berekele mo Afrika. <ref name="rogersdiss">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Jaye |date=2006 |title="Ye Are All One Missionaries in the Congo and the Dynamics o f Race and Gender, 1890-1925 |publisher=Dissertation, Union Institute and University |location=Cincinnati, Ohio}}</ref> Kwa lefelong la Palabala, o ne a ruta bana ba bannye, <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Claude Grandford |date=6 September 2014 |title=Virginia Union's First 150 Years: A bridge to intellectual freedom and equality |url=http://www.richmond.com/opinion/their-opinion/virginia-union-s-first-years-a-bridge-to-intellectual-freedom/article_2e6c6a09-0830-5c1b-81a5-5e3ba748a89f.html |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch}}</ref> <ref name="eaar" /> a neela kalafi, le go rulaganyetsa basadi ba motse oo lenaneo la go roka . <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="eaar" /> O ne a leka go ruta basadi go roka, mo ngwaong ya batho ba Kongo, ka tlwaelo banna ba ne ba laola tiro eno. O ne a dira ka iketlo go fetola dikiletso tsa ngwao tse di kgatlhanong le basadi ba ba neng ba roka. <ref name="eaar" /> Basadi ba motse ba ne ba mmitsa "Mama Bunu". <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="vuu" /> Coles o ne a bolawa ke go longwa ke sengwe se se nang le botlhole ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902), kwa Palaballa, [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] (e gompieno e leng karolo ya Democratic Republic of Congo). <ref name="rtd" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> Ene le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba itemogetse loso lwa ngwana wa bone a sa ntse a le lesea. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 6wtkiz51f703rmkbn4g81vp206j9sds 55499 55498 2026-09-24T06:06:56Z MmaBaggio 11091 55499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Roberta Coles Boone''' ( O tshotse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi (1880)– Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika kwa Amerika le morongwa wa Baptist go tswa kwa Charlottesville, Virginia, yo o neng a bereka le monna wa gagwe [[Clinton Caldwell Boone]] kwa lefelong le ka nako eo le neng le bidiwa [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] le jaanong le bidiwang [[Congo: Ditso tse di makatsang tsa batho|Congo]] . {{Infobox person|name=Eva Roberta Coles Boone|image=Eva Roberta Coles Boone.gif|birth_name=Eva Roberta Coles|birth_date={{birth date|1880|1|8|mf=y}}|birth_place=Charlottesville, Virginia|death_date={{death date and age|1902|12|8|1880|1|8|mf=y}}|death_place=Palaballa, Congo Free State|education=[[Morutabana]], [[Morongwa]]|spouse(s)={{marriage|Clinton Caldwell Boone|1901}}}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Eva Roberta Coles o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lemasome a robabobedi (1880), kwa [[Charlottesville]], [[Virginia]] . <ref name="vuu">{{Cite book |last=Hylton |first=Raymond Pierre |date=2014 |title=Virginia Union University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9c8BQAAQBAJ&q=eva+roberta+coles+boone&pg=PA49 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9781439647660 |access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> <ref name="hbcu">{{Cite web |last=Culpepper |first=Reginald |title=Eva Roberta Coles-Boone |url=https://hbcuconnect.com/content/25990/eva-roberta-coles-boone |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=HBCU Connect}}</ref> <ref name="eaar">{{Cite book |last=edited by Larry G. Murphy, J. Gordon Melton, Gary L. Ward |date=20 November 2013 |title=Encyclopedia of African American Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS0kAgAAQBAJ&q=eva+roberta+coles+boone&pg=PT230 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135513450 |access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Coles o ne a tsena Sekolo sa Segopotso sa Hartshorn ([[:en:Hartshorn_Memorial_College|Hartshorn Memorail College]]) se e leng sekolo sa ntlha mo lefatsheng sa basadi ba mmala. <ref name="vuu" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="African American Registry">{{Cite web |title=Eva Boone, a dedicated teacher |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/eva-boone-a-dedicated-teacher/ |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1899). <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="vuu" /> == Tiro le lelapa == Fa a sena go aloga, Coles o ne a boela kwa Charlottesville go ya go ruta. <ref name="vuu" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe( 1901), Coles o ne a nyala Clinton Caldwell Boone, <ref name="vuu" /> yo o neng a tsene kabelwano dithuto kwa Sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union, e e neng e le sekgalanyana kwa bokone jwa Hartshorn, mme a bona dikirii ya gagwe ya bomodimo ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900) <ref name="hbcu" /> Morwa wa moruti, o tshotswe le go golela kwa Kgaolong ya Hertford, kwa Bokone jwa Carolina . Boone le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba tlhomiwa go ya go dira tiro ya borongwa, ba engwe nokeng ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa Baptist wa Amerika([[:en:American_Baptist_Missionary_Union|American Baptist Missionary Union]]) le Kopano ya Borongwa ya Mafatshe a Sele ya Lott Carey ([[:en:Lott_Carey_Foreign_Mission_Convention|Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention]]). <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="eaar" /> Ba gorogile kwa lefelo la Palabala kwa porofenseng ya Katanga kwa [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe(1901). <ref>{{Cite book |last=edited by Vaughn J. Walston, Robert J. Stevens |year=2003 |title=African-American Experience in World Mission: A Call Beyond Community, Volume 1 |publisher=William Carey Library Publishers |isbn=978-0878086092 |pages=42}}</ref> Ka nako eno, go ne go sa tlwaelesega e bile go tsosa go sa dumalana gore mekgatlho ya bodumedi ya Amerika e neele batho ba mmala ditshono tsa go nna barongwa gore ba berekele mo Afrika. <ref name="rogersdiss">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Jaye |date=2006 |title="Ye Are All One Missionaries in the Congo and the Dynamics o f Race and Gender, 1890-1925 |publisher=Dissertation, Union Institute and University |location=Cincinnati, Ohio}}</ref> Kwa lefelong la Palabala, o ne a ruta bana ba bannye, <ref name="rtd">{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Claude Grandford |date=6 September 2014 |title=Virginia Union's First 150 Years: A bridge to intellectual freedom and equality |url=http://www.richmond.com/opinion/their-opinion/virginia-union-s-first-years-a-bridge-to-intellectual-freedom/article_2e6c6a09-0830-5c1b-81a5-5e3ba748a89f.html |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch}}</ref> <ref name="eaar" /> a neela kalafi, le go rulaganyetsa basadi ba motse oo lenaneo la go roka . <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="eaar" /> O ne a leka go ruta basadi go roka, mo ngwaong ya batho ba Kongo, ka tlwaelo banna ba ne ba laola tiro eno. O ne a dira ka iketlo go fetola dikiletso tsa ngwao tse di kgatlhanong le basadi ba ba neng ba roka. <ref name="eaar" /> Basadi ba motse ba ne ba mmitsa "Mama Bunu". <ref name="hbcu" /> <ref name="vuu" /> Coles o ne a bolawa ke go longwa ke sengwe se se nang le botlhole ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902), kwa Palaballa, [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] (e gompieno e leng karolo ya Democratic Republic of Congo). <ref name="rtd" /> <ref name="hbcu" /> Ene le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba itemogetse loso lwa ngwana wa bone a sa ntse a le lesea. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 5k72btbt7g3qcjheaj4d6w6yc55xeu3 0 15222 55503 2026-09-24T07:23:47Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Dambudzo Marechera #BLT2026 55503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dambudzo Marechera''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa) e ne e le mokwadi wa dibuka, dipolelo khutswe, difilimi gape e le mmoki wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa pereko tse di nnileng dikhutshwane di nnile lo {{Infobox person|name=Damdudzo Marechera|image=Dambudzo Marechera.jpg|birth_name=Charles William Marechera|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa 1952|birth_place=Rusape, Southern Rhodesia|education=University of Rhodesia (kwa e leng University of Zimbabwe gompieno), University of Oxford|occupation=Mokwadi|notable works=The House of Hunger (1978) Black Sunlight (1980)|awards=Seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize (1979)}} kwalo lwa dipolelo, dibuka tse pedi (e nngwe e gatisitswe a sena go tlhokafala), buka ya metshameko le maboko, le kgobokanyo ya maboko (e le yone e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala). Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, kgobokanyo ya dipolelo tsw di itlhametsweng e filwe setlhogo sa ''The House of Hunger'' (e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi), e fentse seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe. Marechera o ne a itsege thata ka go kwala a ntsha dintlha tsotlhe, a sa fitlhe sepe, ebile a le kelotlhoko, mo go neng go supiwa e le mofuta o mosha mo dikwalong tsa [[Aferika|Aforika]], le maitsholo a gagwe a a sa letlelesegeng kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tse a kobilweng kwa go tsone le ntswa a ne a ntsha maduo a mantle mo dithutong == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Marechera o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi kwa Vengere, Rusape, Rhodesia Borwa, rraagwe e le Isaac Marechera o e neng e le mmereki wa kwa setsidifatsing sa baswi le Masvotwa Venrnzia Marechera, mmereki wa mo ntlong. E ne e le ngwana wa batsadi ba BaShona go tswa kwa legare botlhaba jwa Rhodesia. O goletse fa gare ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, khumanego le kgokgontsho. O tsene sekolo sa St. Augustine's Mission, kwa Penhalonga, kwa a neng a tlhoka kutlwisisano le barutabana ka ntlha ya dithuto tsa bokolone, o ne a ya kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Rhodesia (kwa e le [[University of Zimbabwe]] gompieno), kwa a neng a kobiwa ka nako ya mekubukubu ya bana ba sekolo, le kwa New College, Oxford, kwa maitsholo a gagwe le go latlhelela mo dithutong go bakileng gore a kobiwe gape.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dambudzo-Marechera "Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185650/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364493/Dambudzo-Marechera|date=26 April 2015}}, Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> == Mathata le katlego kwa England == Kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Oxford, Marechera o ne a supagala e le moithuti o o botlhale mme a sa laolesege o a neng a sena kgatlhego mo go obameleng melao ya thuto, a itlhophela go bala sepe fela se se neng se kgatlha leitlho la gagwe. O ne a itsege gape ka go nna lekawana le le manganga le le neng le sa tshabe go lwantsha baba ba lone ka diatla bogolo jang kwa maitisong kwa Oxford. O ne a simolola go supa maitshwaro a a makgwakgwa, mosidila maikutlo wa sekolo o ne a re o na le bokoa jwa go lebala ditiragalo, go latlhegelwa ke tlhaloganyo le go ikgapha mo bathong (schizophrenia). Marechera o ne a tshosetsa go bolaya batho bangwe a dira le maiteko a go tshuba sekolo ka molelo. O ne a tumile gape ka go tlhoka tlotlo mo baeteledingpele ka ntlha ya maikgogomoso a go nna wa lotso le maemo a a kwa godimo. Ka go leka go tshuba sekolo, Marechera o ne a neelwa maitlhophelo a le mabedi: go itetlelela go tlhatlhobiwa mo tlhaloganyong kgotsa go kobiwa, o ne a itlhophela maitlhophelo a bobedi, a re ba mmetelela tlhaloganyo. Ka nako e, botshelo jwa ga Marechera bo ne bo tlhakatlhakane, mo a neng a ya kgolegelong ya Cardiff ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa a fitlhetswe ka motekwane, le tshwetso e e neng e ama go busediwa gae ga gagwe. O ne a nna bontlha jwa batho ba ba neng ba sena magae gaufi le Oxford le mafelo a mangwe, a robala kwa dikamoreng tsa malwapa tsa ditsala tsa gagwe gape a kwala mekwalo e e itlhametsweng le maboko kwa ditilong tsa mafelo a itloso bodutu, a tshabelelwa ke go tlhaselwa ke magodu le go tshwenngwa ke mapodise ka ntlha ya go sasanka ga gagwe. Ka nako e gape o ne a nna dikgwedi di le dintsi kwa Tolmers Square kwa legareng la London.<ref>Smith, Alex; [[:en:Kwesi_Owusu|Kwesi Owusu]]; Mandana Hendessi (2022). "[https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Dambudzo Marechera]". ''Tolmers Village Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230312093820/https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> === Kgatiso === Buka ya ntlha ya ga Marechera e le buka e ntle thata ya The House of Hunger (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi) - kgobokanyo ya buka e le nngwe le dipolelo khutswe di robabongwe - e tsile  morago ga nako ya gagwe kwa New College, Oxford. The House of Hunger e ne ya tsewa ke James Currey<ref>[[:en:Stephen_Gray_(writer)|Gray, Stephen]] (2009). "Book Reviews: ''Africa Writes Back'' by James Currey". ''Research in African Literatures''. '''40''' (1): 177–180. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/258071 10.2979/ral.2009.40.1.177]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/30131199 30131199.]</ref> kwa Heinemann a e gatisa mo motseletseleng wa bone wa bakwadi ba Aforika. Polelo ya setlhogo se seleele e tlhalosa go tshwenyega ga mmoledi wa yone ka nako ya gagwe e sale ngwana le e le monana kwa Rhodesia wa kolone. The House of Hunger e ne ya fenya seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize. Marechera e ne e le ene mo Aforika fela ebile e le ene wa ntlha go fenya seetsele se mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a nna motho o o tumileng mo mohameng wa dikwalo kwa England. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le tsosa tlhatlharuane gangwe le gape. Kwa dijong taa maitseboa tsa seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize, Marachera o be a baka tlhakatlhakano fa a simolola go ngata lobone ka dijana.<ref>[https://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera "Profile: Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075823/http://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera|date=17 August 2016}}, [[:en:Kalamu_ya_Salaam|Kalamu ya Salaa]]<nowiki/>m's information blog, ''Neo-Griot'', 21 August 2011</ref><ref>Drew Johnson: [https://therumpus.net/2009/11/18/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/ "The Last Book I Loved, The House of Hunger"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095056/http://therumpus.net/2009/11/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/|date=17 June 2013}}, ''The Rumpus'', 18 November 2009.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo dikolo tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa Leeds University le University of Sheffield di ne tsa mo fa maemo a go nna mokwadi o o ithutang kwa go bone.<ref>[https://www.pindula.co.zw/Dambudzo_Marechera "About Dambudzo Marechera, Background, Career - Pindula, Local Knowledge"]. ''Pindula''. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Marechera o ne a akanya gore kompone ya kgatiso ya Britain e a mo tsietse, ka jalo o ne a itlhophela go ya kwa diofising tsa Heinemann ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelesegang go kopa go duelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo o ne a tshela ka tshotlego e tona gape a sa itekanela mo mmeleng ka a ne a sa je mo go lekaneng gape a a nwa phetelela. Marechera o ne a akanyetsa ditsala, baithuti ka ene ba ba tswang Zimbabwe jaaka mmoko Musaemura Zimunya, Rino  Zhuwarara, mokwadi Stanley Nyamfukudza, le ditsala tse dingwe go bo ba na le seabe mo mathateng a gagwe a mantsi le fa ba mo direla ka botswapelo. Kwa phelelong o ne a felela a nna a na le batho ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le sekolo, ba tsenelela meletlo ba sa e lalediwa ka jalo ba tsena mo mathateng gantsi, a gololwa kwa kgolegelong ke Currey. O ne a nna fela a kobilwe kwa African Centre, lefelo la bokopano la ngwao kwa tshingwaneng ya Convent ya baithuti le barutintshi ba ma Aforika. Bangwe ba supa fa Marechera a ne a nyala mosadi wa Britain mme ga go itsiwe go le gontsi ka lonyalo lo. Buka ya ga Marechera ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi ya Black Sunlight e tshwantshitswe le mokwalo wa ga James Joyce le Henry Miller, mme ga e a ka ya amogela katlego e e tshwanang le ya The House of Hunger. E bua ka gore go thankgola dipuso ke sesupo sa botlhale.<ref>[[:en:Helon_Habila|Habila, Helon]] (Winter 2006). "[https://www.vqronline.org/winter-2006/essays/dambudzo-marechera-life-and-times-african-writer On Dambudzo Marechera: The Life and Times of an African Writer]". ''[[:en:Virginia_Quarterly_Review|Virginia Quarterly Review]]''. '''82''' (1): 258. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26443937 26443937]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130617051921/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/winter/habila-on-dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Go boela Zimbabwe le dingwaga tsa bofelo == Marechera o ne a boela kwa Zimbabwe o a neng a sa tswa go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (3 June 2018). "[https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Home Means Nothing to Me]". ''The Chimurenga Chronic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240720150357/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Archived] from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> go thusa go gatisa filimi ya The House of Hunger. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tlhoka go utlwana le mokaedi, a sala kwa Zimbabwe fa babereki ba filimi ba tsamaya, mo go neng ga baka gore a nne kwa Harare a sena kwa a nnang teng pele ga a tlhokafala koo morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa, ka ntlha ya go lwala makgwafo mo go amangwang le AIDS, ale dingwaga di le masome mararo le botlhano.<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (7 September 2019). "[https://qz.com/africa/1704927/the-zimbabwean-writer-was-robert-mugabes-nemesis The Zimbabwean writer who was Robert Mugabe's nemesis]". ''Quartz Africa''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>Waweru, Nduta (1 December 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250815173721/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 "The sad end of Zimbabwe's greatest author who died of HIV in 1987 at age 35 - Face2Face Africa".] ''Face2Face Africa''. Archived from [https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mindblast; kgotsa, The Definitive Buddy (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone) e kwadilwe ngwaga morago ga go boela gae ga gagwe, e na le metshameko e le meraro, dikgobokanyo tsa maboko, le tse a neng a di kwadile fa a le kwa setilong sa lefelo la itloso bodutu. Buka e kgala tshenyetso setshaba ya Zimbabwe morago ga boipuso. The Black Insider, e e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ditiragalo tsa yone di diragala kwa kagong ya botaki e e fang baithuti le bo ra matlhale le bataki ba ba tswang kwa ntweng e e sa bolelwang ka leina botshabelo. Dipuisano tsa baanelwa di ikaegile ka go nna mo Aforika le mofuta wa botaki. Maboko a ga Marechera a ne a gatisiwa a sena go tlhokafala ka setlhogo sa Cemetery of the Mind ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi. == Dietsele == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe: Guardian Fiction Prize == Boswa == Fa e sale Marechera a tlhokafala, bakwadi ba ba botlana le babereki ka ene ba kwadile ka botshelo jwa gagwe le ditiro tsa gagwe. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ba ba neng ba dira jalo thata ke batswakwa, bogolojang morutuntshi Flora Veit-Wild, o o kwadileng buka ka botshelo jwa gagwe le buka ya motswedu wa botshelo jwa ga Marechera le ditiro tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/reincarnating-marechera "Reincarnating Marechera".] ''readingzimbabwe.com''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tsaya bontsi jwa dilo tse a neng a di bolelelwa ke Marechera e le dintlha.Mo tsebeng e e mo makasineng wa Wasafiri ya Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, Wild o ne a fetola potsi ya gore ke eng a sa kwala ka botshelo jwa ga Marechera sentle ka gore: "karabo ya me e ne e le gore ke ne ke sa batle go kgobokanya sebopego sa gagwe ka go se dira ka mokgwa o le mongwe me o ne a letla mantswe a a farologaneng gore a ipuelele. Mme se ga se boammaruri botlhe. Ke ne ke ka se kwale ka botshelk jwa gagwe ka gore botshelo jwa me bo ne bo gokagane le jwa gagwe". O ne a tlhalosa ka botlalo botsalano jwa gagwe le ene jwa dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>''Wasafiri'', issue 69, March 2012</ref><ref>Veit-Wild, Flora, [http://memorychirere.blogspot.com/2012/03/me-and-dambudzo-personal-essay-by-flora.html "Me and Dambudzo: a personal essay",] ''Kwachirere'', 2 March 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html "The German Girl Who Made Love to Dambudzo Marechera"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312195211/http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html|date=12 March 2012}}, ''The Zimbabwe Mail'', 27 March 2012.</ref><ref>admin (22 November 2020). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250815185418/https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ LitFest discusses Marechera - herald".] ''herald''. Archived from [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> [[Ainehi Edoro]] wa Brittle Paper o kwadile ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano: "gompieno, Marechera ke mogaka wa dibuka kakanyetso le go nna kgatlhanong le ngwao mo dibukeng tsa Aforika.<ref>Edoro, Ainehi (4 June 2015). [https://brittlepaper.com/2015/06/happy-birthday-dambudzo-marechera/ "Happy Birthday, Dambudzo Marechera!".] ''Brittle Paper''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mmoki wa New Zealand, mokwadi le mogatisi [[Mark Pirie]] o kwadile ka Marechera a akaretsa tiro ya gagwe mo tsebeng ya JAAM (Just Another Art Movement).<ref>Dambudzo Marechera (1952-1987) in JAAM 10, pp. 7-25.</ref> == Dibuka == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi - The House of Hunger, Heinemann Afeican Writers Series * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi: Black Sunlight. * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone: Mindblast kgotsa The Definitive Buddy * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: The Black Insider * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: Cemetery of Mind * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bone: Scrapiron Blues == Metswedi == 517g22746zl2l02b934d8a3sxb8u2l4 0 15223 55504 2026-09-24T07:23:59Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350373702|Cornelia Bowen]]" 55504 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Cornelia Bowen''' (O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le botlhano(1865)– Go filtha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika wa Amerika le mothei wa sekolo go tswa kwa Alabama. O ne a le mo setlhopheng sa ntlha ya go aloga kwa Sekolong sa Tuskegee mme a tswelela pele go tlhoma [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Colored_Institute|Sekolo sa batho ba Mmala sa Mount Meigs (Mount Meigs Colored Institute)]] mmogo le Sekolo sa Basimane ba batho Bantsho sa Mt. Meigs ([[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Mt.Meigs Negro Boys' Reformary]]). Go ikaegilwe ka melaometheo wa Sekolo sa Tuskegee, kwa a neng a katisediwa teng, Bowen o ne a tlhama dikolo tsa madirelo go ruta baithuti go atlega go tswa mo madirelong a bone. E ne e le leloko la Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Mmala tsa puso le tsa bosechaba mme o ne a mmereki wa mekgatlho eo ka bobedi. Gape o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa mosadi wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama. == Botshelo jwa pele == Cornelia Bowen o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le botlhano (1865) gaufi le Tuskegee, kwa Alabama, mo tshimong e e neng e le ya ga Mokolonele William B. [ 3 ] Col. Bowen o ne a na le setsha se morago Sekolo sa Tuskegee se neng se tla agiwa mo go sone. Mmaagwe e ne e le lekgoba, o ne a tsholetswe kwa Baltimore, Maryland, mme a ne a rutwa go bala ke morwadia mong wa gagwe, le ntswa a ne a sa kgone go kwala. [ 8 ] Bowen o ne a tlhalosiwa motho yo moleele a le mosesane . [ 5 ] Lefelo le ne le le ka nna bokgakala jwa mile o le mongwe( {{Convert|1|mi|km}} kwa borwa jwa toropo mme ntlo ya masimo e ne ya fisiwa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae . Ntlo e Bowen a neng a tsholetswe mo go yone, ntlo e nngwe, ntlo ya dikgogo le setale e ne e le tsone fela tse di neng di setse mo lefelong leo fa Booker T. Washington a ne a reka lefelo leo jaaka lefelo le lesha la Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee ([[:en:Tuskegee_Institute|Tuskegee Normal School]])ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe(1881). [ 9 ] Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, Bowen o ne a rutwa ke mosadi mongwe wa motho mosweu yo o neng a itsewe ke mmaagwe, yo o neng a mo ruta go bala ''[[:en:McGuffey_Readers|McGuffey Readers]]'' pele ga a simolola katiso ya gagwe e e tlhomameng kwa dikolong tsa kwa Tuskegee. Sekolo sa puso sa batho bantsho kwa Zion Hill se ne sa tswalwa fa Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee se ne se bulwa mme Bowen a tsena mo sekolong seo morago ga go dira sentle mo tlhatlhobo e e neng e tlhokega. Fa a ne a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885), mo setlhopheng sa ntlha sa go aloga, Bowen o ne a neelwa medal wa Peabody ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa gagwe mo sekolong. [ 8 ] == Tiro == Fa a sena go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe, Bowen o ne a nna mogokgo kwa Children’s House, kgotsa lefelo la katiso la Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee. Morago ga nakonyana , o ne a gakololwa ke Washington ka tshono ya go bereka gaufi le Mt. Meigs, kwa Alabama, kwa Waugh . EN Pierce wa Plainfield, Connecticut, yo o neng a ruile "Lefelo la Bogologolo la Carter, o ne a batla go tlhoma sekolo se sennye ka sekao sa Tuskegee sa banni ba kwa Mt. Bowen o ne a ya kwa lefelong leo mme a fitlhela gore le ne le tsofetse thata ka dikago tse di senyegileng. [ 8 ] [ 10 ] . Lefelo la pele la masimo le ne le tletse ka balemi ba dišere ba ba sa itseng go bala le go kwala ba letsela la bona le neng le rekisitswe pele ga go jalwa dipeo. Ba ne ba sena kitso ya go lema dijalo kgotsa go jala go bona dijo, ba na le ditsha tsa bone, mme bontsi bo ne bo nna mo mekhukhung ya kamore e le nngwe. Sekolo se le sengwe fela se ne se bulwa dikgwedi di le tharo ka ngwaga mme mo baithuting ba le makgolo a mararo ba ba neng ba tsene kwa go sone, ke ba le batlhano fela ba ba neng ba kgona go bala. [ 5 ] Bowen o ne a rulaganya pele sekolo sa Sontaga go ba ruta dikwalo [ 11 ] mme morago a tsamaya ntlo le ntlo a kopana le malapa mo sechabeng go tlhoma kamano le go thapa bomme gore ba kopane go ithuta ka kgodiso ya bana. [ 12 ] Bowen o ne a tlhama lefelo la banni, kwa a neng a ruta basadi le basetsana go apaya, go tlhokomela ntlo le go roka, mmogo le go rotloetsa bokgoni jwa go godisa bana, [ 13 ] go itlhokomela, go ikatisa le go ja dikotla. [ 14 ] O ne a ruta banna le basimane go nna banna ba ba botoka, balemirui le bomelemo ya go nna beng ba lefatshe la bone. [ 13 ] Mokgwa wa gagwe e ne e le go etelela pele ka sekao, a hirisa lefatshe la gagwe, a thapa monna go le lema. Go jala peo, ya letsela, mmidi le lephutshe; go tlhotlhora le go tlhagola mefero; mme fa a roba dijalo, o ne a bona dipoelo tsa $30.50 mo thekisong ya gagwe ya $50. [ 15 ] O ne a adima $1735 mo go Pierce go aga kago ya matlhatlaganyane a mabedi, e e neng e tla nna sekolo sa marobalo le sa motshegare. Mo dingwageng di le supa, morafe o ne o duetse sekoloto ka botlalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le ka leruo, le Bowen a neng a tla le rekisa kwa Montgomery go oketsa madi mo letloleng la go duela sekoloto. [ 5 ] Kwa ntle ga go ruta thutapuo le dipalo, Bowen o ne a ruta tsa botshelo jaaka go lema, go dira tshingwana, le go rua dinotshe, leruo le dikoko. [ 13 ] Ka a ne a na le baithuti ba ka nna makgolo a mararo mme e le ba le batlhano fela ba ba neng ba kgona go bala, Bowen o ne a dira gore babadi ba le batlhano ba mo thuse go ruta ba bangwe ka thuso ya morwa wa moreri, yo o neng a thusa a sa duelwe. Mo dingwageng di le tharo fela, o ne a kgona go thapa mothusi. [ 5 ] Selemo sengwe le sengwe, Bowen o ne a tla ya kwa bokone go ya go kgobokanya madi a sekolo sa gagwe mme mo tsamaisong, a tsweledisa thuto ya gagwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1893), o ne a tsena Sekolong sa Barutabana ya Columbia kwa New York City mme moragonyana fa gare ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi ( 1898) le ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe ( 1900) o ne a tsena kwa sekolong sa Queen Margaret kwa Glasgow . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . O ne a bona dikirii ya gagwe ya ntlha kwa sekolong sa Straight kwa New Orleans mme moragonyana, a bona dikirii ya masetase kwa sekolong sa Battle Creek ka patlisiso e e bidiwang ''Juvenile Crime among Negroes in Alabama'' . [ 11 ] Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a tla fola mo karolong ya selemo sengwe le sengwe kwa [[:en:Battle_Creek_Sanitarium|Battle Creek Sanitarium]], mme ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a tsamaya le kgaitsadie e bong Katie, yo le ene a neng a ruta kwa Mt. Meigs. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] . Bowen yo o ineetseng mo [[:en:Muscular_Christianity|tumelong ya Muscular Christianity,]] o ne a dumela gore botsogo jo bo siameng bo fitlhelelwa ka go ja sentle le go ikatisa [ 19 ] le gore go nna le seabe mo mabelong gape go ne go ruta go tlotla tirisanommogo, melao, go ikgalemela, mmogo le bomolemo jwa tiro. [ 20 ] O ne a nna le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa " go boela kwa tlhagong ", wa batlhalefi ba ba neng ba ja merogo fela, ba ikatisa le go fetsa nako nngwe mo sechabeng sa batho ba ba ratang tlhago . [ 21 ] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1896) fa go ne go tlhomiwa Lekgotla la Basadi ba Maaforika le Amerika kwa Boston, Bowen e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a neng a le simolola . [ 22 ] Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bone (1904), e ne e le mokwaledi yo o neng a kwalelana le mokgatlho ono [ 23 ] mme ka one ngwaga oo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautina wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi batho ba Mmala wa lefatshe la Alabama. O ne a tswelela e le Tautona wa lefatshe lebaka la dingwaga di feta lesome. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1897), o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mothusa Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama mme o ne a nna mo maemong ao go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910). [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Bowen o ne a tsenela Bokopano bo le dintsi go ralala United States a bua le ditlhopha tsa basadi mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le botlhano (1905) o ne a gatisa buka e khutshwane ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e bidiwang ''A Woman's Work'' . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] . O ne a dirisa boloko jwa gagwe mo mekgatlhong eo ya basadi go tokafatsa maemo a Maaforika a kwa Amerika le go kgobokanya madi a sekolo sa gagwe. [ 30 ] Bowen gape o ne a gatisa ditlhogo le maboko a mantsi, ga mmogo le go nna le seabe mo mananeong a mantsi a thuto a a neng a ikaeletse go tokafatsa matshelo a banana. [ 25 ] Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borataro(1906), Bowen le mokgatlho wa basadi ba ne ba nna le seabe mo go tlhokegeng ga lefelo la go baakanya basimane. [ 31 ] Basadi ba batho basweu ba ne ba atlegile go ngoka puso go romela basimane kwa sekolong sa diphetogo go na le kwa kgolegelong, mme ga go na dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang tse di neng di dirilwe mo bathong bantsho. Ditlhopha tsa Colored Women’s Federated Clubs di ne tsa kopa gore lekgotla la semolao le tlhome lefelo, mme fa ba sa atlege, Bowen o ne a rekisetsa setlhopha diheketara di le masome a mabedi go aga lefelo. [ 14 ] Bowen o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa bobedi, se se neng se dirisiwa ke mogokgo wa polasi a le mongwe le lekalana, se se neng se tlhokomelwa fela ke basadi ba bantsho ba mokgatho [ 32 ] [ 17 ] . Ba ne ba tswelela ba ngoka lekgotla la semolao la Alabama, mmogo le baatlhodi le barulaganyi ba dipampiri tsa dikgang gore puso e tseye tsamaiso ya sekolo seo . Kwa bofelong ba ne ba atlega ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) mme puso ya tsaya taolo ya Sekolo [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Alabama Reform School for Juvenile NegroLaw-Breakers]] . [ 33 ] Bowen o ne a tla tswelela a direla go se kwalo dingwaga di le lesome e le mongwe wa batlhokomedi ba lefelo la diphetogo. [ 34 ] Gape o ne a ruta kwa sekolong sa diphetogo, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923). Mongwe wa baithuti ba gagwe e ne e le Satchel Paige, yo a neng a mo rotloetsa go nna le seabe mo metshamekong ga mmogo le mo khwaereng. [ 35 ] Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi ( 19200, Bowen o ne a neela lefatshe la Alabama diheketara di le makgolo a mane tse di neng di setse kwa lekalaneng la Mount Meigs ka tumalano ya gore ba tla mo duelela dithoto tseo fa ba tsaya sekolo semmuso. [ 36 ] O ne a tswelela go nna mogokgo le morago ga gore puso e fetole leina go nna '''Sekolo sa Katiso sa Montgomery County''' ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923) kgotsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924). [ 37 ] [ 38 ] . O ne a nna mogokgo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe( 1929) mme gape o ne a ruta dingwaga di le tlhano kwa sekolong sa Barutabana sa lefatshe la Alabama . [ 28 ] Bowen o ne a nna Tautona wa ntlha wa mosadi wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927). [ 11 ] . == Loso le boswa == Bowen o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934) kwa [[:en:Mount_Meigs,_Alabama|Mout Meigs,]]Montgonery Country kwa Alabama [ 39 ] Bopelotshweu jwa ga Bowen bo ne jwa tswelela nako e telele morago ga loso lwa gagwe, ka a ne a neela puso bontsi jwa lefatshe le dikolo tse di tlhomilwe mo go lone. [ 25 ] Dikolo tse pedi tse a di simolotseng di santse di bereka . mo bo gompienong lekalana loo le bidiwa Sekolo se Segolwane sa Georgia Washington [ 11 ] mme setheo seo se bidiwa [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Mount Meigs Campus]] . [ 40 ] == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 3ai5xcwimdwf7npdwwp90zo7iemy6zi 55506 55504 2026-09-24T08:08:44Z MmaBaggio 11091 55506 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Cornelia Bowen''' (O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le botlhano<ref>Smith gives Bowen's birth date as 1858,[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSmith1996] however, she is not shown on the 1870 federal census with her family. ''Who’s Who of the Colored Race'' gives her birth date as 24 September 1870 however, the 1880 census shows her age as sixteen, thus being born in 1864 or 1865. As numerous accounts of her life state that her mother was a slave, the 1858 date seems implausible, as Cornelia would have been born a slave were she born prior to the Civil War's end.</ref>(1865)– Go filtha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934) e ne e le morutabana wa Moaforika wa Amerika le mothei wa sekolo go tswa kwa Alabama. O ne a le mo setlhopheng sa ntlha ya go aloga kwa Sekolong sa Tuskegee mme a tswelela pele go tlhoma [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Colored_Institute|Sekolo sa batho ba Mmala sa Mount Meigs (Mount Meigs Colored Institute)]] mmogo le Sekolo sa Basimane ba batho Bantsho sa Mt. Meigs ([[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Mt.Meigs Negro Boys' Reformary]]). Go ikaegilwe ka melaometheo wa Sekolo sa Tuskegee, kwa a neng a katisediwa teng, Bowen o ne a tlhama dikolo tsa madirelo go ruta baithuti go atlega go tswa mo madirelong a bone. E ne e le leloko la Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Mmala tsa puso le tsa bosechaba mme o ne a mmereki wa mekgatlho eo ka bobedi. Gape o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa mosadi wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama. {{Infobox person|name=Cornelia Bowen|image=Cornelia Bowen.jpg|caption=1902|birth_date={{Birth date|1865|09|24}}|birth_place=near [[Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuskegee]], [[Macon County, Alabama]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1934|07|09|1865|09|24}}|death_place=[[Mount Meigs, Alabama|Mount Meigs]], [[Montgomery County, Alabama]]|occupation=Morutabana, Morutuntshi,Mothei wa sekolo Mokaedi, Mokwadi|years active=1885–1934|known for=Mothei wa lekalana la Mt. Meigs Colored Institute and Negro Boys' Reformatory}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Cornelia Bowen o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le botlhano (1865) gaufi le Tuskegee, kwa Alabama, mo tshimong e e neng e le ya ga Mokolonele William B.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFMather1915|Mather 1915, pp.&#x20;]]31–32</ref> Col. Bowen o ne a na le setsha se morago Sekolo sa Tuskegee se neng se tla agiwa mo go sone. Mmaagwe e ne e le lekgoba, o ne a tsholetswe kwa Baltimore, Maryland, mme a ne a rutwa go bala ke morwadia mong wa gagwe, le ntswa a ne a sa kgone go kwala. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSmith1996|Smith 1996,]] p .46.</ref> Bowen o ne a tlhalosiwa motho yo moleele a le mosesane. <ref name=":2">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Sun1905|''The Sun'' 1905,]] p.&#x20;18.</ref>Lefelo le ne le le ka nna bokgakala jwa mile o le mongwe( {{Convert|1|mi|km}} kwa borwa jwa toropo mme ntlo ya masimo e ne ya fisiwa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae . Ntlo e Bowen a neng a tsholetswe mo go yone, ntlo e nngwe, ntlo ya dikgogo le setale e ne e le tsone fela tse di neng di setse mo lefelong leo fa Booker T. Washington a ne a reka lefelo leo jaaka lefelo le lesha la Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee ([[:en:Tuskegee_Institute|Tuskegee Normal School]])ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe(1881). <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFMoore2006|Moore 2006,]] pp.&#x20;2217–2219.</ref> Fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, Bowen o ne a rutwa ke mosadi mongwe wa motho mosweu yo o neng a itsewe ke mmaagwe, yo o neng a mo ruta go bala ''[[:en:McGuffey_Readers|McGuffey Readers]]'' pele ga a simolola katiso ya gagwe e e tlhomameng kwa dikolong tsa kwa Tuskegee. Sekolo sa puso sa batho bantsho kwa Zion Hill se ne sa tswalwa fa Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee se ne se bulwa mme Bowen a tsena mo sekolong seo morago ga go dira sentle mo tlhatlhobo e e neng e tlhokega. Fa a ne a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885), mo setlhopheng sa ntlha sa go aloga, Bowen o ne a neelwa medal wa Peabody ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa gagwe mo sekolong. <ref name=":2" /> == Tiro == Fa a sena go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe, Bowen o ne a nna mogokgo kwa Children’s House, kgotsa lefelo la katiso la Sekolo se se Tlwaelegileng sa Tuskegee. Morago ga nakonyana , o ne a gakololwa ke Washington ka tshono ya go bereka gaufi le Mt. Meigs, kwa Alabama, kwa Waugh . EN Pierce wa Plainfield, Connecticut, yo o neng a ruile "Lefelo la Bogologolo la Carter, o ne a batla go tlhoma sekolo se sennye ka sekao sa Tuskegee sa banni ba kwa Mt. Bowen o ne a ya kwa lefelong leo mme a fitlhela gore le ne le tsofetse thata ka dikago tse di senyegileng. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpivey2012|Spivey 2012,]] p.&#x20;21.</ref> Lefelo la pele la masimo le ne le tletse ka balemi ba dišere ba ba sa itseng go bala le go kwala ba letsela la bona le neng le rekisitswe pele ga go jalwa dipeo. Ba ne ba sena kitso ya go lema dijalo kgotsa go jala go bona dijo, ba na le ditsha tsa bone, mme bontsi bo ne bo nna mo mekhukhung ya kamore e le nngwe. Sekolo se le sengwe fela se ne se bulwa dikgwedi di le tharo ka ngwaga mme mo baithuting ba le makgolo a mararo ba ba neng ba tsene kwa go sone, ke ba le batlhano fela ba ba neng ba kgona go bala. <ref name=":2" /> Bowen o ne a rulaganya pele sekolo sa Sontaga go ba ruta dikwalo <ref name=":3">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSmith1996|Smith 1996,]] p.41.</ref>mme morago a tsamaya ntlo le ntlo a kopana le malapa mo sechabeng go tlhoma kamano le go thapa bomme gore ba kopane go ithuta ka kgodiso ya bana. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpalding1913|Spalding 1913,]] p.&#x20;106.</ref> Bowen o ne a tlhama lefelo la banni, kwa a neng<ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpivey2012|Spivey 2012,]] p.&#x20;30.</ref> a ruta basadi le basetsana go apaya, go tlhokomela ntlo le go roka, mmogo le go rotloetsa bokgoni jwa go godisa bana, <ref name=":4">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFRichardson1919|Richardson 1919,]] p.&#x20;22</ref>go itlhokomela, go ikatisa le go ja dikotla. <ref name=":5">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpalding1913|Spalding 1913]], p.&#x20;107</ref> O ne a ruta banna le basimane go nna banna ba ba botoka, balemirui le bomelemo ya go nna beng ba lefatshe la bone. <ref name=":4" />Mokgwa wa gagwe e ne e le go etelela pele ka sekao, a hirisa lefatshe la gagwe, a thapa monna go le lema. Go jala peo, ya letsela, mmidi le lephutshe; go tlhotlhora le go tlhagola mefero; mme fa a roba dijalo, o ne a bona dipoelo tsa $30.50 mo thekisong ya gagwe ya $50. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Daily_Northwestern1898|''The Daily Northwestern'' 1898]], p.&#x20;4</ref> O ne a adima $1735 mo go Pierce go aga kago ya matlhatlaganyane a mabedi, e e neng e tla nna sekolo sa marobalo le sa motshegare. Mo dingwageng di le supa, morafe o ne o duetse sekoloto ka botlalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le ka leruo, le Bowen a neng a tla le rekisa kwa Montgomery go oketsa madi mo letloleng la go duela sekoloto. <ref name=":2" /> Kwa ntle ga go ruta thutapuo le dipalo, Bowen o ne a ruta tsa botshelo jaaka go lema, go dira tshingwana, le go rua dinotshe, leruo le dikoko. <ref name=":4" />Ka a ne a na le baithuti ba ka nna makgolo a mararo mme e le ba le batlhano fela ba ba neng ba kgona go bala, Bowen o ne a dira gore babadi ba le batlhano ba mo thuse go ruta ba bangwe ka thuso ya morwa wa moreri, yo o neng a thusa a sa duelwe. Mo dingwageng di le tharo fela, o ne a kgona go thapa mothusi. <ref name=":2" /> Selemo sengwe le sengwe, Bowen o ne a tla ya kwa bokone go ya go kgobokanya madi a sekolo sa gagwe mme mo tsamaisong, a tsweledisa thuto ya gagwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1893), o ne a tsena Sekolong sa Barutabana ya Columbia kwa New York City mme moragonyana fa gare ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi ( 1898) le ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe ( 1900) o ne a tsena kwa sekolong sa Queen Margaret kwa Glasgow . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4" />O ne a b<ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Boston_Globe1896|''The Boston Globe'' 1896,]] p.&#x20;14</ref>ona dikirii ya gagwe ya ntlha kwa sekolong sa Straight kwa New Orleans mme moragonyana, a bona dikirii ya masetase kwa sekolong sa Battle Creek ka patlisiso e e bidiwang ''Juvenile Crime among Negroes in Alabama'' . <ref name=":3" /> Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a tla fola mo karolong ya selemo sengwe le sengwe kwa [[:en:Battle_Creek_Sanitarium|Battle Creek Sanitarium]], mme ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a tsamaya le kgaitsadie e bong Katie, yo le ene a neng a ruta kwa Mt. Meigs. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Gospel_Herald1910|''The Gospel Herald'' 1910,]] p.&#x20;78.</ref> <ref name=":6">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Medical_Missionary1914|''The Medical Missionary'' 1914,]] p.&#x20;322.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Battle_Creek_Enquirer1923|''The Battle Creek Enquirer'' 1923,]] p.&#x20;5</ref>Bowen yo o ineetseng mo [[:en:Muscular_Christianity|tumelong ya Muscular Christianity,]] o ne a dumela gore botsogo jo bo siameng bo fitlhelelwa ka go ja sentle le go ikatisa <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpalding1913|Spalding 1913,]] p.&#x20;109.</ref> le gore go nna le seabe mo mabelong gape go ne go ruta go tlotla tirisanommogo, melao, go ikgalemela, mmogo le bomolemo jwa tiro. O ne a nna le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa " go boela kwa tlhagong ", wa batlhalefi ba ba neng ba ja merogo fela, ba ikatisa le go fetsa nako nngwe mo sechabeng sa batho ba ba ratang tlhago . <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Minneapolis_Journal1905|''The Minneapolis Journal'' 1905]], p.&#x20;4</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1896) fa go ne go tlhomiwa Lekgotla la Basadi ba Maaforika le Amerika kwa Boston, Bowen e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a neng a le simolola . Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bone (1904), e ne e le mokwaledi yo o neng a kwalelana le mokgatlho ono <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Fort_Wayne_Sentinel1904|''The Fort Wayne Sentinel'' 1904]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> mme ka one ngwaga oo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautina wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi batho ba Mmala wa lefatshe la Alabama. O ne a tswelela e le Tautona wa lefatshe lebaka la dingwaga di feta lesome. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_New_York_Age1912|''The New York Age'' 1912]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> <ref name=":7">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSmith1996|Smith 1996,]] p.&#x20;48.</ref>. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1897), o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mothusa Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama mme o ne a nna mo maemong ao go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910). <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Atlanta_Constitution1897|''The Atlanta Constitution'' 1897,]] p.&#x20;232.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Cullman_Times_Democrat1910|''The Cullman Times Democrat'' 1910,]] p.&#x20;5</ref>Bowen o ne a tsenela Bokopano bo le dintsi go ralala United States a bua le ditlhopha tsa basadi mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le botlhano (1905) o ne a gatisa buka e khutshwane ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e bidiwang ''A Woman's Work'' . <ref name=":8">[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSmith1996|Smith 1996]], pp.&#x20;47–48.</ref><ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFBowen1905|Bowen 1905,]] pp.&#x20;211–223.</ref> . O ne a dirisa boloko jwa gagwe mo mekgatlhong eo ya basadi go tokafatsa maemo a Maaforika a kwa Amerika le go kgobokanya madi a sekolo sa gagwe. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpivey2012|Spivey 2012,]] p.&#x20;22.</ref>Bowen gape o ne a gatisa ditlhogo le maboko a mantsi, ga mmogo le go nna le seabe mo mananeong a mantsi a thuto a a neng a ikaeletse go tokafatsa matshelo a banana.<ref name=":7" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borataro(1906), Bowen le mokgatlho wa basadi ba ne ba nna le seabe mo go tlhokegeng ga lefelo la go baakanya basimane. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_New_York_Age1906|''The New York Age'' 1906,]] p.&#x20;1.</ref> Basadi ba batho basweu ba ne ba atlegile go ngoka puso go romela basimane kwa sekolong sa diphetogo go na le kwa kgolegelong, mme ga go na dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang tse di neng di dirilwe mo bathong bantsho. Ditlhopha tsa Colored Women’s Federated Clubs di ne tsa kopa gore lekgotla la semolao le tlhome lefelo, mme fa ba sa atlege, Bowen o ne a rekisetsa setlhopha diheketara di le masome a mabedi go aga lefelo. <ref name=":5" /> Bowen o ne a tlhoma sekolo sa bobedi, se se neng se dirisiwa ke mogokgo wa polasi a le mongwe le lekalana, se se neng se tlhokomelwa fela ke basadi ba bantsho ba mokgatho <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpalding1913|Spalding 1913]], pp.&#x20;108, 112–113.</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ba ne ba tswelela ba ngoka lekgotla la semolao la Alabama, mmogo le baatlhodi le barulaganyi ba dipampiri tsa dikgang gore puso e tseye tsamaiso ya sekolo seo . Kwa bofelong ba ne ba atlega ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) mme puso ya tsaya taolo ya Sekolo [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Alabama Reform School for Juvenile NegroLaw-Breakers]] . <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpalding1913|Spalding 1913]], p.&#x20;108-112.</ref> Bowen o ne a tla tswelela a direla go se kwalo dingwaga di le lesome e le mongwe wa batlhokomedi ba lefelo la diphetogo. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Anniston_Star1921|''The Anniston Star'' 1921,]] p.&#x20;10.</ref> Gape o ne a ruta kwa sekolong sa diphetogo, go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923). Mongwe wa baithuti ba gagwe e ne e le Satchel Paige, yo a neng a mo rotloetsa go nna le seabe mo metshamekong ga mmogo le mo khwaereng. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFSpivey2012|Spivepy 2012]], p.&#x20;23, 28–30.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi ( 19200, Bowen o ne a neela lefatshe la Alabama diheketara di le makgolo a mane tse di neng di setse kwa lekalaneng la Mount Meigs ka tumalano ya gore ba tla mo duelela dithoto tseo fa ba tsaya sekolo semmuso. <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Kansas_City_Sun1920|''The Kansas City Sun'' 1920]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> O ne a tswelela go nna mogokgo le morago ga gore puso e fetole leina go nna '''Sekolo sa Katiso sa Montgomery County''' ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923) kgotsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924). <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFUniversity_of_Virginia_Library1923|University of Virginia Library 1923.]]</ref> <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFNeverdon-Morton1989|Neverdon-Morton 1989]], p.&#x20;99.</ref>O ne a nna mogokgo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe( 1929) mme gape o ne a ruta dingwaga di le tlhano kwa sekolong sa Barutabana sa lefatshe la Alabama . <ref name=":8" />Bowen o ne a nna Tautona wa ntlha wa mosadi wa Mokgatlho wa Barutabana ba batho Bantsho ba Alabama ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927). <ref name=":8" /> == Loso le boswa == Bowen o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934) kwa [[:en:Mount_Meigs,_Alabama|Mout Meigs,]]Montgonery Country kwa Alabama <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFThe_Pittsburgh_Courier1934|''The Pittsburgh Courier'' 1934]], p.&#x20;2.</ref>Bopelotshweu jwa ga Bowen bo ne jwa tswelela nako e telele morago ga loso lwa gagwe, ka a ne a neela puso bontsi jwa lefatshe le dikolo tse di tlhomilwe mo go lone.<ref name=":7" /> Dikolo tse pedi tse a di simolotseng di santse di bereka . mo bo gompienong lekalana loo le bidiwa Sekolo se Segolwane sa Georgia Washington <ref name=":8" />mme setheo seo se bidiwa [[:en:Mount_Meigs_Campus|Mount Meigs Campus]] . <ref>[[:en:Cornelia_Bowen#CITEREFAlabama_Department_of_Youth_Services2014|Alabama Department of Youth Services 2014]]</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 7zgdd6cqk3qgih60t8rfxvu7e1o9djy 0 15224 55505 2026-09-24T07:45:40Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Charles Mungoshi #BLT2026 55505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Charles Mungoshi|image=FM-2019-1-6-10-31 Niggl-Radloff-B-Charles-Mungoshi-ONLINE.jpg|birth_name=Charles Lovemore Mungoshi|birth_date=Morule a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 1947|birth_place=Manyene, gaufi le Chivu (Southern Rhodesia)|death_date=Tlhakole a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019 (a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le motso)|death_place=Harare [[Zimbabwe]]|children=ba batlhano|awards=Seetsele sa Noma (1992) Seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers' Prize (1988 le 1998) National Arts Merit Award (2014)}} '''Charles Lovemore Mungoshi''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Morule a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa a tlhokafala ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe), e ne e le mokwadi wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>Emmanuel Chiwome, "Mungoshi, Charles Lovemore", in [[:en:Simon_Gikandi|Simon Gikandi]], ed., ''Encyclopedia of African Literature''. Routledge; 2002. ISBN. [https://www.bookrags.com/tandf/mungoshi-charles-lovemore-tf/ Online version]</ref><ref>[https://brittlepaper.com/2019/03/charles-mungoshis-quiet-influence-on-zimbabwean-literature-tinashe-mushakavanhu/ "Charles Mungoshi's Quiet Influence on Zimbabwean Literature | Tinashe Mushakavanhu".] ''Brittle Paper''. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le tiro == Mungoshi o tshotswe ka Morule a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa kwa Manyene, gaufi le Chivhu, kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. O tsene sekolo kwa St Augustine's, Penhalonga. Morago ga go tlogela sekolo, o ne a bereka le komiti ya dikgwa, pele ga a ya kwa Textbook Sales kwa Harare. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhank go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masone a robabobedi le motso, o be a bereka kwa Literature Bureau e le mokwadi, a fudugela kwa Zimbabwe Publishing House.<ref>"Mungoshi, Charles", in Jenny Stringer, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English''. Oxford University Press; 1996. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]].[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780192122711|<bdi>9780192800428</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Angus_Calder|Calder, Angus]], "Mungoshi, Charles", in Ian Hamilton, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English''. Oxford University Press; 1996. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN.]][[:en:Special:BookSources/9780192800428|<bdi>9780192800428</bdi>.]]</ref> == Tiro le temogo == Ditiro tsa ga Mungoshi di akaretsa dipolelo khutswe le dibuka tsa teme ya seShona le Sekgoa.<ref>Kavhu, Sharon (28 February 2019). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190424145209/https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/the-fall-of-a-giant-tribute-to-zimbabwes-literary-guru-charles-mungoshi The fall of a giant Tribute to Zimbabwe's literary guru, Charles Mungoshi"]. ''The Southern Times''. Archived from [http://ww16.southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/the-fall-of-a-giant-tribute-to-zimbabwes-literary-guru-charles-mungoshi?sub1=20260924-1731-09ee-82f9-55f442288526 the original] on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (25 May 2016). [https://tinsmush.medium.com/thank-you-charles-mungoshi-because-i-can-read-ngugis-a-grain-of-wheat-in-shona-5aa0c587f32e "Thank you Charles Mungoshi, because I can read Ngugi's A Grain of Wheat in Shona".] ''Medium''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> O ne a kwala le maboko, mme a bona seo e le go katisa menwana fela. O ne a na le dikwalk tse di mefuta di akaretsa tsa bokolone le tsa bana. Fa puso ya bokolone e ne e kganela tiro ya gagwe pele, o ne a kwala ka kgatelelo morago ga bokolone. E ne e le mokwadi le moranodi. Dietsele tse a di fentseng di akaretsa sa Noma se a se fentseng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi le ya Commonwealth Writers' Prize (ya kgaolo ya Aforika) gabedi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi. Dibuka tsa gagwe di le pedi, e nngwe e le ya se Shona e nngwe e le ya sekgoa, tsotlhe di gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano, di fentse dietsele tsa mafatshefatshe tsa PEN. Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha ya puo ya Shona ke ya Makunun'unu Maodzamoyo e salwa morago ke ya sekgoa e e kgobokantseng ya Some Kinds of Wounds, e e neng ya kganelwa ke puso ya bokolone. Buka e nngwe ya gagwe ya seShona ya Kunyarara Hakusi Kutaura, e fentse dietsele di le mmalwa, motshameko wa gagwe wa Inongova Njakenjake o supile ka fa a  kwalang dibuka tse di farologaneng ka teng. Buka ya Branching Streams Flow in the Dark e ne ya fenya seetsele tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone go bo e le buka e e tlhomogileng e e itlhametsweng e e gatisitsweng ngwaga o o.<ref>Tapureta, Beaven (17 November 2014). [https://allafrica.com/stories/201412170289.html "Zimbabwe: Reflecting On the 2014 Literary Scene".] ''The Herald'' &#x2013; via AllAfrica.</ref> == Lolwapa == Ke motsalwa le [[David Mungoshi]]. O ne a nyetse modiragatsi, [[Jesesi Mungoshi]] o a neng a tshameka moanelwamogolo mo filiming ya Neria ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro (e kwadilwe ke Tsitsi Dangarembga e kaetswe ke Godwin Mawuru). Sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro sa [[University of Zimbabwe]] se mo file tlotla. Mungoshi o tsere karolo mo motseletseleng wa motshameko wa kwa Zimbabwe ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, a tshameka karolo nngwe mo motshamekong wa mo gae wa Ndabvezera, o o tlhamilweng ke Aaron Chiundura Moyo. Mungoshi o tlhokafaletse kwa Harare ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/news/news-africa/renowned-zimbabwean-author-actor-charles-mungoshi-dies-in-harare/ "Renowned Zimbabwean author, actor Charles Mungoshi dies in Harare".] ''The Citizen''. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Dibuka == * ''Coming of the Dry Season'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi) * ''Ndiko Kupindana Kwamazuva'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano) * ''Waiting for the Rain'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano) * ''Makununúnu Maodzamoyo'' ("Brooding Breeds Despair"; (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa) * ''Inongova Njake Njake'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi) * ''Kunyarara Hakusi Kutaura?'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro) * ''The Setting Sun and The Rolling World'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa) * ''Stories from a Childhood'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe) * ''One Day Long Ago: More Stories from a Shona Childhood'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso) * ''Walking Still'' (dipolelwana; ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa) * ''The Milkman Doesn't Only Deliver Milk'' (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi) * ''Branching Streams Flow in The Dark'' (Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro) * ''How The World Will End'' (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa) * ''I love butter chicken'' (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a marataro masome a supa) * ''GM'26 cours d'anglais'' (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a marataro masome a marataro le bosupa) == Metswedi == 3wfdgu29xed2aqyw11w9uvs9woa19o2 0 15225 55508 2026-09-24T08:27:46Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369239009|Akira Akbar]]" 55508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akira Akbar''' (o tshotswe ka Phalane 2, 2006) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akira Akbar Birthday |url=https://nationaltoday.com/birthday/akira-akbar/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=National Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Marvel to Bel-Air: Akira Akbar Is Just Getting Started |url=https://vocal.media/interview/from-marvel-to-bel-air-akira-akbar-is-just-getting-started |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Vocal media |language=en}}</ref> ke modiragatsi wa Moamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akira Akbar (Pibe Magazine) |url=https://models.com/work/pibe-magazine-akira-akbar |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOOD Magazine {{!}} Akira Akbar |url=https://www.moodmagazine.co/interviews/akiraakbar |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=MOOD Magazine |language=en}}</ref> O simolotse tiro ya gagwe a le mmotlana , a tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya ''[[Criminal Minds]]'', ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', ''[[This Is Us]]'' le [[Girl Meets World]] . O ne a itsege thata ka ntlha ya go tshameka karolo ya [[Monica Rambeau]] yo mmotlana mo filiming ya 2019 ya wa ''[[Captain Marvel]]'' . Akbar o tlhageletse mo difiliming tse di akaretsang [[We Can Be Heroes]]( 2020 ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix’s Akira Akbar Starring In “We Can Be Heroes” {{!}} Vulkan Magazine |url=https://vulkanmagazine.com/netflixs-akira-akbar-starring-in-we-can-be-heroes/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=vulkanmagazine.com}}</ref> o na le karolo e le Ashley Banks mo motshamekong wa motswedi ya Peacock mo ''[[Bel-Air]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wanjiru |first=Ellen J. |date=2021-09-14 |title=Peacock Announces Main Cast For Drama Series ‘BEL-AIR’ |url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/peacock-announces-main-cast-for-drama-series-bel-air/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=blackfilm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Sierra |date=2022-03-31 |title=Akira Akbar: Making the Role of Ashley Banks Her Own |url=https://blackgirlnerds.com/akira-akbar-making-the-role-of-ashley-banks-her-own/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Black Girl Nerds |language=en-US}}</ref> le [[Power Book IV: Force]] . == Botshelo le dithutego == Akira Jolie Akbar o tshotswe ka Phalane 2, 2006, kwa Amerika. Mmagwe ke Kitty Wedie wa diaparo . Rrragwe ke Kenyon Rambo, eblie o na le bo kgaitsadie ba le bararo o na le bana ba bararo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Mercy |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Akira Akbar's biography: age, height, parents, movies and TV shows |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1450203-akira-akbars-biography-age-height-parents-movies-tv-shows/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=Legit.ng}}</ref> Akbar o simolotse e le Mmabontle pele ga a nna motshameki wa difilimi ,mmagwe o ne a mo tlhotlheletsa gore a tsenelele bodiragatsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with ''Captain Marvel'' and ''This Is Us'' actress Akira Akbar |url=https://www.naludamagazine.com/interview-with-captain-marvel-and-this-is-us-actress-akira-akbar/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=Naluda Magazine}}</ref> Fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi, o ne a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe, a tsena sekolo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Akira Akbar |url=https://1883magazine.com/akira-akbar/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=1883 Magazine |quote=For 1883 Magazine, Akira sat down with us over zoom to discuss her role as Ashley Banks in Peacock’s Bel-Air, the relationship with her castmates, working with Coco Jones and Cassandra Freeman, and much more.}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Akbar o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi ka 2015 a tlhagelela mo motsweding wa CBS mo motshamekong wa ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' . Moragonyana o ne a tswelela go tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', ''[[This Is Us]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=February 7, 2019|title='This Is Us' Casts Young & Teen Beth; Carl Lumbly To Play Her Father|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/this-is-us-carl-lumbly-rachel-naomi-hilson-akira-akbar-join-nbc-drama-1202551493/|access-date=July 31, 2026}}</ref> le ''[[Good Trouble]]'' e santse e le Mmabontle pele ga direla ele motshameki wa difilimi nako yotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Džaferović |first=Erna |last2=ernadzaferovic |date=2021-05-05 |title=A cosmic youth with Akira Akbar |url=https://frenchfries-mag.com/interview/2021/5/5/a-cosmic-youth-with-akira-akbar |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=French Fries Magazine — FF |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, Akbar o ne a ikgolagana le ICM Partners go nna moemedi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=12 April 2019|title='Captain Marvel' Actress Akira Akbar Signs With ICM|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/captain-marvel-akira-akbar-signs-with-icm-partners-1202594210/|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Ka one ngwaga oo, Akbar o ne a tshameka filimi ya gagwe ya ntlha e le Monica Rambeau wa dingwaga di le 11 mo filiming ''ya Captain Marvel'', a tlhagelela mmogo le [[Brie Larson]] le [[Lashana Lynch]] . Go tshwantsha ga gagwe go ne ga tlhagisa mofuta yo mmotlana wa moanelwa yono, yo moragonyana a neng a nna motho yo o tlhagelelang mo [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica Rambeau Actress Akira Akbar LIVE from the ''Captain Marvel'' Red Carpet Premiere! |url=https://www.marvel.com/watch/digital-series/marvel-live/monica-rambeau-actress-akira-akbar-live-from-the-captain-marvel-red-carpet-premiere |access-date=31 July 2026 |website=Marvel.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=22 January 2021|title=Teyonah Parris Studied ''Captain Marvel'' Young Monica Rambeau Actor for ''WandaVision'' Role|url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/teyonah-parris-studied-captain-marvel-young-monica-rambeau/|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela mo mafarathatheng a [[Netflix]] mo filiming ya bagaka ya ''[[We Can Be Heroes]]''(2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stinson |first=Katherine |date=2022-02-18 |title='Bel-Air' Star Akira Akbar Also Played a Key Role in 'Captain Marvel' |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/akira-akbar-bel-air |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Distractify |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barfield |first=Charles |date=2020-11-19 |title=‘We Can Be Heroes’ Teaser: Robert Rodriguez Builds His Superhero Universe In Netflix’s Family Film |url=https://theplaylist.net/we-can-be-heroes-teaser-20201119/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=The Playlist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Kayleigh |date=2021-01-10 |title=Akira Akbar On Her Dream Superpower And Finding Confidence |url=https://girlslife.com/trending/196334/akira-akbar-on-her-dream-superpower-and-finding-confidence/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Girls' Life |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vo |first=Thao |date=2020-12-13 |title=Akira Akbar on Her Role in Netflix’s Upcoming Film, ‘We Can Be Heroes’ |url=https://sheenmagazine.com/akira-akbar-on-her-role-in-netflixs-upcoming-film-we-can-be-heroes/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=SHEEN Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Go tswa ka 2022, Akbar o ne a tshameka e le Ashley Banks mo motseletseleng wa Peacock mo ''Bel-Air'', le ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 February 2022|title=Introducing ''Bel-Air'': How a ''Fresh Prince'' Fan Trailer Became a Reimagined Story for a New Generation|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/introducing-bel-air-cover-february-2022|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] mzqzzvk7la9lnou8zgrp61kg9avnjwy 55509 55508 2026-09-24T08:29:00Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 55509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Akira Akbar.png|thumb]] '''Akira Akbar''' (o tshotswe ka Phalane 2, 2006) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akira Akbar Birthday |url=https://nationaltoday.com/birthday/akira-akbar/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=National Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Marvel to Bel-Air: Akira Akbar Is Just Getting Started |url=https://vocal.media/interview/from-marvel-to-bel-air-akira-akbar-is-just-getting-started |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Vocal media |language=en}}</ref> ke modiragatsi wa Moamerika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akira Akbar (Pibe Magazine) |url=https://models.com/work/pibe-magazine-akira-akbar |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOOD Magazine {{!}} Akira Akbar |url=https://www.moodmagazine.co/interviews/akiraakbar |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=MOOD Magazine |language=en}}</ref> O simolotse tiro ya gagwe a le mmotlana , a tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya ''[[Criminal Minds]]'', ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', ''[[This Is Us]]'' le [[Girl Meets World]] . O ne a itsege thata ka ntlha ya go tshameka karolo ya [[Monica Rambeau]] yo mmotlana mo filiming ya 2019 ya wa ''[[Captain Marvel]]'' . Akbar o tlhageletse mo difiliming tse di akaretsang [[We Can Be Heroes]]( 2020 ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix’s Akira Akbar Starring In “We Can Be Heroes” {{!}} Vulkan Magazine |url=https://vulkanmagazine.com/netflixs-akira-akbar-starring-in-we-can-be-heroes/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=vulkanmagazine.com}}</ref> o na le karolo e le Ashley Banks mo motshamekong wa motswedi ya Peacock mo ''[[Bel-Air]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wanjiru |first=Ellen J. |date=2021-09-14 |title=Peacock Announces Main Cast For Drama Series ‘BEL-AIR’ |url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/peacock-announces-main-cast-for-drama-series-bel-air/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=blackfilm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Sierra |date=2022-03-31 |title=Akira Akbar: Making the Role of Ashley Banks Her Own |url=https://blackgirlnerds.com/akira-akbar-making-the-role-of-ashley-banks-her-own/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Black Girl Nerds |language=en-US}}</ref> le [[Power Book IV: Force]] . == Botshelo le dithutego == Akira Jolie Akbar o tshotswe ka Phalane 2, 2006, kwa Amerika. Mmagwe ke Kitty Wedie wa diaparo . Rrragwe ke Kenyon Rambo, eblie o na le bo kgaitsadie ba le bararo o na le bana ba bararo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Mercy |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Akira Akbar's biography: age, height, parents, movies and TV shows |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1450203-akira-akbars-biography-age-height-parents-movies-tv-shows/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=Legit.ng}}</ref> Akbar o simolotse e le Mmabontle pele ga a nna motshameki wa difilimi ,mmagwe o ne a mo tlhotlheletsa gore a tsenelele bodiragatsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with ''Captain Marvel'' and ''This Is Us'' actress Akira Akbar |url=https://www.naludamagazine.com/interview-with-captain-marvel-and-this-is-us-actress-akira-akbar/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=Naluda Magazine}}</ref> Fa a ntse a tsweletse ka tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi, o ne a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe, a tsena sekolo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Akira Akbar |url=https://1883magazine.com/akira-akbar/ |access-date=July 31, 2026 |website=1883 Magazine |quote=For 1883 Magazine, Akira sat down with us over zoom to discuss her role as Ashley Banks in Peacock’s Bel-Air, the relationship with her castmates, working with Coco Jones and Cassandra Freeman, and much more.}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Akbar o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya bodiragatsi ka 2015 a tlhagelela mo motsweding wa CBS mo motshamekong wa ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' . Moragonyana o ne a tswelela go tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'', ''[[This Is Us]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=February 7, 2019|title='This Is Us' Casts Young & Teen Beth; Carl Lumbly To Play Her Father|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/this-is-us-carl-lumbly-rachel-naomi-hilson-akira-akbar-join-nbc-drama-1202551493/|access-date=July 31, 2026}}</ref> le ''[[Good Trouble]]'' e santse e le Mmabontle pele ga direla ele motshameki wa difilimi nako yotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Džaferović |first=Erna |last2=ernadzaferovic |date=2021-05-05 |title=A cosmic youth with Akira Akbar |url=https://frenchfries-mag.com/interview/2021/5/5/a-cosmic-youth-with-akira-akbar |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=French Fries Magazine — FF |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, Akbar o ne a ikgolagana le ICM Partners go nna moemedi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=12 April 2019|title='Captain Marvel' Actress Akira Akbar Signs With ICM|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/captain-marvel-akira-akbar-signs-with-icm-partners-1202594210/|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Ka one ngwaga oo, Akbar o ne a tshameka filimi ya gagwe ya ntlha e le Monica Rambeau wa dingwaga di le 11 mo filiming ''ya Captain Marvel'', a tlhagelela mmogo le [[Brie Larson]] le [[Lashana Lynch]] . Go tshwantsha ga gagwe go ne ga tlhagisa mofuta yo mmotlana wa moanelwa yono, yo moragonyana a neng a nna motho yo o tlhagelelang mo [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica Rambeau Actress Akira Akbar LIVE from the ''Captain Marvel'' Red Carpet Premiere! |url=https://www.marvel.com/watch/digital-series/marvel-live/monica-rambeau-actress-akira-akbar-live-from-the-captain-marvel-red-carpet-premiere |access-date=31 July 2026 |website=Marvel.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=22 January 2021|title=Teyonah Parris Studied ''Captain Marvel'' Young Monica Rambeau Actor for ''WandaVision'' Role|url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/teyonah-parris-studied-captain-marvel-young-monica-rambeau/|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela mo mafarathatheng a [[Netflix]] mo filiming ya bagaka ya ''[[We Can Be Heroes]]''(2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stinson |first=Katherine |date=2022-02-18 |title='Bel-Air' Star Akira Akbar Also Played a Key Role in 'Captain Marvel' |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/akira-akbar-bel-air |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Distractify |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barfield |first=Charles |date=2020-11-19 |title=‘We Can Be Heroes’ Teaser: Robert Rodriguez Builds His Superhero Universe In Netflix’s Family Film |url=https://theplaylist.net/we-can-be-heroes-teaser-20201119/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=The Playlist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Kayleigh |date=2021-01-10 |title=Akira Akbar On Her Dream Superpower And Finding Confidence |url=https://girlslife.com/trending/196334/akira-akbar-on-her-dream-superpower-and-finding-confidence/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Girls' Life |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vo |first=Thao |date=2020-12-13 |title=Akira Akbar on Her Role in Netflix’s Upcoming Film, ‘We Can Be Heroes’ |url=https://sheenmagazine.com/akira-akbar-on-her-role-in-netflixs-upcoming-film-we-can-be-heroes/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=SHEEN Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Go tswa ka 2022, Akbar o ne a tshameka e le Ashley Banks mo motseletseleng wa Peacock mo ''Bel-Air'', le ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 February 2022|title=Introducing ''Bel-Air'': How a ''Fresh Prince'' Fan Trailer Became a Reimagined Story for a New Generation|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/introducing-bel-air-cover-february-2022|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] t4tmh3e6g9wzo2e3ay47gybd3kefc6f 0 15226 55510 2026-09-24T08:30:11Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Ngũgĩ wa Mirii #BLT2026 55510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ngũgĩ wa Mirii|image=Ngugi Wa Mirii in the 1990's.jpg|birth_date=1951|birth_place=Roromo, Limuru [[Kenya]]|death_date=Motsheganong a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa 2008|death_place=[[Zimbabwe]]|education=Nairobi University|occupation=Mokwadi wa metshameko|children=Elizabeth Wanjiku Ngugi, Wangari Ngugi, John Mirii Ngugi, Peter Kiarie Ngugi le Martha Nyambura|relatives=Margaret Katungu, Zion Machara, Zara Macharia, King Ngugi Mirii (bana ba bana)|notable works=Ngaahika Ndeenda}} '''Ngugi wa Mirii''' ( o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le motso a tlhokafala ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mabedi kgotsa a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi) e ne e ne e le mokwadi wa difilimi, rraboipelego le morutabana wa ditso tsa [[Kenya]]-[[Zimbabwe]], o o itsegeng thata ka motshameko wa gagwe wa Ngaahika Ndeenda, o a o kwadileng le mokwadi wa morafe wa Gikuyu [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]].<ref name=":1">''The Times'', June 8, 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121190252/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4091190.ece Ngũgĩ wa Mirii: Modern African playwright]</ref> Motshameko o supa go tlhoka tshiamo le ditlamorago tsa bokolone kwa Kenya, o ne o tshamekiwa ke batho ba ba senang dithutego dipe kwa lefelong la bodiragatsi le le bulegileng kwa Kamirithu Educational and Cultural Center kwa Limuru.<ref>[https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/writer/ngugi-wa-mirii/ "Ngũgĩ wa Mirii – Writer(s) – Asymptote Blog".] Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana == A tsholetswe kwa Roromo, Limuru, Kenya, Nggi wa Mirii e ne e le ngwana wa bobedi mo lolwapeng lwa bana ba le barataro, batsadi ba gagwe e le John Mirii le Elizabeth Wanjiku. O tsene sekolo kwa Ngenia Secondary, go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi go tsena wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone a bereka mo koporaseng ya diposo le ditlhaeletsanyo. O alogile ka diploma ya thuto ya bagolo kwa Institute of Adult Studies, kwa Nairobi University, a tloga a ya kwa Institute of Development Studies.<ref name=":1" /> Fa a bereka koo o ne a kopana le bo eseng mang le babereki mo tlhabololong setshaba kwa Kamiriithu, Limuru. == Mokwadi wa metshameko == [[Setshwantsho:Image of Ngugi.jpg|thumb]] Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa, Ngugi wa Mirii le Ngugi wa Thiong'o ba ne ba kwala mmogo motshameko o o neng o bidiwa Ngaahika Ndeenda (Ke tlaa nyala fa ke batla).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125952/https://owaahh.com/the-lesser-known-ngugi/ "The Lesser Known Ngugi".] ''Owaahh''. 1 October 2015. Archived from [https://owaahh.com/the-lesser-known-ngugi/ the original] on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Bakwadi ba metsheko ka bobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa dibeke di le thataro morago ga motshameko o simologa, ba isiwa kgolegelong. Morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano, motshameko wa bone o o latelang wa Mother Cry for Me, o ne wa  pateletsa bakwadi ka bobedi go tshaba, Ngugi wa Mirii o ne a thibelela kwa Zimbabwe fa Ngugi wa Thiong'o a ne a tshabela pele kwa Britain, morago a ya kwa United States. == Botshabi == Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, Ngugi wa Mirii o ne a tshabela kwa Zimbabwe kwa a neng a nna e le motshabi. Ngugi wa Mirii morago mosadi wa gagwe o ne a mo latela, ebong Wairimu wa Ngugi le morwadia bone o a neng a le ngwaga e le nngwe, Elizabeth Wanjiku Ngugi.<ref>[https://www.pambazuka.org/resources/ngugi-wa-mirii-africa-has-lost-dreamer "Ngugi wa Mirii - Africa has lost a dreamer | Pambazuka News".] ''www.pambazuka.org''. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> O ne a simolola go bereka kwa Zimbabwean Foundation for Education with Production (ZIMFEP) kwa a neng a bereka dingwaga di le dintsi. Kwa Zimbabwe, o ne a kwala thata ka Aforika o mongwefela. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano, o ne a neelwa madi a a mo thusang go tlhama lekgotla la Zimbabwean Association of Community Theatre. O ne a abelwa boagedi jwa Zimbabwe morago ga foo. Ngugi wa Mirii o ne a itsege e le motho o o emeng Robert Mugabe le ZANU-PF nokeng. == Loso == Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, Ngugi wa Mirii o ne a tlhokafala mo kotsing ya koloi kwa Zimbabwe, morago ga gore a thule koloi e eme gaufi le Eastlea.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729062521/http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=37 "Ngugi wa Mirii dies in car crash".] The Zimbabwe Times. 3 May 2008. Archived from [https://thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=37 the original] on 29 July 2009.</ref> O ne a le dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bosupa ka nako eo.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051092.html "Zimbabwe: Kenyan Playwright Ngugi Wa Mirii Dies".] ''The Standard''. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Ditiro tsa gagwe == * ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (''Ke tlaa nyala fa ke batla'') e a e kwadileng le Ngugi wa Thing'o (e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170713035238/http://www.socialiststories.com/liberate/I%20Will%20Marry%20When%20I%20Want%20-%20Ngugi%20wa%20Thiong%27o.pdf "I Will Marry When I Want"] (PDF). ''www.socialiststories.com''. Archived from [http://www.socialiststories.com/liberate/I%20Will%20Marry%20When%20I%20Want%20-%20Ngugi%20wa%20Thiong%27o.pdf the original] (PDF) on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Metswedi == d8opt5gf1gl10uvrvjjn9m5wkbrb134 0 15227 55511 2026-09-24T08:47:42Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360450612|Olly Sholotan]]" 55511 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Olly Sholotan''' ke motaki wa kwa America , motshameki wa difilimi, moopedi le motlhami wa dipina. O itsege ka go tshameka karolo ya ga [[Carlton Banks]] mo motseletseleng wa Peacock wa ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'' e latela ''[[Bel-Air]]'', le go tlhama kopelo tsa gagwe e le moema nosi e bong Lamintin Records. == Botshelo le dithutego == Olly Sholotan o belegwe kwa [[Atlanta, Georgia]] . Morago ga moo o ne a nna kwa Nigeria go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le lesome, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=How 'Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan's Finds a Legacy of Hope Through His Ancestry |url=https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/olly-sholotan-game-changers/}}</ref> morago ga moo ene le ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Houston, Texas a tsena kwa High School for Performing And Visual Arts a tlhomile mo go tsa botaki ka 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Friends |first=HSPVA |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Alumni & Community News: Winter 2022 |url=https://hspvafriends.org/alumni-community-news-winter-2022/}}</ref> Fa a ntse a le kwa HSPVA,Olly o ne tlhophiwa ele mongwe wa ba [[National YoungArts Foundation]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 YoungArts Winners - Finalists |url=https://youngarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2015-YoungArts-Winners.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2024 |website=[[YoungArts]]}}</ref> Sholotan o tsene sekolo sa [[UCLA]] sa botaki, difilimi, o alogile ka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan |url=https://crooked.com/podcast/bel-airs-olly-sholotan/}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] onp9r5h6gfmh9m6ftflcjaycnqimbjy 55512 55511 2026-09-24T08:49:14Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 55512 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Setshwantsho:Olly Sholotan.png|thumb]] '''Olly Sholotan''' ke motaki wa kwa America , motshameki wa difilimi, moopedi le motlhami wa dipina. O itsege ka go tshameka karolo ya ga [[Carlton Banks]] mo motseletseleng wa Peacock wa ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'' e latela ''[[Bel-Air]]'', le go tlhama kopelo tsa gagwe e le moema nosi e bong Lamintin Records. == Botshelo le dithutego == Olly Sholotan o belegwe kwa [[Atlanta, Georgia]] . Morago ga moo o ne a nna kwa Nigeria go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le lesome, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=How 'Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan's Finds a Legacy of Hope Through His Ancestry |url=https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/olly-sholotan-game-changers/}}</ref> morago ga moo ene le ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Houston, Texas a tsena kwa High School for Performing And Visual Arts a tlhomile mo go tsa botaki ka 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Friends |first=HSPVA |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Alumni & Community News: Winter 2022 |url=https://hspvafriends.org/alumni-community-news-winter-2022/}}</ref> Fa a ntse a le kwa HSPVA,Olly o ne tlhophiwa ele mongwe wa ba [[National YoungArts Foundation]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 YoungArts Winners - Finalists |url=https://youngarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2015-YoungArts-Winners.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2024 |website=[[YoungArts]]}}</ref> Sholotan o tsene sekolo sa [[UCLA]] sa botaki, difilimi, o alogile ka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan |url=https://crooked.com/podcast/bel-airs-olly-sholotan/}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 973ugwvgtpmbzbpolheoujvpawu15sk 55513 55512 2026-09-24T08:50:36Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 55513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olly Sholotan''' ke motaki wa kwa America , motshameki wa difilimi, moopedi le motlhami wa dipina. O itsege ka go tshameka karolo ya ga [[Carlton Banks]] mo motseletseleng wa Peacock wa ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'' e latela ''[[Bel-Air]]'', le go tlhama kopelo tsa gagwe e le moema nosi e bong Lamintin Records. == Botshelo le dithutego == Olly Sholotan o belegwe kwa [[Atlanta, Georgia]] . Morago ga moo o ne a nna kwa Nigeria go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le lesome, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=How 'Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan's Finds a Legacy of Hope Through His Ancestry |url=https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/olly-sholotan-game-changers/}}</ref> morago ga moo ene le ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Houston, Texas a tsena kwa High School for Performing And Visual Arts a tlhomile mo go tsa botaki ka 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Friends |first=HSPVA |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Alumni & Community News: Winter 2022 |url=https://hspvafriends.org/alumni-community-news-winter-2022/}}</ref> Fa a ntse a le kwa HSPVA,Olly o ne tlhophiwa ele mongwe wa ba [[National YoungArts Foundation]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 YoungArts Winners - Finalists |url=https://youngarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2015-YoungArts-Winners.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2024 |website=[[YoungArts]]}}</ref> Sholotan o tsene sekolo sa [[UCLA]] sa botaki, difilimi, o alogile ka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bel-Air's Olly Sholotan |url=https://crooked.com/podcast/bel-airs-olly-sholotan/}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] du3587zagtyxnd2tsw4d5rfir52j2te 0 15228 55514 2026-09-24T09:16:03Z JudithShe 9421 Ke simolotse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Meja Mwangi #BLT2026 55514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Meja Mwangi|birth_name=David Dominic mwangi|birth_date=Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1948|birth_place=Nanyuki, kolone ya [[Kenya]]|death_date=Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2025|death_place=Malindi, [[Kenya]]|education=Nnyuki Secondary School Kenyatta College University of Leeds|occupation=Mokwadi wa dibuka mokwadi wa difilimi|agent=Annemarie Friedli|known for=Mokwadi wa Kenya o o itsegeng thata, mokwadi wa dibuka tsa bana|notable works=Kill Me Quick, Going Down, River Road, The Cockroach Dance}} '''David Dominic Mwangi''' (o o tshotsweng ka Morule a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhokafala ka Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano) a itsewe ka leina le a neng a le dirisa go kwala la Meja Mwangi, e ne e le mokwadi wa kwa [[Kenya]]. Kwa ntle ga go kwala dibuka, o ne a bereka mo mohameng wa go tlhama difilime, go akaretsa go kwala difilimi, go thusa go kaela le go batla baanelwa. == Botshelo jwa gagwe le tiro == Fa a tsholwa Mwangi o ne a fiwa leina la David Dominic Mwangi, kwa Nanyuki, kolone ya Kenya, a tsena sekolo kwa Nanyuki Secondary, Kenyatta College le kwa University of Leeds ka nakwana.<ref>[https://arts.britishcouncil.org/what-we-do/literature "Meja Mwangi biography".] Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> O ne a tloga a ya go berekela koporase ya kgaso ya French a dira ditiro tse ditshesane le kwa British Council kwa Nairobi e le wa tse di thusang go bona,<ref>Chakava, Henry (1976). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=OgqgREKxjNoC&q=%22Meja+Mwangi%22&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22Meja%20Mwangi%22&f=false An H.E.B. Student's Guide Notes on Meja Mwangi's Kill Me Quick]''. Nairobi, Kenya: Heinemann Educational Books (East Africa) Ltd. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> pele ga a kwala ka nako yotlhe. O ne a nna mmereki o o santseng a ithuta tsa go kwala kwa University of Iowa (go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro) Morago ga go nna lobaka mo mohameng wa go gatisa dibuka kwa Kenya le Aforika, Mwangi o ne a fudugela kwa United States, ka a ne a itsege mo mafatsheng gape a fentse dietsele di le dintsi.<ref>Ciugu, Mwagiru (13 December 2013). [https://nation.africa/lifestyle/weekend/Meja-Mwangi--the-reclusive-writer-with-a-mighty-pen/1220-2111002-jetitvz/index.html "Meja Mwangi, the reclusive writer with a mighty pen"]. Nation Media Group. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Dikwalo tsa gagwe tse di itsengeng thata keakaretsa buka ya Kll Me Qucik (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro), Going Down River Road (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro) le ya The Cockroach Dance (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boorbabongwe), e e supang popego ya ditoropo tsa Kenya, dikgwetlho tsa lehuma, le segajaja sa AIDS.<ref>''Dictionary of African Biography'', via Oxford African American Studies Center database. Retrieved 13 March 2015.</ref> Mwang o tlhokafetse kwa Malindi, Kenya ka Morule a le lesome le motso ngwagwa wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le borataro.<ref>Nyambura, Esther (11 December 2025). [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/national/article/2001536344/writer-and-filmmaker-meja-mwangi-is-dead "Writer and filmmaker Meja Mwangi is dead".] ''standardmedia.co.ke''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Dietsele le dimpho == === Babadi ba tlwaelo === * Seetsele sa padi sa ga Jomo Kenyatta, ka buka ya Kill Me Quick (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone - mofenyi wa puo ya Sekgowa); The Last Plague (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso - mofenyi wa puo ya Sekgowa); Boy Gift (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa - maemo a boraro a puo ya sekgowa mo bananeg); Big Chief (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe - maemo a boraro a padi e e itlhametsweng ya bagolo). * Seetsele sa Lotus sa padi (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi) se abiwa ke lekgotla la bakwadi ba Aforika le Asia (Afro-Asian Writers Association)<ref>Arana, R. Victoria (2008). ''T[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA244&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false he Facts on File companion to world poetry: 1900 to the present]''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA244&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false .] Infobase Publishing. p.&nbsp;244. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6457-1|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-8160-6457-1</bdi>.]] Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> === Babadi ba ba botlana === * Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (seetsele sa padi ya banana ya kwa Germany) ka buka ya Kariuki und ses weiBer Freund. Eine Erzahlung aus Kenia (Little White Man (ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe), setlhogo se ne sa fetoga go nna Mzungu Boy (ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi) * Le Prix au College for Kariuku (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi) * American Library Association (USA) seetsele sa dibuka tsa bana ba bagolwane, The Mzungu Boy (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro)<ref>[https://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=archive&template=/contentmanagement/contentdisplay.cfm&ContentID=115431 "2006 Notable Children's Books announced — Older Readers".] The Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). 6 February 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> === Tse di tlhophilweng === * Seetsele sa Noma (se umakilwe go fiwa tlotla), ka Bread of Soroow (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe) * Seetsele sa mafatshefatshe sa padi kwa Dublin (a tlhophilwe) ka The Last Plague (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi) == Dibuka == === Ka Sekgoa === * Kill Me Quick. East African Educational Publishers. Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro * Carcase for Hounds. Peak Library. Heinemann Educational. ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone. == Metswedi == 0p70olll75z49k7qy17fv71g55dyx86 0 15229 55515 2026-09-24T09:16:51Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321835096|Mary Elizabeth Branch]]" 55515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Elizabeth Branch''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881) – Go filtha kka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika le motsamaisi wa thuto. Ene ele motho Montsho, mme o ne a bereka e le Tautona wa sekolo sa Tillotson (e jaanong e leng Sekolo se setona sa Huston–Tillotson), e leng [[Dikolo le dikolo tse di golwane tsa batho bantsho mo hisitoring|HBCU]] kwa Austin, Texas. E ne e le Tautona wa mosadi wa ntlha wa sekolo. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Branch o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881), kwa Farmville, Virginia, ke batsadi ba gagwe ba e neng ba le makgoba Tazewell Branch le Harriet Branch. Rraagwe o ne a nna mo Ntlong ya Baemedi ba Virginia dipaka di le pedi . Batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala, mme ba ne ba ruta Mary kwa gae, le fa le ene a ne a tsena sekolo. Morago ga sekolo se setona o ne a bona dithuto tsa dikirii ya gagwe ya borutabana kwa sekong sa lefatshe la Virginia ( se jaanong e leng sekolo se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia ), mme o ne a ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana kwa [[:en:Blackstone,_Virginia|Blackstone, Virginia]] . <ref name="Howard 2018">{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Judy |date=2018-09-30 |title=Mary Elizabeth Branch (1881-1944) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/branch-mary-elizabeth-1881-1944/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=[[Blackpast.org]]}}</ref> == Tiro == Branch o ne a boela kwa sekolong sa lefatshe la Virginia go ya go ruta; o ne a nna koo dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, mme ka nako eo o ne a tsaa dithutego tsa gagwe tsa BA ( 1922 ) le tsa MA ( 1925 ) kwa Sekolong se setona sa Chicago . <ref name="Howard 2018" /> Morago ga go tsena Sekolo sa lefatsge sa Virginia, Branch o ne a nna mogolwane kwa Sekolong se Setona sa Vashon kwa St Louis. Morago ga moo o ne a nna Tautona kwa Sekolong sa Tillotson kwa Austin, Texas, kwa a neng a nna teng go fitlha a tlogela tiro. Sekolo se se ne sa bone go ikwadisa go fokotsega, mme ngwaga pele ga Branch a goroga se ne sa folosiwa go nna sekolo se sennye sa basadi. Branch o ne a dira gore go agiwe dikago tse disha le go tlhabolola tse di neng di le teng. Motlobo wa dibuka o ne wa godisiwa/okediwa, mme le palo ya barutabana e ne ya okediwa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Glasrud |first=Bruce A. |date=2008-03-03 |title=Black Women in Texas History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHlpfowPLvYC&pg=PA143 |last2=Pitre |first2=Merline |author-link2=Merline Pitre |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-031-8}}</ref> Ka lenaneo le le atlegileng la go thapa, a thusiwa ke bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go kgobokanya madi, o ne a kgona go godisa palo ya ba ba ikwadisitseng go tswa kwa tlase ga lekgolo le masome a matlhano ka mgwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930) go ya go makgolo a matlhano (500). O ne gape a tiisa dikgolagano tsa gagwe le morafe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ohles |first=Frederik |date=1997 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBj5-zHEMvoC&pg=PA39 |last2=Ohles |first2=Shirley G. |last3=Ohles |first3=Shirley M. |last4=Ramsay |first4=John G. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29133-3}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano, Tillotson e ne ya nna sekolo sa dingwaga di le nne e bile e ne ya nna leloko la American Association of Colleges. Branch e ne e le ene mosadi wa ntlha e bile e le ene fela wa Moafrika wa Moamerika go nna Tautona wa Mokgatlho mo lekelane leo Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944), o ne a thusa go tlhoma [[:en:United_Negro_College_Fund|United Negro College Fund]] (UNCF) mme a bereka e le Tautona wa kgaolo ya Austin. Branch e ne e le leloko la [[:en:Alpha_Kappa_Alpha|Alpha Kappa Alpha]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1938 |title=Southeastern Region Meets at Tuskegee: Theme The Alpha Kappa Alpha woman and racial responsibility. |journal=The Ivy Leaf |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=25}}</ref> O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone ( 1944) kwa Baltimore, kwa Maryland . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mary Elizabeth Branch |url=https://www.womenintexashistory.org/biographies/mary-elizabeth-branch/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Women in Texas History (WTH) |publisher=Ruthe Winegarten Memorial Foundation for Texas Women’s History}}</ref> == Dietsele == Ka ngwaga was sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935), Lyndon B. Johnson o ne a mo tlhoma go nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Bogakolodi jwa Bathobantsho ya Texas ya Tsamaiso ya Banana ya Lefatshe. Kwa sekolong se a neng a ithuta kwa go sone, Sekolo se setona sa Virginia State se ne sa bitsa bonno bongwe ka Branch. Branch o ne a fiwa didikirii tsa tlotlo go tswa kwa Sekolong se setona sa Lefatshe la Virginia le kwa Seokolong se setona sa Howard . <ref name=":0" /> == Bona gape == * Lenaane la bo Tautona ba Sekolo se setona sa Huston–Tillotson == Ditshupiso == smqhjbhpu1uxhopsqjs0s67pw9jzx1g 55516 55515 2026-09-24T09:22:00Z MmaBaggio 11091 55516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Elizabeth Branch''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mary Elizabeth Branch|office=11th [[Tautona wa sekolo sa Tillotso]]|predecessor=J. T. Hodges|successor=William H. Jones|term_start=1930|term_end=1944|birth_date={{birth date|1881|05|29}}|birth_place=[[Farmville, Virginia]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1944|07|06|1881|05|29}}|death_place=[[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], U.S.|education={{ubl|[[Virginia State University|Virginia State College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}|father=[[Tazewell Branch]]}} sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881) – Go filtha kka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika le motsamaisi wa thuto. Ene ele motho Montsho, mme o ne a bereka e le Tautona wa sekolo sa Tillotson (e jaanong e leng Sekolo se setona sa Huston–Tillotson), e leng [[Dikolo le dikolo tse di golwane tsa batho bantsho mo hisitoring|HBCU]] kwa Austin, Texas. E ne e le Tautona wa mosadi wa ntlha wa sekolo. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Branch o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881), kwa Farmville, Virginia, ke batsadi ba gagwe ba e neng ba le makgoba Tazewell Branch le Harriet Branch. Rraagwe o ne a nna mo Ntlong ya Baemedi ba Virginia dipaka di le pedi . Batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala, mme ba ne ba ruta Mary kwa gae, le fa le ene a ne a tsena sekolo. Morago ga sekolo se setona o ne a bona dithuto tsa dikirii ya gagwe ya borutabana kwa sekong sa lefatshe la Virginia ( se jaanong e leng sekolo se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia ), mme o ne a ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana kwa [[:en:Blackstone,_Virginia|Blackstone, Virginia]] . <ref name="Howard 2018">{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Judy |date=2018-09-30 |title=Mary Elizabeth Branch (1881-1944) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/branch-mary-elizabeth-1881-1944/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=[[Blackpast.org]]}}</ref> == Tiro == Branch o ne a boela kwa sekolong sa lefatshe la Virginia go ya go ruta; o ne a nna koo dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, mme ka nako eo o ne a tsaa dithutego tsa gagwe tsa BA ( 1922 ) le tsa MA ( 1925 ) kwa Sekolong se setona sa Chicago . <ref name="Howard 2018" /> Morago ga go tsena Sekolo sa lefatsge sa Virginia, Branch o ne a nna mogolwane kwa Sekolong se Setona sa Vashon kwa St Louis. Morago ga moo o ne a nna Tautona kwa Sekolong sa Tillotson kwa Austin, Texas, kwa a neng a nna teng go fitlha a tlogela tiro. Sekolo se se ne sa bone go ikwadisa go fokotsega, mme ngwaga pele ga Branch a goroga se ne sa folosiwa go nna sekolo se sennye sa basadi. Branch o ne a dira gore go agiwe dikago tse disha le go tlhabolola tse di neng di le teng. Motlobo wa dibuka o ne wa godisiwa/okediwa, mme le palo ya barutabana e ne ya okediwa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Glasrud |first=Bruce A. |date=2008-03-03 |title=Black Women in Texas History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHlpfowPLvYC&pg=PA143 |last2=Pitre |first2=Merline |author-link2=Merline Pitre |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-031-8}}</ref> Ka lenaneo le le atlegileng la go thapa, a thusiwa ke bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go kgobokanya madi, o ne a kgona go godisa palo ya ba ba ikwadisitseng go tswa kwa tlase ga lekgolo le masome a matlhano ka mgwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930) go ya go makgolo a matlhano (500). O ne gape a tiisa dikgolagano tsa gagwe le morafe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Ohles |first=Frederik |date=1997 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBj5-zHEMvoC&pg=PA39 |last2=Ohles |first2=Shirley G. |last3=Ohles |first3=Shirley M. |last4=Ramsay |first4=John G. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29133-3}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano, Tillotson e ne ya nna sekolo sa dingwaga di le nne e bile e ne ya nna leloko la American Association of Colleges. Branch e ne e le ene mosadi wa ntlha e bile e le ene fela wa Moafrika wa Moamerika go nna Tautona wa Mokgatlho mo lekelane leo Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944), o ne a thusa go tlhoma [[:en:United_Negro_College_Fund|United Negro College Fund]] (UNCF) mme a bereka e le Tautona wa kgaolo ya Austin. Branch e ne e le leloko la [[:en:Alpha_Kappa_Alpha|Alpha Kappa Alpha]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1938 |title=Southeastern Region Meets at Tuskegee: Theme The Alpha Kappa Alpha woman and racial responsibility. |journal=The Ivy Leaf |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=25}}</ref> O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone ( 1944) kwa Baltimore, kwa Maryland . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mary Elizabeth Branch |url=https://www.womenintexashistory.org/biographies/mary-elizabeth-branch/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Women in Texas History (WTH) |publisher=Ruthe Winegarten Memorial Foundation for Texas Women’s History}}</ref> == Dietsele == Ka ngwaga was sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935), Lyndon B. Johnson o ne a mo tlhoma go nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Bogakolodi jwa Bathobantsho ya Texas ya Tsamaiso ya Banana ya Lefatshe. Kwa sekolong se a neng a ithuta kwa go sone, Sekolo se setona sa Virginia State se ne sa bitsa bonno bongwe ka Branch. Branch o ne a fiwa didikirii tsa tlotlo go tswa kwa Sekolong se setona sa Lefatshe la Virginia le kwa Seokolong se setona sa Howard . <ref name=":0" /> == Bona gape == * [[:en:List_of_presidents_of_Huston–Tillotson_University|Lenaane la bo Tautona ba Sekolo se setona sa Huston–Tillotson]] == Ditshupiso == goe1epi94b7g3rg1slhr9d0z6st2vx3 0 15230 55517 2026-09-24T09:31:53Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373742482|Riele Downs]]" 55517 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Riele Downs''' (o tshotswe ka Phukwi 8, 2001 <ref name="18yo">{{Cite web |last=Riele Downs |title=rie :) on Instagram: "18 ! 🎊🕺🏽😋💃🏾💙" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BzrH5CHgwLK/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BzrH5CHgwLK |archive-date=2021-12-24 |access-date=July 9, 2019 |via=Instagram}}</ref> ) ke modiragatsi wa Canada le wa Amerika. O simolotse tiro ya gagwe e le modiragatsi yo o mmotlana , a tshameka karolo ya Faith mo filiming ya 2013 ya ''[[The Best Man Holiday]]'' . O ne a tswelela go tshameka e le Charlotte mo motseletseleng wa [[Nickelodeon]] wa ''[[Henry Danger]]'' go simolola ka 2014 go ya go 2020. == Botshelo jwa pele le tiro ya gagwe == Downs o belegwe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi 8, 2001.<ref name="18yo" /> O supplements gore o na le boitsaanape le go bina.<ref name="HD-Seventeen">{{Cite web |last=Stacey Grant |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Ella Anderson & Riele Downs Reveal Secrets About the Henry Danger Musical |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a27914989/ella-anderson-riele-downs-henry-danger/ |access-date=July 9, 2019 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]}}</ref> Downs o simolotse go diragatsa a le dingwaga di le tharo mme a nna le seabe sa ntlha mo filiming ya 2005 ya [[Four Brothers,|''Four Brothers'',]] a tshameka karolo ya ga Amelia Mercer. O ne a tlhagelela mo filiming ya A Russell Peters Christmas Special ka 2013. Ka one ngwaga oo, Downs o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Faith Sullivan mo filiming ya [[The Best Man Holiday]] ya 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Juhl |title=Riele West Downs |url=https://www.wattpad.com/189632105-impossible-love-completed-riele-west-downs |access-date=March 25, 2018 |website=[[Wattpad]]}}</ref>  Ka 2022, o ne a tlhagelela mo difiliming ya ''Fir Crazy'' le The Gabby Douglas Story .  Ka 2014, Downs o ne a fiwa karolong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya go tshameka mo motseletseleng wa [[Nickelodeon]] ''Henry Danger'', a tshameka e le Charlotte, tsala e kgolo ya moanelwa ya moanelwa mogolo. <ref name="HD-Seventeen" /> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Day 27: Interview with Riele Downs |url=http://www.nick.co.uk/shows/kids-choice-awards-2016/blog/road-to-the-kcas-interview-riele/1mc5n0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501073949/http://www.nick.co.uk/shows/kids-choice-awards-2016/blog/road-to-the-kcas-interview-riele/1mc5n0 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2018 |website=[[Nick.co.uk]]}}</ref> Ka 2017, o ne a tshameka mmogo mo filiming ya basha ya ''Darby and the Dead'' . <ref name="D&tD1">{{Cite news|title='Darby And The Dead' Premiere Date: Riele Downs & Auli'i Cravalho Lead Supernatural Teen Comedy From 20th Century Studios|url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/aulii-cravalho-comedy-darby-and-the-dead-gets-hulu-premiere-date-1235162618/|access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> <ref name="D&tD2">{{Cite web |last=Natalia Winkelman |date=December 1, 2022 |title='Darby and the Dead' Review: Sixteen With a Sixth Sense |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/01/movies/darby-and-the-dead-review.html |access-date=December 2, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ka 2024, Downs o ne a fiwa karolo e le Carlesha Gaither mo filiming ya motseletsele wa [[lifetime]] ''ya: Abducted Off the Streets: The Carlesha Gaither Story'', e e neng e lebisitswe botshelo jwa ga aCarlesha Gaither. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Frances |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Riele Downs and Kenya Moore to Headline Lifetime's 'The Carlesha Gaither Story' |url=https://urbanhollywood411.com/riele-downs-kenya-moore-headline-the-carlesha-gaither-story/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Urban Hollywood 411}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 6p0zksa1iv7wnifxgt3avfcwhv2o0fq 55518 55517 2026-09-24T09:33:21Z Deborah Tjituka 11380 55518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Henry Danger - Charlotte Page.png|thumb]] '''Riele Downs''' (o tshotswe ka Phukwi 8, 2001 <ref name="18yo">{{Cite web |last=Riele Downs |title=rie :) on Instagram: "18 ! 🎊🕺🏽😋💃🏾💙" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BzrH5CHgwLK/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BzrH5CHgwLK |archive-date=2021-12-24 |access-date=July 9, 2019 |via=Instagram}}</ref> ) ke modiragatsi wa Canada le wa Amerika. O simolotse tiro ya gagwe e le modiragatsi yo o mmotlana , a tshameka karolo ya Faith mo filiming ya 2013 ya ''[[The Best Man Holiday]]'' . O ne a tswelela go tshameka e le Charlotte mo motseletseleng wa [[Nickelodeon]] wa ''[[Henry Danger]]'' go simolola ka 2014 go ya go 2020. == Botshelo jwa pele le tiro ya gagwe == Downs o belegwe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi 8, 2001.<ref name="18yo" /> O supplements gore o na le boitsaanape le go bina.<ref name="HD-Seventeen">{{Cite web |last=Stacey Grant |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Ella Anderson & Riele Downs Reveal Secrets About the Henry Danger Musical |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a27914989/ella-anderson-riele-downs-henry-danger/ |access-date=July 9, 2019 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]}}</ref> Downs o simolotse go diragatsa a le dingwaga di le tharo mme a nna le seabe sa ntlha mo filiming ya 2005 ya [[Four Brothers,|''Four Brothers'',]] a tshameka karolo ya ga Amelia Mercer. O ne a tlhagelela mo filiming ya A Russell Peters Christmas Special ka 2013. Ka one ngwaga oo, Downs o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Faith Sullivan mo filiming ya [[The Best Man Holiday]] ya 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Juhl |title=Riele West Downs |url=https://www.wattpad.com/189632105-impossible-love-completed-riele-west-downs |access-date=March 25, 2018 |website=[[Wattpad]]}}</ref>  Ka 2022, o ne a tlhagelela mo difiliming ya ''Fir Crazy'' le The Gabby Douglas Story .  Ka 2014, Downs o ne a fiwa karolong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya go tshameka mo motseletseleng wa [[Nickelodeon]] ''Henry Danger'', a tshameka e le Charlotte, tsala e kgolo ya moanelwa ya moanelwa mogolo. <ref name="HD-Seventeen" /> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Day 27: Interview with Riele Downs |url=http://www.nick.co.uk/shows/kids-choice-awards-2016/blog/road-to-the-kcas-interview-riele/1mc5n0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501073949/http://www.nick.co.uk/shows/kids-choice-awards-2016/blog/road-to-the-kcas-interview-riele/1mc5n0 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2018 |website=[[Nick.co.uk]]}}</ref> Ka 2017, o ne a tshameka mmogo mo filiming ya basha ya ''Darby and the Dead'' . <ref name="D&tD1">{{Cite news|title='Darby And The Dead' Premiere Date: Riele Downs & Auli'i Cravalho Lead Supernatural Teen Comedy From 20th Century Studios|url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/aulii-cravalho-comedy-darby-and-the-dead-gets-hulu-premiere-date-1235162618/|access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> <ref name="D&tD2">{{Cite web |last=Natalia Winkelman |date=December 1, 2022 |title='Darby and the Dead' Review: Sixteen With a Sixth Sense |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/01/movies/darby-and-the-dead-review.html |access-date=December 2, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ka 2024, Downs o ne a fiwa karolo e le Carlesha Gaither mo filiming ya motseletsele wa [[lifetime]] ''ya: Abducted Off the Streets: The Carlesha Gaither Story'', e e neng e lebisitswe botshelo jwa ga aCarlesha Gaither. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Frances |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Riele Downs and Kenya Moore to Headline Lifetime's 'The Carlesha Gaither Story' |url=https://urbanhollywood411.com/riele-downs-kenya-moore-headline-the-carlesha-gaither-story/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Urban Hollywood 411}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] hr5bnk3t0ub93lw8daawjqugi9l5eey 0 15231 55521 2026-09-24T10:04:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke simolotse thanolo ya tsebe ya Kwesi Owusu #BLT2026 55521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwesi Owusu''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Phalan a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bone - a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano) e ne e le mokwadi, motlhami wa difilimi le moitseanape wa dipuisano, le mokwadi wa dibuka di le tlhano wa kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://effaccra.org/index.php/2012-04-10-18-56-53/organisers "The Organisers & Partners".] ''Environmental Film Festival of Accra''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi, e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a tlhamileng setlhopha sa bodiragatsi sa Aforika o o kopaneng sa African Dawn. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Owusu o ne a tshwara puisano ya maranyane ya African Dawn, a bua ka dipolelo tse di iseng go buiwe ka tsone tsa ditso tsa ngwao ya Aforka ga mmogo le tse di diragalang mo go tsa botaki mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":1">[https://africabriefing.com/a-new-podcast-to-tell-africas-untold-stories-launches-next-week/ "A new podcast to tell Africa's untold stories launches next week".] ''Africa Briefing''. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == === Dingwaga tsa a le mmotlana le thuto === Kwesi Kwarteng Owusu o tsholetswe kwa Sekondi, Gold Coast (kwa e leng Ghana gompieno) ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bone.<ref>Owusu, Kwesi (13 July 2021). [https://kwesinews.com/biography-2/ "Kwesi Owusu – Notes From My Life Story | Autobiography in Progress"]. ''Kwesinews''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.forevermissed.com/kwesiowusu/about "Kwesi Kwarteng Owusu".] ''forevermissed.com''. Retrieved 24 September 2026.</ref> O tsene sekolo kwa Adisadel College kwa Gold Coast,<ref name=":2">Donnell, Alison, ed. (11 September 2002). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&dq=%22Kwesi+owusu%22&pg=PA229&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Kwesi%20owusu%22&f=false Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture]''. Routledge. p.&nbsp;229. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70025-7|<bdi>978-1-134-70025-7</bdi>.]]</ref> a tswelela ka go dira dithuto tsa maranyane a sepolotiki le go tlhamiwa ga Aforika pele ga bokolone kwa London School of Economics (go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro).<ref>[https://mykwesi162379457.wordpress.com/kwesi/ "About".] ''Kwesi''. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref name=":1" /> === African dawn === Fa a santse a remeletse kwa England, ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, Owusu o ne a tlhama setlhopha sa poko le mmino sa African Dawn a na le Sheikh Gueye le Wanjiku Kiarie, morago Nii Noi Nortey,<ref>[https://www.cafeoto.co.uk/artists/nii-noi-nortey/ "Nii Noi Nortey".] ''Cafe Oto''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Merle Collins, Wala Danga le Vico Mensah ba ne ba ikopanya le bone.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Owusu, Kwesi (25 May 2022). [https://kwesinews.com/rip-nana-tsiboe/ "Nana Tsiboe: Tribute to a Master Drummer and Relectant Genius".] ''KwesiNews''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Ba tlhalosiwa e le baopedi ba Aforika ba gompieno,<ref>Serumaga, Mary (10 February 2015). [https://www.kingsreview.co.uk/essays/african-dawn "African dawn".] ''King's Review''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> African Dawn e ne ya ntsha di alebamo di le nne, fa godimo ga ditirelo tse dingwe ba ne ba bereka le Ngugi Wa Thiong'o mo go tlhameng motshameko wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone wa The Trial of Dedan Kimathi.<ref name=":2" /> Fa a akgela mo mekgabiseng e e dirisitsweng ke African Dawn, Ngugi o ne a re "mo go Owusu, go kopana ga botaki go tlhama popego ke se se fang bataki ba mmala o montsho popego mo lefatsheng ka bophara go kgona go ikamanya le barotloetsi mo Aforika, Asa le the Caribbean ba sa nne kgatlhanong le Britain le Yuropa".<ref>Ngũgĩ, wa Thiong'o (1998). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=sECgMKxHGNQC&dq=%22Kwesi+owusu%22&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y "Oral Power and Europhone Glory".] ''Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa''. Clarendon Press. p.&nbsp;115. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN&nbsp;]][[:en:Special:BookSources/9780191583377|<bdi>9780191583377</bdi>.]]</ref> === Go kwala === Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro, Owusu o ne a gatisa buka ya The Struggle for Black Arts in Britain (e bua ka go tlhama ngwao ya botaki jwa batho bantsho kwa UK, le kamano ya botaki, go lwela dtshwanelo le go kgeloga ga batho bantsho),<ref>[https://www.racearchive.org.uk/black-history-month-reading-list-and-still-we-rise-moss-side-and-beyond/ "List: And Still We Rise: Moss Side and Beyond".] ''Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa ya salwa morago ke Behind the Masquerade e kwadilwe ke Jacob Ross, kwa Notting Hill Carnival<ref>[https://www.peepaltreepress.com/about-us/jacob-ross "Jacob Ross".] ''Peepal Tree Press''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref>. == Metswedi == rrfpxo2cwv7epri92mbgvy9ffbynpqu 0 15232 55522 2026-09-24T10:09:08Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372302122|Felecia Davis]]" 55522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Felecia Davis''' ke motlhami wa dipolane, moenjenere gape ke morutabana wa mo Amerika. Ke mogokgo wa FELECIA DAVIS STUDIO kwa a kopanyang botaki, boenjenere, go tlhama le go aga. Davis o itsege ka tiro ya gagwe ya maranyane a dikhompiutara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2019 |title=Felecia Davis |url=https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723132356/https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/ |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=African-American Design Nexus}}</ref> == Thuto == Davis o dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Bachelor of Science ya boenjenere kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa Tufts University ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi; Master in Architecture go tswa kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa Princeton University le PhD mo setlhopheng sa botlhami le dipalo kwa sekolong sa kago le thulaganyo kwa Massachusetts Institue of Technology . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Heat Responsive Tension Structures |url=https://fabricarchitecturemag.com/2013/01/01/heat-responsive-tension-structures/ |website=Fabric Architecture Magazine}}</ref> == Tsa pereko == Patlisiso e e diriwang ke Davis e batlisisa fa maranyane le boagi di rakaelang teng ka maikaelelo a go dira didirisiwa le dilo tse di tsibogelang tikologo ya tsone. Tiriso ya gagwe ya Architextiles e kopanya maranyane go dira didirisiwa tse di ka netefatsang go bereka ga dilo di le dintsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstructions Portrait: Felecia Davis on Reconstructing Technology |url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/interview-felecia-davis-black-reconstruction-collective |website=Pin-up Magazine}}</ref> Go tsena gompieno, Davis o dirile didirisiwa tsa maranyane tse di ka kgonang go tsibogela go tshwarwa ke balwetse ba ba mo dikokelong ba ba sa bueng; ditante tsa di paramethara tse di kgonang go fetola selekanyo le popego go tsibogela diphetogo tsa lesedi le palo ya batho ba ba ka fa tlase ga lone; ga mmogo le mabotana a a fetogang go ya ka maikutlo a batho ba ba mo kamoreng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Felecia Davis Chat: Women in Science Profiles |url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/75dc9ce8-8259-4bfb-bc03-f69905eea4fe/felecia-davis-chat-video-women-in-science-profiles/ |website=PBS Learning Media}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moemedi wa seetsele sa mokgatlho wa WOJR-Civitella Ranieri, a na le Patti Anahory. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olson |first=Michaela |date=2022-02-23 |title=WOJR/Civitella Ranieri 2022 and 2023 Architecture Fellows |url=https://civitella.org/wojr-civitella-ranieri-2022-and-2023-architecture-fellows/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Civitella Ranieri |language=en-US}}</ref> Mo bogompienong, Davis ke mothusa morutuntshi kwa Stuckerman Center for Design Computing mo sekolong sa kago le moalo wa lefatshe kwa Pennsylvania State University, kwa a leng mokokamedi teng gape wa SOFTLAB@PSU. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2021 |title=DMTV Milkshake: Felecia Davis on Creating a Smarter, Better Future |url=https://design-milk.com/dmtv-milkshake-felecia-davis-on-creating-a-smarter-better-future/ |website=Design Milk}}</ref> Fa godimo ga moo, ke mongwe wa maloko a a tlhamileng Black Reconstruction Collective . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabricating Networks by Felecia Davis @ MoMA |url=https://shimaseikiusa.com/2021/04/16/fabricating-networks-by-felecia-davis-moma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205639/https://shimaseikiusa.com/2021/04/16/fabricating-networks-by-felecia-davis-moma/ |archive-date=2021-05-06 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Shimaseiki USA}}</ref> FELECIA DAVIS STUDIO e nnile mofenyi wa makgaolakgang mo dikgaisanong tse dintsi tsa go tlhama dipolane tsa dikago. * == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] s42vj81sd3k58kb74bw5yfwg3h6guqe 0 15233 55523 2026-09-24T10:17:16Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373344896|Nellie Rathbone Bright]]" 55523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nellie Rathbone Bright''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898) - Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika, mmoki, le mokwadi. O ne a ruta kwa dikolong tsa puso tsa Philadelphia, a nna mogokgo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935) mme a bereka go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1952). E ne le le sekao mo baithuti ba Maaforika a kwa Amerika. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920) o ne a le karolo ya setlhopha sa dikwalo se se neng se itsege jaaka [[:en:Black_Opals|Black Opals]]. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1927–1928), ene le Arthur Fauset, ba ne ba rulaganya mmogo le ''Black Opals ,'' koranta ya dikwalo e e bidiwang ka mola wa leboko mo kgatisong ya yone ya ntlha. Le fa e ne e gatisitswe kwa Philadelphia, koranta eo e ne e tsewa e le karolo ya lefatshe le lekalana la botaki la Tsosoloso ya Harlem . Ditlhopha tse di tshwanang tsa dikwalo le dikoranta di ne tsa tlhaga kwa Boston le kwa Washington, DC. Bright le ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Philadelphia, kwa Pennsylvania motshimologong ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910) ka nako ya Khudugo e tona, Rraagwe e ne e le moruti wa Episcopal mme mmaagwe e le morutabana e bile e le mmaboipelgo . Bright o ne a fetsa bontsi jwa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Philadelphia, a aloga kwa Sekolong se setona sa Pennsylvania. O ne a dirisa nako e ntsi ya botshelo jwa gagwe a direla baithuti ba gagwe, e le morutabana ebile ele mogokgo. == Botshelo jwa pele == Nellie Rathbone Bright o tsholetswe kwa Savannah, Georgia ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898), e le ngwana a lenosi wa ga Moruti Richard Bright le mosadi wa gagwe Nellie (Jones) Bright. Mosetsana o ne a tewa ka mmaagwe le nkokoagwe motsala mmaagwe; leina la gagwe le lengwe e ne e le la go tlotla mmaagwe yo seyong mo botshelong, mosadi yo mosweu yo o bidiwang Caroline Rathbone <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellie Rathbone Bright family papers 2057 |url=http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Bright2057.html |access-date=2016-11-22 |website=www2.hsp.org}}</ref> yo e neng e le tsala ya lelwapa le molweladitshwanelo tsa loago. Rraagwe Bright o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands|Saint Thomas]] nako eo e neng e le Dutch West Indies. O ne a amogela thuto ya gagwe kwa [[:en:St._Augustine's_University|St. Augustine Collegiate Institute]] kwa Raleigh, North Carolina. O ne a ya go dira dithuto tsa morago ga sekolo, a amogela dikirii ya bomodimo kwa [[:en:General_Theological_Seminary|General Theological Seminary]] kwa New York ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1891). Fa a sena go aloga, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna moruti wa Episcopal. Rev. Bright o ne a bilediwa kwa Episcopal diocese ya Savannah, e le moruti wa ntlha wa Episcopal wa motho montsho go tlhomiwa mo diocese eo. Mmaagwe Bright, e bong Nellie, o ne a tswa kwa Louisville, kwa Kentucky . O ne a tsene sekolo kwa Yuropa gore a kgone go tshaba semorafe sa kwa Borwa. Fa a sena go boa, o ne a nna morutabana. Ka bonako fela fa ba sena go goroga kwa Savannah, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1892) ba lelwapa la ga Bright ba ne ba tlhoma sekolo sa ntlha sa ba bana ba bannye se se ikemetseng sa batho bantsho kwa Georgia. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910), ba lelwapa la ga Bright ba ne ba fudugela kwa Philadelphia, kwa Pennsylvania, kwa Moruti Bright a neng a amogetse go tlhomiwa Moruti teng. Toropokgolo ya madirelo e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a a kwa bokone a bafaladi ba batho bantsho ba le dikete di le masomesome go tswa kwa magaeng a Borwa, ba ba neng ba kgatlhiwa ke ditiro tsa yona le ditšhono tse dingwe mo Khudugong e tona . Phuthego ya ga Bright e ne ya thusa batho ba ba sa tswang go goroga gore ba tlwaele botshelo jwa kwa ditoropong. == Thuto le tiro == Fa a ne a le kwa Sekolong se setona sa Pennsylvania, Bright e ne e le leloko le le kwadisitsweng la kgaolo ya Gamma ya mokgatlho wa ntlha wa basadi ba batho bantsho wa sekolo, [[:en:Delta_Sigma_Theta|e leng Delta Sigma Theta]] . Maloko a mangwe a kgaolo ya gagwe a ne a akaretsa Virginia M. Alexander, yo moragonyana a neng a nna ngaka mme a tlhoma Legae la Boitekanelo la Aspiranto; Anna Roselle Johnson, modirediloago, morutabana, molweladitshwanelo tsa banni, le mosadi wa mokhemisi yo o tumileng Percy Lavon Julian ; le Sadie Tanner Mossell, mosadi wa ntlha go amogela dikirii ya molao go tswa kwa Sekolong sa Molao sa se setona sa Pennsylvania . Bright gape o ne a hira kgaolo ya Xi Sigma ya [[:en:Delta_Sigma_Theta|Delta Sigma Theta]], mmogo le basadi ba bangwe ba le lesome. Bright o ne a ithuta gape kwa [[:en:University_of_Paris|Sorbonne]] le kwa Sekolong se setona sa Oxford, mmogo le go ithuta botaki kwa Sekolong se setona sa Vermont le kwa Sekolong sa Botaki sa Berkshire kwa Massachusetts . O ne a tsamaya thata fa a setse a godile mme e ne e le motaki wa ditshwantsho tsa lobopo Fa a sena go aloga, Bright o ne a bereka e le morutabana kwa dikolong tsa puso tsa Philadelphia. Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga mo setlhopheng sa batlhalefi ba banana ba Bantsho mo toropong ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920).Ene le Arthur Fauset ba ne ba simolola Koranta e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Black_Opals|Black Opals]]'' . Koranta eo e tsere leina la yone go tswa mo moleng mongwe wa leboko la "Longings," le le neng la gatisiwa mo kgatisong ya ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927). E ne e balega jaana "... flame like fire in black opals" Bright le Mae V. Cowdery, mmoki yo mongwe go tswa kwa Philadelphia, ka bobedi ba ne ba na le maboko a a gatisitsweng mo kgatisong ya ntlha; ba ne ba akgolwa ke Countee Cullen, morulaganyi yo mosha wa dikwalo tsa ''Opportunity,'' e leng pampiri ya dikgang e e kwa New York. Setlhopha sa bone sa dikwalo se ne sa itsege ka leina le le tshwanang; banana bao ba kwa Philadelphia ba ne ba tlwaelegile mo ditlhopheng tsa dikwalo tse di neng tsa tlhaga mo ditoropong di le dintsi tsa East Coast, tse di neng di tlhotlheleditswe ke Tsosoloso ya Harlem. Bright le Fauset ba ne ba ikaeletse gore pampiri ya bone ya dikgang e nne kotara mme ba emisa go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1928) morago ga dikgatiso di le tharo fela, <ref name="wintz" /> ka gonne pampiri eo e ne ya palelwa ke go bona babadi ba bantsi ba ba lekaneng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marao le botlhano (1935), Bright o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mogokgo wa Sekolo sa Joseph E. Hill se se neng se kgaogantswe kwa Philadelphia. Mongwe wa baithuti ba gagwe, yo e neng e le mokwadi wa isago ebile ele maitsaanape wa ditso e bong Allen Ballard, o ne a bolela gore e ne e le mogokgo yo o gagametseng yo o neng a dira gore baithuti ba gagwe ba rate le go nna motlotlo ka ditso le Ngwao ya Maaforika a kwa Amerika:<blockquote>Rotlhe re ne re le bana ba ga Nellie Bright mme o ne a solofetse dilo tse ditona mo go rona. Mme ka jalo o ne a tlhama sekolo se se gakgamatsang. Motaki wa lebopo le mokwadi ... Mohumagadi Bright o ne a tlhomamisa gore Sekolo sa Hill se ne se se na selabe e bile se kgabisitswe ka ditshwantsho . Ene le badiri ba gagwe ba ne ba dira gore diphitlhelelo tsa batho bantsho e nne lebaka la go keteka ngwaga otlhe. Diboto tse dintsho le mabota di ne di tletse ka dipampiri tsa ga [[Harriet Tubman]], Toussaint L'Ouverture, [[Frederick Douglass]], Alexander Dumas, le mokwadi yo motona wa Mo-Russia wa motho montsho Pushkin . </blockquote>Bright o ne a bereka e le mogokgo wa dikolo di le tharo tse di farologaneng pele ga a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1952). Ka nako ya tiro ya gagwe, Bright o ne a direla gape mo dikhuduthamageng tsa banni kgotsa mekgatlho e e fetang lesome le botlhano e e neng e lebagane le go tokafatseng dikolo le mafelo a boagisani; o ne a tshwenyegile ka botshelo jotlhe jwa baithuti ba gagwe le lefatshe la bone. O ne a dira go bona ditokafatso mo ditirelong tsa botsogo tsa toropo, le go tlhofofatsa "tirisanommogo magareng ga maloko a a farologaneng a sechaba." == Dingwaga tse fitileng == Morago ga go tlogela tiro, Bright o ne a ruta barutabana dithuto tsa mo tirong tsa ditso tsa batho Bantsho go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe( 1959), ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya khuduthamaga ya Thuto. Ditlhuto di ne di tshwarelwa kwa Ntlong ya Botsalano kwa Philadelphia (e jaanong e leng kwa Polaseng ya Botsalano kwa Pottstown, kwa Pennsylvania ). Ke mokgatlho wa merafe e e farologaneng o o itlamileng go ithuta le go tlhaloganya dipharologano tsa setso le merafe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi (1972), Bright le mokwadi wa nako e telele Arthur Fauset ba ne ba kwala buka e bidiwang ''America: Red, White, Black, Yellow''. Buka eo ya ditso tsa bana le bana ba ba fa gare e ne e bua thata ka ditso tsa merafe e mennye kwa United States. Bright o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi yaTlhakole e tlhola ga supa, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977). O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Edene kwa Collingdale, Pennsylvania . == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mo godimo ga ditiro tsa gagwe tsa thuto le tsa go kwala, Bright e ne e le motaki wa ditshwantsho tsa naga ka dioli. O ne a bua Sefora le Sepanishe . Bright o ne a tsamaya thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe, a fetsa nako kwa Caribbean le kwa Yuropa. Bright o ne a nna a sa nyalwa botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellie Rathbone Bright family papers 2057 |url=http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Bright2057.html |access-date=2016-11-22 |website=www2.hsp.org}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3reecl0jkvw725thbb2aj9yxaavtthl 55539 55523 2026-09-24T10:51:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 55539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nellie Rathbone Bright''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898) - Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika, mmoki, le mokwadi. O ne a ruta kwa dikolong tsa puso tsa Philadelphia, a nna mogokgo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935) mme a bereka go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1952). E ne le le sekao mo baithuti ba Maaforika a kwa Amerika. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920) o ne a le karolo ya setlhopha sa dikwalo se se neng se itsege jaaka [[:en:Black_Opals|Black Opals]]. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1927–1928), ene le Arthur Fauset, ba ne ba rulaganya mmogo le ''Black Opals ,'' koranta ya dikwalo e e bidiwang ka mola wa leboko mo kgatisong ya yone ya ntlha. Le fa e ne e gatisitswe kwa Philadelphia, koranta eo e ne e tsewa e le karolo ya lefatshe le lekalana la botaki la Tsosoloso ya Harlem . Ditlhopha tse di tshwanang tsa dikwalo le dikoranta di ne tsa tlhaga kwa Boston le kwa Washington, DC.<ref>Wintz, Cary D., and Paul Finkelman, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Cs0Y1pvRAC "Black Opals",] ''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance'', Vol. 1, (2004), p. 133</ref> Bright le ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Philadelphia, kwa Pennsylvania motshimologong ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910) ka nako ya Khudugo e tona, Rraagwe e ne e le moruti wa Episcopal mme mmaagwe e le morutabana e bile e le mmaboipelgo . Bright o ne a fetsa bontsi jwa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Philadelphia, a aloga kwa Sekolong se setona sa Pennsylvania. O ne a dirisa nako e ntsi ya botshelo jwa gagwe a direla baithuti ba gagwe, e le morutabana ebile ele mogokgo. == Botshelo jwa pele == Nellie Rathbone Bright o tsholetswe kwa Savannah, Georgia ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898), e le ngwana a lenosi wa ga Moruti Richard Bright le mosadi wa gagwe Nellie (Jones) Bright. Mosetsana o ne a tewa ka mmaagwe le nkokoagwe motsala mmaagwe; leina la gagwe le lengwe e ne e le la go tlotla mmaagwe yo seyong mo botshelong, mosadi yo mosweu yo o bidiwang Caroline Rathbone <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellie Rathbone Bright family papers 2057 |url=http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Bright2057.html |access-date=2016-11-22 |website=www2.hsp.org}}</ref> yo e neng e le tsala ya lelwapa le molweladitshwanelo tsa loago. Rraagwe Bright o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands|Saint Thomas]] nako eo e neng e le Dutch West Indies. O ne a amogela thuto ya gagwe kwa [[:en:St._Augustine's_University|St. Augustine Collegiate Institute]] kwa Raleigh, North Carolina. O ne a ya go dira dithuto tsa morago ga sekolo, a amogela dikirii ya bomodimo kwa [[:en:General_Theological_Seminary|General Theological Seminary]] kwa New York ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1891). Fa a sena go aloga, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna moruti wa Episcopal. Rev. Bright o ne a bilediwa kwa Episcopal diocese ya Savannah, e le moruti wa ntlha wa Episcopal wa motho montsho go tlhomiwa mo diocese eo. Mmaagwe Bright, e bong Nellie, o ne a tswa kwa Louisville, kwa Kentucky . O ne a tsene sekolo kwa Yuropa gore a kgone go tshaba semorafe sa kwa Borwa. Fa a sena go boa, o ne a nna morutabana. <ref>Ballard, Allen B. ''Breaching Jericho's Walls: A Twentieth-century African American Life.'' Albany: Excelsior Editions/State University of New York, 2011, p. 23</ref> <ref name=":1">Ballard, Allen B. ''Breaching Jericho's Walls: A Twentieth-century African American Life.'' Albany: Excelsior Editions/State University of New York, 2011, p. 23</ref>Ka bonako fela fa ba sena go goroga kwa Savannah, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1892) ba lelwapa la ga Bright ba ne ba tlhoma sekolo sa ntlha sa ba bana ba bannye se se ikemetseng sa batho bantsho kwa Georgia. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910), ba lelwapa la ga Bright ba ne ba fudugela kwa Philadelphia, kwa Pennsylvania, kwa Moruti Bright a neng a amogetse go tlhomiwa Moruti teng. Toropokgolo ya madirelo e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a a kwa bokone a bafaladi ba batho bantsho ba le dikete di le masomesome go tswa kwa magaeng a Borwa, ba ba neng ba kgatlhiwa ke ditiro tsa yona le ditšhono tse dingwe mo Khudugong e tona . Phuthego ya ga Bright e ne ya thusa batho ba ba sa tswang go goroga gore ba tlwaele botshelo jwa kwa ditoropong. == Thuto le tiro == [[Setshwantsho:Delta4.jpg|thumb|Maloko a a neng a le kwa kopanong ya setšhaba ya 1921, e e neng e tshwerwe ke kgaolo ya Gamma (l go ya go r): kwa pele, Virginia Margaret Alexander, Julia Mae Polk, Sadie Tanner Mossell; mola wa bobedi, Anna R. Johnson, Nellie Rathbone Bright, Pauline Alice Young]] Fa a ne a le kwa Sekolong se setona sa Pennsylvania, Bright e ne e le leloko le le kwadisitsweng la kgaolo ya Gamma ya mokgatlho wa ntlha wa basadi ba batho bantsho wa sekolo, [[:en:Delta_Sigma_Theta|e leng Delta Sigma Theta]] . Maloko a mangwe a kgaolo ya gagwe a ne a akaretsa Virginia M. Alexander, yo moragonyana a neng a nna ngaka mme a tlhoma Legae la Boitekanelo la Aspiranto; Anna Roselle Johnson, modirediloago, morutabana, molweladitshwanelo tsa banni, le mosadi wa mokhemisi yo o tumileng Percy Lavon Julian ; le Sadie Tanner Mossell, mosadi wa ntlha go amogela dikirii ya molao go tswa kwa Sekolong sa Molao sa se setona sa Pennsylvania . Bright gape o ne a hira kgaolo ya Xi Sigma ya [[:en:Delta_Sigma_Theta|Delta Sigma Theta]], mmogo le basadi ba bangwe ba le lesome. Bright o ne a ithuta gape kwa [[:en:University_of_Paris|Sorbonne]] le kwa Sekolong se setona sa Oxford, mmogo le go ithuta botaki kwa Sekolong se setona sa Vermont le kwa Sekolong sa Botaki sa Berkshire kwa Massachusetts . <ref name=":1" /> O ne a tsamaya thata fa a setse a godile mme e ne e le motaki wa ditshwantsho tsa lobopo [[Setshwantsho:Black Opals literary journals.jpg|thumb|Dibukana tsa dikgang tsa Black Opals, tse di tlhamilweng ke Bright le Arthur Fauset]] Fa a sena go aloga, Bright o ne a bereka e le morutabana kwa dikolong tsa puso tsa Philadelphia. Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a nna matlhagatlhaga mo setlhopheng sa batlhalefi ba banana ba Bantsho mo toropong ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920).Ene le Arthur Fauset ba ne ba simolola Koranta e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Black_Opals|Black Opals]]'' . Koranta eo e tsere leina la yone go tswa mo moleng mongwe wa leboko la "Longings," le le neng la gatisiwa mo kgatisong ya ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927). E ne e balega jaana "... flame like fire in black opals" <ref>Aberjhani, Sandra L. West. ''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance''. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2003, p. 263</ref> Bright le Mae V. Cowdery, mmoki yo mongwe go tswa kwa Philadelphia, ka bobedi ba ne ba na le maboko a a gatisitsweng mo kgatisong ya ntlha; ba ne ba akgolwa ke Countee Cullen, morulaganyi yo mosha wa dikwalo tsa ''Opportunity,'' e leng pampiri ya dikgang e e kwa New York. Setlhopha sa bone sa dikwalo se ne sa itsege ka leina le le tshwanang; banana bao ba kwa Philadelphia ba ne ba tlwaelegile mo ditlhopheng tsa dikwalo tse di neng tsa tlhaga mo ditoropong di le dintsi tsa East Coast, tse di neng di tlhotlheleditswe ke Tsosoloso ya Harlem. Bright le Fauset ba ne ba ikaeletse gore pampiri ya bone ya dikgang e nne kotara mme ba emisa go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1928) morago ga dikgatiso di le tharo fela, <ref name="wintz" /> ka gonne pampiri eo e ne ya palelwa ke go bona babadi ba bantsi ba ba lekaneng.<ref>Aberjhani, Sandra L. West. ''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance''. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2003, p. 119</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marao le botlhano (1935), Bright o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mogokgo wa Sekolo sa Joseph E. Hill se se neng se kgaogantswe kwa Philadelphia. Mongwe wa baithuti ba gagwe, yo e neng e le mokwadi wa isago ebile ele maitsaanape wa ditso e bong Allen Ballard, o ne a bolela gore e ne e le mogokgo yo o gagametseng yo o neng a dira gore baithuti ba gagwe ba rate le go nna motlotlo ka ditso le Ngwao ya Maaforika a kwa Amerika:<blockquote>Rotlhe re ne re le bana ba ga Nellie Bright mme o ne a solofetse dilo tse ditona mo go rona. Mme ka jalo o ne a tlhama sekolo se se gakgamatsang. Motaki wa lebopo le mokwadi ... Mohumagadi Bright o ne a tlhomamisa gore Sekolo sa Hill se ne se se na selabe e bile se kgabisitswe ka ditshwantsho . Ene le badiri ba gagwe ba ne ba dira gore diphitlhelelo tsa batho bantsho e nne lebaka la go keteka ngwaga otlhe. Diboto tse dintsho le mabota di ne di tletse ka dipampiri tsa ga [[Harriet Tubman]], Toussaint L'Ouverture, [[Frederick Douglass]], Alexander Dumas, le mokwadi yo motona wa Mo-Russia wa motho montsho Pushkin .<ref>Ballard, Allen B. ''Breaching Jericho's Walls: A Twentieth-century African American Life.'' Albany: Excelsior Editions/State University of New York, 2011, p. 24</ref> </blockquote>Bright o ne a bereka e le mogokgo wa dikolo di le tharo tse di farologaneng pele ga a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1952). Ka nako ya tiro ya gagwe, Bright o ne a direla gape mo dikhuduthamageng tsa banni kgotsa mekgatlho e e fetang lesome le botlhano e e neng e lebagane le go tokafatseng dikolo le mafelo a boagisani; o ne a tshwenyegile ka botshelo jotlhe jwa baithuti ba gagwe le lefatshe la bone. O ne a dira go bona ditokafatso mo ditirelong tsa botsogo tsa toropo, le go tlhofofatsa "tirisanommogo magareng ga maloko a a farologaneng a sechaba."<ref>[''Nellie Rathbone Bright Family Papers'' (Collection 2057), The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [http://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid2057nelliebright.pdf <nowiki>http://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/findingaid2057nelliebright.pdf]</nowiki>]</ref> == Dingwaga tse fitileng == Morago ga go tlogela tiro, Bright o ne a ruta barutabana dithuto tsa mo tirong tsa ditso tsa batho Bantsho go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe( 1959), ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya khuduthamaga ya Thuto. Ditlhuto di ne di tshwarelwa kwa Ntlong ya Botsalano kwa Philadelphia (e jaanong e leng kwa Polaseng ya Botsalano kwa Pottstown, kwa Pennsylvania ). Ke mokgatlho wa merafe e e farologaneng o o itlamileng go ithuta le go tlhaloganya dipharologano tsa setso le merafe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi (1972), Bright le mokwadi wa nako e telele Arthur Fauset ba ne ba kwala buka e bidiwang ''America: Red, White, Black, Yellow''. Buka eo ya ditso tsa bana le bana ba ba fa gare e ne e bua thata ka ditso tsa merafe e mennye kwa United States. Bright o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi yaTlhakole e tlhola ga supa, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977). O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Edene kwa Collingdale, Pennsylvania . == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mo godimo ga ditiro tsa gagwe tsa thuto le tsa go kwala, Bright e ne e le motaki wa ditshwantsho tsa naga ka dioli. O ne a bua Sefora le Sepanishe . Bright o ne a tsamaya thata mo botshelong jwa gagwe, a fetsa nako kwa Caribbean le kwa Yuropa. Bright o ne a nna a sa nyalwa botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellie Rathbone Bright family papers 2057 |url=http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/b/Bright2057.html |access-date=2016-11-22 |website=www2.hsp.org}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2rxh82cvwzq1js3nx2uithigz7v3ncz 0 15234 55530 2026-09-24T10:32:14Z VNGao 10152 Created page with "'''Anthony Barboza''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo New Bedford mo Massachusetts) ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa Cape Verde, mme gape a na le metako eo aneng ae rekisa go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo..." 55530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Barboza''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo New Bedford mo Massachusetts) ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa Cape Verde, mme gape a na le metako eo aneng ae rekisa go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo 4t6ple06x8wt0phxg08awsemn16wxe5 55540 55530 2026-09-24T10:57:10Z VNGao 10152 55540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]]''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo [[:en:Cape_Verde|New Bedford]] mo Massachusetts) ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa [[:en:Cape_Verde|Cape Verde]], mme gape a na le [[:en:Commercial_art|metako eo aneng ae rekisa]] go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo 37w7ufgig5uts2exqvn4l883zlpc8vr 55541 55540 2026-09-24T11:03:50Z VNGao 10152 55541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]]''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo [[:en:Cape_Verde|New Bedford]] mo Massachusetts)<ref>Brookman, Philip; Willis, Deborah (2025). Photography and the Black Arts Movement, 1955-1985. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780300283501</ref><ref> "[https://newbedfordart.org/anthony-barboza/ Anthony Barboza]". New Bedford Art Museum. Retrieved January 19, 2026.</ref> ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa [[:en:Cape_Verde|Cape Verde]], mme gape a na le [[:en:Commercial_art|metako eo aneng ae rekisa]] go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo == Metswedi == jwnty8oaj6o2mzwlbrjcztt5fe6awif 55544 55541 2026-09-24T11:41:13Z VNGao 10152 55544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]]''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo [[:en:Cape_Verde|New Bedford]] mo Massachusetts)<ref>Brookman, Philip; Willis, Deborah (2025). Photography and the Black Arts Movement, 1955-1985. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780300283501</ref><ref> "[https://newbedfordart.org/anthony-barboza/ Anthony Barboza]". New Bedford Art Museum. Retrieved January 19, 2026.</ref> ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa [[:en:Cape_Verde|Cape Verde]], mme gape a na le [[:en:Commercial_art|metako eo aneng ae rekisa]] go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo... Barboza o tlile mo New York City ka tlhamalalo morago ga go aloga mo sekolong se segolwane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le boraro ale dingwaga fela di lesome le borobabongwe aya go ithutela tsa Bokapa Ditshwantsho le Hugh Bell, yoo eleng mokapa ditshwantsho wa mokgabo yo o atlegileng thata mme a ile ya nna ene o rutuntshang Barboza go bereka asa duelwe go tsaya botsipa jwa go tsaya dinepe kana ditshwantsho. Pele ga moo one a kopana le Adger Cowans, mongwe wa ba ba tsenang mo seatleng baba atlegileng bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo ba nako eo, yoo one a tla a itsise Barboza ko setlhopheng sa bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo bao eneng ele maloko a mokgatlho wa The Kamoinge Wokshop . Lekoko kana mokgatlho o ne pele o tsamaisiwa ke Roy De Carava mme o tlhametswe go godisa tiro ya bakapa ditshwantsho le bataki ba letso mmala wa sebilo ,oo ka nako eo tiro e ya letso la Aforika -Amerika ene e kgethololwa ebile e tseelwa kwa fatshe , le go sa akarediweng mo tirong ya bataki kana bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa. Ene ele bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa baba neng ba ikopantse go rotloetsana ka go ntsha melaetsa ya kgothatso, tebogo,kgalo kana le go dira ditshupo kana ditshupetso mmogo. Barboza o tsweletse go somarela setso le maemo a gagwe jaana moeteledipele wa mokgatlho yo mo gompienong o bidiwang Kamoinge, Inc. mme ontse ontsweletse kago rotloetsa ba bangwe ba batho ba mmala wa sebilo ba ba neng le keletso mo go kapeng ditshwantsho ga maemo aa kwa godimo mo tirong ya bone. == Metswedi == 3o9r8sb6nii7ol4bdbbogtkw5msni51 55545 55544 2026-09-24T11:43:40Z VNGao 10152 55545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]]''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo [[:en:Cape_Verde|New Bedford]] mo Massachusetts)<ref>Brookman, Philip; Willis, Deborah (2025). Photography and the Black Arts Movement, 1955-1985. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780300283501</ref><ref> "[https://newbedfordart.org/anthony-barboza/ Anthony Barboza]". New Bedford Art Museum. Retrieved January 19, 2026.</ref> ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa [[:en:Cape_Verde|Cape Verde]], mme gape a na le [[:en:Commercial_art|metako eo aneng ae rekisa]] go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo... == Tiro == Barboza o tlile mo New York City ka tlhamalalo morago ga go aloga mo sekolong se segolwane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le boraro ale dingwaga fela di lesome le borobabongwe aya go ithutela tsa Bokapa Ditshwantsho le Hugh Bell, yoo eleng mokapa ditshwantsho wa mokgabo yo o atlegileng thata mme a ile ya nna ene o rutuntshang Barboza go bereka asa duelwe go tsaya botsipa jwa go tsaya dinepe kana ditshwantsho. Pele ga moo one a kopana le Adger Cowans, mongwe wa ba ba tsenang mo seatleng baba atlegileng bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo ba nako eo, yoo one a tla a itsise Barboza ko setlhopheng sa bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo bao eneng ele maloko a mokgatlho wa The Kamoinge Wokshop . Lekoko kana mokgatlho o ne pele o tsamaisiwa ke Roy De Carava mme o tlhametswe go godisa tiro ya bakapa ditshwantsho le bataki ba letso mmala wa sebilo ,oo ka nako eo tiro e ya letso la Aforika -Amerika ene e kgethololwa ebile e tseelwa kwa fatshe , le go sa akarediweng mo tirong ya bataki kana bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa. Ene ele bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa baba neng ba ikopantse go rotloetsana ka go ntsha melaetsa ya kgothatso, tebogo,kgalo kana le go dira ditshupo kana ditshupetso mmogo. Barboza o tsweletse go somarela setso le maemo a gagwe jaana moeteledipele wa mokgatlho yo mo gompienong o bidiwang Kamoinge, Inc. mme ontse ontsweletse kago rotloetsa ba bangwe ba batho ba mmala wa sebilo ba ba neng le keletso mo go kapeng ditshwantsho ga maemo aa kwa godimo mo tirong ya bone. == Batlalatso ya Tiro ya Gagwe == Other work Barboza has done has been for Coca-Cola, Pepsi, General Motors, Kraft Foods, HBO, Kodak, Revlon, AT&T, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Marines, Sony, Miramax Films, Burger King, Aetna Life Insurance, Arista Records, Nissan, Coors, Absolut Vodka, Reebok, Random House, Hanes, Clairol, Amtrak, Bahamas Tourist Board, Avon, Columbia Records, L'Oreal, and many more. == Metswedi == 4gq9vrbf3x9l84h33eu3imfck187y1u 55547 55545 2026-09-24T11:49:03Z VNGao 10152 /* Batlalatso ya Tiro ya Gagwe */ 55547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Anthony_Barboza|Anthony Barboza]]''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le bone mo [[:en:Cape_Verde|New Bedford]] mo Massachusetts)<ref>Brookman, Philip; Willis, Deborah (2025). Photography and the Black Arts Movement, 1955-1985. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780300283501</ref><ref> "[https://newbedfordart.org/anthony-barboza/ Anthony Barboza]". New Bedford Art Museum. Retrieved January 19, 2026.</ref> ke mokapa ditshwantsho,morata Ditso, motaki le mokgwadi. Ka ditso a tswa kwa [[:en:Cape_Verde|Cape Verde]], mme gape a na le [[:en:Commercial_art|metako eo aneng ae rekisa]] go feta dingwaga tse di masome mane tse di fitileng, talete ee kwa godimo ya ga Barboza e dira gore a atlege mme gape a tsenele le go diragatsa bokgeleke jwa gagwe mo go seo ase ratang le go tswelela a jalo a dira bontle mo botaking mo ditshupetsong mo Amerika. Barboza ona le moalo oo phuthulogileng yoo o supang setso le botegeniki jwa botaki boo bo tlhotlheleditsweng ke dikakanyo tseo di remeletseng mo setsong sa Aforika -Amerika, tseo di saleng di sutswa mo mabeelong a matlotlo a botaki a sechaba le dikomponi tseo di ikemetseng ka nosi, ga mmogo le mabolokelo a ngwao le dikolo tsa ithutontsho lefatshe ka bophara. O itsagale thata ka go kapa ditshwantsho kana dinepe tsa botaki jwa bodiragatsi jwa mmino wa jazz go tswa ka dngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa go tsena ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Bontsi jwa tiro e ya gagwe bo bonwa mo lekwalong la gagwe la Black Borders, leo le gatsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a robabobedi ka thotloetso ya madi go tswa go setlamo sa National Endowment for the Arts. Mo tsebeng kana temana khutshwe eo e gatsisitsweng mo lekwalo dikgang la City Sun ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bone one a bua jaana: " fake dira moruti wa motho yoo... == Tiro == Barboza o tlile mo New York City ka tlhamalalo morago ga go aloga mo sekolong se segolwane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le boraro ale dingwaga fela di lesome le borobabongwe aya go ithutela tsa Bokapa Ditshwantsho le Hugh Bell, yoo eleng mokapa ditshwantsho wa mokgabo yo o atlegileng thata mme a ile ya nna ene o rutuntshang Barboza go bereka asa duelwe go tsaya botsipa jwa go tsaya dinepe kana ditshwantsho. Pele ga moo one a kopana le Adger Cowans, mongwe wa ba ba tsenang mo seatleng baba atlegileng bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo ba nako eo, yoo one a tla a itsise Barboza ko setlhopheng sa bakapa ditshwantsho ba mmala wa sebilo bao eneng ele maloko a mokgatlho wa The Kamoinge Wokshop . Lekoko kana mokgatlho o ne pele o tsamaisiwa ke Roy De Carava mme o tlhametswe go godisa tiro ya bakapa ditshwantsho le bataki ba letso mmala wa sebilo ,oo ka nako eo tiro e ya letso la Aforika -Amerika ene e kgethololwa ebile e tseelwa kwa fatshe , le go sa akarediweng mo tirong ya bataki kana bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa. Ene ele bakapa ditshwantsho ba tlhwatlhwa baba neng ba ikopantse go rotloetsana ka go ntsha melaetsa ya kgothatso, tebogo,kgalo kana le go dira ditshupo kana ditshupetso mmogo. Barboza o tsweletse go somarela setso le maemo a gagwe jaana moeteledipele wa mokgatlho yo mo gompienong o bidiwang Kamoinge, Inc. mme ontse ontsweletse kago rotloetsa ba bangwe ba batho ba mmala wa sebilo ba ba neng le keletso mo go kapeng ditshwantsho ga maemo aa kwa godimo mo tirong ya bone. == Phatlalatso ya Tiro ya Gagwe == Tiro e nngwe ya gagwe ea e dirileng e akaretsa go thusa [[:en:Coca-Cola|Coca-Cola]], [[:en:Pepsi|Pepsi]], [[:en:General_Motors|General Motors]], [[:en:Kraft_Foods|Kraft Foods]], [[:en:HBO|HBO]], [[:en:Kodak|Kodak]], Revlon, AT&T, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Marines, Sony, Miramax Films, Burger King, Aetna Life Insurance, Arista Records, Nissan, Coors, Absolut Vodka, Reebok, Random House, Hanes, Clairol, Amtrak, Bahamas Tourist Board, Avon, Columbia Records, L'Oreal, le tse dingwe tse dintsi. == Metswedi == 89mfg0p97g09exy2n7shhmwtydk6b6g 0 15235 55542 2026-09-24T11:33:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372240455|Elizabeth Carter Brooks]]" 55542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Carter Brooks''' ( O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe (1867–1951 ), e ne e le [[Thuto|morutabana]] wa Moamerika, molweladitshwanelo tsa loago le motshwantshi wa mealya kago . O ne a rata thata go thusa Maaforika a kwa Amerika a mangwe gore a atlege mme e ne e le mongwe wa batho ba ntlha go lemoga botlhokwa jwa go somarela dikago tsa ditso kwa [[USA|United States]] . Brooks e ne e le "mongwe wa basadi ba le mmalwa ba batho Bantsho ba motlha oo ba ba neng ba ka tsewa e le moagi le motshegetsi." <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nieves |first=Angel David |year=2004 |title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary (1865-1945) |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415929598 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Dreck Spurlock |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000unse_p3b4/page/66 66–68] |chapter=Elizabeth Carter Brooks |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000unse_p3b4/page/66}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Brooks o tsholetswe kwa New Bedford, Massachusetts, e e neng e le lefelo la lefatshe le le neng le itsege thata ka nako eo ka go tlamela ka botshabelo, didirisiwa, thuto le tiro go makgoba a pele . <ref name=":0" /> Mmaagwe, Martha Webb, e kile ya bo e le lekgoba, la ga Tautona John Tyler . <ref name=":0" /> Webb o ne a amega mo [[Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe|Seporong sa Ka fa Tlase ga Lefatshe]] . <ref name=":0" /> Morwadie o ne a tswelela go nna le "lorato lwa tekatekano" lo lo neng lwa mo tsaya botshelo jotlhe jwa gagwe. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Carter Brooks (1867-1951) |url=http://nbhistoricalsociety.org/Important-Figures/elizabeth-carter-brooks-1867-1951/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=The New Bedford Historical Society, Inc.}}</ref> Brooks o ne a tsena Sekolo se Setona sa New Bedford, mme morago ga moo a ya kwa [[Swain Free School|Sekolong sa Swain Free]] , se se neng se neela baithuti motheo o o nonofileng wa bokgoni jwa go tlhama le go aga . <ref name=":0" /> Morago ga moo o ne a nna sealogane sa ntlha sa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika wa [[Harrington Normal School for Teachers|Sekolo sa Harrington Normal School for Teachers]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Tiro == Brooks o simolotse go ruta ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890) kwa Legaeng la Dikhutsana la ga Howard kgotsa kwa Legaeng la Dikhutsana la batho ba Mmala la Howard kwa Brooklyn, le le neng la tlhongwa le ba la tsamaisiwa ke Maaforika a kwa Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Montrose |date=7 March 2014 |title=Past and Present: The Howard Colored Orphan Asylum |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2014/03/past-and-present-the-howard-colored-orphan-asylum-crown-heights/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaag wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895), o ne a simolola go dira le [[:en:National_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa basadi wa National Association of Colored Women's Club]] (NACWC). <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Medea |first=Andra |year=1997 |title=Black Women in America: Social Activism |url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=AFEBW0955&SID=2&DatabaseName=African-American+History+Online&InputText=%22Bethune+Cookman+College%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Brooks%2C+Elizabeth&TabRecordType=Biography&BioCountPass=18&SubCountPass=10&DocCountPass=1&ImgCountPass=3&MapCountPass=1&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=4&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=13&AmericanData=&WomenData=&AFHCData=Set&IndianData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&GovernmentData= |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |editor-last=Hine |editor-first=Darlene Clark |location=New York |chapter=Brooks, Elizabeth |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220942/http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=AFEBW0955&SID=2&DatabaseName=African-American+History+Online&InputText=%22Bethune+Cookman+College%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Brooks,+Elizabeth&TabRecordType=Biography&BioCountPass=18&SubCountPass=10&DocCountPass=1&ImgCountPass=3&MapCountPass=1&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=4&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=13&AmericanData=&WomenData=&AFHCData=Set&IndianData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&GovernmentData= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O ne a nna mokwaledi wa bokopano ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro(1896) le mothusa Tautona go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1906) go ya kwa go wa sekete, makgolo a mane le borobabobedi (1908).  O ne a tlhatlhama Lucy Thurman jaaka Tautona wa bone wa NACWC go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1908) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi (1912(. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Carter Brooks |url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/hoba/19/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=Massachusetts Hall of Black Achievement |publisher=Bridgewater State University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="70 Golden Years" Special Souvenir Publication of the National Association of Colored Women, Inc. - LCDL Catalog Search |url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/318807 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref> Brooks gape o ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala ([[:en:National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]) (NAACP) ka bonako fela morago ga gore o tlhomiwe mme moragonyana a tlhama kgaolo ya gagwe ya NAACP kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":3" /> O ne a tla tlotliwa jaaka Tautona yo o tlogetseng tiro wa New Bedford NAACP ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948). <ref name=":3" /> Brooks e ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Basadi wa New England (e moragonyana e neng ya [[:en:Northeastern_Federation_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs|bidiwa Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs]] ). <ref name=":3" /> E ne e le Tautona dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi le bosupa mme ka nako ya fa a ne a le mokgatlhong, "o ne a okametse dithuso tsa madi a dikago tsa banni, madi a thuso ya tsa thuta, mafelo a tlhokomelo ya bana motshegare, le ditirelo tse dingwe tse di neng di tlhokwa ke banni." <ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa (1897), Brooks o ne a thusa go bula Legae la Bagodi la New Bedford, le kwa tshimologong le neng le na le mafelo a le mmalwa a nakwana. Mo godimo ga moo, Brooks o ne a duela rente ya ntlo eo a le nosi mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro. <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga moo, Mokgatlho wa Basadi o o Ikanyegang "o ne wa tsaya boikarabelo jwa go tlhokomela Legae la Bagodi la New Bedford." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlton-Laney |first=Iris |date=March 2015 |title=Old Folks' Homes for Blacks During the Progressive Era |url=http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1907&context=jssw |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=52 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Brooks o ne a feleletsa a tlhamile legae la sennela ruri la setaele sa Bokoloniale gore le nne mo lefelong la lone la bofelo kwa 396 Middle Street. <ref name=":0" /> Women’s Loyal Union, e Brooks a neng a amega mo go yone, e ne ya tswelela go thusa go tshegetsa legae leno kwa lefelong le lesha. <ref name=":3" /> Brooks e ne ya nna Tautona wa ntlha wa legae le wa Mokgatlho wa Basadi ba ba Ikanyegang, mme a nna mo ditirong tseo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930). <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Medeiros |first=Peggi |date=1 October 2013 |title=Two Legends of New Bedford |url=http://blogs.southcoasttoday.com/mansions/2013/10/01/two-legends-of-new-bedford/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=South Coast Today}}</ref> Kago eno ka boyone e sa ntse e eme kwa New Bedford mme e boleele jwa matlhatlaganyane a mabedi le sephatlo, e na le marulelo a a kwa godimo, dikamore di le thataro le letlhakore le le kwa pele le le nang le lebota le le sephaphathi . <ref name=":0" /> Brooks o ne a simolola go ruta gape, mo lekgetlong leo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe (1901) kwa Sekolong sa Taylor, kwa a neng a nna morutabana wa ntlha wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918), o ne a thapiwa ke Lekgotla la Ntwa la khuduthamaga ya Bosetšhaba ya YWCA gore a okamele le go lebelela ti kago [[:en:Phillis_Wheatley_YWCA|YWCA ya Phillis Wheatley]] kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe (1929), o ne a tlogela tiro ya go ruta. <ref name=":3" /> Ka one ngwaga oo, o ne a nyala W. Sampson Brooks, yo e neng e le bishopo wa lekoko la Episcopal la Methodist ya Afrika ([[:en:African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church|African Methodist Episcopal)]] la Kereke ya Bethele. <ref name=":0" /> Ene le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa San Antonio, kwa ba neng ba nna mmogo gone go fitlha monna wa gagwe a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934). <ref name=":0" /> Morago ga moo, o ne a boela kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaag wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe (1939), o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go somarela boswa jwa batho Bantsho. Brooks o ne akanya gore "difikantswe tsa ditso tsa lotso' e ne e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya naga ya Maaforika a kwa Amerika mme di tshwanelwa ke go somarelwa. <ref name=":0" /> O ne a reka legae la ga William H. Carney mme a fetola legae leo go nna segopotso. <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga loso lwa gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe (1951), toropo ya New Bedford e ne ya mo tlotla ka go reelela sekolo ka leina la gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). <ref name=":1" /> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] dhr1fn6621u2j3spbe2ln7b8y4ojzko 55543 55542 2026-09-24T11:36:50Z MmaBaggio 11091 55543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Carter Brooks''' ( O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe (1867–1951 ), e ne e le [[Thuto|morutabana]] wa Moamerika, molweladitshwanelo tsa loago le motshwantshi wa mealya kago . O ne a rata thata go thusa Maaforika a kwa Amerika a mangwe gore a atlege mme e ne e le mongwe wa batho ba ntlha go lemoga botlhokwa jwa go somarela dikago tsa ditso kwa [[USA|United States]] . Brooks e ne e le "mongwe wa basadi ba le mmalwa ba batho Bantsho ba motlha oo ba ba neng ba ka tsewa e le moagi le motshegetsi." <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nieves |first=Angel David |year=2004 |title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary (1865-1945) |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415929598 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Dreck Spurlock |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000unse_p3b4/page/66 66–68] |chapter=Elizabeth Carter Brooks |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000unse_p3b4/page/66}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Elizabeth Carter Brooks|image=Elizabeth_Carter_Brooks.jpg|birth_name=Elizabeth Carter|birth_date=1867|birth_place=[[New Bedford]], Massachusetts, United States|death_date=1951|death_place=New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States|education=Harringon Normal School for Teachers|occupation=Morutabana, Molweladitshwanelo tsa loago, Moagi|spouse(s)=W. Sampson Brooks}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Brooks o tsholetswe kwa New Bedford, Massachusetts, e e neng e le lefelo la lefatshe le le neng le itsege thata ka nako eo ka go tlamela ka botshabelo, didirisiwa, thuto le tiro go makgoba a pele . <ref name=":0" /> Mmaagwe, Martha Webb, e kile ya bo e le lekgoba, la ga Tautona John Tyler . <ref name=":0" /> Webb o ne a amega mo [[Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe|Seporong sa Ka fa Tlase ga Lefatshe]] . <ref name=":0" /> Morwadie o ne a tswelela go nna le "lorato lwa tekatekano" lo lo neng lwa mo tsaya botshelo jotlhe jwa gagwe. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Carter Brooks (1867-1951) |url=http://nbhistoricalsociety.org/Important-Figures/elizabeth-carter-brooks-1867-1951/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=The New Bedford Historical Society, Inc.}}</ref> Brooks o ne a tsena Sekolo se Setona sa New Bedford, mme morago ga moo a ya kwa [[Swain Free School|Sekolong sa Swain Free]] , se se neng se neela baithuti motheo o o nonofileng wa bokgoni jwa go tlhama le go aga . <ref name=":0" /> Morago ga moo o ne a nna sealogane sa ntlha sa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika wa [[Harrington Normal School for Teachers|Sekolo sa Harrington Normal School for Teachers]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Tiro == Brooks o simolotse go ruta ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890) kwa Legaeng la Dikhutsana la ga Howard kgotsa kwa Legaeng la Dikhutsana la batho ba Mmala la Howard kwa Brooklyn, le le neng la tlhongwa le ba la tsamaisiwa ke Maaforika a kwa Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Montrose |date=7 March 2014 |title=Past and Present: The Howard Colored Orphan Asylum |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2014/03/past-and-present-the-howard-colored-orphan-asylum-crown-heights/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaag wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895), o ne a simolola go dira le [[:en:National_Association_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa basadi wa National Association of Colored Women's Club]] (NACWC). <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Medea |first=Andra |year=1997 |title=Black Women in America: Social Activism |url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=AFEBW0955&SID=2&DatabaseName=African-American+History+Online&InputText=%22Bethune+Cookman+College%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Brooks%2C+Elizabeth&TabRecordType=Biography&BioCountPass=18&SubCountPass=10&DocCountPass=1&ImgCountPass=3&MapCountPass=1&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=4&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=13&AmericanData=&WomenData=&AFHCData=Set&IndianData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&GovernmentData= |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |editor-last=Hine |editor-first=Darlene Clark |location=New York |chapter=Brooks, Elizabeth |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220942/http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=AFEBW0955&SID=2&DatabaseName=African-American+History+Online&InputText=%22Bethune+Cookman+College%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Brooks,+Elizabeth&TabRecordType=Biography&BioCountPass=18&SubCountPass=10&DocCountPass=1&ImgCountPass=3&MapCountPass=1&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=4&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=13&AmericanData=&WomenData=&AFHCData=Set&IndianData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&GovernmentData= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O ne a nna mokwaledi wa bokopano ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro(1896) le mothusa Tautona go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1906) go ya kwa go wa sekete, makgolo a mane le borobabobedi (1908).  O ne a tlhatlhama Lucy Thurman jaaka Tautona wa bone wa NACWC go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1908) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi (1912(. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Carter Brooks |url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/hoba/19/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=Massachusetts Hall of Black Achievement |publisher=Bridgewater State University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="70 Golden Years" Special Souvenir Publication of the National Association of Colored Women, Inc. - LCDL Catalog Search |url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/318807 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=lcdl.library.cofc.edu}}</ref> Brooks gape o ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala ([[:en:National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]) (NAACP) ka bonako fela morago ga gore o tlhomiwe mme moragonyana a tlhama kgaolo ya gagwe ya NAACP kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":3" /> O ne a tla tlotliwa jaaka Tautona yo o tlogetseng tiro wa New Bedford NAACP ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi (1948). <ref name=":3" /> Brooks e ne e le mongwe wa basimolodi ba Mokgatlho wa Basadi wa New England (e moragonyana e neng ya [[:en:Northeastern_Federation_of_Colored_Women's_Clubs|bidiwa Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs]] ). <ref name=":3" /> E ne e le Tautona dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi le bosupa mme ka nako ya fa a ne a le mokgatlhong, "o ne a okametse dithuso tsa madi a dikago tsa banni, madi a thuso ya tsa thuta, mafelo a tlhokomelo ya bana motshegare, le ditirelo tse dingwe tse di neng di tlhokwa ke banni." <ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa (1897), Brooks o ne a thusa go bula Legae la Bagodi la New Bedford, le kwa tshimologong le neng le na le mafelo a le mmalwa a nakwana. Mo godimo ga moo, Brooks o ne a duela rente ya ntlo eo a le nosi mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro. <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga moo, Mokgatlho wa Basadi o o Ikanyegang "o ne wa tsaya boikarabelo jwa go tlhokomela Legae la Bagodi la New Bedford." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlton-Laney |first=Iris |date=March 2015 |title=Old Folks' Homes for Blacks During the Progressive Era |url=http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1907&context=jssw |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=52 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Brooks o ne a feleletsa a tlhamile legae la sennela ruri la setaele sa Bokoloniale gore le nne mo lefelong la lone la bofelo kwa 396 Middle Street. <ref name=":0" /> Women’s Loyal Union, e Brooks a neng a amega mo go yone, e ne ya tswelela go thusa go tshegetsa legae leno kwa lefelong le lesha. <ref name=":3" /> Brooks e ne ya nna Tautona wa ntlha wa legae le wa Mokgatlho wa Basadi ba ba Ikanyegang, mme a nna mo ditirong tseo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930). <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Medeiros |first=Peggi |date=1 October 2013 |title=Two Legends of New Bedford |url=http://blogs.southcoasttoday.com/mansions/2013/10/01/two-legends-of-new-bedford/ |access-date=12 October 2015 |website=South Coast Today}}</ref> Kago eno ka boyone e sa ntse e eme kwa New Bedford mme e boleele jwa matlhatlaganyane a mabedi le sephatlo, e na le marulelo a a kwa godimo, dikamore di le thataro le letlhakore le le kwa pele le le nang le lebota le le sephaphathi . <ref name=":0" /> Brooks o ne a simolola go ruta gape, mo lekgetlong leo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe (1901) kwa Sekolong sa Taylor, kwa a neng a nna morutabana wa ntlha wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918), o ne a thapiwa ke Lekgotla la Ntwa la khuduthamaga ya Bosetšhaba ya YWCA gore a okamele le go lebelela ti kago [[:en:Phillis_Wheatley_YWCA|YWCA ya Phillis Wheatley]] kwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe (1929), o ne a tlogela tiro ya go ruta. <ref name=":3" /> Ka one ngwaga oo, o ne a nyala W. Sampson Brooks, yo e neng e le bishopo wa lekoko la Episcopal la Methodist ya Afrika ([[:en:African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church|African Methodist Episcopal)]] la Kereke ya Bethele. <ref name=":0" /> Ene le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa San Antonio, kwa ba neng ba nna mmogo gone go fitlha monna wa gagwe a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934). <ref name=":0" /> Morago ga moo, o ne a boela kwa New Bedford. <ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaag wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe (1939), o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go somarela boswa jwa batho Bantsho. Brooks o ne akanya gore "difikantswe tsa ditso tsa lotso' e ne e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya naga ya Maaforika a kwa Amerika mme di tshwanelwa ke go somarelwa. <ref name=":0" /> O ne a reka legae la ga William H. Carney mme a fetola legae leo go nna segopotso. <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga loso lwa gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe (1951), toropo ya New Bedford e ne ya mo tlotla ka go reelela sekolo ka leina la gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). <ref name=":1" /> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] b2a0y4owpx2c4osz7mttbadunp1ohzs 0 15236 55546 2026-09-24T11:47:12Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371699821|Helon Habila]]" 55546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helon Habila Ngalabak''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Ngwanatsele, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa) ke mokwadi wa dibuka le mmoki wa kwa lefatsheng la Nigeria, yo mokwalo wa gagwe o fentseng dietsele di le dintsi, di akaretsa le seetsele sa Caine ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-07-26|title=To finish my book was an act of will|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes}}</ref> O ne a bereka e le motlhatlhelela dithuto gape e le mmegadikgang kwa [[Nigeria]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Engelane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, kwa a neng a le moithuti o o filweng dithuso tsa madi a sekolo ke Chevening kwa sekolognse segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia,gompieno o ruta dithuto tsa go kwala ga go tlhama kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of George Mason, kwa Fairfax, kwa Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Directory of Chevening Alumni |url=http://www.cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823151758/http://cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2015 |website=Chevening UK Government Scholarships}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africas-angels-435559.html|title=Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels|date=9 February 2007}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Helon Habila o tsholetswe kwa Kaltungo, kwa kgaolong ya Gombe, kwa Nigeria, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa. O ithutile puo ya sekgoa le padi kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Jos, mme morago a ruta sebaka sa dingwaga di le tharo kwa Federal Polytechnic, kwa Bauchi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, o ne a ya kwa Lagos go ya go kwalela makasine wa ''Hints'', a fudugela kwa pampiring ya dikgang ''ya Vanguard'' e le mokwadi. Habila o fentse seetsele sa mokgatlho wa mmino wa kwa Nigeria ka leboko la gagwe la "Another Age" ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila, Writer, Author, Nigeria Personality Profiles |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Helon-Habila.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> ka one ngwaga o o kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dipolelokhutswe ya ''Prison Stories'' e ne ya gatisiwa. O fentse seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka polelwana e e tswang mo kgobokanyong eo, ya "Love Poems". Padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, ebong ''Waiting for an Angel'', e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, mme ngwaga o o latelang ya gapa seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Kgaolo ya Aforika, buka e e gaisitseng dibuka tsotlhe mme e le ya ntlha ya mokwadi o o). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, Habila o ne a fudugela kwa England go nna mokwadi wa mo Aforika o o ithutang kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An award winning poet and novelist |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135639/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano o ne a lalediwa go ya go nna mothusi wa ntlha kwa Bard College kwa New York ke Chinua Achebe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Randol |first=Shaun |title=Helon Habila is Okay With Being Called a Political Writer {{!}} The Mantle |url=https://www.themantle.com/literature/helon-habila-okay-being-called-political-writer |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.themantle.com}}</ref> kwa a neng a fetsa ngwaga a kwala le ebile a ruta teng, o ne a tswelela ka go nna mo porofesa wa go kwala kwa sekolong se segolwane sa George Mason University kwa Fairfax, Virigina. . Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba kwala gape kgobokanyo ya dibuka tsa khansele ya Britain ya New Writing 14 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Nigerian writer Helon Habila is writer-in-residence in Johannesburg in may |url=https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155058/https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.syltfoundation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya bobedi ya ''Measuring Time'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, e ne ya tlhophiwa go phadisanela seetsele sa Hurston/Wright Legacy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books: 'Travelers' tells migrants' stories |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Travellers-tells-migrants--stories/434746-5229748-11d3o8v/index.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> seetsele sa IMPAC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancelled - Betty Jean Craige Lecture in Comparative Literature: Helon Habila {{!}} Franklin College of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.franklin.uga.edu/events/content/2020/cancelled-betty-jean-craige-lecture-comparative-literature-helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.franklin.uga.edu}}</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi e ne ya gapa seetsele sa Virginia Library Foundation sa dipadi tse di itlhametsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habila |first=Helon |title=Stories by helon-habila on Guernica |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/author/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Guernica |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya boraro ya ''Oil on Water'' (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), e e buang ka kgotlhelesego ya tikologo kwa letsheng le le humileng lookwane ;a Nigeria, e ne ya amogela tshekatsheko e e siameng ka kakaretso. Bernardine Evaristo o kwadile jaana mo pampiring ya The Guardian: "maboko a ga Habila a supa ka botlalo matlhotlhapelo a makgobokgobo a a kgotlhetsweng ke lookwane"; Tshekatshekoya ga Margaret Busby mo pampiring ya ''The Independent'' e ne ya re <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Oil On Water, By Helon Habila |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/oil-on-water-by-helon-habila-2050904.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> "Habila o na le bokgoni jwa go netefatsa gore difilimi di nna mo tlhalogayong ya motho", mme Aminatta Forna mo ''The Daily Telegraph'' o ne a feleletsa ka gore: "Habila ke mmoledi wa dipolelo o o nang le bokgoni e bile a le setswerere sa tatelano ya ditiragalo." ''Oil on Water'' e ne ya tlhophiwa go bona dipoelo di tshwana le seetsele sa PEN/Open Book, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Helon Habila – Mason Publishing Group |url=https://publishing.gmu.edu/tag/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> buka e e gaisitseng ya Commonwealth, mo kgaolong ya Aforika, le seetsele sa Orion Book. Buka ya ga Habila ''ya The Granta Book ya dipolelo khutswe tsa Aforika'' e ne ya tswa ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Habila ke leloko la lekgotla la African Writers Trust o o le tlhamileng, gompieno o mo setlhopheng sa bogakolosi sa lekgotla leo "lekgotla le ke motheo o o sa direng dipoelo o maikaelelo a one e leng go lomaganya le go kgobokanya bakwadi ba ma Aforika ba ba mo lefatsheng ka bophara le ba ba mo Aforika go rotloetsa go abelana dikitso le didirisiwa tse dingwe, le go rotloetsa go ithuta mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tseo." Go simolola ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go fitlha ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, Habila e ne e le moithuti wa mothusi kwa DAAD kwa Berlin, kwa Jeremane. Ene le Elinor Sisulu le Edwige-Renee Dro, ba ne ba tlhomiwa go nna badulasetilo ba setlhopha sa baatlhodi ba seetsele sa Etisalat Prize for Literature sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Habila o ne a tlhophiwa go phadisanela makgotla a Grand Prix of Literary Associations ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ka buka ya gagwe ya Travelers. == Tlhotlheletso ya go kwala ya pele == Go golela mo sebakeng sa tlhakatlhakano ya sepolotiki le o laolwa ke sesole ga ga Helen Habila fa a santse a le lekawana ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga mo rotloetsa go tlhoka kutlo le go nna kgatlhanong le kakanyo e. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abilkhairova |first=Zh.A. |last2=Baimaganbetova |first2=Zh.T. |last3=Bekmurzaeva |first3=R.A. |last4=Nurgaliyeva |first4=S.A. |date=2021-12-29 |title=DICTATORSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN POSTCOLONIAL NIGERIA: A STUDY OF HELON HABILA'S WAITING FOR AN ANGEL |url=https://doi.org/10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |journal=Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |issn=2518-7937}}</ref> Mo dinakong di le dintso, o lekile go emela kwa thoko fa go tla mo go lweleng go tlhoka tshiamo mme a kwale ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng. Le fa go ntse jalo, o reteletswe ke go dira jalo mme a itebaganaya le go kwala go nna kgatlhanong le go tlhoka tshiamo, kgatelelelo le go dirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lou |first=Jo |date=2019-11-07 |title=Writing Is Always a Political Act |url=https://electricliterature.com/writing-is-always-a-political-act/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kompone ya kgatiso ya dibuka ya Cordite == Cordite Books ke kompone e ntsha ya kgatiso e e leng ya ga Habila a e pataganetse le Parresia . Porojeke ya bone ya ntlha e ne e le go biletsa mekwalo ya dibuka tse di itlhametsweng di bua ka tshenyo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, e e gaisitseng e tlaa amogela sekete sa madi a di dolara tsa Amerika le tumalano ya kgatiso le phatlalatso ya dibuka mo kgaolong ya Aforika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=8 September 2014 |title=Zimbabwe's Blessing Musariri wins Crime Fiction Contest |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/zimbabwes-blessing-musariri-wins-cordite-books-crime-fiction-contest/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa a santse a gola, Habila o ne a bala dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka puo ya Hausa tsa Nigeria le motseletsele wa dibuka tsa Pacesetters tse di gatisitsweng ke Macmillan, tse di neng di tlwaelesegile thata mo metse setoropong ya mo Aforika ka bophara di bua ka tshenyo.<ref name="ayiba">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Nigerian Author Helon Habila |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/fiction-and-the-city-an-interview-with-helon-habila/ |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Se se ne se tsamaelana le tse di diragalang mo ditoropong kwa go nnang fela go lwelwa taolo, go lwela go nna le maemo. Se ke tlwaelesego mo botshelong jwa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya go kgatlhegela mainane a tshenyo ga gagwe <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-26 |title=Crime Fiction and the African Zeitgeist---A Brittle Paper Interview with Helon Habila on His Crime Writing Project |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/08/crime-fiction-african-zeitgeista-brittle-paper-interview-helon-habila-crime-writing-project/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Helon o ne a lemoga fa go na le tlhaelo mo marekisetsong ka bontsi jwa dibuka kwa Nigeria ka nako eo e ne e le tsa bakwadi ba bagolo jaaka Chinua Achebe, kgotsa dibuka tse di sa itlhamelwang, tsa bodumedi le tse di tlhotlheletsang. Go ne go sena dibuka tse di itumedisang, ka jalo Cordite Books e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go tswala phatlha ya dibuka tsa tshenyo. <ref name="ayiba" /> == Dietsele le tlotla == * Seetsele sa poko sa Society of Nigeria sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso , " Love Poems " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Caine Prize for African Writing |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers Prize sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, wa karolo ya Aforika, ''Waiting for An Angel'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa( polelo khutswe), go tswa mo ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', " Hotel Malogo " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-20 |title=Virginia Quarterly Review Announces Annual Writing Awards |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=UVA Today |language=en}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi sa Library of Virginia sa dikinane, ''Measuring Time'' * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso sa Commowealth Writers Prize, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Helon Habila, Nigerian Literary Genius - LifeAndTimes News |url=http://www.lifeandtimesnews.com/helon-habila-nigerian-literary-genius/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.lifeandtimesnews.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobed sa Orion Book Award, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite news|title=Helon Habila, Maaza Mengiste named The New American Voices award judges|last=Omoniyi|first=Tosin}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi PEN/Open Book, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://lannan.georgetown.edu/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Lannan Center for Poetics and Social Practice |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Windham-Campbell Literature Prize (dikinane) ya madi a a ka lopang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara tsa Amerika <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=Prize Citation for Helon Habila |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226040851/http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Windham–Campbell Literature Prize}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe sa Grand Prix of Literary Associations, a tlhophilwe, travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online, Bamenda |date=May 8, 2020 |title=GPLA 2019: Seven Nominees for the Seventh Edition |url=https://bamendaonline.net/seven-nominees-for-gpla-2019 |website=Bamenda Online}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi sa James Tait Black Memorial Prize, a tlhophilwe, Travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeh, Chukwuebuka |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Helon Habila's Travelers Shortlisted for the 2020 James Tait Black Memorial Prize |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/06/helon-habilas-travelers-shortlisted-for-the-2020-james-tait-black-memorial-prize/ |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=June 28, 2020 |title=Helon Habila, Saidya Hartman on James Tait Black Memorial Prize 2020 Shortlists. |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa}}</ref> == Dibuka == * ''Prison Stories'' (2000), Epik Books * Waiting for an Angel (2004), Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-101006-1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-14-101006-1|<bdi>0-14-10106-12.</bdi>]] * ''nEW wRITING 14'' (2006), Granta Books (tse di rulagantsweng mmogo le Lavinia Greenlaw ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://granta.com/contributor/helon-habila/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=NW 14 : the anthology of new writing. Vol. 14 |url=http://archive.org/details/nw14anthologyofn0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-86207-850-5}}</ref> * ''Measuring Time : Padi'' ( 2007 ), W. W. Norton le kompone. ISBN 0-393-05251-6 * ''Dreams, Miracles and Jazz: An Anthology of New Africa Fiction'' (2007), Pan Macmillan (e e rulagantsweng mmogo le Kadija George ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amazon |title=Dreams, Miracles, and Jazz |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-H-Habile/dp/1770100253 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=amazon.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams, Miracles and Jazz by Habila, Helon ; Sesay, Kadija: Very Good Softcover (2008) First Edition. {{!}} Chapter 1 |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-Habila-Helon-Sesay/30906161901/bd |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Oli on water : Padi'' (2010), Hamish Hamilton,  . E gatisitswe kwa US ( 2011 ) ke W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company ,  * ''The Granta Book of teh African Short Story'' (2011), Granta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granta |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://granta.com/products/the-granta-book-of-the-african-short-story/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |website=granta.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2011 |title=The Granta book of the African short story |url=http://archive.org/details/grantabookofafri0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84708-247-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Habila |first=Helon |date=2013-04-05 |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28960443M/The_Granta_Book_of_the_African_Short_Story |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=978-1-84708-333-3}}</ref>  ;  * The Chibok Girls (2016), Dibuka tsa Diphenguin.  ,  * Travelers: A Novel(2019), W. W. Norton le Khamphani .  == Metswedi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gkihnwlogq3j77onlc0hex17zj4vhkx 55548 55546 2026-09-24T11:51:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ga Helone Habila #BLT2026 55548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Helon Habila|image=Helon Habila 01.JPG|caption=Habila ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe|birth_name=Helon Habila Ngalabak|birth_date=1967|birth_place=Kaltungo, Gombe, Nigeria|citizenship=Nigeria|education=University of Jos; University of east Anglia|awards=Caine Prize ya 2001 Commonwealth Writers'Prize ka ngwaga wa 2003 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano}} '''Helon Habila Ngalabak''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Ngwanatsele, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa) ke mokwadi wa dibuka le mmoki wa kwa lefatsheng la Nigeria, yo mokwalo wa gagwe o fentseng dietsele di le dintsi, di akaretsa le seetsele sa Caine ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-07-26|title=To finish my book was an act of will|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes}}</ref> O ne a bereka e le motlhatlhelela dithuto gape e le mmegadikgang kwa [[Nigeria]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Engelane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, kwa a neng a le moithuti o o filweng dithuso tsa madi a sekolo ke Chevening kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia,gompieno o ruta dithuto tsa go kwala ga go tlhama kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of George Mason, kwa Fairfax, kwa Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Directory of Chevening Alumni |url=http://www.cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823151758/http://cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2015 |website=Chevening UK Government Scholarships}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africas-angels-435559.html|title=Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels|date=9 February 2007}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Helon Habila o tsholetswe kwa Kaltungo, kwa kgaolong ya Gombe, kwa Nigeria, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa. O ithutile puo ya sekgoa le padi kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Jos, mme morago a ruta sebaka sa dingwaga di le tharo kwa Federal Polytechnic, kwa Bauchi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, o ne a ya kwa Lagos go ya go kwalela makasine wa ''Hints'', a fudugela kwa pampiring ya dikgang ''ya Vanguard'' e le mokwadi. Habila o fentse seetsele sa mokgatlho wa mmino wa kwa Nigeria ka leboko la gagwe la "Another Age" ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila, Writer, Author, Nigeria Personality Profiles |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Helon-Habila.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> ka one ngwaga o o kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dipolelokhutswe ya ''Prison Stories'' e ne ya gatisiwa. O fentse seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka polelwana e e tswang mo kgobokanyong eo, ya "Love Poems". Padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, ebong ''Waiting for an Angel'', e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, mme ngwaga o o latelang ya gapa seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Kgaolo ya Aforika, buka e e gaisitseng dibuka tsotlhe mme e le ya ntlha ya mokwadi o o). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, Habila o ne a fudugela kwa England go nna mokwadi wa mo Aforika o o ithutang kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An award winning poet and novelist |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135639/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano o ne a lalediwa go ya go nna mothusi wa ntlha kwa Bard College kwa New York ke Chinua Achebe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Randol |first=Shaun |title=Helon Habila is Okay With Being Called a Political Writer {{!}} The Mantle |url=https://www.themantle.com/literature/helon-habila-okay-being-called-political-writer |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.themantle.com}}</ref> kwa a neng a fetsa ngwaga a kwala le ebile a ruta teng, o ne a tswelela ka go nna mo porofesa wa go kwala kwa sekolong se segolwane sa George Mason University kwa Fairfax, Virigina. . Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba kwala gape kgobokanyo ya dibuka tsa khansele ya Britain ya New Writing 14 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Nigerian writer Helon Habila is writer-in-residence in Johannesburg in may |url=https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155058/https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.syltfoundation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya bobedi ya ''Measuring Time'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, e ne ya tlhophiwa go phadisanela seetsele sa Hurston/Wright Legacy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books: 'Travelers' tells migrants' stories |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Travellers-tells-migrants--stories/434746-5229748-11d3o8v/index.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> seetsele sa IMPAC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancelled - Betty Jean Craige Lecture in Comparative Literature: Helon Habila {{!}} Franklin College of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.franklin.uga.edu/events/content/2020/cancelled-betty-jean-craige-lecture-comparative-literature-helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.franklin.uga.edu}}</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi e ne ya gapa seetsele sa Virginia Library Foundation sa dipadi tse di itlhametsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habila |first=Helon |title=Stories by helon-habila on Guernica |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/author/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Guernica |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya boraro ya ''Oil on Water'' (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), e e buang ka kgotlhelesego ya tikologo kwa letsheng le le humileng lookwane ;a Nigeria, e ne ya amogela tshekatsheko e e siameng ka kakaretso. Bernardine Evaristo o kwadile jaana mo pampiring ya The Guardian: "maboko a ga Habila a supa ka botlalo matlhotlhapelo a makgobokgobo a a kgotlhetsweng ke lookwane"; Tshekatshekoya ga Margaret Busby mo pampiring ya ''The Independent'' e ne ya re <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Oil On Water, By Helon Habila |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/oil-on-water-by-helon-habila-2050904.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> "Habila o na le bokgoni jwa go netefatsa gore difilimi di nna mo tlhalogayong ya motho", mme Aminatta Forna mo ''The Daily Telegraph'' o ne a feleletsa ka gore: "Habila ke mmoledi wa dipolelo o o nang le bokgoni e bile a le setswerere sa tatelano ya ditiragalo." ''Oil on Water'' e ne ya tlhophiwa go bona dipoelo di tshwana le seetsele sa PEN/Open Book, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Helon Habila – Mason Publishing Group |url=https://publishing.gmu.edu/tag/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> buka e e gaisitseng ya Commonwealth, mo kgaolong ya Aforika, le seetsele sa Orion Book. Buka ya ga Habila ''ya The Granta Book ya dipolelo khutswe tsa Aforika'' e ne ya tswa ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Habila ke leloko la lekgotla la African Writers Trust o o le tlhamileng, gompieno o mo setlhopheng sa bogakolosi sa lekgotla leo "lekgotla le ke motheo o o sa direng dipoelo o maikaelelo a one e leng go lomaganya le go kgobokanya bakwadi ba ma Aforika ba ba mo lefatsheng ka bophara le ba ba mo Aforika go rotloetsa go abelana dikitso le didirisiwa tse dingwe, le go rotloetsa go ithuta mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tseo." Go simolola ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go fitlha ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, Habila e ne e le moithuti wa mothusi kwa DAAD kwa Berlin, kwa Jeremane. Ene le Elinor Sisulu le Edwige-Renee Dro, ba ne ba tlhomiwa go nna badulasetilo ba setlhopha sa baatlhodi ba seetsele sa Etisalat Prize for Literature sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Habila o ne a tlhophiwa go phadisanela makgotla a Grand Prix of Literary Associations ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ka buka ya gagwe ya Travelers. == Tlhotlheletso ya go kwala ya pele == Go golela mo sebakeng sa tlhakatlhakano ya sepolotiki le o laolwa ke sesole ga ga Helen Habila fa a santse a le lekawana ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga mo rotloetsa go tlhoka kutlo le go nna kgatlhanong le kakanyo e. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abilkhairova |first=Zh.A. |last2=Baimaganbetova |first2=Zh.T. |last3=Bekmurzaeva |first3=R.A. |last4=Nurgaliyeva |first4=S.A. |date=2021-12-29 |title=DICTATORSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN POSTCOLONIAL NIGERIA: A STUDY OF HELON HABILA'S WAITING FOR AN ANGEL |url=https://doi.org/10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |journal=Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |issn=2518-7937}}</ref> Mo dinakong di le dintso, o lekile go emela kwa thoko fa go tla mo go lweleng go tlhoka tshiamo mme a kwale ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng. Le fa go ntse jalo, o reteletswe ke go dira jalo mme a itebaganaya le go kwala go nna kgatlhanong le go tlhoka tshiamo, kgatelelelo le go dirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lou |first=Jo |date=2019-11-07 |title=Writing Is Always a Political Act |url=https://electricliterature.com/writing-is-always-a-political-act/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kompone ya kgatiso ya dibuka ya Cordite == Cordite Books ke kompone e ntsha ya kgatiso e e leng ya ga Habila a e pataganetse le Parresia . Porojeke ya bone ya ntlha e ne e le go biletsa mekwalo ya dibuka tse di itlhametsweng di bua ka tshenyo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, e e gaisitseng e tlaa amogela sekete sa madi a di dolara tsa Amerika le tumalano ya kgatiso le phatlalatso ya dibuka mo kgaolong ya Aforika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=8 September 2014 |title=Zimbabwe's Blessing Musariri wins Crime Fiction Contest |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/zimbabwes-blessing-musariri-wins-cordite-books-crime-fiction-contest/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa a santse a gola, Habila o ne a bala dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka puo ya Hausa tsa Nigeria le motseletsele wa dibuka tsa Pacesetters tse di gatisitsweng ke Macmillan, tse di neng di tlwaelesegile thata mo metse setoropong ya mo Aforika ka bophara di bua ka tshenyo.<ref name="ayiba">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Nigerian Author Helon Habila |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/fiction-and-the-city-an-interview-with-helon-habila/ |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Se se ne se tsamaelana le tse di diragalang mo ditoropong kwa go nnang fela go lwelwa taolo, go lwela go nna le maemo. Se ke tlwaelesego mo botshelong jwa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya go kgatlhegela mainane a tshenyo ga gagwe <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-26 |title=Crime Fiction and the African Zeitgeist---A Brittle Paper Interview with Helon Habila on His Crime Writing Project |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/08/crime-fiction-african-zeitgeista-brittle-paper-interview-helon-habila-crime-writing-project/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Helon o ne a lemoga fa go na le tlhaelo mo marekisetsong ka bontsi jwa dibuka kwa Nigeria ka nako eo e ne e le tsa bakwadi ba bagolo jaaka Chinua Achebe, kgotsa dibuka tse di sa itlhamelwang, tsa bodumedi le tse di tlhotlheletsang. Go ne go sena dibuka tse di itumedisang, ka jalo Cordite Books e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go tswala phatlha ya dibuka tsa tshenyo. <ref name="ayiba" /> == Dietsele le tlotla == * Seetsele sa poko sa Society of Nigeria sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso , " Love Poems " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Caine Prize for African Writing |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers Prize sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, wa karolo ya Aforika, ''Waiting for An Angel'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa( polelo khutswe), go tswa mo ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', " Hotel Malogo " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-20 |title=Virginia Quarterly Review Announces Annual Writing Awards |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=UVA Today |language=en}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi sa Library of Virginia sa dikinane, ''Measuring Time'' * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso sa Commowealth Writers Prize, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Helon Habila, Nigerian Literary Genius - LifeAndTimes News |url=http://www.lifeandtimesnews.com/helon-habila-nigerian-literary-genius/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.lifeandtimesnews.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobed sa Orion Book Award, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite news|title=Helon Habila, Maaza Mengiste named The New American Voices award judges|last=Omoniyi|first=Tosin}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi PEN/Open Book, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://lannan.georgetown.edu/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Lannan Center for Poetics and Social Practice |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Windham-Campbell Literature Prize (dikinane) ya madi a a ka lopang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara tsa Amerika <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=Prize Citation for Helon Habila |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226040851/http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Windham–Campbell Literature Prize}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe sa Grand Prix of Literary Associations, a tlhophilwe, travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online, Bamenda |date=May 8, 2020 |title=GPLA 2019: Seven Nominees for the Seventh Edition |url=https://bamendaonline.net/seven-nominees-for-gpla-2019 |website=Bamenda Online}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi sa James Tait Black Memorial Prize, a tlhophilwe, Travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeh, Chukwuebuka |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Helon Habila's Travelers Shortlisted for the 2020 James Tait Black Memorial Prize |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/06/helon-habilas-travelers-shortlisted-for-the-2020-james-tait-black-memorial-prize/ |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=June 28, 2020 |title=Helon Habila, Saidya Hartman on James Tait Black Memorial Prize 2020 Shortlists. |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa}}</ref> == Dibuka == * ''Prison Stories'' (2000), Epik Books * Waiting for an Angel (2004), Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-101006-1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-14-101006-1|<bdi>0-14-10106-12.</bdi>]] * ''nEW wRITING 14'' (2006), Granta Books (tse di rulagantsweng mmogo le Lavinia Greenlaw ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://granta.com/contributor/helon-habila/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=NW 14 : the anthology of new writing. Vol. 14 |url=http://archive.org/details/nw14anthologyofn0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-86207-850-5}}</ref> * ''Measuring Time : Padi'' ( 2007 ), W. W. Norton le kompone. ISBN 0-393-05251-6 * ''Dreams, Miracles and Jazz: An Anthology of New Africa Fiction'' (2007), Pan Macmillan (e e rulagantsweng mmogo le Kadija George ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amazon |title=Dreams, Miracles, and Jazz |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-H-Habile/dp/1770100253 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=amazon.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams, Miracles and Jazz by Habila, Helon ; Sesay, Kadija: Very Good Softcover (2008) First Edition. {{!}} Chapter 1 |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-Habila-Helon-Sesay/30906161901/bd |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Oli on water : Padi'' (2010), Hamish Hamilton,  . E gatisitswe kwa US ( 2011 ) ke W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company ,  * ''The Granta Book of teh African Short Story'' (2011), Granta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granta |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://granta.com/products/the-granta-book-of-the-african-short-story/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |website=granta.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2011 |title=The Granta book of the African short story |url=http://archive.org/details/grantabookofafri0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84708-247-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Habila |first=Helon |date=2013-04-05 |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28960443M/The_Granta_Book_of_the_African_Short_Story |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=978-1-84708-333-3}}</ref>  ;  * The Chibok Girls (2016), Dibuka tsa Diphenguin.  ,  * Travelers: A Novel(2019), W. W. Norton le Khamphani .  == Metswedi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 92h5mgmlqqu93336zsabb5w9pdzxq1l